Evaluating middle-range theories for their adaptability in research is a crucial step in the scientific

process. Such approaches occupy a vital space between grand ideas, which provide overarching
frameworks for understanding phenomena, and specific empirical studies (Krause, 2021). Internal and
external criticisms are essential to the evaluation process to determine whether a middle-range theory
can be effectively employed in research.

Internal criticism involves an in-depth examination of the theory's strengths and weaknesses.
Researchers scrutinize the theory's logical coherence, conceptual clarity, and internal consistency
(Joseph, 2021). They assess whether the theory's propositions are well-defined and mutually
compatible. Additionally, internal criticism involves checking for any logical fallacies or contradictions
within the theory's constructs. Ensuring that a middle-range theory is internally robust is essential
because it lays the foundation for its empirical application. A theory lacking internal coherence may
produce unreliable or conflicting results when tested in research.

Trafimow (2023) argues that external criticism, conversely, focuses on the theory's pertinence and
significance beyond its internal structure. It involves assessing the theory's external validity, which refers
to its ability to explain and predict real-world phenomena. Researchers consider whether the theory has
been successfully applied in previous studies or if it has a track record of empirical support. External
criticism also involves evaluating the theory's scope and generalizability. Researchers question whether
the theory is narrowly focused on a specific context or whether it can be extended to different situations
and populations. Furthermore, external criticism considers the theory's cultural and temporal relevance,
ensuring it is not outdated or culturally biased.

In addition to internal and external criticisms, researchers must consider practical factors when assessing
the adaptability of middle-range theories. Some of these considerations include data availability,
research resources, and the viability of carrying out empirical studies based on the theory. Researchers
must also consider the theory's ethical implications and whether it is consistent with the larger study
goals and objectives.

Conclusively, internal, and external criticisms are used to assess the suitability of middle-range
hypotheses for investigation. Internal critique assures that the theory is coherent and logical, whereas
external criticism evaluates its applicability, relevance, and generalizability to real-world circumstances.
Researchers must go through this thorough evaluation procedure to decide whether a middle-range
theory may be successfully adopted in their research projects. The ultimate objective is to choose
theories that stand up to critical examination, provide insightful explanations, and advance scientific
knowledge of the phenomenon being studied.
References

Joseph, R. (2021). Determining the singularity and transdisciplinarity properties of the theory evaluation
scale: A literature review. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 18(6), 650–662.

Krause, N. M. (2021). Religion, virtues, and health: New theoretical construction and model development
directions. Oxford University Press.

Trafimow, D. (2023). A new way to think about internal and external validity. Perspectives on
Psychological Science, 18(5), 1028–1046.