1.
1: LANGUAGE
the language will be called a language if there is a:
 System of rules (grammar)
 Sound System (phonology)
 Vocabulary (lexicon)
Nature of Language
 Speech Community is the kind of group
that sociolinguistics attempt to study or
group of people who share similar ideas, and
uses norms of language.
 Language Acquisition is the process
wherein people acquire the languages used
by those in the community.
 Language Learning is the process wherein
people learn second languages by studying
formally in school or informally on their
own.
 Language Contact is the process wherein
people try to understand each other or to
communicate as one learns from each other's
languages.
 Language Change is the process wherein
individuals constantly interact and
communicate with each other.
2.1: Communication Perspectives:
Communication Process
Types of Communication according to:
 Mode
1. Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
VERBAL: is the use of sounds and words to express
yourself, especially in contrast to using gestures or
mannerisms.
NON - VERBAL: is the transmission of messages or
signals through a non-verbal platform such as eye
contact, facial expression, gestures, posture, and the
distance between two individuals.
2. Visual Communication
 is the conveyance of ideas and information
in forms that can be seen
 Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication
 Latin prefix " intra" means within or inside.
It is the act of having an internal dialogue
with yourself. The message consists of our
thoughts, the channel is our brain that
processes what we are thinking of. The
feedback is present in the sense that we can
talk to ourselves.
2. Interpersonal Communication
 Latin prefix "inter" means between
among and together. Happens mostly
between two people. this type of
communication occurs for the following
reasons: to solve a problem, to share
information, and to fulfill social needs.
3. Extended Communication
4. Organizational Communication
a) Formal structure – allows
communication to take place via
designated channels of message
consist of 4 approaches:
I. Downward communication
II. Upward communication
III. Horizontal communication
IV. Crosswise communication
b) Informal
5. Intercultural Communication
 is a communication between or among
people having different
linguistic, religious, ethnic, social and
professional backgrounds.
 Purpose and Style
1. Formal Communication
 employs formal language delivered
orally or in written form. Moreover, it
also refers to the interchange of
information officially and the flow of
communication is controlled and is a
deliberate effort. This makes it possible
for the information to reach the desired
place without any hindrance, at a little
cost, and in a proper way. Such as
 meetings, legal and commercial notices,
reports, and documents.
2. Informal Communication
 does not employ formal language.
Moreover, it is also casual
communication between co-workers in
the workplace. It is unofficial in nature
and is based in the informal, social
relationships that are formed in a
workplace outside of the normal
hierarchy of business structure. Such as
casual discussions, sharing of feelings,
gossips, and others.
Communication Model
 to Mortensen, communication model is a
systematic representation of an object or
event in idealized and abstract form.
1. Aristotle’s Communication Model
 In this model, the speaker is the center of the
communication process. The speaker
delivers the message to the audience. He
uses a well-prepared message to influence
the audience. It is expected that the audience
will be influenced by this message. Aristotle
emphasized that there are three variables in
the communication process: speaker, speech,
and audience.
2. Laswell's Model
 Harold Dwight Laswell described
communication as being focused on the
following W's Who says What in Which
channel to Whom and with What effect. The
whole process of communication begins
with the communicator (who)sending out a
message(what)using a medium (in which
channel) for a receiver (to whom)
experiencing an effect (with what effect)
afterward.
3. Shannon – Weaver’s Model
 Claude Elwood Shannon's communication
model introduces the concept of noise in
communication. This model states that
information is encoded and goes through a
channel or transmitter. The information then
is decoded by the receiver and goes to the
destination. In the middle, the noise
interferes with the process.
4. David Berlo's Model
 This model is most probably the most well -
known among the communication models.
Initially, this model was called SMCR which
stands for the sender of the message sent
through a channel or medium to a receiver.
The major variables involved in the
communication process are (1) source (2)
message (3) channel and (4) receiver
3.1 Communication Principles
General Principles of Effective Communication
In oral and written communication, the following
principles should be considered:
 Know your purpose in communication
 Know your audience
 Know your topic
 Adjust your speech or writing to the
context of the situation
 Work on the feedback given to you
The Principles of Effective Oral Communication
 Be clear with your purpose
 Be complete with the message you deliver
 Be concise
 Be natural with your delivery
 Be specific and timely with your feedback
The Principles of Effective Written
Communication: The 7C’s
1. Be clear - message to be delivered must be
clear in the mind of the sender
2. Be concise- The message should not include
any unnecessary details. It should be short
and complete.
3. Be concrete - one should be specific,
definite and vivid rather than vague and
general.
4. Be correct - correct language should be used
and the sender must ensure that there is no
grammatical and spelling errors.
5. Be coherent - it refers to the written or
spoken communication express clearly,
logically and intelligibly.
 6. Be complete - one should include all the
relevant information as required by the
intended audience.
7. Be courteous - it implies that the sender
must take into consideration both the
feelings and viewpoints of the receiver such
that the message is positive and focus at the
audience.
4.1 Communication and Globalization:
Globalization Phenomenon
How does globalization work?
In simple terms, globalization is the process by which
people and goods move easily across borders.
Principally, it's an economic concept – the integration
of markets, trade, and investments with few barriers
to slow the flow of products and services between
nations. There is also a cultural element, as ideas and
traditions are traded and assimilated.
Globalization has brought many benefits to many
people. But not to everyone.
5.2 Communicating Across Cultures
High-Context vs. Low-Context
All international communication is influenced
by cultural differences. Even the choice of
communication medium can have cultural
overtones. The determining factor may not be
the degree of industrialization, but rather
whether the country falls into a high-
context or low-context culture.
High-context cultures (Mediterranean, Slav,
Central European, Latin American, African,
Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave much of
the message unspecified, to be understood
through context, nonverbal cues, and between-
the-lines interpretation of what is actually said.
By contrast, low-context cultures (most
Germanic and English-speaking countries)
expect messages to be explicit and specific.
Sequential vs. Synchronic
Some cultures think of time sequentially, as a linear
commodity to "spend," "save," or "waste." Other
cultures view time synchronically, as a constant flow
to be experienced in the moment, and as a force that
cannot be contained or controlled.
In sequential cultures (like North American, English,
German, Swedish, and Dutch), business people give
full attention to one agenda item after another.
In synchronic cultures (including South America,
southern Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewed
as a sort of circle, with the past, present, and future
all interrelated. This viewpoint influences how
organizations in those cultures approach deadlines,
strategic thinking, investments, developing talent
from within, and the concept of "long-term" planning.
Orientation to the past, present, and future is another
aspect of time in which cultures differ. Americans
believe that the individual can influence the future by
personal effort, but since there are too many variables
in the distant future, we favor a short-term view.
Synchronistic cultures’ context is to understand the
present and prepare for the future. Any important
relationship is a durable bond that goes back and
forward in time, and it is often viewed as grossly
disloyal not to favor friends and relatives in business
dealings.
Affective vs. Neutral
In international business practices, reason and
emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates
depends upon whether we are affective (readily
showing emotions) or emotionally neutral in our
approach. Members of neutral cultures do not
telegraph their feelings, but keep them carefully
controlled and subdued. In cultures with high affect,
people show their feelings plainly by laughing,
smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes crying,
shouting, or walking out of the room.
This doesn't mean that people in neutral cultures are
cold or unfeeling, but in the course of normal
business activities, neutral cultures are more careful
to monitor the amount of emotion they display.
Emotional reactions were found to be least acceptable
in Japan, Indonesia, the U.K., Norway, and the
Netherlands and most accepted in Italy, France, the
U.S., and Singapore.
Reason and emotion are part of all human
communication. When expressing ourselves, we look
to others for confirmation of our ideas and feelings. If
our approach is highly emotional, we are seeking a
direct emotional response: "I feel the same way." If
our approach is highly neutral, we want an indirect
response: "I agree with your thoughts on this."