Design cu ations or A
This constant (denoted by Wieseman3
DAVID GINSBERG
MEMBER AIEE
Synopsis: This paper presents simplified
formulas and curves for rapid and accurate
evaluation of steady-state and transient per-
formance of a-c generators. The calculations
provide for the determination of no-load,
zero-power-factor and full-load field current,
short-circuit ratio, leakage reactance, syn-
chronous reactance, transient reactance,
cuit and short-circuit time constants, and
d-c time
proposed
constant. A simple formula is
for rough approximation of no-
load core loss. These formulas and curves
apply to very small machines with semi-
enclosed slots, very short air gaps and high
flux densities in the iron, as well as to the
larger machines covered by previous papers
on this subject.
THE expanding use of electric equip-
I ment by the armed forces has created
a demand for lightweight generators
having exceptionally good wave form and
transient performance. The greatest
demand is for generators from 0.15 kw to
150 kw. It was found that many de-
signers of a-c generators within this range
of sizes completely ignored transient
characteristics because of the absence of
criteria for these characteristics and be-
cause they did not have the time to for-
mulate a systematic design procedure
from the various papers on the subject
published over a period of more than 30
years. These papers agree with each
other in principle, but differ from each
other in terminology, in simplifying as-
sumptions and in calculating methods.
The difficulty of applying the results of
Paper 50-201, recommended by the AIEE Rotating
Machinery Committee and approved by the AIEE'
Technical Program Committee for presentation at
the AIEE Middle Eastern District Meeting, Balti-
more, Md., October 3-5, i950. Manuscript sub-
mitted September i6, i949; made available for
printing August 7, i950.
DAVID GINSBERG is with the United States Army
Engineer Researcb and Devrelopment Laboratories,
Fort Belvoir, Va.
The author wishes to express his appreciation to
Leo J. Misenheimer and R. Powers for their assist-
ance in preparing this paper.
1274 Ginsberg-Design Calculations for A-C Generators
enerators Fundamental
the papers to the machines in question is
that they apply predominantly to syn-
chronous generators having open-slot
choosgnrtrghvnepnsodp gp
stators and air gaps with a length of more has been ignored and, in this respect
than 3/4 per cent of the pole pitch. It these curves differ from those of Wiese-
also was found that the conventional man.3 The values were derived by ig-
methods of calculating the magnetomo- noring the flux in the interpolar spaces,
tive force required by the steel were
quite inaccurate. For generators having
small air gaps and highly saturated iron
the calculated and test values could differ
from each other by more than 100 per
cent. Such inaccuracies obscure the op-
portunities for design improvement
which can be realized by better machine
proportions, by full utilization of new ma-
terials, and by taking advantage of re-
cent developments in automatic regu
lators. It is the purpose of this paper
to extend and simplify the results of the
published literature on the subject and to
formulate a systematic design procedure
which can be applied with accuracy to
the machines in question.
A-C Generator Design Sheets
This procedure follows Kilgore'si
methods and terminology, where ap-
plicable It is incorporated in a 2-page
design sheet Figures 1 and 2 in which an
actual generator design is worked out as
an example. The calculation of all but
seven quantities can be completed from
information directly available on the
design sheets and without reference to
any other curves or formulas. The seven
quantities which require supplementary
data for their determination are C1, Cp,
steel magnetization curves, core-loss fac-
slo cost
tors, sltcntnt K1, and chording leak-
age factor Kx. The factor Z on the bot-
tom of Figure 2 represents the effect of
the pole embrace on the tooth-tip and
zig-zag leakages and the derivation was
based on considerations presented in a
1918 paper by Doherty and Shirley.2
of the Field Form C,
as Al) is the ratio of the peak fundamental
flux density of the no-load field form to
the peak actual flux density of the field
form. Values of Cl are given on Figure 3
in terms of the pole embrace and the
ratio of maximum air gap to minimum air
gap. The ratio of air gap to pole pitch
ti p
assuming that the flux density at any
pointiunder the pole shoeis inversely pro-
portional to the air gap length at that
point, and applying the Fourier integral
to obtain the magnitude of the funda-
mental. Aithough the flux in the inter-
spal. lth tg ough he
polar space is large enough to have a a
slight effect on some design constants, it
has a negligible effect on C1 because it is
far removed from the pole axis and its
main contribution is to the harmonic
content of the flux wave. Although this
assumption may not be justified for
machines with very large ratios of air gap
to pole pitch having very small values of
pole embrace, it is justified by tests and
calculations of all machines within the
writer's experience. A comparison of
calculated and test results for various
machines is listed in Table I. Full test
data is not available for all machines,
since the tests were made by various
agencies and were not, in general, in-
tended for use in design studies. Further
experimental verification has been ob-
tained by the use of exploring coils to
make oscillograms of the no-load field
forms of a number of generators. These
field forms were then analyzed to compare
the actual values of Ci (and C,) with the
calculated values.
The elimination of the ratio of air gap
to pole pitch as a parameter makes it
possible to express the values of Ci by
means of a single family of curves and to
apply these curves to machines whose
dimensions are outside the range of
Wieseman's3 curves. These curves, like
Wieseman's, were calculated for pole
faces which form a continuous arc of a
AIBE TRANSACTIONS
 Figure 1. A-c generator design sheet number I
ELECTRICAL EN(WNEERING BRANCHAB~E.E.DEFARTMENT ENGINEER RESEARCH8a DEVELOPMENT LABORATORIES ,FT. BELVOIR,VA.
A.C. GENERATOR DESIGN SHEET Cont. No. 4OOeg-6 SHEET I OF 2.
KWL PF2! VOLTS .2PHASES.L FREQ. 60 RPM~2 INS..A MFG EM CO AMPSI-L
oamete r lbi

ID S%01 -!P 3~~ i ~

hi
de
Stator Slots

Damper Winding

Armature Field d 7.02 b s or b 1 0.10

.87a ~ET ClEd -0.588
No. ___________27 (18 used)
slots 2 Poles dr 6. 92 r 10. 87 h2 or d1 0.63 "- V(Phases)--
1 Ciro. Y Series gmsin 0.05 1 -3.875 d2 0.131
Connection _______ P0OIOE
Series turns/coil ____ 4 822 gmnax 0.05 1e 1.75 b2C.42 4r - w (RM KTx1n3 =2573x103
Slot throw _______1- 11 ge 0.053_ 1e 2 .
h1, d3 or ds 0.420rCj
IC9 p
sin90(pitch)0. 918
sin 90 (pitch~~~
bh 54 Ih 3.875 b3 . 0 4p = .

~~~~~~~~~
LFJ P
(sn
b
p ~~~~~2.5 1 4.375 h4-Cp __ 3
P sin 90o(.29 h 2. 06 hb 0.26 Trb
____________, 34xi
BSd )0hf,
(n 2.00 bb 0.6E3
t hr 0. 095' A- P
9~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-Tl84.9
Conductor
cu ~~~~8 #17 *17 h f2 0O M hh -1.40 D 11.00 (No. slots) (0.93) =40.0

Cmductor insul.HF HF
Conductor ht 0.50
insul. 1.45 D510t tf. ~~~~~~~~~~~~1 8.248
1Acore = 1 D-Dst
slot(0: 93) = 4.96
Coil length 3L.4 18.3
h
2
.0 tf .1 Dme9-2 P=Ib(-3
Resist./terms 0 750 C __ 0.147 15.6 2 p
l9p(.3
Toaeiscond., W
Total series
144 1644 l~ ~ ~ ~ ~_____
~ ~ i 0.614 bta____Aspider
0.41 C1 1.00
1.

Amps/sq.inch
Azspe/sq. inch _________ 406
4088 ~1396 Soskw1.0C
Slot_skw_13_30p 0.58
TEKTH COR LENGTH POLE 1.
SPIDER
b ______ne Slobhsr(D)D
Damper Data Useful slot area 132
~~nd
ring: (d50+d5
Edin:Thck.0.125 Area 0.3 Nc. of Bars
.58 0.761
OD m
71~ ~~~~~~~
iso 0.614 7.56 2.06r 1.4

ge T5
-s(4.4g + 0.75b1) =or( 7Ts(5.5g + b5) = g 0.05 [o.817o0.22 + 0.075)1 0.053
T (4.4g + 0.75b1)b 1 5) 5.5g + b /- ge L0.24-0.01

Lgth. Area B STE NI/inch 2NI 81 NI/inch 2iNI WAT Pcuns Watts
______ ~~~~~~GaLW
Grade lb. _____ ____

Gap )Fg) 0.053 84.9 30,000o 950 33,500 10800 566

Teeth ___ 0.614 40.0- 64,300~ 29 0.72 WL 3.8 2.3 71,000 7 4.3 1.49 6.9 10.3
Core 7.56 4.96 75,400 29-0.72 WL 9.8 74.1 83,500 15 114 2.06 42 86.5
Subtotal____
Pole 2.O5 10.4 75,300 24 1.1 WL 9.4 19.4 80,400 15 31
Spider 1.4 15.1 51,800 24 1.1 WL 3.65 5.1 57,400 4 5.6
F
Total ( 604 '21
9 -_ _ _ __ _

A. effective series ampere-conductors WINP p I h =

n ep 875 FIELD HEATIln

CM
CC 7T+ SinCC 77
4 sin( U.T)
-0.883 I-i- 2)(1 + b ) It)
T ih + (t 1=18.3)ht
I l- _
h2

F armature reaction
0.4S5 lphClnKd
- 1133 Radiating Sfc.
L f1
MrZT (2hf1I tf 1 + tf2f2) 2
2hf
dm p L
.120~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.1.
 single circle whose radius is located on a Symbols Used in Figures 1 and 2
radial line through the center of the pole
embrace. A = effective series ampere conductors Kid = damper slot reactance factor
The simplification of the curves for Cl A,= total area of air gap K0 =slot reactance factor
make it easy to tell by inspection how Ap=area of pole body Lf = total field circuit
I= length of stator coreinductance
changes of pole embrace and pole face
A= total area of teeth (including vents)
shape will affect certain design constants.
AA=ampere conductors per inch
B' = flux density at the voltage behind the
1ei=axial extension of diamond portion of
stator winding
Work now is being done to utilize these potier reactance le2= straight extension of stator and winding
simplified curves for C1 and the simplified B,7= air gap density (air gap density at the (average)
curves for Cp discussed in the following btm-
pole center half
=tooth width averaged over tooth pitch) Ih = length of pole head including any mag-
into anaytialmetodwmg way down the teeth netic coil supports
into an analytical
an
method of predetermin- bbar = width of rectangular damper bar Ip = length of pole
ing machine dimensions from the specified bh = width of pole head It = depth of stator slot
performance requirements. bp =width of pole MLT=mean length of turn
bs =width of stator slot m =number of phases
Pl= width of stator tooth at tip Np = series turns per pole on the field
Pole Constant Cp Cm-= "demagnetizing factor" ratio of equiv- nb = number of damper bars per pole
alent field ampere turns to maxi- ne =total effective conductors
Curves for the determination of Cp mum sine wave armature ampere P = number of poles
are included in Figure 3, which also con- turns (ratio of field to armature am- q =slots per phase per pole
tains the curvesforC,iscussepere turns for same fundamental flux) RF = total field circuit resistance
viously. The curves for the portion of the
CP maximum
= pole constant" ratio of average to
field form
ra = armature resistance per phase
St = total number of stator slots (including
flux under the pole, were derived analy- C,,= winding constant empty)
tically using the simplifying assumptions C1 = "fundamental of field form" the ratio So = number of slots per phase
of the maximum
maximum fundamental the
value of fieldtoform Si = number of stator slots used
previously dixscussed in connection
previously discussed in connection with
the C1 curves except, of course, that a
with actual SCR = short-circuit ratio
(figured with no saturation) Ta = d-c time constant
direct integration of flux density over the Connection = number of parallel paths, type Td' = short-circuit transient time constant
pole embrace was substituted for the of circuit (for example, 2-circuit Y) Tdo'= open circuit transient time constant
Fourier integral. In order to take ac- D =frame bore (outer diameter of punch- W =total series conductors
count of the flux in the interpolar spacesinsX ings)
d -stator bore
a correction factor for Cp also is plotted in d,= rotor diameter
X= treamuelakgracne
true armature leakage reactance
Xad= direct axis armature magnetizing re-
actance
Figure 3. The correction factor was ob- d,, =outside spider diameter X = quadrature-axis armature magnetiz-
tained by plotting Wieseman's3 values d,j = inside spider diameter ing reactance
of Ko against the ratio of air gap to pole Et=rated terminal voltage Xd = =
direct-axis synchronous reactance
POadvai teeEpl= rated phase voltage
pitch and averaging the results for vanl- F=total no-load ampere turns
Xdu' unsaturated transient reactance
XF' =field leakage reactance
ous ratios of maximum gap to minimum Fdm = demagnetizing ampere turns per pole X1=armature leakage reactance
gap. The values of CP, which represents FFL = field ampere turns at full load Xq = quadrature-axis synchronous reactance
the ratio of the average flux density to F,,=air gap ampere turns per pole at rated y =number of slots spanned by the coil
the actual peak flux density of the field F1' = airvoltage Z =zig-zag leakage correction factor
gap ampere turns at (1+XI) Xrated a= ratio of pole arc to pole pitch
form, can not be obtained directly from voltage O=minimum number of poles having an
Wieseman's paper. They can be derived Fo= no-load ampere turns per pole integral number of slots
from Wieseman's curves for K, by means Fo' = total no-load field ampere turns at 0= slot skew in electrical degrees
of the following formula (1+XI) Xrated voltage
FSC=field ampere-turns for symmetrical
1= pole leakage flux
4p= total flux per pole
Cp = 0.636C1Ko steady-state short circuit at rated
armature current
4r = total flux in the machine the value of
which would exist if density were uniform
From Figure 3, it is seen that the af- f-=rated frequency and equal to the maximum
fect ratiofairgaptpg
= single air gap r = pole pitch measured at the stator bore
of the
fect of the ratio of ar gap to pole ptch, g =
effective air gap -i
=

damper bar pitch (average if not uni-

though finite, is not large and, for ma- ... =single air gap at pole tip form)
chines with relatively small air gaps, can gmin = single air gap at center of pole face -T = pole pitch on rotor diameter
be disregarded. hbar = depth of rectangular damper bar Ts =stator slot pitch
The simplicity of the single family of hhh = depth of pole head Xa =armature magnetizing permeance
culrves for Cpfclitaofthes
curesfor C, facilitates itsuse for design
its use for desi depth of pole body
hi =depth of copper in slot (including in-
XB= phase belt permeance
Xb= damper bar winding permeance
analysis and calculation. Comparison of sulation) XD0 = quadrature-axis damper winding per-
calculations and test data indicates that h2 = depth of slot to the copper meance
the curves have a high degree of accuracy Ip or Iph=rated phase current XDd = direct-axis subtransient winding per -
for the types of machines considered. Kd= distribution factor meance
Kf = chord factor = sine 90 (pitch) Xe = end connection permeance
KT= total flux, kilolines, in the machines XF= field leakage permeance
Steel Magnetizing Curves the value of which would exist if XFe =-field and leakage permeance
density were uniform and equal to XFs=field side leakage permeance
magneizingforcefor te airgap i K - the maximum XsX,t==slot permeance
The __nelznfrefrtea gps K-lot chording, leakage factor pole tip damper winding
calculated by dividing 3.19 (the per-
meability of air) into the peak actual
flux density of the air gap. This peak core is plotted against flux density on densities that exist in the teeth and core
actual flux density is the value obtained Figure 4. These curves differ radically of an a-c generator. The usual textbook
by following the procedure of the de- from the published d-c curves for the same method of calculating ampere-tulrns is to
sign sheet and equals the ratio 4r/A. steel because the latter do not take into calculate the maximum flux density in a
The magnetizing force for the teeth and account the unequal distribution of flux part, determine from the published d-c

1276 Ginsberg-Design Calculations for A-C Generators AIEE TRANSACTIONS

 Figure 2. A-c generator design sheet number 2

ELECTRICAL ENGNEERING BRANCH,1V18EEDEFARTMENT EN0WER RESEARtHaDVELOPIENTLAORATORIES,FT.BELVOIR,VA.

A.C. GENERATOR DESIGN SHEET Cont. No. W44 OO9ena- 468 SHEET 2 OF 2.
KW 5 PF0-80 VOLTS120 PHASES. I FREQ. 60 RPM!6-q INS A MFG EM Co AMPS 52

|A _
d | lp |flneKd ) I YoeKd = 52 'ewx3.875x132 x0.829 2
0.006
\1Td v2 CBg Ep MP x 10i ) Ep 4.44 CBd) 1 2122

LEAKAGE REACTANCE Xl x (xA + Xe + Ai

.W8.96= 0,114 m - number of phases.
q = slots per phase per pole.

For open slots

5 /3 x slots spaTmed
( +1)
I r2 hl
2 2 _- + - + 0.2 +b
bt2
J mq Total slots/pole / Kp Ed bs 3bs 1 Tse
X1 *d

For semi-enclosed 20 Kl d ]24Xa

4 aa 3 ON1.41+2.651+1.81=14.90
Slots p2KXd 2S1 S1ge 1100]

Kx = chording leakage factor 0.8e 4 4 (1.0 32

2.75) 7

K1 = slot reactance factor = 1.41

Xe-4
e1Y
2
(21e2 + le 1) -3.875=

0 =
slot skew in electrical degrees 330095 d 5 p2 0e8
NOTE: For 3 phases, X3 0 (negligible) '' le.9g
MAGNETIZING REACTANCE (Xad, Xaq)
Aa =
a
.
± = 426
Xad = I (CmC1) Xa - 2.57 x 0.883 x 1.0 = 2.27 Pge
Cql 40+ 1 sinc r = o.as8
Xq Cql A= 2.7 x 0.356 -= O.906
Xa a

EFFECTIVE FIELD LEAKAGE XF1 0.091 REACTANCES

C1 Direct-axis synch. Xd = X, + Xad = 0.114+2.27*2.1

XF =Xad [l 2.27 x 9.94 0.091 Quadrature-axis syn. Xq = X1 0.11440.906=1.12
+ X aq

2 Cp + - Unsaturated trans. XL X, = + X= 0.114t0.091t0.205

Saturated trans. XI = 0.88 X\u = 0.18
AF =
xFS + AFe 6 Subtransient Jw/dampers. Xj X Dd = = X+ 0.132
_F = r P 10) direct-axiS lw/o dampers. X1 = X, =
XFS = 4.25L3thh t 0-055rj + 10 P Subtransient wl dampers. Xj = Xl + = 0 139
L rr bh (dr 2hh - 0.4hf )-bp quadrat.axisl w/o dampers. Xj = Xq = -

4.25 3(1.48 o6 - =2.0 Negative sequence. X2 = 1/2 (X5 + X1) = 0.136

e
3 4(lh 1) + 2hf- + 0.5 b3
Zero-sequence = XO

DIRECT-AXIS DAMPER LEAKAGE Xfd = 0.0183 w/dampers X,Bo =| XDq = Not applicable

(For direct-axis use dimensions of end bar near w/o dampers A = °xo (O.7 Xa) _
pole ) Kp
X=d X X =
0.o006 x 3.04 - 0.0183 | ) + B + 2C(h1+2h3) 2

2 ___+_)X1
1
45' 3.04mKKd
1b' s,L
4. 3
A\Dd [cos T 2 ] Ab+i+XH [ [
Kxo = -29
q aK
KX =
4mq + 4
.38 r bh
6Pt= seh (nb-1) I1= 6.38 Vr5.490541 2 TIME CONSTANTS (Seconds)
-
x 0~'0532f

Ab - 6.38 (Kld + 0-5) = V-03 + 0.625 + 0.5 =

.4S3 _
-I~.O@S
16.7
~ Open-circ.
< C
2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lf
-1?
trans.:

-
2id
a
Tdo
+
+
do =

F)=
Rf
_

8222 xW-388(4.02) 52-1

1.35

Kld = damper slot reactance factor

S. C. transient :T = Tdo' = 0.10
QUADRATURE-AXIS DAMPER LEAKAGE X6q = 0.0246 Xd
0.126
Armature (or DC): T = 2 * 3.7q7x.073 = .005
(Use dimensions of center bars ) rura2lTfr5

X5q = g X01 = 0.0063 x 4.1 = 0.02463

AD =0 b[r rTja 05+_ = 11x 2.68 = 4.1 DT _ _ _ _ _

ir=0.75 oC L
l A |
x-
_ l. l)j] 0. 252 x 1. 432 = 0. 318 ||B

1950, VOLUME 69 Ginsberg-Design Calculations for A -C Generators 1277

 Table I
Generator Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Phase .............. 1.......... 1 and 3 ...... and 3 .......... 3..... 3.......... 3........... 3........... 3
Kw ................ 5.......... 5........... ......... 25......... 60.......... 60 ........... 100 .100
Power factor ......... 0.80 .......... 0.80 ..... 0.80 .......... 0.90 ......... 0.80 .......... 0.80 ........... 0.80 .0.60
Volts ............... 120 .......... 208/120 ..... 208/120 .......... 208/120 ......... 208/416 .......... 450 ........... 450 .450
Frequency .......... 60 .......... 60 ..... 400.......... 60......... 60.......... 60........... 60.60
Rpm............... 3,600 .......... 3,600 ..... 3,420 .......... 1,200 ......... 1,800 .......... 1,200 ........... 1,200 ........... 1,200
d................. 7.02 .......... 6.5 ..... 9.0.......... 17.0 ......... 13.0 .......... 17.0 ........... 17.0 ........... 20.37
g.................. 0.05 .......... 0.08 ..... 0.02 .......... 0.175 ......... 0.110 .......... 0.099 ........... 0.09 ........... 0.115
Calc Test Calc Test Calc Test Calc Test Calc Test Calc Test Calc Test Calc test
Fg.. 503 503 ... 1,000 ...1,000 ... 308 ... 310 ... .2,340 ... 2,360 ... 2,600 ... 2,600 ... 1,800...1,860 ... 1,940 ... 1,900...1,800... 1,850
Ffl 1,860 ... 3,500 ... 3,480 ... 6,850 ... 6,950* ..4,400 ... 4,420 ... 4,650...4,600
SCR . 0.504 ... 0.505 ... 0.848 ... 0.850 ... 1.84 ... 1.90 .... 2.04... 2.16 ... 0.83... 0.83 ... 1.46 ... 1.42 ... 1.37 ... 1.32... 1.10 ... 1.11
Xd . 2.38 ... 2.38 ... 1.29 ... 1.29 ... 0.56 ... 0.52 ... 0.518... 0.48 ... 1.45... 1.44 ... 0.96 ... 0.98 ... 1.07... 1.02 ... 1.09 ... 1.10
Xd' . 0.18 0.19... 0.17 ...
... 0.085 ... 0.080 .... 0.10 ... 0.184 ... 0.19 ... 0.135...0.132...0.127 ... 0.133...0.152 ... 0.164
Xd0..132 ... 0 .115 .. 0.07 ... 0.05 .0.115.. 0.113... 0.09... 0.10
Tdo' 1.35 ... 1.32 ... 1.30 .. 0.078...0.083 ...1,... l.fi ... 1.40
Td .0.10 ... 0.11 ... 0.18 ... 0.012... 0.02 .0.2... 0.18.. 0.167.. 0.172
* Test value at 211 volts, 0.792 power factor.

steel curves, the corresponding magnetiz-
ing force in ampere-turns per inch, and to
multiply this magnetizing force by the
length of the magnetic path in inches. In
applying this method to such a part as the
core, where the flux density varies nearly
sinusoidally along the length of the mag-
netic path, the actual magnetomotive
force is the sum of the products of the
magnetizing forces of each increment of
the path by the length of the correspond-
ing increment. The magnetizing force for
each increment can be obtained from the
d-c steel curves for the flux density pre-
vailing in that increment.
The curves of Figure 4 were obtained
for different values of maximum flux
density by an averaging process. The
flux densities were assumed to vary sinu-
soidally in accordance with the for-
mula B=Bma,, sin X, where X was in-
creased from zero to 90 degrees in equal
2 C _
ulot;
ID5SJ;' ;1,_i30
4O £DlJ>2D3X jL,b i
O thicknessofth estee laminationsused
9!min/$'OLE PITCH
-;, - - 1/t/M2D5
^//gg
5-degree increments. For each incre-
ment, the value of magnetizing current
was determined from the published d-c
magnetization curves for the steel and
the sum was divided by the number of
terms. The use o-these curves has made
accurate prediction of saturation curves
possible where the conventional method
sometimes led to ridiculous results.
Core Loss
A rough estimate of the no-load iron
losses for teeth and core can be obtained
from the following equation
/B 2(f 1.4
Core loss in watts =m5o(WL)/k6
where
W=weight of part (core or teeth)
B =maximum flux density in part (kilo-
lines per square inch)
f = fundamental frequency in part (cycles per
second)
- a li 0 (WL) =watts per pound guaranteed by the
71 .20 manufacturer at 10,000 gauss, 60
cycles per second, for the grade and
For a more accurate calculation, Spooner's
method4,56 can be used.
The permeance of a semicircular slot
bottom is equal to 0.14, so that for a semi-
enclosed rectangular slot with semicir-
cular bottom
di 2d, d3
K1=-+ +-+0.14
b, bl+b2 3b2
Chording Leakage Factor, K,
The chording leakage factor is given in
Figure 1 of Kilgore's1 article, Figure 2 of
Alger's7 article, and in Figure 143, page
219 of Kuhlmann's design text.8
Discussion
The design method outlined takes into
account only the performance charac-
teristics of the machine but does not at-
tempt to evaluate losses or heat dissipa-
tion factors accurately. This was done
partly because of the fact that no method
is known for the accurate predetermina-
tion of temperature rises and partly be-
cause for the generators under considera-
tion, the design will usually be dictated
by performance rather than by tempera-
ture rise. This condition will become in-

XC
.l250
._ ttA/t
:0275
creasingly true as the use of high-tem-
- _ Slot Factor K, perature insulation becomes more prev-
_0 _ 7 / /7 2 4 /Imalent. For the present, some indication
_17T0 he slot factor K1
sl30
is the permeance of of reasonable temperature rises is af-
forded by using such criteria as d21, cur-
-6E>-4X7 _4 th ot leakage path and the formulas are
rent densities, ampere-conductors per
- given in numerous text books and tech-
_ _ 0.
nical papers. Using the nomenclature of inch of periphery, and cooling air veloci-
CL1a0the design sheet, the value can beob- ties. For the machines in question, the
/
/,
// X W & 2 _ tamned for a rectangular semienclosed slot values of d21, can be assumed to be pro-
. 7X g ?B BR X e
4 by the formula portional to (kw/rpm) 0.64
7N -a
X In basing the design on transient per-
7Y XA -7, 7 m ' _b1 b1+b2 3b2 tablished. An important criterion was
2f> 3 g W F ,; + 8 . . ~~~~~~~~~~the
ability of the generator to start and
.2 B.F I0 _ Yb The permeance
a opeing of a circularte
f nomalsizeat slottowithis aclrt oos opeetsaln
of motors and opening of contactors dur-
Figure 3. Peak fundamental and average of K--d+0.625 ing the accelerating period, it is necessary
no-load flux wave blthat the minimum rms voltage of the

1278 Ginsberg-Design Calculations for A-C Generators AJEE TRANSACTIONS

generator, as determined by oscillo- design sheets to calculate total leakage _ _ - - - _-
graph, should not drop to less than 70 flux. The results obtained so far do not i- |; |l
per cent of rated voltage. It also is neces- appear to require a separate calculation 14 - - _ - - __
sary that during the accelerating period, for total leakage flux. 7_
after the automatic voltage regulator ac- In calculating full-load and zero- 2 _
tion has stabilized, the generator voltage power-factor ampere-turns the factor i10 a0 00 4i O 6 M 80 9 SK 1100 2 D
should be at least 80 per cent of rated (1+XF'), was used to make some allow- x,
voltage. These values are based on drop- ance for the increase in ampere-turns of z_
out voltage of 65 per cent for magnetic the field pole because of the increase of i, |l -
contactors and a pull-out torque of 200 leakage flux resulting from the componentthe bElli
per cent for induction motors. At 70 per of field required to neutralize the arma- Z90,_20 30) 40 50 60) 7O e 90 0m1MlO 13 140y
cent voltage the pull-out torque is 128 ture demagnetizing action. 2
per cent, leaving some margin for ac-
celeration when driving a load having Appendix 1. Derivation of 8 .|l.
constant torque characteristics. Equations for C 7C
The following equation is used for de- -6-
W '
termining the minimum transient rms The field form at no load has no even
voltage in per unit harmonics, it is symmetrical with respect to
the origin of co-ordinates, and the funda-
mental component can therefore be ex-
Emin = ZL +
3c_|
pressed by: (Refer to Figure 5) 12 3 14
ZL±Xd 23,4 56 7 8910 112 31
ZLZ L tIT'dl C= B1= - gn
4 AMPER-TURNS
PER INCH
(zL+x,d,zL+xd)et/TP_ B2cos XIX-X3.19
Nl Figure 4. Magnetizing curves for steel, show-
where' m NI 7r
m 3.19 cos ing the effect of sinusoidal distribution of flux
V,2/2 0k d_____2_s
d
where I - -
1 density
ZL = impedance of starting motor in per unit
Xd=direct axis synchronous reactance Assuming the effect of flux in the inter- 1 1
Xd'=transient reactance of generator in polar spaces to be negligible C1 1.27 / 1
per unit a2o idr a2
1 \
-, IX
t=response time for regulator (0.1 second
for most mechanical regulators) J
wr/2cos g ad fa1/2cosfdct
Jo g \sin 2/
Tdl'=generator time constant for loadZL
T&'=generator open-circuit time constant For a uniform air gap tan--1sin1 a
9
ZL+Xd 4g Tsin =12a7s/2 air a[ 2 / gnal
Tdl'=TdoIZL+Xd 1r 1g o 2 L 2 -J
Further work is necessary in order to For the air gap shown in Figure 5 /-
generalize the effects of machine dimen- 4gn r/2cos d 4gn tan'-/g-1
sions on the flux in the interpolar spaces. Cl
= X C1 1.27 sin- __
This would make it possible to calculate g ir 2 gx
field harmonics accurately without re- f ai2 cos E 1
sorting to laborious flux plotting for each Jo sin2
new generator design. sin
Tr
Apedx1.Deiaino
The leakage factor XFo , used in Figures ( 2ir). Appendix Derivation of
1 and 2 is calculated in accordance with air/2 Equation for Cp
the formulas of Kilgore.' It is correct C1 =1.27f X Cp is the average value of flux density
only for the detennination of transient ° divided by the maximum value of flux
reactance since it evaluates the linkages cos 4 de
of the leakage flux with the field winding 1+ -1j \sin240 Figure 5. Length of air gap as a function of
rather than the total leakage flux. How- \gn (sin2 - pole shape and angular displacement from
ever, the value XF' has been used in the \ 2/ pole center
a Minimum
gop gaR-Itcosir2- HzsinI
Stator Bore gxaMaximum gap grmR-H-r
point
\\RRadiusatony
9 Pole Face g agap A =R-r-gn
cosrlk siWfg
Pole

a of stotor bore gx R-H

// \ \ \\ ~~~~~~~~~~r
= Radius of pole face /risie|rC l- Hsfl4
~~d /\\
\ \ \ \ H=~~~~~H*Offset of center of polel HCOs4H Si *CI-Sir
xE, \\\\\ \ I / ~~~~~~~~facearcfrom center g9 CR-Hr)+±C).(*r)Siri
R \\ r of stator circle I 2r
,aT
\\\\ /
s~~~
cu Pole embrace |g _
gn+2r+H.r)sin4
X
\ )*LH/
9 PO~~~~*
zp ng9utlar pohsition I~9x gn+§@H+H
of r)irL
respect to centerl 2r I.'+I r)= . X2a-
~~~~~~~~with
\s/ ~~~~~~~of
pole 2rsn
1950, VOLUME 69 Ginsberg-Design Calcukations for A-C Generators 12'79
 density. The average value of flux density 4. TOOTH PULSATION IN ROTATING MACHINES, rederive and modify his formulas, for
is the total flux under the pole divided by T. Spooner. AIEE Transactions, volume 43, example, leakage flux and reactance for-
the area under the pole pitch. Assuming ' mulas, as his design proceeds.
. SURFACE
that the flux density at any point is inversely MRON LoS T Spooner I. F Ennard Mr. Ginsberg states that the customary
proportional to the air gap at that point, AIEE Transactions, volume 43, February 1924, methods to calculate the saturation curves
and neglecting the flux in the interpolar pages 262-81. are insufficient. In minimum size ma-
spaces: (See Figure 5) 6. NO-LOAD INDUCTION MOTOR CORE LOSsES, chines, the actual physical flux, that is, air
T. Spooner, C. W. Kincaid. AIEE Transactions, gap flux plus local leakage flux, must be
B max_3.19 NI volume 48, April 1929, pages 645-55. calculated closely to permit the use of high
gn 7.ANCETHE CALCULATION OF THE ARMATURE REACT magnetic densities without resulting over-
OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, P. L. Alger. saturation. Local saturation around slots
B av B=2
-
f/w/BdA =-
2/BdA=iX pagesv493-513.
pageE Trnscios3vlue471ebuay198 carrying high currents should be checked.
pole area lRrJ o 1Rr 8. DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS, John H. Depression of the originally sinusoidal air
ra7r/2 3.19 NI 1Rd4 Kuhlman. John Wiley and Sons, New York,
N. Y., second edition, 1946.
gap flux due to tooth saturation occurs, but
can be approximated. The ampere turns
g 9. MAPPING MAGNETIC AND ELECTROSTATIC required to drive the flux through the yoke
FIELDS, A. D. Moore. Electric Journal (East Pitts- are usually much less than obtained by com-
2 ar/2 do burgh, Pa.), volume 23, July 1926, pages 355-62. mercial formulas and may be obtained
Bav = -X3.19 - 10. THE INTERPOLAR FIELDS OF SATURATED either as Mr. Ginsberg indicates, or by
7r ,J0 g MAGNETIC CIRCUITS, Th. Lehmann. AIEE using the results of investigations pub-
air/2 Journal, volume 46, December 1927, pages 1411-14. lished. In the same way, the pole-to-pole
= Bap 2
nJ
f dok 11. THE REACTANCES OF SYNCHRONOUS MA-
Park, 47,
CHINES, R. H.volume B. L. Robertson. AIEE mustabe flux
leakage formulas and
disregar for commercial design
eachaseshol
Bmaa.
B
g .
Transactions, February 1928, pages must bedlsregarded and each case should
For a uniform gap 514-36. be calculated on its own merits. Direct
12. DETERMINATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE and quadrature axis coefficients become a
7r CONSTANTS BY TEST, S. H. Wright. AIEE Trans- function of the saturation in the vicinity

2=-27_gn agn=a actions, volume 40, December 1931, pages 1331-1. of the air gap and a field weakening occurs,
due to flux distortion under load, similar
to the uncompensated d-c machine.
All these points of consideration com-
plicate the design work to a great extent,
but on the other hand permit the design of
C -2
2 /ar/2 d4
do Discussion
Discussion a light-weight machine where each dimen-
rJo 1 +gr __: 1
1 sin2 sion is reduced to the minimum and where
\gn /sin2 air Paul W. Franklin (Bendix Aviation Cor- each Component carries Just as much as it
can and not more. The result of this is
2 poration,
po ratiTer Teterboro,
oN N. J.):
Jo) Mr. Ginsberg that today 400-cycle machines can be
is to be congratulated for his publication, built, with magnetic densities determined
The integral is of the form which regrettably is one of the few papers buily by sagnetic denot detemped
dealing with actual design calculations. entirely by saturation and notby tempera-
1 d(240) Whereas there is no lack in the number of ture, and that often with a 100 per cent
2J /(a2 a2
ll+- )-2 cos 2 4
theoretical papers, actual design methods
are rarely published and thus the average
been
cercial
increased two four times that
thout detriment
timent too
designer cannot always benefit from the commercial mcn
machines without
air advances of theory. a reasonable lifetime.
It appears to the writer, that the designer
0.636 sin 2 C Xsm Mr. Ginsberg developed his paper for the of such equipment must be well versed in
CP design of light-weight minimum-size ma-
x
'*I-1+sin 2-2
. xxT chinery for the Armed Forces. It is of
interest to note that for aircraft this type
theory and rather unprejudiced by com-
mercial design methods. He should dis
n of equipment was required and produced card empirical curves and semiempirical
gxaFr years ago. The specifications as to weight1 formulas and take nothing for granted.
- sin
-1+ i2 air( tan i'j er g.Teseiiain
bulk, and performance are st egtto
difficult Under theseasaconditions
ser neatrorda f design sheet
design
tan- gn \ attain. This led to the development of a serves only as a neat record for final design
ainr special line of rotating equipment, the per- data, but by no means as a method.
L sin 2 J formance of which indicates that sooner or
later the principles and procedure em-
Cp=0.636 tan-Xar
2
ployed will be adopted by manufacturers,
wherever light-weight minimum size equip-
R. C. Powers (Electric Machinery Manufac-
turing Company, Minneapolis, Minn.): Al-
ment is essential. though Mr. Ginsberg's paper presents no
tan- I n 1 The design of minimum size equipment new concepts in the design of a-c generators,
aCosi2ar was made possible by the use of Silicone
varnish, inorganic insulation, high strength
it does present a simplified procedure for
2
materials, and to a certain extent by the
designing such machinery. The design
sheet itself is laid out in such a way that
/ gx/gn___ development of practical power selenium a complete picture of a machine can be had
2L!
Cos2
air rectifiers. The use of Silicone varnish
permitted a design which was not limited
with little more than a glance and the per-
formance can be determined quite readily.
by temperature. High strength materials In the introduction of this paper, the
permitted speeds of 24,000 rpm and more author has stressed the importance of
for comparatively large ratings and selenium establishing criteria for the design and per-
R eferences rectifiers permit the use of transductors formance of relatively small a-c generators.
and may, to a certain extent, replace the In developing the steel magnetization
1. CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS3 MACHIINE commutator on d-c generators. curves (Figure 4), the flux densities were
CONSTANTS, L. A. Krilgore. AIEE Transactions, The theory, used for these designs is assumed to vrary sinusoidally. In small
volume 50, December 1931, pages 1201-14. of course the same as for commercial ma- machines of the salient-pole type, however,
2. RE:ACTANCE OF SYNCH:RONOUS MACHINE:S AND chines, except that it is refined and special- where the ratios of air gap length to pole
AITSAFFPLlCAsTaION, R.ol. Doe°hrty, 0.2
AIE rnscios,vlue37 ar 2 91,pae
B. Shirley. ized to a very high degree. In order to
get the most out of a certain amount of
pitch are relatively small and where the
flux densities are relatively high, the flux
3. GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF MAGNETIC material, a good designer cannot use com- wave departs greatly from a sine wave.
FIELDS, R. W. Wieseman. AIEE Transactions, mercial proportions, density data and Test oscillograms have proved such waves
volume 46, February 1927, pages 141-54. empirical curves, but must be prepared to to approach a squared condition. In

1280 Ginsberg-Design Calculations for A-C Generators AIBE TRANSACTIONS

 i+o.6(Xag+Xad)+XagXad _ iF
VI + 1.2 Xag+ Xag2 L _
/Z / 'and
OPEN-CIRCUIT "-0.8 P.F.SAT.
/SAT. /es o RPF SAT.
Figure 1
determining
determinin the constants
and CtCv
the constantsChC, and
from these oscillograms, however, they,
too,s
curvesdiffered
fo
thos oap ine fro3
included in this paper (Figure o).
Tests indicate that these differences occur
suchoawaygtha, i3
mine from Figure 3 and
mined a
der-Of
and a sinearewave
flux is assumed in obtaining the flux
results(magnel tingl ves)
density-field intensity curves, the end
forces) a
results (magnetizing for areresubstanti-
substantl-
wallye srmeas whnen m,cil, andrthe flu
o
Aboutthf armeotai e fr ilogas FFLng
prepared for this independent 1a+ 0.6(Xag+Xad) +XaoXad 1
prveptigar
invoes ior ths paper anindeped
paper,nan
on wbasibing conduted for L.
purpose of obtainig relb sato mag-
netization curves. The fl.ux wave was
analyzed by the same method as Mr. Gins-
berg describes in this paper with the excep-
tion that an oscillogram of an actual air gap
flux wave was used for analysis instead of
a pure sine wave of flux. The flux density-
field intensity curves resulting from this
investigation were effectively identical with
those of Figure 4 of the paper. However,
these curves proved to be too optimistic
when applied to analyses of machines al-
ready in existence and tested; that is,
the curves indicated excessively high ef-
fective iron permeabilities.
Therefore, a new approach was used to
determine reliable magnetization curves.
The total magnetomotive forces at various
inductions were determined by test for
several machines using 29 gauge, 0.72 watt-
loss steel. The air gap magnetomotive
forces were calculated, and the pole and
spider magnetomotive forces determined
from manufacturer's d-c magnetization
curves at these inductions. The tooth
and core flux densities were calculated at
the corresponding inductions. Tooth and
core magnetization curves were then
plotted in such a way as to provide stator
magnetomotive forces so that the total
calculated machine magnetomotive forces
met the test values of total magnetomotive
force at all inductions. These flux density-
field intensity curves for all machines ef-
fectively coincided with one another to
result in a single curve for 29 gauge, 0.72
watt-loss steel. Test results of additional
machnmes designed in accordance with the
design sheets (Figures 1 and 2) of this paper
and by the use of this curve met the
calculated performance estimates very
closely in all cases. This curve indicates
lower effective permeabilities than those
1950, VOLUME 69
]
Fg
indicated by Figure 4 of this paper but
higher effective permeabilities than those
indicated by manufacturers' d-c magnetiza-
tion curves at corresponding inductions.
Stator flux density-field intensity curves for
grades of steel other than 29 gauge, 0.72
watt-loss can be interpolated from this curve
I the proper manufacturers' d-c magnetiz-
ation curve.
As expressed in this paper, there is a
present demand for small light-weight a-c
generators. The trend is toward higher
flux densities, and, in order to maintain
optimum electric and magnetic balances,
the current densities become correspond-
ingly higher. Recent developments in
high temperature materials and high per-
meability electric steels have made such
machines more practical from an economy
standpoint. In high temperature a-c
generators having good transient perform-
ance, armature resistance becomes in-
creasingly effective; it may become as
much as 250 per cent and more of the arma-
ture leakage reactance. In calculating the
short-circuit ratio, reactances, and load
excitations of a machine (refer to Figures
1 and 2), therefore, armature resistance
cannot be ignored.
The author's expression for full load
excitation at 0.8 power factor (Figure 1)
should be modified slightly:
1
et
t e V
_ continuous
+XF'IFv+Fo'[1XXF'I
This expression is evident from test results,
and from Figure 1 of this discussion.
E. R. Martin (University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Mich.): The importance of tran-
sient factors on a small single-phase gener-
ator would appear to be relatively unim-
portant, and it is unfortunate that a 3-
phase design was not used to illustrate the
calculations.
The design itself is not according to
usual practice. The stator has 27 slots
which makes the winding unsymmetrical,
A lap winding is used while a concentric
winding would give better wave shape and use
about 14 per cent less copper. The rotor
is evidently of special construction, since
the pole dimensions leave no room for a
shaft, so the revolving field must be sup-
ported between nonmagnetic rings with
stub shafts attached, which is expensive
construction and not very satisfactory. In
this case there is no spider, contrary to
calculations shown. The core density is
higher than the tooth density while the
reverse is generally used. The teeth are
tapered, being wider near the air gap which
makes it appear that a slot die was used
which was made for another machine.
The test value of core loss was not given
in Table I, and that is one item that is
difficult to calculate.
A good 3-phase design would have made
a much better foundation for the calcula-
tions.
David Ginsberg: Mr. Franklin's discussion
emphasizes the importance of returning
to fundamental principles of design and
Ginsberg-Design Calculations for A-C Generators
discourages the use of empirical formulas.
The author heartily agrees with this
philosophy and hopes that he will find the
opportunity to describe these methods more
fully. It would be interesting to compare
the calculation of one of Mr. Franklin's
generators by means of the methods pre-
sented in this paper with a calculation by
Mr. Franklin's method. The need for a
better knowledge of flux densities in the
useful and leakage paths is recognized. In
a recent conversation with Mr. Wieseman
of the General Electric Company, the
author learned that Mr. Wieseman has
developed a machine for making 2-dimen-
sional and 3-dimensional flux plots.
Mr. Franklin seems to have overlooked
one important application of the proposed
design method. To the extent that the
paper has adhered closely to formulas
rigorously derived from fundamental prin-
ciples, the design sheets are much more
useful than a mere record for final design
data. The orderly array of the formulas
and curves provide a clear indication of the
effect of the various design parameters on
generator performance and facilitate the
selection of these parameters in accordance
with actual limitations rather than average
practice.
Mr. Powers makes a number of
points which call for specific answers.
significant
As he correctly points out, the stator mag-
netization curves were based on a sinusoidal
of flux distribution
distribution linear density, although dis-
(for aa per-
fectly flat
correct
thoeia vaidt
wave) would
flux
for many generators.
of thsagmn a
Wh-ilenearly
be more
the
theoretcalize dity of thes argument has
been realized, itof fupointed out that the
flux distribution S rela-
t equation
fierc betnat andvsine wae dflu
ferences between actuda mainly to the un-
saturatep onf magnei t where
the difference in t q magnet o-
motive forces are negligibl small. In the
sataed portos g g y
saturated portions of the magnetic cir-
cuit, the sine wave approximation is quite
bore thisut. thexrmahinve
borne thns outa The experimentalcu ves-
field f coefficietszreferedutoeb Mr.
Powersfwas madeat thewrer suggestio
in the course of a Government development
cn the elet Machine
Manufacturing Company. At that time
stator magnetization curves had been cal-
culated for electrical grade steel only and
it is not surprising that the ampere-tur
values were optimistic compared to Mr.
Powers' test data made with 0.72 watt-
loss steel. A theoretical stator mag-
netization curve for 0.72 watt-loss steel
has since been calculated and is compared
in the following table with Mr. Powers'
curve embodied in a report to the Engineer
Research and Development Laboratories.
Flux density (kilolines). ..........
105..911i5. 120. i25
Mmf by
Powers' test data.36......3 64. 118. 166. .240
Mmf from
caclte .uv.2....6.i8.1620
As Mr. Powers points out, his data were
obtained for machines with an almost
rectangular flux wave and for a vrery small
pole embrace, yet the agreement between
1281
test and calculated curves is well within
the limit of experimental error. The
alternative implied by Mr. Powers' dis-
cussion is to have separate magnetization
curves for every conceivable pole-shoe and
air gap configuration. The writer believes
that this would be a step backward.
Mr. Powers is correct in stating that the
voltage drop due to armature resistance
cannot be ignored in concentrated machines
operated at high temperatures. This factor
has been taken into account in the formula
for full-load field excitation by basing it
on the stator flux required to generate the
arithmetic sum of the terminal voltage plus
the leakage reactance drop instead of the
vector sum of these two quantities. As-
suming the stator resistance to be of the
same order of magnitude as the leakage
reactance, this takes the resistance into
account and simplifies the calculation.
Mr. Powers implies that his proposed
equation corrects a theoretical mathe-
matical error in the writer's formula. It
appears that his proposed formula contains
typographical errors. For example, the
subscript "ag" should be "aq" and the
factor "1 + F"' should apparently be a
leakage drop factor such as " 1 + Xi."
Taking these obvious corrections for
granted, Mr. Powers' formula would be
theoretically more correct than that in
the paper if he had not overlooked a very
important physical phenomenon. This
phenomenon involves the effect of armature
reaction on the pole leakage flux. At a
no-load per-unit voltage of 1 + X, the
pole body flux density is the corresponding
value of B' in the design sheet. However,
at full load the pole leakage increases in
proportion to the following quotient:
stator plus gap plus armature reaction
ampere-turns divided by stator plus gap
ampere-turns. This increases the pole-
body flux density and magnetomotive force.
It is a very large factor where the pole bodies
are highly saturated. By rigorous mathe-
matical standards the writer's formula for
full-load 0.80 power factor is incorrect but
it is relatively simple and contains com-
pensating errors which take account of the
increased pole leakage under load. Its
accuracy may be estimated by reference to
Table I of the paper. Since the paper was
written, the writer has applied his method
to the design of a number of 50-cycle, 60-
cycle, and 400-cycle machines which have
since been built and tested. The accuracy
of the full-load and no-load field currents
have been within 4 per cent of the predicted
values even though the designs covered a
wide range of ratings and extreme dif-
ferences in magnetic saturation. It also
1282 Ginsberg-Design Calcukations for A-C Generators
has been found by mathematical analysis
that the expression for field excitation can
be still further simplified with negligible
loss of accuracy. The simplified formula
is:
FFL = [0-90F(1 +Xd) + F'- F0' ] [1 XF' I
. . . tion of the d-c generator design calculations
Mr. Martin questions the importance of
transient factors on small single-phase
generators and raises several questions
concernig the construction of the machine
used as an illustrative example of the
design method.
Transient response is very important for
small generators since they are frequently
called upon to start and accelerate motors
whose locked-rotor current may be more
than twice the rated current of the gener-
ator. The need for good transient response
has been borne out by military experience.
It also should be noted that some of the
transient characteristics are used for the
accurate calculation of steady-state values.
This is particularly true of single-phase
machines in which negative-sequence im-
pedance determines steady-state charac-
teristics. The 27-slot winding is not un-
symmetrical but is a typical fractional
slot winding so chosen as to permit the
elimination of multiples of the third
harmonic. The rotor of this machine
actually does have a shaft and the term
"spider," used in the calculations, refers to
that portion of the magnetic circuit of the
rotor which is located between the poles.
The fact that the pole density is greater
than the tooth density and that "the
reverse is generally used" is of minor im-
portance compared with the attainment of
design goals. Mr. Franklin's discussion has
clearly explained the fallacy of blind ad-
herence to custom. Slot dies are normally
used for a large number of machines and
are not usually allocated to any specific
machine. The slot die used on the gener-
ator calculated in the design sheets is one
of the standard dies used by a prominent
manufacturer and was selected as being
the most suitable available die. The
actual open-circuit core loss on this gener-
ator was 105 watts at rated volts.
A small single-phase generator was
deliberately chosen for illustrative pur-
poses to show that the proposed design
method applies even to these machines
which have been ignored by the literature.
Several oral discussions also were made
at the meeting, and the author takes this
opportunity to answer them.
Mr. W. R. Hough of the Reliance Elec-
tric and Manufacturing Company expressed
an interest in d-c generator design cal-
culations similar to those for a-c generators
presented in this paper. Such d-c gener-
ator design calculations have been incor-
porated by the writer into a design sheet
which has been used with some success at
the Engineer Research and Development
Laboratories for about one year. Publica-
has been withheld until the method has
been substantiated by sufficient experience
with actual machines.
The suggestion of Sterling Beckwith of the
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company to
express the magnetomotive forces of the
magnetic circuit in per-unit values is a
novel one and appears to present an op-
portunity for broadening the value of
design data on specific machines.
The approval of this paper by Mr. L. A.
Kilgore of the Westinghouse Electric Cor-
poration is particularly gratifying since his
paper of 19311 furnished much of the back-
ground for the present paper. His com-
ments concerning the need for a synthetic
design method are encouraging. As stated
in my paper, considerable work has already
been done toward this goal. The initial
equations are set up to solve for generator
dimensions in terms of desired values of
generator weight, electrical output, transient
reactance, and square inches per watt of
heat dissipating surface. A number of
simplified analytical expressions have been
derived to make this approach practical.
For example, the constant C1 can be cal-
culated from the formula:
g -0.35
C, =1.27 -)
n
Sin (9OXpole embrace)
Certain attitudes toward accurate equa-
tions expressed in the paper and in the
foregoing discussions may seem contra-
dictory but they are actually consistent.
In striving toward a synthetic design method
which could be used for development, no
attempt was made to simplify the equations
by assuming factors based on customary
design procedure or by ignoring factors
which are negligible only in conventional
machines. A high degree of accuracy
even for unconventional designs is neces-
sary if safety factors are to be reduced to
a bare minimum. On the other hand,
every effort was made to eliminate com-
plicated expressions whose only justifica-
tion was their mathematical rigor.
REFERENCE
1. CALCULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE
CONSTANTS-REACTANCES AND TIME CONSTANTS
AFFECTING TRANSIENT CHARACTERISTICS, L. A.
Kilgore. AIEE Transactions, volume 50, Decem-
ber 1931, pages 1201-14.
AJEE TRANSACTIONS