Removed content

Topic or option number and name Sub-topic number and name

1.1 Introduction to the particulate
1. Stoichiometric relationships nature of matter and chemical change
1. Stoichiometric relationships 1.2 The mole concept
1. Stoichiometric relationships 1.3 Reacting masses and volumes
1. Stoichiometric relationships 1.3 Reacting masses and volumes
1. Stoichiometric relationships 1.3 Reacting masses and volumes
3. Periodicity 3.2 Periodic trends
3. Periodicity 3.2 Periodic trends
4. Chemical bonding and strcture 4.3 Covalent structures
4. Chemical bonding and strcture 4.3 Covalent structures
4. Chemical bonding and strcture 4.3 Covalent structures
5. Energetics / thermochemistry 5.1 Measuring energy changes
5. Energetics / thermochemistry 5.1 Measuring energy changes
5. Energetics / thermochemistry 5.3 Bond enthalpies
5. Energetics / thermochemistry 5.3 Bond enthalpies
7. Equilibrium 7.1 Equilibrium
8. Acids and bases 8.1 Theories of acids and bases
8. Acids and bases 8.3 The pH scale
8. Acids and bases 8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases
8. Acids and bases 8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases
8. Acids and bases 8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases
8. Acids and bases 8.4 Strong and weak acids and bases
8. Acids and bases 8.5 Acid deposition
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.1 Oxidation and reduction
9. Redox processes 9.2 Electrochemical cells
9. Redox processes 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.1 Fundamentals of organic chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2 Functional group chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2 Functional group chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2 Functional group chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2 Functional group chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2 Functional group chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2 Functional group chemistry
10. Organic Chemistry 10.2
11.1 Functional group
Uncertainties andchemistry
errors in
11. Measurement and data processing measurement and results
11. Measurement and data processing 11.2
11.3 Graphical techniques
Spectroscopic identification of
11. Measurement and data processing organic
11.3 compoundsidentification of
Spectroscopic
11. Measurement and data processing organic compounds
12. Atomic Structure 12.1 Electrons in atoms
12.
13. Atomic Structure
The periodic table - the transition 13.1 First-row d-block elements
metals
13. The periodic table - the transition 13.1 First-row d-block elements
metals 13.1 First-row d-block elements
13. The periodic table - the transition
metals
13. The periodic table - the transition
metals
14. Chemical bonding and structure
14. Chemical bonding and structure
14. Chemical bonding and structure
14. Chemical bonding and structure
14. Chemical bonding and structure
15. Energetics / Thermochemistry
15. Energetics / Thermochemistry
15. Energetics / Thermochemistry
15. Energetics / Thermochemistry
15. Energetics / Thermochemistry
15. Energetics / Thermochemistry
16. Chemical Kinetics
16. Chemical Kinetics
16. Chemical Kinetics
16. Chemical Kinetics
16. Chemical Kinetics
18. Acids and bases
18. Acids and bases
19. Redox processes
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
20. Organic chemistry
21. Measurement and analyis
21. Measurement and analyis
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option A: Materials
Option B: Biochemistry
Option B: Biochemistry
Option C: Energy
13.2 Coloured complexes
13.2 Coloured complexes
14.1 Covalent bonding and electron
domain and molecular
14.1 Covalent bonding geometries
and electron
domain and molecular
14.1 Covalent bonding geometries
and electron
domain and molecular geometries
14.1 Covalent bonding and electron
domain and molecular
14.1 Covalent bonding geometries
and electron
domain and molecular geometries
15.1 Energy cycles
15.1 Energy cycles
15.1 Energy cycles
15.1 Energy cycles
15.1 Energy cycles
15.2 Entropy and spontaneity
16.1 Rate expression and reaction
mechanism
16.1 Rate expression and reaction
mechanism
16.2 Activation energy
16.2 Activation energy
16.2
18.2 Activation energy
Calculations involving acids and
bases
19.1 Electrochemical cells
19.1 Electrochemical cells
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.1 Types of organic reactions
20.2 Synthetic routes
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Stereoisomerism
20.3 Spectroscopic
21.1 Stereoisomerismidentification of
organic compounds
21.1 Spectroscopic identification of
organic compounds
A.1 Materials science introduction
A.1 Materials science introduction
A.5 Polymers
A.5 Polymers
A.9 Condensation polymers (HL only)
A.9 Condensation polymers (HL only)
A.9 Condensation polymers (HL only)
B2
B.2 Proteins and enzymes
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option C: Energy
Option D: Medicinal chemistry
C.1 Energy sources
C.2 Fossil fuels
C.2 Fossil fuels
C.2 Fossil fuels
C.2 Fossil fuels
C.4 Solar energy
C.4
C.6 Solar energy
Electrochemistry, rechargeable
batteries
C.6 and fuel cellsrechargeable
Electrochemistry, (HL only)
batteries and fuel cells (HL only)
C.6 Electrochemistry, rechargeable
batteries and fuel cells (HL only)
 SL and HL or HL
Sub-topic content only
Obtaining
Balancing of and using experimental
equations should include dataafor variety
deriving
of types of empirical
reactions. formulas from reactions SL and HL
Obtaining and using experimental data for
involving
deriving mass changes. SL and HL
Obtainingempirical
and using formulas
experimental from reactions
values to
involving
calculate massmolar changes. SL and HL
Use of thetheexperimental massmethodof a gasof from the ideal
titration to
gas equation.
calculate the concentration of a solution by SL and HL
reference to a standard
Trends in metallic solution. behaviour SL and HL
and non-metallic
Prediction and explanation of the metallic and
are due to thebehaviour
non-metallic trends above SL and HL
Lewis (electron dot) structureselementof an show allbasedthe on
its position in the periodic
valence electrons in a covalently bonded table. SL and HL
species.
Some atoms, like Be and B, might form stable SL and HL
compounds
Explanation of the properties of giant covalent SL and HL
with incomplete octets of electrons.
compounds in terms of their structures SL and HL
Calculation
The enthalpy ofchange
the heat change
(∆H) when the
for chemical reactions
temperature
is indicated inofkJamol pure-1 substance is changed
. SL and HL
using
Average ∆.bond enthalpy is the energy needed to SL and HL
Discussion of the bond strength in ozone
break
relative to mol
one oxygen of ainbond in a gaseous
its importance tomolecule
the SL and HL
averaged
atmosphere. over similar compounds. SL and HL
A catalyst has no effect on the position of
equilibrium or the equilibrium constant. SL and HL
Amphiprotic species can act as both Brønsted-
Lowry acids SL and HL
A change of and
one bases.
pH unit represents a 10-fold
Distinction
Strong
changeacids between
in the and bases
hydrogen strong
ofion and
equal weak acids. and SL and HL
concentrations
concentration
bases in terms
have higher of the rates than
conductivities of their
weakreactions
acids and SL and HL
A strong
with
bases. acidmetal
metals, is a good oxides,protonmetal donor and has a
hydroxides,
weak conjugate base. SL and HL
metal hydrogen carbonates and
A strong base is a good proton acceptor and has metal
carbonates
a weak conjugateand their acid. electrical conductivities for SL and HL
solutions of equal concentrations. SL and HL
All
Variable oxidation numbers exist for transition SL and HL
of it
The
metalsWinkler
and for Method
most can be usednon-metals
main-group to measure
The activity
biochemical series
oxygen ranks
demand metals according
(BOD), used to athe SL and HL
as
Deduction of
ease withofwhich the name of
they undergo a transition
oxidation.metal SL and HL
measure
compound from the degree
a givenofformula,
pollution in a water
applying
sample.
oxidation numbers represented by Roman SL and HL
numerals.
Deduction of the feasibility of a redox reaction SL and HL
from the activity series or reaction data. SL and HL
Solution
Application of aofrange of redoxMethod
the Winkler titrationtoproblems.
calculate SL and HL
BOD SL and HL
Construction and annotation of both types of
Performance
electrochemical of laboratory
cells. experiments SL and HL
involving a typical voltaic cell using two
Saturated compounds contain single bonds only SL and HL
metal/metal-ion
and unsaturated half-cells.
compounds contain double or SL and HL
Benzene is an aromatic, unsaturated
triple bonds.
hydrocarbon SL and HL
Discussion of the structure of benzene using
physical
Bromine and chemical
water cannucleophilic evidence.
be used to substitution
distinguish SL and HL
Alcohols undergo
between alkenes
reactions with acids and(alsoalkanes.
called esterification or SL and HL
condensation) SL and HL
Benzene does not readily undergo addition
Halogenoalkanes
reactions but doesare more reactive
undergo than alkanes SL and HL
electrophilic
Writing the equation
substitution reactions. for the condensation SL and HL
Relationship
reaction of anbetween alcohol with the structure
a carboxylic of theacid, in
monomer
the presence to theof apolymer
catalyst and repeating unit.
(egsubstitution
concentrated SL and HL
Writing the equation for the
sulfuric acid) to form an ester.
reactions of halogenoalkanes with aqueous SL and HL
sodium hydroxide. SL and HL
The degree
All of it of unsaturation or index of hydrogen SL and HL
deficiency (IHD) can be used to determine from
All of it
a molecular formula the number of rings or SL and HL
multiple bonds of
Determination in the
a molecule.
IHD from a molecular SL and HL
formula. SL and HL
Zn is not considered to be a transition element
Solving
as it doesproblems
not formusing ionsEwith = hVincomplete d HL only
orbitals.
Transition elements show an oxidation state of HL only
+2 when theof
Explanation s-electrons
the magnetic are removed.
properties in HL only
transition metals in terms of unpaired electrons. HL only
Explanation of the effect of the identity of the
Resonance
metal ion, the involves
oxidation using two or of more Lewis
Explanation
(electron dot) the effectnumber
ofstructures to differentthe
of represent metalon
ligands
a HL only
and
the the identity of
splitting of the d-orbitals the ligand on the colour
in transition metal of
particular
transition molecule
Exceptions metal
to the ion or ion.
ruleAinclude
complexes.
octet resonance some HL only
complexes
structure and colour
is oneinvolves
of two or observed
more using the
Delocalization
species having
spectrochemical incomplete
series. octetsalternative
electrons that
and are shared
expanded HL only
Lewis (electron
by/between
octets. dot) structures
all atoms in a molecule for a or molecule
ion as or
ion that cannot
opposed to being belocalized
described fully with
between oneof
a pair HL only
Lewis
atoms. (electron
Explanation of dot)
of the structure
the mechanism
wavelengthof alone
of the lightcatalysis
required HL only
Description
Representative equations (eg M+(g) à M+(aq))of
to dissociate
ozone depletion oxygen when and ozone.
catalysed by CFCs and HL only
can be used for enthalpy/energy of hydration,
NOx.
ionization, atomization, electron affinity, lattice, HL only
covalent bond
Enthalpy and solution.
of solution, hydration enthalpy and HL only
Construction of energy cycles from hydration,
lattice enthalpy are related
lattice and solution enthalpy. For example in an energy cycle. HL only
dissolution
Relate size of solid NaOH or NH4Cl in water. HL only
Perform laband charge
experiments of which
ions tocould
lattice and
include
The order
hydration of a reaction
enthalpies.
single replacement reactions in aqueous can be either integer or HL only
fractional
solutions. in nature. The order of a reaction can HL only
describe, with respect to a reactant, the number
Relation
of particles of ΔG to position
taking part in the of equilibrium.
rate-determining HL only
step.
Catalysts alter a reaction mechanism, HL only
introducing a step with lower activation energy. HL only
Analysing graphical representation of the
Arrhenius equation in its linear form HL only
A voltaic
Using thecell
Describing generates
Arrhenius
the an electromotive
equation
relationships between . force HL only
(EMF) resulting in the movement
temperature and rate constant; frequency of electrons HL only
from
The
factor the anode
expression
and (negative
for
complexity theof electrode)constant
dissociation to the of a
The
weak
When rate
cathode acid determining
(positive
aqueous (K a) and a
solutions stepmolecules
electrode)
weak are(slow
via
base (Kstep)
the
colliding.
in anwater
b). external
electrolysed, SN1
For tertiary
reaction
circuit. The halogenoalkanes
depends
EMF is only
termedon the
the the predominant
concentration of
can be oxidized
mechanism is SN1 to oxygen
and for=at the anode and (Eº).
primary
cell potential HL only
the halogenoalkane,
reduced to hydrogen rate
at theBothk[halogenoalkane].
cathode. HL only
halogenoalkanes
For it is SN2.
SN2, rate = k[halogenoalkane][nucleophile]. mechanisms
occur
SN2 for secondary halogenoalkanes. HL only
SN2 reactions are best conducted usingofaprotic,
is stereospecific with an inversion
configuration
non-polar solvents at theand carbon.
SN1 reactions are best HL only
conducted
Outline of the differencepolar
using protic, between solvents. protic and HL only
Use of
aprotic
Explanationpartial
solvents. charges
of why (+
hydroxide and -) and
is a better wedge- HL only
The difference
dash three-dimensional between curly arrows
representations and(using
fish-
nucleophile
hooks in bonds than water.
reaction HL only
tapered as mechanisms
shown below)should shouldbebe
Stereoisomers
emphasized.
encouraged where are sub-divided
appropriateinto two classes
in explaining
—conformational
reaction mechanisms. isomers, which interconvert HL only
by rotation about a σ bond and configurational
All of it that interconvert only by breaking and
isomers HL only
Configurational isomers are further subdivided
reforming
into cis-trans a bond.
and E/Z HL only
A racemic mixture (orisomers
racemate) andisoptical
a mixture of
isomers.
two enantiomers in equal amounts and is HL only
optically
Construction inactive.of 3-D models (real or virtual) of a HL only
wide
Explanationof
range ofstereoisomers.
stereoisomerism in non-cyclic HL only
alkenes and C3 and C4 cycloalkanes. HL only
Comparison between the physical and chemical
Description
properties ofand explanation of optical isomers
enantiomers.
in simple organic
Distinction between molecules.
optical isomers using a HL only
The structural
polarimeter. technique of single crystal X-ray HL only
crystallography can be used to identify the bond
Explanation
lengths and bond of theanglesuse ofof tetramethylsilane
crystalline HL only
(TMS)
compounds.as the reference standard HL only
The properties of a material based on the
degree of covalent, ionic or metallic character in
All removed except
a compound can be for: deduced from its position SL and HL
on a bonding triangle. SL and HL
Consider
Atom economy properties of metals,
is a measure ofpolymers
efficiency SL and HL
applied problems
Solving in green chemistry.and evaluating atom economy SL and HL
in synthesis reactions.
Condensation polymers require two functional SL and HL
groups
NH3, HCl onand eachH2O monomer.
are possible products of HL
condensation reactions.
Completion and descriptions of equations to HL
show how condensation polymers are formed HL
All removed except
Chromatography for:
separation is based on
different physical and chemical principles. SL and HL
All removed except:
Renewable energy sources are naturally
replenished.
Coal Non-renewable
gasification and energy
liquefaction aresources
chemicalare
A carbon
finite. footprint is the total amount of SL and HL
processes that convert coal to
greenhouse gases produced during human gaseous and
liquid hydrocarbons.
activities. It is generally expressed in equivalent SL and HL
Calculations
tons of carbon of dioxide.
the carbon dioxide added to the SL and HL
Discussion of when
atmosphere, the advantages and disadvantages
different fuels burn and
of the differentoffossil
determination carbonfuels.
footprints for different SL and HL
activities.
Fermentation of glucose produces ethanol SL and HL
which can be
Evaluation usedadvantages
of the as a biofuel:and disadvantages SL and HL
of the use of biofuels.
In a primary cell the electrochemical reaction is SL and HL
not reversible.
A fuel cell can be Rechargeable cells chemical
used to convert involve redox HL
reactions
energy, that
containedcan be reversed
in a fuel that using electricity.
is consumed, HL
Deduction of half equations for the electrode
directly
reactionstoinelectrical energy.
a fuel cell. HL
All removed