INVISIBLE MECHANICS INVISIBLE MECHANICS

"don't be a normie, i guess"

 CONTENT 6.Relative motion
6.1 Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions.
1.Average Variables 6.2 Graphical Methods to Find Relative Velocity
1.1 Average Velocity and Average Speed 6.3 Relative Motion in River Flow
1.2 Average Acceleration 6.4 Rain-Man Problem
1.3 Question 6.5 Wind-airplane Problem
6.6 Question
2.Differential Forms
2.1 Instantaneous Speed
2.2 Instantaneous velocity
2.3 Instantaneous Acceleration
2.4 Question

3.Equations
3.1 Formula for uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line
3.2 Question
4.Graph
4.1 How to Analyze and Draw the Graph
4.2 Position-time graph
4.3 Velocity-time graph
4.4 Acceleration-time graph
4.5 Velocity displacement graph
4.6 Question

5. Projectile
5.1 Principles of Physical Independence of Motions in a Project Time Cases
5.2 Horizontal Range
5.3 Maximum Height
5.4 Time of flight
5.5 Projectile Motion on an Inclined Plane
5.6 Horizontal projectile
5.7 Question

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1. Average Variables 1.2 Average Acceleration

1.1 Average Velocity and Average Speed

It is the ratio of the total change in velocity to the total time taken in which this change in velocity takes place.
Δv
Average velocity: If at any time t₁, position vector of the particle is r₁ and at time t₂ , position is r₂ aₐᵥ =
Δt
Hence, on an average, the position vector changes with time at rate Δr / Δt.
To find average acceleration, we need to know only the total change in velocity from the initial position to final
position. We need not consider how the motion takes place between these two points.

If the velocity of a particle at instant t is v, and at instant t is, then the average acceleration is mathematically given
by:
Δv
aₐᵥ =
Δt
To find the average velocity, we need to know only the total displacement from initial to final position and need not Remember change in velocity = Final velocity - Initial velocity
consider the nature of motion between initial and final positions.

Physical meaning of average velocity: It is that uniform velocity with which if the object is made to move, it will cover the
1.3 Question
same displacement in a given time as it does with its actual velocity in the same time.

Average speed: If the particle is going a distance D during the time Δr=(t₂-t₁), the average rate of distance covered by it is
D/Δt for this time interval. We can call this ratio, "average speed" denoted by vₐᵥ. It is the ratio of total distance d travelled
by the particle to the total time taken t in which this distance is travelled.

Total Distance s₁+s₂+s₃

vₐᵥ = =
Total time taken Δt

(2)
NOTE: If motion takes place in same direction, then average speed and average velocity are same.
In figure below, a particle goes from A to C. Distances, velocities and time taken are shown (3)

(4)

S₁=v₁t₁ , S₂=v₂t₂

vₐᵥ = s₁+s₂ =
v₁t₁+v₂t₂
t₁+t₂ t₁+t₂

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 2.Differential Forms 2.3 Instantaneous Acceleration

2.1 Instantaneous Speed Time rate of change of velocity at any instant of time is known as Instantaneous Acceleration or simply
Acceleration a = dv
dt
The magnitude of the velocity at any instant of time is known a instantaneous speed or simply speed at Actually, acceleration at an instant is defined as the limit of the average acceleration as the time interval.Δt
that instant of time. It denoted by v. around that instant becomes infinitesimally small.
Quantitatively: Speed = Distance / Time

Mathematically, it is the time rate at which distance is being travelled by the particle.

Speed is a scalar quantity. It can never be negative.

Instantaneous speed is the speed of a particle at a particular instant of time.

2.2 Instantaneous velocity

The word "instant" literally means a short time interval. How short? Shorter is the time interval, more accurate
the meaning of instant →0). In instant will be. For this, we can write At tends to zero (Δt →0 other words,
"instant" may mean an infinitesimal time "dt" which replaced the term "Δt → 0."

The time rate of change of position (x) or displacement (s) at any instant of time (t) is known as instantaneous
velocity or s simply velocity at that instant of time. It is denoted by v.

Quantitatively: Velocity = Displacement/Time

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2.4 Question
3.2 Question

3. Equations
0

3.1 Formula for uniformly accelerated motion in a straight line

Particle starts moving along x-axis with constant acceleration Initial velocity=u. The velocity of the particle
at any time t: v=u+a.t

The particle starts moving from initial position x=x,

0 along the x-axis. The position of the object at any time t:
x = x + u.t+(1/2)at^2

The velocity of the particle in relation with displacement v^2=u^2+2aΔx

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 4.Graph Position-time graph of a body in a uniformly and negatively accelerated motion
The distance covered in a second by a body keeps decreasing uniformly in a uniformly
and negatively accelerated motion. The data table and the corresponding s-t graph of
such a motion is shown in the figure below. The acceleration of such a body remains
4.1 How to Analyze and Draw the Graph constant and is directed opposite to the direction of motion of the body throughout its
motion. The acceleration of the body in the data table given below can be calculated to
In one-dimensional motion, generally, we come across position -time (or displacement-time graph), velocity-time be -2 m/s2. The graph of such a motion is in the shape of a parabola.
graph, acceleration-time graph, etc.

Whenever we draw a graph, we need an equation involving the variables between which we have to draw the graph.
For example, to draw position-time graph, we generally use the equation x= ut+1/2at^2, to draw velocity-time graph,
4.3 Velocity-time graph
we generally use the equation v=u+at, etc. Note that we can use these relations only when acceleration is constant.

4.2 Position-time graph

Position time graph of a body in a uniform motion

An object moving at a uniform velocity covers equal distances in equal intervals of time,
as shown in the data table given below. Such a motion is called a uniform motion. Its s-t
graph is a straight line passing through the origin, as shown in the graph. The slope of
the position-time graph of a body in uniform motion is constant throughout its motion.
This indicates that the velocity of the body in such a motion is constant throughout its
motion.

Position time graph of a body in a uniform motion at a negative velocity

An object’s velocity can be considered to be negative when it moves in the opposite
direction w.r.t its initial direction of motion. As the body heads towards its initial point, its
displacement keeps decreasing until it reaches its initial point, where the displacement
becomes zero. The slope of the position-time graph of a body in uniform motion at a
4.4 Acceleration-time graph
negative velocity (velocity opposite to the direction of motion) is negative. A sample data Particle is moving with constant acceleration: Let at time t=0 , acceleration is a0 . Since
table and the corresponding graph are shown below is the s-t graph of a body moving at acceleration is constant, so acceleration at any further time will remain a0 . Hence, the
a constant negative velocity.
0

acceleration-time graph for a particle moving with constant acceleration is a straight line
The axes should align with the x and y axes
parallel to time axis.

Position time graph of a body at rest

Particle is moving with increasing acceleration at constant rate: Acceleration-time
The displacement of a body at rest remains the same until it starts moving. Therefore,
graph for a particle moving with increasing acceleration at constant rate is a straight ao
the s-t graph of a body at rest is a straight line parallel to the x-axis (time-axis) as shown
line making an acute angle α with time axis. Graph will be straight line because
in the figure.
acceleration is increasing at constant rate.

Position-time graph of a body in a uniformly and positively accelerated motion
The distance covered in a second by a body keeps increasing uniformly in a uniformly
and positively accelerated motion. The data table and the corresponding s-t graph of
such a motion is shown in the figure below. The acceleration of such a body remains
constant and is directed along the direction of motion of the body throughout its motion.
The acceleration of the body in the data table given below can be calculated to be +2
m/s2. The graph of such a motion is in the shape of a parabola
Particle is Moving with Decreasing Acceleration at Constant Rate: Acceleration –
Time graph for a particle moving with decreasing acceleration at constant rate is a straight
line making an obtuse angle α with time axis. The graph will be a straight line because
acceleration is decreasing at constant rate.
The graph will be a straight line because acceleration is decreasing at constant rate. Let at
t=0, accelerationis a.0 At some time t = t 0 , acceleration becomes 0 and then it becomes
negative.

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4.5 Velocity displacement graph 5. Projectile
When v is given as the function of s, we can find the acceleration at any position by using the v-->s graph as
described below. The slope of v--->s graph at any point gives the ratio of acceleration and speed at that point. 5.1 Principles of Physical Independence of Motions in a Project Time Cases

A projectile is the name given to a body t.hrown with some velocity at an angle with horizontal and then allowed to
move under the action of gravity alone, without any external force being applied to it.
The path followed hy a projectile is known as its trajectory.

4.6 Question Example:

A stone thrown at some angle
in stone -----> projectile
curved path ----->Trajectory

A projectile moves under the effect of two velocities:

1. A uniform velocity along the horizontal direction, which would not change provided that there is no air resistance.
2. A uniformly changing velocity (either increase or decrease) in the vertical direction due to gravity (the motion is
taking place along the horizontal) as well as in the vertical direction.

(1) 1:4
(2) 1:2
(3) 1:1
(4) 1:3

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 5.5 Projectile Motion on an Inclined Plane
In case of projectile motion on an inclined plane, the points on projection and return are not on the
same plane. There are two possibilities in projectile motion on an inclined plane, that is: (i) projectile
thrown up the incline,
so that point of return is higher than the point of projec- tion (Fig. 4-15a) and (ii) projectile thrown down
the incline where the point of return is lower than the point of projec- tion (Fig. 4-15b).

Consider the projectile on an inclined plane making an angle with the horizontal as shown in Fig. 4-15a.
Let the particle be projected at an angle a from the horizontal with an initial velocity v and v be its
resultant velocity at time t.
The motion of the particle can be analyzed in terms of two mutually perpendicular horizontal and
vertical directions, wherein coordinate along the incline is (x) and perpendicular to incline is (y). The
angle that the velocity of projection makes with the x-axis is (θ-𝛼). Therefore, the components of the
initial velocity and acceleration are:.

5.2 Horizontal Range

Projection of an inclined plane.
Suppose a projectile is thrown from the level of the ground, thus, the range is the distance between the launch point and (a)Projectile thrown up the incline
landing point, where the projectile is hitting the ground. (b)Projectile thrown down the incline

5.3 Maximum Height

The maximum point of projection a projectile can reach.
Using this we can rearrange the velocity equation to
find the time it will take for the object to reach
maximum height.

5.4 Time of flight

The time of flight of projectile motion is defined as the time from when the object is projected to the time it reaches
the surface.

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 Velocity at any time t is given by Along x-axis 5.6 Horizontal projectile
Along y-axis A body is projected horizontally from a certain height y vertically above the ground with initial velocity
u. If friction is considered to be absent, then there will be no other horizontal forces which can affect
the horizontal motion. The horizontal velocity, therefore, remains constant and so the object covers
Along x-axis equal distance in horizontal direction in equal intervals of time.
Along y-axis • Trajectory of horizontal projectile: The horizontal displacement x is governed by the equation
x = ut ⇒ t = x/u
Magnitude of the resultant velocity: The vertical displacement y is governed by
y = -1/2 gt²
(Since the initial vertical velocity is zero)
Direction of the velocity: By substituting the value of t in (ii), y = -1/2 gx²/u²

The other parameters can be expressed as follows:

1. Time of flight: It is the time in which the projected particle strikes the inclined plane. The total distance
covered in y direction is y-y₀=0. Therefore, from the first equation of motion,
time of flight(T) can be determined as

2.Range along the inclined plane: We can find range of flight(R) by considering motion in both x and y directions, with the
same approach as in normal projectile motion. From Fig. 4-16, We have Instantaneous velocity: Throughout the motion, the horizontal component of the velocity is v1 = u.The vertical
component of velocity increases with time and is given by
v=0-gt=-gt (from v = u +gt)
So, v=v i-v j= v =u (i) -gt (j)

i.e., v=√(u^2+(gt)^2)=u√(1 + (gt/u)2)

Again v = ui- √(2gy) j
i.e., v = √(u^2 + 2gy)

3.Maximum height relative to inclined plane: It is the maximum height attained by the projected particle relative to the
inclined plane. At this height(H), the velocity component in the y-direction, vy=0. So, from the equation of motion Time of flight: If a body is projected horizontally from a height h with velocity u and the time taken by the body to
reach the ground is T, then for vertical motion,
we have
-h = 0 - 1/2 gT²⇒ T = root (2h/g)

Horizontal range: Let R be the horizontal distance travelled by the body. The acceleration in x-direction is zero. Hence,

R= uT + 1/2 gT² ⇒ T = root (2h/g)

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 6.Relative motion
5.7 Question

6.1 Relative Velocity in Two Dimensions

In this section, we describe how observations made by different observers in different frames of reference are
related to each other. We find that observers in different frames of reference may measure different positions,
velocities, and accelerations for a given particle. That is, two observers moving relative to each other generally
do not agree on the outcome of a measurement.

Suppose a person riding on a skateboard (observer A) throws a ball in such a way that it appears in this
person's frame of reference to move first straight upward and then straight downward along the same vertical
line, as shown in figure. An observer B on the ground sees the path of the ball as a parabola, as illustrated in
figure. Relative to observer B, the ball has a vertical component of velocity (resulting from the initial upward
velocity and the downward acceleration due to gravity) and a horizontal component.

time

5 m/s

6.2 Graphical Methods to Find Relative Velocity

Let two bodies A and B move with velocities V(A) and V(B) respectively, at an angle with each other. We can write
the velocity of B with respect to A as V(BA)=V(B)-V(A)=V(B)+(-V(A))
When two bodies move at an angle with each other, then their relative velocity is given by:

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 The velocity of river water is R.
Let there be two observers I and II, observer I is on ground and observer II is on a raft floating along with the river and
6.3 Relative Motion in River Flow hence moving with the same velocity as the river. Hence motion w.r.t observer II is same as motion w.r.t. river. i.e., the
man will appear
Case I: Consider a swimmer in still water. The swimmer can generate a velocity due to its own effort. We call this to swim at an angle with the river flow for observer II. For observer I, the velocity of man will be
velocity, velocity of swimmer in still water. V(m) = V(m,R)+V(R)
Velocity of swimmer relative to water =V(s,w) Hence, the swimmer will appear to move at an angle e' with the
Next, consider a person with a life jacket in a river flowing with a velocity. The person makes no effort to swim; he just river flow.
drifts due to river flow. The velocity imparted due to river flow is called the velocity of water relative to ground, i.e., it
denotes the rate at which water flows.

The velocity of water flow relative to ground =V(w).

River Problem in Two Dimensions (Crossing River)
Case II: Next, consider a swimmer applying his effort in flowing water. In this case, the swimmer's net velocity resultant
velocity will be decided by two factors: (1) his own effort and (2) water flow. Thus, the resultant motion is obtained by the Q.Consider a man swimming in a river with a velocity of mR relative to river at an angle of 0 with the river flow.
vector sum of two velocities imparted to the swimmer. The velocity of river is VR and the width of the river is d.
The resultant velocity of the swimmer relative to the ground = Velocity of swimmer relative to water + Velocity of water ANS: V(m) = V(m.R)+V(R)
flow relative to the ground. =(vcosθi+vsinθj)+uî
=(vcosθ+u)î+vsinθj
or V(s) = V(s,w) + V(w) Here v sin is the component of the velocity of man in the direction perpendicular to the river flow.
This component of velocity is responsible for the man crossing the river. Hence, if the time to cross the river is t, then
d d
1 = =
d d vsine V Vsinθ

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It is defined as the displacement of man in the direction of river flow (see figure).

It is simply the displacement along x-axis during the period the man crosses the river. (vcos +u) is the component of the 6.4 Rain-Man Problem
velocity of man in the direction of river flow, and this component of velocity is responsible for drift along the river flow. If the
drift is x, then Drift = v x t If rain is falling vertically with a velocity V and an observer moving horizontally with velocity V , the velocity of rain
x=(vcosθ + u) x d/vsinθ relatively to the observer will be

Crossing the river in shortest time and the direction with the vertical as shown in the figure

As we know that t = d/v sinθ . Clearly t will be minimum when θ=90°, i.e., time to cross the river will be minimum if the man
swims perpendicular to the river flow. Which is equal to d/v.

Crossing the river in shortest path, minimum drift

The minimum possible drift is zero. In this case, the man swims in the direction perpendicular to the river flow as
seen from the ground. This path is known as shortest path. The man is stationary and the rain is falling at his back to an angle Φ with the vertical. The aim is to determine the angle
Here x-0 (v cosθ +u)=0 at which the man should hold the umbrella to prevent himself from wetting.
Let Vman = velo of man wrt ground
or cosθ = -u/v Vrain = velo of rain wrt ground
Vrain, man
= velo of rain wrt man
Since cosθ is -ve, therefore, θ> 90°, i.e., for minimum drift the man must Velocity of rain wrt man Vrain, man = Vrain - Vman = V rain + (-Vman )
swim at some angle Φ with the perpendicular in upstream direction, where

sin Φ = |v R| / |v m.R| = u/v

⇒ θ = cos -1 (-v R / v m,R) ⇒ u/v ≤ 1

i.e. minimum drift is zero if and only if the velocity of man in still water is greater than or equal to the velocity of
river.
Time to cross the river along the shortest path,

t = d/vsinθ = d/ root(v²-u²)

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6.5 Wind-Airplane Problem
This is very similar to boat-river flow problems. the only difference is that boat is replaced by aeroplane and river is Velocity of air (wind) = vₐ = 100 kmph
replaced by wind. thus, the velocity of aeroplane with respect to wind Velocity of plane w.r.t. air = vp/A = 300 kmph
v aw
= v -a v w
or v =a v +aw v w vp = v p/A + vₐ
where v is the velocity of aeroplane wrt ground and v is the velocity of wind.

Illustration The net velocity of the plane will be the vector sum of two velocities.
Velocity of air and velocity of plane w.r.t. air: If the plane is to move towards west finally, then the N-S
component of velocity should be zero. For this,
An aeroplane pilot wishes to fly due west. A wind of 100 km/h is blowing towards south.
(a) If the speed of the plane (its speed in still air) is 300km/h, in which direction should the pilot head? v p/a sin θ = v a
(b) What is the speed of the plane wrt ground ? ⇒ 300 sin θ = 100
⇒ sin θ = 1/3 ⇒ θ= sin -1 (1/3)

So the pilot should head in direction θ = sin -1 (1/3) N of W.

Speed of plane w.r.t. ground,

vp = v p/a cos θ
= 300 root(1-sin²θ = 300 root(1-(1/3)²) = 200 root 2 kmph

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 6.6 Question

Ship A is sailing towards the north-east with velocity v=30i+50j km/hr where i points east and j, north. Ship B is at a
distance of 80 km east and 150 km north of Ship A and is sailing towards west at 10 km/hr. A will be at minimum
distance from B in:
(1) 4.2 hrs (2) 2.6 hrs (3) 3.2 hrs (4) 2.2 hrs

The stream of a river is flowing with a speed of 2 km/h. A swimmer can swim at a speed of 4 km/h. What should be the
direction of the swimmer with respect to the flow of the river to cross the river straight?
(1) 90°
(2)150°
(3)60°
(4)120°

A fighter jet is flying horizontally at a certain altitude with a speed of 200 m/s. When it passes directly overhead an anti-
aircraft gun, bullet is fired from the gun, at an angle θ with the horizontal, to hit the jet. If the bullet speed is 400m/s, the
value of θ will be.....

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