HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS

SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

I. OBJECTIVES
1. To discuss the key concepts, principles, and elements of
Disaster Risk Reduction
2. To enable the students to realize the importance of DRR in one’s
life
3. To synthesize different community-based practices for managing
disaster risk to specific hazards
4. To develop a community preparedness plan
5. To prepare survival kits and materials for one’s family and for
public information and advocacy

II. INTRODUCTION
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
A systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing
the risks of disaster that aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities
to disaster as well as deal with the environmental and other hazards
that trigger them.

III. KEY CONCEPTS OF DRR

The following are key concepts of DRR as explained by the Asian
Disaster Risk Center (ADRC).
1. Disaster risk reduction is a matter of decision.

DRR aims to reduce the damage caused by natural hazards like

earthquakes, floods, droughts and cyclones, through an ethic of
prevention.
Disasters often follow natural hazards. A disaster’s severity
depends on how much impact a hazard has on society and the
environment. The scale of the impact in turn depends on the choices
people make for their lives and for their environment. These choices
relate to how people grow their food, where and how they build their
homes, and what kind of government they have. Each decision and
action people make are determinants as to whether they are vulnerable
to disasters or more resilient to them.

2. Disaster risk reduction is about choices.

DRR is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks

through systematic efforts to analyze and reduce the causal factors of
disasters. Reducing exposure to hazards, lessening vulnerability of
people and property, wise management of land and the environment,
and improving preparedness and early warning for adverse events are
all examples of disaster risk reduction.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

3. Disaster risk reduction is everyone’s business.

DRR includes disciplines like disaster management, disaster
mitigation and disaster preparedness, but DRR is also part of
sustainable development. In order for development activities to be
sustained they must also reduce disaster risks.
On the other hand, unsound development policies will increase
disaster risks-and disaster losses. Thus, DRR involves every part of
society, every part of government, and every part of the professional
and private sector.

IV. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DRR

Discuss below are the basic principles of DRR:
● Development can either increase or decrease disaster risk;
● DRR policy, laws and regulation will NOT save lives unless correctly
implemented in communities;
● The “community” is the front line of disaster risk management;
● DRR is NOT a “stand-alone” activity-it cuts across almost all categories
of human activities;
● Integrating DRR at national, provincial, and community levels takes a
long time to achieve;
● DRR must become a normal part of the decentralized development
process.

V. ELEMENTS OF DRR
The following is a discussion of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
(DRRM) as a continuum indicating the interrelationship of different
elements of DRR:
1. Disaster Risk Reduction Continuum
a) Ongoing development activities- ongoing DRM aspect in different
development programs.
b) Risk assessment- diagnostic process to identify the risks that a
community face.
c) Prevention- activities to avoid the adverse impact of hazards.
d) Mitigation- structural/ non-structural measures undertaken to limit
the adverse impact.
e) Preparedness- activities and measures taken in advance to ensure
effective response.
f) Early warning- provision of timely and effective information to
avoid or reduce risk.
2. Immediate Disaster Response
a) Ongoing development activities- ongoing DRM aspect in different
development programs.
b) Risk assessment- diagnostic process to identify the risks that a
community face.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
c) Prevention- activities to avoid the adverse impact of
hazards.
d) Mitigation- structural/non-structural measures undertaken to limit
the adverse impact.
3. Post Disaster to Continuum
a) Ongoing Assistance- continued assistance until a certain level of
recovery.
b) Recovery- actions taken after a disaster with a view to restoring
infrastructure and services.
c) Reconstruction- actions taken after a disaster to ensure
resettlement/ relocation.
d) Economic and social recovery- measures taken to normalize the
economy and societal living.
e) Ongoing development activities- continued actions of
development programs.
f) Risks assessment- diagnostic process to identify new risks that
communities may again face.

VI. IMPORTANCE OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Development perspective
It is vital for building a more equitable and sustainable future.
Making investments in prevention and preparedness, including civil
defense and exercises, is a necessary part of systematic efforts to
increase resilience to disaster.

Personal Perspective
It is very important to prevent loss of life and material
properties. It is also a key factor to socio-economic survival in these
times that natural disasters are getting worse in becoming more
frequent due to the effect of climate change. DRR is a proactive step
towards prevention which is believed to be better than “cure”.

VII. COMMUNITY BASED DRRM

Community-based Disaster Risk Management (CBDRM)
It is a process in which at-risk communities are actively engage in the
identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring, and evaluation of Disaster Risks
in order to reduce their vulnerability and enhance their capacities.
This means that people are at the heart of decision-making and
implementation of disaster risk management activities. The involvement of
most vulnerable social groups is considered as paramount in this process,
while the support of the least vulnerable groups is necessary for successful
implementation.

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

VIII. EMERGENCY PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

MONITORING, EVALUATING AND REPORTING

*Key activities for the success of an emergency plan.
1. Monitoring- On an ongoing basis, a LGU will systematically collect
and store data for indicators about progress toward the achievement of
emergency plan outcomes. Also, a LGU will be responsible for
collecting data for these indicators over the span of the emergency
plan and for monitoring the data trends showing changes occurring in
the region.

2. Evaluating- Data on monitoring will undergo rigorous evaluation,

analysis, and interpretation of results within the context of government
policies and strategies designed to achieve the objectives and to
ensure that management actions are appropriate spatially and
temporally.

3. Reporting- A LGU will use various mechanisms to formally

communicate an emergency plan progress to the public, including the

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
release of reports on a regular basis that speak directly to the
plan, as well as ministry communications that address more specific
aspects of the plan.

IX. EARLY WARNING SYSTEM

THREE PHASES OF EARLY WARNING SYSTEM
1. Monitoring of precursors;
2. Forecasting of a probable event; and
3. Notification of a warning or an alert should an event of catastrophic
proportions take place.
4. Onset of emergency response activities*
*Note: An additional fourth phase is to recognize the fact that there needs to
be a response to the warning, where the initial responsibility relies on
emergency response agencies.

SURVIVAL KIT AND MATERIALS

Survival Kit- a “package” of the tools and materials that are needed and
ready for use in times of disaster. Here are the tools and materials that should
be included in a 72- Hour Survival Kit.
1. Food
2. Clothing
3. Communication
4. Documents
5. Medicines
6. Other Essential Needs
7. Emergency Money

X. CHECKLIST OF BASIC NEEDS AND CRITICAL SUPPLIES

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

XI. HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE AND DISASTER RESCUE

Humanitarian assistance
It is beneficial to disaster victims and can play an important role in the
development of the country if it is properly coordinated and responds to real
needs. Both donors and authorities in disaster-prone countries should keep in
mind the following principles for effective humanitarian assistance.
The Fundamental Foundations for Humanitarian Assistance:
a) Humanity – Human suffering must be addressed wherever it is found. The
purpose of humanitarian action is to protect life and health and ensure respect
for human beings;
b) Neutrality – Humanitarian actors must not take sides in hostilities or
engage in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature;
c) Impartiality – Humanitarian action must be carried out on the basis of need
alone, giving priority to the most urgent cases of distress and making no
distinctions on the basis of nationality, race, gender, religious belief, class or
political opinions;
d) Operational Independence – Humanitarian action must be autonomous
from the political, economic, military or other objectives that any actor may
hold with regard to areas where humanitarian action is being implemented.
Disaster Rescue
Disaster Rescue or Response as defined in the RA 10121, is the
provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately
after a disaster in order to save lives, reduces health impacts, ensure public
safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster
rescue is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is
sometimes called “disaster relief”.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
It gives importance to activities during the actual disaster
response operations from needs assessment to search and rescue to relief
operations to early recovery activities are emphasized. The success and
realization of this priority area rely heavily on the completion of the activities
under both the prevention and mitigation and preparedness aspects, including
among others the coordination and communication mechanisms to be
developed.
On-the-ground partnerships and the vertical and horizontal
coordination work between and among key stakeholders will contribute to
successful disaster response operations and its smooth transition towards
early and long-term recovery work.
XII. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT (BLS)
Basic Life Support- refers to maintaining an airway and supporting
breathing and the circulation. It implies that no equipment is used; purpose of
this is to maintain adequate ventilation and circulation until a means can be
obtained to reverse the underlying cause of the arrest. It is therefore a
“holding operation”, although on occasion, particularly when the primary
pathology is respiratory failure, it may itself reverse the cause and allow full
recovery.
Basic Life Saving Steps
1. Check for breathing
2. Check for bleeding
3. Check for shock

Check for Breathing

1. Place your ear over the casualty ‘s mouth or nose and look towards his
chest.
2. Look for the rise and fall of the casualty’s chest.
3. Listen for the sound of breathing.
4. Feel for breath on the side of your face.
5. Allow 3 – 5 seconds to determine if the casualty is breathing. If
negative, rescue breathing.

b) Airway Maintenance- check the patient for a palpable carotid pulse for
5-10 seconds. (Do not check for more than 10 seconds). Shout for help. If
there is no pulse and no/ abnormal breathing, Start CPR.
Cardio- Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
a) To start CPR, place patient in supine position on a firm and flat surface.
b) Kneel down to the patient and locate the position for chest
compression on person’s chest.
Opening the Airway
a) Head tilt- neck lift technique
b) Head tilt – chin techniques
c) Jaw thrust.

c) Expired Air Ventilation (rescue breathing and mouth-to-mouth ventilation)

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
Rescue Breathing- a technique used to resuscitate a person who
has stopped breathing, in which the rescuer forces air into the victim’s lungs
at intervals of several seconds. (Through artificial respiration)
Mouth to Mouth Methods
1. Place the victims on his back
2. If foreign bodies are visible in the victim’s mouth, wipe it out quickly with
your fingers Tilt the victims head backward so that his chin is pointing
upward. Maintain the head tilt backward position. To prevent leakage of
air, pinch the victim’s nose trails or pressed your check against the
victim’s nose.
3. Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath and seal your mouth tightly
around the victim’s mouth, and with your mouth forming a wide-open
circle, blow into the victim’s mouth. Volume is important, you should start
at a high rate and then provide at least one breath every five (5) seconds
adult or (12 per minute).
4. Watch the victim’s chest, when you see it rise stop blowing raise your
mouth and turn your head to the side and listen for exhalation. Watch the
victim’s chest to see that it falls. When the victim’s exhalation finished,
repeat the blowing cycle.
Mouth to Nose Methods
1. Maintain the backward head tilt position with the hand on the forehead.
Use the other hand to close the mouth.
2. Open your mouth widely, take a deep breath, seal your mouth tightly
around the victim’s nose. On exhalation phase open the victim’s mouth to
allow air to escape.
3. When administering mouth to mouth or mouth to nose ventilation to small
children or infants, the first aider should not take the backward head tilt
as extensive as that of the adult or large children.
4. Both mouth and nose of an infant or small child be sealed by your mouth.
Blow into the mouth and nose severe three (3) seconds or 20 breath per
minute with less pressure and volume than for adult or large children. The
amount is determined by the sized of the child. Small puff of air will
suffice for infants.
5. If you are not getting air exchange, re-check the position of the victim’s
head and jaw, and investigate to see whether there is foreign body in the
back of the mouth obstructing the air passage.
6. If the victim’s stomach is bulging, air may have been blown into the
stomach. Turn the victims head to one side and be prepared to clear
the mouth before pressing your hand briefly and firmly over the upper
abdomen, the ribs and the navel.

Airway Obstructions
a. Partial Obstructions
b. Complete Airway Obstructions
Maneuvering Techniques (Removing Obstructions)
Back blows (conscious)

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
● Position yourself to the side and slightly behind the casualty.
● Place your left hand on his chest to support him.
● Give four (4) sharp blows in rapid succession with the hand of the other
arms to the casualty’s back between the shoulder blade.
Back blows (unconscious)
● Roll the casualty unto his side facing you with his chest against your
thigh.
● Deliver four (4) sharp blows in rapid succession to the casualty’s back
between the shoulder blade.

Abdominal thrust (conscious)

● Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms around his waist.
● Make first with one hand and grasp it with the other hand just below the
navel or in the abdomen.
● Give four (4) successive inward and upward motion.
Abdominal thrust (unconscious)
● Position the casualty on his back
● Perform the thrust either a stride or along the side of the casualty. If
you are along the side of the patient, your knees should be close to his
thigh/hips. Straddle the hips on one thigh of the casualty.
● Place the heel of one hand against the casualty’s abdomen between
the waist and the ribcage. Put seconds hand on top of the first one.
● Position and maintain your shoulder over the casualties’ abdomen.
● Apply a quick inward and upward abdominal thrust towards the
casualty’s head.

Chest thrust (conscious)

● Stand behind the casualty and wrap your arms around his chest with
your arms under his armpit.
● Make fist with one hand place the thumb of the fist squarely on the
breastbone.
● Grasp the fist with the other hand the exert four (4) quick backward and
upward pulls.
● Alternate 1 & 3 until the casualty recover.

Chest THRUST (UNCONSCIOUS)

● Position the casualty on his back.
● Kneel close to the side of the casualty’s head and locate the lower
edge of the ribcage with your finger.
● Trace the ribcage.
● With your arms in position, bring your shoulder directly over the
casualty’s breastbone, keep your arms straight and press downward.
● Apply enough pressure to push the breastbone downward about 1 to 2
inches and then released the pressure completely (4 rapid succession).

d) Chest Compression- locate the lower 1/3 of the patient’s sternum

between the nipples in the midline of body.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
Hand Positioning for Chest Compressions
1. Lock your arms.
2. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person’s chest,
between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand.
3. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above
your hands.

XIII. FIRST AID

The initial assistance or treatment provided to someone who is injured
or suddenly taken ill, covers a wide range of scenarios from simple
reassurance following a minor mishap to dealing with life-threatening
situations.
Importance of First Aid
1. To alleviate suffering
2. To Prevent added/ further injury or danger
3. To save life.

FIRST AID RULES:

1. Do not get excite. First, check for danger and then check for
responsiveness.
2. Do not move injured victim unless it is necessary.
3. Keep the victim lying down with his head level with his feet while being
examined.
4. Keep the victim warm and comfortable. Remove enough clothing to get
a clear idea to the extent of the injury.
5. Examine the victim gently. Treat the most urgent injuries first and then
treat the other injuries to the best of your ability.
6. Avoid allowing the victim to see his own injury.
7. Do not try to give any solid or liquid substance by mouth to an
unconscious victim.
8. Do not touch open wounds or burns with fingers except when sterile.
9. Do not try to arose an unconscious person.
10. Seek medical attention immediately.

1. Wound - a break in the continuity of the skin

Classification of Wounds
1. Open Wound – there is a break in the skin or mucus
membrane.
2. Close Wound – involves underlying tissues without a break in
the skin or mucus membrane.

Kinds of Wounds
1. Puncture Wound – usually caused by sharp pointed object.
2. Incise wound – caused by sharp bladed object. With clean cut.
3. Lacerated Wound – caused by any hard or blunt object.
4. Abrasion – a wound resulting from scraping rough surfaces.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
5. Avulsion – a kind of wound that involves a forceable
separation or tearing of tissue from the victim’s body.

Complication of Wounds
1. Bleeding - continuation of blood flowing from the wounds.
2. Infections – the healing process is delayed by infection.

First aid measures

a. Elevation – raising the injured part above the heart level.
b. Direct Pressure – pressing a sterile dressing firmly over the
bleeding part.
c. Digital Pressure – finger pressure applied directly over the bleeding
part.
d. Tourniquet – a constricting band placed around the arm or leg to
control bleeding.
First aid- open wound (SEVERE BLEEDING (4C’s))
1. Control Bleeding- direct pressure (main help)
2. Cover the wounds with dressing of bandage
3. Care for Shock
4. Consult or reform to physician

First aid- close wound

I- Ice Compression
C- Compression
E- Elevation
S- Splinting

Dressing – a sterile pad, a compressed sponge that is applied directly to

cover the wound.
Uses of Dressing
● To control Bleeding.
● To cover wound and keep out dirt and bacteria which may cause
infection.
● To absorb excess fluid.
● To maintain temperature around the wound.
● To apply medication.
Rules for Applying Dressing
1. Apply dressing directly over the wound.
2. Avoid contamination.
3. Use the tail of a dressing as bandage whenever possible.
4. If the dressing is secured by tying, place the knots where they are easy
to see and react, never tie knots over the wound.
5. Following dressing is applied, it should not be disturbed or replaced
unless hemorrhage recurs or dressing exposes the wound.
Shock – a state of condition when there is not enough or adequate blood
supplies to the vital tissues and organs.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
Causes
● Significant loss of blood.
● Heart failure.
● Dehydration.
● Severe and painful blows to the body.
● Severe allergic reaction to drugs, foods, insect sting, and snake bites.
Signs and Symptoms
● Sweaty but cool skin
● Paleness of the skin
● Restlessness or nervousness
● Thirstiness
● Faster than normal breath
● Pupils are dilated
● Pulse is rapid
● Nausea or vomiting
First Aid Measures
● Prevention from heat exposure
● Loosen the clothing
● Control Bleeding
● Replacement of fluids
● Control the pain
● Prevent the casualty from chilling or overheating
● Elevate the casualty’s feet higher than the level of the heart
● NPO to unconscious patient
2. POISONING
Poison – is a substance that, if taken into or absorbed into the body in
sufficient quantity, can cause either temporary or permanent damage.
It can be swallowed, absorbed through the skin, inhaled, splashed into
the eyes or injected. Once in the body, they may enter the bloodstream and
be carried swiftly to all organs and tissues. Signs and symptoms of poisoning
vary with the poison. VOMITING is common, especially when the poison has
been ingested.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon

3.Fracture- a break in the continuity of the bone.

Classification of Fracture
1. Close Fracture
2. Open fracture

Causes
● Motor vehicle accidents.
● Falls
● Accident related to recreation sports and activities
● Some results from the very slight injuries because of brittle or
abnormal bones.

Signs and symptoms

● Deformity
● Tenderness of the affected area.
● Swelling
● Pain
● Presence of protruding bone
● Inability to move the injured part
● Bleeding
● Discoloration of the affected area

First Aid Measures

● Immobilize fracture by splitting.
● Control bleeding and apply sterile dressing to an open wound.
● Treat for shock.
● Give pain reliever if pain is severe.
● Avoid unnecessary holding of the injured part.
● Place the patient on a litter and secured the injured part enough to
keep it from moving while he is transported.
● Evacuate the patient as soon as possible.
a) BANDAGING- secure dressings, control bleeding, support and immobilize
limbs and reduce swelling in an injured limb.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
RULES FOR APPLYING A BANDAGE
■ Reassure the casualty before applying a bandage and explain clearly what
you are going to do.
■ Help the casualty to sit or lie down in a comfortable position.
■ Support the injured part of the body while you are working on it. Ask the
casualty or a helper to assist.
■ Work from the front of the casualty, and from the injured side where
possible.
■ Pass the bandages through the body’s natural hollows at the ankles, knees,
waist and neck, then slide them into position by easing them back and forth
under the body.
■ Apply bandages firmly, but not so tightly that they interfere with circulation to
the area beyond the bandage (opposite).
■ Fingers or toes should be left exposed, if possible, so that you can check
the circulation afterwards.
■ Use reef knots to tie bandages. Ensure that the knots do not cause
discomfort, and do not tie the knot over a bony area. Tuck loose ends under a
knot if possible, to provide additional padding.
■ Check the circulation in the area beyond the bandage (opposite) every ten
minutes once it is secure. If necessary, unroll the bandage until the blood
supply returns, and reapply it more loosely.

b) SPLINT - any flat like materials readymade or improvise use to hold

fracture.
3. BITES - Whether you’re in the water, on a mountain trail, or in your
backyard, wildlife you encounter have ways of protecting themselves and their
territory. Insects, such as bees, ants, fleas, flies, mosquitoes, wasps, and
arachnids, may bite or sting if you get close. Most won’t bother you if you
don’t bother them, but knowing what to look for is key. The initial contact of a
bite may be painful.
It’s often followed by an allergic reaction to venom deposited
into your skin through the insect’s mouth or stinger. Most bites and stings
trigger nothing more than minor discomfort, but some encounters can be
deadly, especially if you have severe allergies to the insect venom. Prevention
is the best medicine, so knowing how to recognize and avoid biting and
stinging animals or insects is the best way to stay safe.

Snake bites- Venom – a poison secreted by some animals injected into the
body/victims through bites.
Types of Snakes:
a. Poisonous
b. Non-poisonous

Physical Characteristics
Poisonous Non-poisonous
Flat and almost triangular head shape Oval-shaped head

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
With poison sack No sensory pit.
Slit like pupils No fang mark on the bite site.
With sensory pit. Rounded pupils
Fang mark on the bite site
Thick bodies
Color markings

Preventive Measures
a. Handle freshly killed venomous snake only with a long tool or stick.
Snake can inflict fatal bites by reflex action even after death.
b. Wear heavy boots and clothing for some protection from snake bites.
Keep this in mind when exposed to hazardous condition.
c. Eliminate conditions under which snake thrive: brush, piles of trash, rocks
or logs and dense undergrowth. Controlling their foods as much as
possible is also good prevention.
First Aid Measures
a. Have the casualty lie quietly, not to move other than necessary.
b. Do not elevate the bitten extremity, keep them level with the body.
c. Keep the casualty comfortable and reassure him.
d. If the snake bite is on an arm or leg, place a constricting band about 1-2
finger above and below the bite. If the bite is on the hand or foot, place a
single band above the flow of blood near the skin but not tight enough to
interfere with circulation.
e. If swelling extend beyond the band, move or place another bond above
the first one.
f. Never give the casualty food, alcohol, stimulants, drugs, or tobacco.
g. Remove rings, watches or other jewellery from the affected area.
h. Evacuate to the nearest medical facility as soon as possible.
Caution: DO NOT ATTEMPT TO CUT OR OPEN THE BITE NOR SUCK
OUT THE VENOM. IF THE VENOM SHOULD CREEP THROUGH ANY
DAMAGED OR LACERATED TISSUES IN YOUR MOUTH, YOU COULD
IMMEDIATELY LOSE CONSCIOUSNESS OR EVEN DIE. (Ref: FM 21-11)
CLIMATIC INJURIES
Heat Injuries – are environmental injuries that may result when a soldier is
exposed to extreme heat, such as from the sun or from high temperature.
Heat Cramps – are caused by not having enough available salt in the body.
Signs and Symptoms:
● Muscle cramps in the arms or legs and/or stomach.
● Wet Skin.
● Extreme thirst.
● Treatment
● Move the casualty to a shady area or improvise shade.
● Loosen clothing.
● Have him/her drink slowly at least one canteen full of water.
● Seek medical aid should cramps continue.

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
Heat Exhaustion – caused by loss of water through sweating without
adequate fluid replacement.
Signs and Symptoms:
● Weakness and faintness.
● Dizziness or drowsiness.
● Cool or moist skin.
● Pale.
● Headache
● Rapid breathing.
● Tingling of hands and feet.
Treatment
1. Move the casualty to a shady area and have him lie down.
2. Loosen clothing and remove boots.
3. Pour water on him and fan him if it is a very hot day.
4. Have him slowly drink one canteen full of water.
5. If possible, the casualty should not participate in any vigorous activity
for the remainder of the day.
6. Monitor the casualty until the symptoms are gone. If the symptoms
persist; seek medical aid.
Heat Stroke – this is a medical emergency and can be fatal if not treated
promptly and correctly. It is caused by failure of the body’s cooling
mechanism. Inadequate sweating is a factor.
Signs and Symptoms:
● Skin is flushed, hot and dry.
● Experiences dizziness, confusion and headache.
● Respiration and pulse are rapid and weak.
● Unconsciousness and collapse may occur suddenly.
Treatment:
● Moving the casualty to a shady area.
● Remove outer garments and/or protective clothing if the situation
permits.
● Pour cool water or immerse him and fan him to permit the cooling
effect of evaporation.
● Elevate his legs.
● If conscious, have him slowly drink at least one canteen full of water.
● Seek medical aid and evacuate the patient ASAP.
● Perform any necessary life-saving measures.
Cold Injuries – are most likely to occur when an unprepared individual is
exposed to winter temperature. The cold weather and the type of combat
operation in which the individual is involved impact on whether he is likely
to be injured and to what extent.
Contributing Factors
a. Weather
b. Types of combat operation
c. Clothing
d. Physical make-up

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
e. psychological factor
Signs and Symptoms:
● Numbness
● Tingling sensation
● Discoloration of the skin
● Treatment
● Adequate warming of the affected part using body heat
● Injured part should not be massaged, exposed to fire or stove.
● Walking on injured feet should be avoided.
Deep Cold Injury:
● Remove the casualty from the cold.
● Treat deep cold injuries simultaneously while waiting for evacuation to
a medical facility or while end route.
Transportation of Casualty
Transportation – means moving the casualty from the point of injury going to
the nearest medical facility where a casualty can receive a definitive care.
a. Manual carries - a means of transportation which provides comfort to
the patient and are less likely to aggravate injuries.

b. Litter carries – a means of transporting casualty using a stretcher to

carry a sick and wounded person.
Litter – a device capable of being carried by two, four, or six persons
for the purpose of transporting sick, injured or dead person.
Proper handling of casualties
● Evaluate the type and extent of his injuries.
● Ensure that dressing over the wounds is adequately reinforce.
● Ensure that fractured bones are properly immobilize and supported to
prevent them from cutting muscles, blood vessels and skin.
Factors to be given considerations
● Strength and endurance of the bearer.
● Weight of the casualty.
● Nature of the casualty’s injuries.
● Obstacle encountered.
One Man Carry
1. Fireman’s carry – the easiest way for one person to carry another.
2. Support carry – in this carry the casualty must be able to walk or at
least hop on one leg using the bearer as a crutch
3. Arms carry – Useful in carrying a casualty for a short distance
4. Saddle back Carry – on a conscious casualty for a short distance.
5. Pack Strap Carry – the casualty weight rest high on the bearers back,
this makes it easier for the casualty bearer to carry the casualty for
moderate distance.
6. Pistol Belt carry – the best one man carries for a long distance.

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 HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY ROTC UNIT (ACTIVATED)
Lucban, Quezon
7. Pistol Belt Drag – these are generally used for short
distance. It is also useful in combat.
8. Neck Drag – this is useful because the bearer can transport the
casualty when he creeps behind a low wall or shrubbery or through a
culvert.
9. Cradle Drop Drag – very effective in moving casualty up or down
steps.

Two-Man Carry
1. Two-man Support Carry – can be used in transporting in a conscious
or unconscious casualty
2. Two-man Arms Carry – useful in carrying casualty for a moderate
Distance
3. Two-man Fore – And – Carry – useful in transporting a casualty for a
long distance.
4. Two Hand Seat Carry - useful in carrying a casualty for a short
distance.
5. Four Hand Seat Carry – this is an especially useful in transporting a
casualty with head or foot injury for a moderate distance.

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