Atoms are the smallest units of matter that can exist.

They are made up of

three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and
neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom, while electrons orbit the
nucleus.
Molecules are groups of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded
together. The atoms in a molecule can be of the same element, or they can
be of different elements. For example, a molecule of water is made up of two hydrogen
atoms and one oxygen atom.
Here are some examples of atoms and molecules:
• Atoms: Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
• Molecules: Water, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, etc.
•

Here are some of the properties of atoms and molecules:

Mass: The mass of an atom is determined by the number of protons and neutrons in
its nucleus.
Charge: Atoms can be neutral, positively charged, or negatively charged. The charge of
an atom is determined by the number of protons and electrons it has.
Brownian motion
Brownian motion is the random motion of particles
suspended in a fluid.
These dust particles move in a haphazard way because
they are constantly hit by the fast moving particles of air.
Smoke particles in air: If you look at a plume of smoke in the
air, you will see that the smoke particles are moving in a
random, zigzag pattern. This is also Brownian motion.

The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that matter is composed of a large number of
small particles—individual atoms or molecules—that are in constant motion.
The kinetic theory of matter can be used to explain the properties of matter in different
phases. For example, the particles in a solid are tightly packed together and have
very little kinetic energy. This is why solids have a fixed shape and volume. The
particles in a liquid are more loosely packed together and have more kinetic energy.
This is why liquids can flow and take the shape of their container. The particles in a gas
are very spread out and have a lot of kinetic energy. This is why gases can expand to fill
their container.
Adhesion and cohesion
• Adhesion is the force of attraction between the molecules of two different
substances. For example, water molecules are attracted to the molecules of
glass, which is why water can "stick" to a glass surface.
• Cohesion is the force of attraction between the molecules of the same
substance. For example, water molecules are attracted to each other, which is
why water forms droplets.
Here are some examples of adhesion and cohesion in action:
• Water droplets: Water droplets form because of the cohesive
forces between water molecules. The water molecules are
attracted to each other more than they are to the air molecules, so
they form small spheres.

• Capillary action: Capillary action is the ability of water to rise up

through a narrow tube. This is due to the adhesion of water
molecules to the walls of the tube. The water molecules are
attracted to the walls of the tube more than they are to each other,
so they climb up the walls of the tube.
surface tension
The cohesive forces between molecules in a liquid are shared with all neighbouring
molecules. Those on the surface have no neighbouring molecules above and, thus,
exhibit stronger attractive forces upon their nearest neighbours on and below the
surface. Surface tension could be defined as the property of the surface of a liquid that
allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules.
how surface tension allows a water strider to "walk on water".?

Surface tension is the force that acts at the surface of a liquid,

causing it to behave as if it has a thin skin. This is due to the
cohesive forces between the liquid molecules. The water strider's
legs are covered in tiny hairs that are hydrophobic, meaning that
they repel water. This means that the water molecules are unable
to wet the hairs, and the surface tension of the water is able to
support the weight of the water strider.
The water strider's legs are also very thin, which helps to distribute its weight over a
large surface area. This further reduces the chances of the water strider breaking the
surface tension of the water.

In addition, the water strider's legs are constantly moving, which helps to break up the
surface tension of the water and prevent it from forming a film around the legs.

As a result of these factors, the water strider is able to walk on the surface of water
without sinking.

osmosis
osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration
to an area of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

A semi-permeable membrane is a barrier that allows some molecules to pass through,

but not others. In the case of osmosis, the membrane allows water molecules to pass
through, but it does not allow other molecules, such as solutes, to pass through.

The movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane is driven by

the difference in water concentration on the two sides of the membrane. The side with
the higher water concentration is called the hypotonic solution, and the side with the
lower water concentration is called the hypertonic solution.

Water molecules will move from the hypotonic solution to the hypertonic solution until
the water concentrations on the two sides of the membrane are equal. This process is
called osmosis.

Elasticity is the property of solid materials to return to their original shape and size after
the forces deforming them have been removed. The greater the resistance to change,
the greater is the elasticity of the material and the faster it comes back to its original
shape or configuration when the deforming force is removed. So iron is more elastic
than rubber