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ertisem Austriel
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en

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riculture

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 31/10/2022 Tender
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play
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a
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pression dueto
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->
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,

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-
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patrically
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patricuchal institution of family ->age

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-power
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manyyounger
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-

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appression -> evidence
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agepatriarchy-> of life -family
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chal
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⑪
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resectie

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family
pushed by socialization -> lowerstandards of women
->

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-

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only / I ->
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/

disorder
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?N
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Differedgratifica
-

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marking happens in a tion -

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with
uncertainty -> religion comes .

↳ But now less

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acceptance - more individualistic -
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port
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In domestic violence

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stanworth
↑
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feminist

70 1
of respondants belupied that
the to

have
child

they should be married in 1989

in 2000 it dropped to 34 %
 ↳⑤
Explain is
decreasing
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marriage

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is

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 9/11/2022
In the UK 1961-with divorce act-within
Increasing
-
divorce
10 000 doubled
-

year -
-

, ,
In 1971 -
3 times
increase (from 1961)
->

2001 divorces -> 40 %

, 57 000
of marriages -> divorce
-
.
1 ,

why ? out globalization .

Post modernists choice

of backing out increase the divorce act
- Choices - -

-
Right (libfem)- no need forglobalization- its the work of welfare foricy -> social
New

Feminist - good & desirable security for

decreasingpatriarchy
divorce is ->
say divorce
Functionalist f not desirable
f for adequate socialization of children .
-
threat to nuceal
↳ if you'll divorce then diss
eventually OI many family

proyentry rights inyproved [Newright)

↳-
also
Changes Stanworth in law -

custody red made easy

it

divorce
arg ,
divorce
cheaper

I benefit both men

② (Post Mod)
& women
declining stigma and
changing
attitude : Mitchell and
Goody
clue to
Wan globalization ecee
biggerperspective understanding ->
wine
, ,

declining sig mchangingaltitude calization stigma

a

abt divoles making

e

divorce more to issues

socially acceptance
some
marriage

③ (Secularisation) Declining religion -> education -

and tech
divorce carries les
taking weight society
own -> in

(line
43 %
of
actheists (2001census data) - are
cohabiting together with no

marriage
(without
legal certification)
a

3
civil partnership
recationsmip
is
E
Y
X

cohabiting
97%
ofjob losses are
by women in
mariages .
⑦ high esysectutio from making ->
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cost modernists
expectations -
I
.

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of women we can

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relationship for security
Cheal )
-> improvement of cements economic
portion
.

<Postmodern)

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in a is

expensive
and strep to
insecurity fulfill
·
basic needs .

tolerance
decreasing (Passon) to the
cussioning
&

· effect

Chandles .

Guessain reasons
why divace
(81
is
increasing
in modern
society
·

Religionputs a
spiritual connection to theycrospect of marriage
and soul
,
associating the

binding of
heart But with how education
technolog and
.

, , y
increasingby insignific
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impacted human attitudes, religion
antin life's Secuarisation and Port modernists
processes including marriage
.

believe that
through declining religion the weight43
divorce

has declined
societyputs an

, turning it of societal norm of metheist couples opt

into

a %
more .

for cohabitating which eviamc as to how religion effects commitment

,
is

↑
-
two
a)
family
Describe

structure marxist
into

that

fits
description of family
b)
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C :
two
Describe that
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into radical
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-
structure

of family
a) The
first family
struction that

fits into
definition
marxist
marxist
of
marxist definition
into

mucheause family sifits claim

that
-
family is
a

unit and
a
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family maximizes the unit

S
of
benefits
·
-

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↑

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capitalism

a
-
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struction
-

is -

fits
-
 14/11/2022
studying
(non-civil
Increase of cahabitation ->
partnership)+(
unmarried)

State +) In 2000 UK, emillion cohabitation (Imill households

-

I endence
by doubled Aman

7
2022 will be
it
:

44 % britain
if 1989 of on with premolital
- was see .

but
by
2000 it in 02. (Social
Attitude
Survey)
think in
i Social trend 2004-00 18-24year olds on
it

,
of
for a cycle together to live .

>

-
65+ olds also think is ok
t

40
of year
->
%

i) 2001 census ->people with no verigion more likely to

cohabitate .

A
evidence

Why ?Declining religion-secularisation Wilson

-

② Declining shigma-post modernist Mitchell & Grody -

~
0 Changing attitude (in both men women) post modern- Luke Blossfield
3 & & - .

⑦ cost
of mariage - 230 , you maniage+2
000 a 000
for apartments,

-> which Marxist

is
usually not
savings ->
in ->
sing
Modernism postmoderni
ists have

artiste
forgot individualisms -
so

modernism is .
Society is no more

collective We think abt omselves

Saumya
.
.

Anindividealbekith Be e
↳ so this individualism may be
in
whathas lead to
change
attitude &
stigma
~choosing ur
belief self
Wed-Family benefits
,

priority women

Mon-> Changing family patterns

↓
Divorce &
8 and 16 marks
marriage
 Studying
Inclearing same sex
marriages
-

Dr urselfre

&
Debate : ↳ 1412/22
Topic Marriage benefits
:
women .

u
or Against
nee

Improve social Tower economic

-
-

S tatus
of women stalus-

Marriage benefits
·

- Better health -

men
benfits/quality of
:

Lower level of
-
&

le
satisfaction
-

k
Media directly -
cohabitation should
I

influences womens
be
0
accepted .

faesctracting
0
-

Increases burden
benefits
-
=

Marriage is a said
Marriage equally
-

cons Nuct
all members
benefits
of family
-
 24/022
Family dineslity is not
good for the Society
·
Functionalist-> Murdock -> Nuclear
ideal
families are universal

LEg : hone
families -> lacks robe models counter
for it I
Living apart together
i
↓ Conabatation - Lacks commitment

it causes a lack
· o
, of socialization of children
Murdocks 4 function & Parsons 2
·
function will not be
fulfilled
Parson-division Labour
harmonious-
of ->
familiesNuclear
makes nuclear stable
with
good if compare
so other -
diventy not we

single parent
LAT Beaupole , nuclear would be
stable move->
,

term emotional &

in
of psychological economic
functions
.

Murdock -
researched 122 societies
when nuclear ->
studies were more dominant -> level crime rates
But dinesse had -> more vime rates
families
.
->

foldg inafrica -> Loneparents are high- high

->
;

crime rates .

New diversity notgood -> ↑

Rightto-> Murray -
diversity problems
·

-> harmful
- more
children
-> more
welfare policies culture
diversity - more
dependancy
more
expenditure ofgovernment
7
>
E
For children like Lone - lavk moral
- in
parent values

Robest Chester - (Port Functionalist)->

saysport modern have
Mod -

exagerated divorce, cohabitation I Neo-conventional family"- non traditional

nuclear
families-> Baris of 'DIY'- convenience prioining -> marriage ,

has not just but

to choices
changed
and ofstionsI not
on
to
being convenient - according
but to
arrange
.

Rick convenience .

Chestel -> researched 826

single persons 55 says they
single
over -> are
years
because
they haven't found a
person because -> no one convenient

enough

Family Diversity good

is

Thing
Post [Raport family
modernist

globalization
diversity
- -
:

& to ther choice

encourages men women move own

social better
life styleI
norm-
reject

are
-

Past
- more
labour
division

morgan enequality-> of
present↳
conjungal voles

A
important

most to achieve

equality

woman

Danid cheale
changing

->
attitude
encourages
~
to be independant
S

ing
Judit
↳

shit notes
↑

are
gender roles becoming equal
 ↳ supported by Post Modernists ·

·
Young & willmott roses are
conqgl becoming equal
-

s
-

- counters
-

① oakley says no - the suspects younge

-
-
&

Allen rese Findings met e

are
P

they did not observations use .

②British Social Altitude Survey Man - never

accep red of

household
-

(domestic
positive
So
e
of-
playing roles -
-

O3 Ferri and Smith- his

in
survey - even if women were
work ->
generating
childcale
involving themselves
come- in

not
responsibility still womans->
was a But men

expected to child care

responsibility .

E
(doctor)
only so
of educated
families
8 ,

had weren who

left jobs to take
child care
0 G" men
12 %
together
·

↳emples dual professional

↳
couples
2007
.

O
A
Hardill- decisions
-

family in
-

made in a
->
content
all done (his --
ones
(30
by men research
says
large sample)
32 - in
samples o more a

⑤ Pahl and
Voguert'Pooling income' - even with

havingjoint
&

still make
- men
important
acconis

decision -> itjust

financial makes it look nice .
 IMen & Women rotesequal
-
are

-
forgender
Post Modernity progress
-not total
equality -> but mach towards
·

the
amp part f globalization
->
with recent -> due to

Young wi
>symmetricalfamily's
past
had
fixed roues of
"There
men & women
/reponssities) - are

(joint
noficed
voles
recently
industrial
socily -
crying
al roles
Conjugalvoles).
andBack-
father as getting
saysresearch involved - in
·

child care -> used

-

Gray's fol support

child to
↳ Gray -father's were not involved in care due long
hous-But
ifhours
reduced - it moved increase
time working

C O
with children
by I
y
,↳
-

&
-
-li
- A & Pe
-
j1
*
↳

2
e
&
 Sullivan - asyear research & household
period - of men in
· numens

household -
work dedication men weigcarticipating more

womenwork -"irmigsite

i ardening"-> concluded than

child can
, men are working more

for family
n
2
-
-
-

I-
Does work mean
Putting
More women in

more equality
-

Post modernists -> choices in modern

society bringing
to
negotiations- this
negotiation
-
chifte from nuclear families
-> Like New Conventional
diverse
a more
families
(Robert
families
Negotiated families' Chester)

But some that it

effects the
sociologies say
->

children->Do deviance can increase - crime

But durkheim rime in inevitable

says
·

so atrast
equarry is achieved

Pl that
there are
multiple factors
·

bung devien cer

-
·

- 1 negotiating roles

Sa
⑦
 s ~Port modernist
·
-
Yeekan- every [10, 000 in neare in woman
Man
reduces her household time
work
weebly by
2 hous found
->
income from
employment age ,
and education how much work
effected
---
I hedid.

-> more morn -> dels household

as
yes equality
work ->
-

Schol & Silver->'Housework

·
-
commercialized' of products
- rice
and tech -> all services are available in supermaket -
has the money to
a
working
woman
afford all that I
her hous - no
need to firemood.
working
collec t

reducing
spend long time on
-> need to
no house work .

awes
↑

reducing hold Work afforde

a
ha
or
me

Gershuney
· ->
more women in work - more men in house
-

work(with on women's
men
bing dependant income

-> atcant hay the house work

by men .

T
 N ⑳
)andGir :
There is stil the
expectancy of child came
would
-

-jobs add to
physical
& mental Strain
exploration

more
->
· demestic household work never ends .

embe
Marsden->Dual burden
and and
Triple shift
) In the
paper (Family)
4) G and Love -
Working class givenjobe mostly
women are

child
-> nanny->
⑥
again Maximizing inequality -> exploiting
came -

jobs being offered

women to
to
working
dass - women is
household work -> it
benefits the middle can women
but
but
exploits
not
women->
.
expected to
do household work 5
men

stunne
labam mat
change in domestic division
no e
of
:
-
no

how many
put
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changegenderscript
-
.

still household works

expected
-> women to do

Important decisions taken

by men
,
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In the the
pooling income
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if
even also ca

decision-
ecing
7) Pahl & ragin : In the
pages

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 Identity fal
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1 gender
-
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·

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,

identity
manifculation
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,
-
,

tey -> in
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is
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Biological
son 5 Men have ↑ to he more
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spread seed

supported
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T
Changing identity
-
⑳
⑧

⑧
⑧
Post
Lin Fem
no
dernistchoices,
->
,

identity changes due to

metanarrative

policy
Ladettes -
Girls & 'Tomboy's girl drinking
·
son +
-
smoking
notjust
broys any more

have
all reckles

lew I Girls for form

·
allo now sax -

Danscombe 7 have attitudes

Todays
·
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women
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-
.

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 Young & Will mott-Newman
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Alhapa
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com

S
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Murray -> own
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i
 CHANGING
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-

-
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eles internet -> is
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->
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identity -
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Lesle H-> 'Simulacra' -> means simulation -
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e
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'Moritodacy'
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S
 Ethnic identities
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fixed identity

·
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,
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e
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bon
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;
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Ginenzy -
ann socialisation
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Changing
ettric Identities
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-

Jafaican referred to style of speech & accent used

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of Caribbean by white peoplesyoung)

in particular areas London ,

inquenced
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globalisation
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Eg; Islam Community-

increasing
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in UR
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-

?? points out UK the

-
in discrimination based
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, Pakistani Indians
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· Ethic
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i
to
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-
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g ..
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1)
·
④ I
-
 ·

·
Age Identity
childhood
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old
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I
->
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in
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childhood constructed
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I Pitcher-separateness-- Childhood
-

seperated insoudyfrom ages- they most vene

is other are

social stability -> thinking the

rable - to maintain
of future -> for example in edu
cation -> there ties
for that
are
children's education -
requires different let of
'adult &
/

stalls -> children

separate products
·

-> thu childhood in a social constra

they
as
easily manipulated
are vulnerable , innocent, .

they need I
·
to be protected
-
-

·
imagined society with protected chitten
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-

igolden age of happiness'-childhood-Rudolf

2) Wagy -> no universal defination of childhood - thus many societies have

constructed their thus childhood

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own
definitions -> is

socially
constructed
-

lood
want future /
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immediate
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4)
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: 1
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constructed
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part
historical comparison
lot
.

in the - a
of uncertainty , so
they
wanted children to mature
fastes for
, survival
children time to
Giving
- more
Industrial societyglobalized
,
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case
 ②
Little adulte
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a

me e

natural -> is childhood constructed

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Rich sucturalreorade ce 3-> gratifications
~ e

popman cur

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quo

↑
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different in casses

different childhood
constructs
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gratification different in diff classes

o is

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.

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-
->
,

childhood is
childhorce

compared to
the
part ,
-

↑
Thus
,
construct

chamodsunctions

if
constructed how
&

are
different

socially
is it
beneficial
facity
Has the status
of children
improved .

we value children
society I more
·
more in modern
,
emotional,
physical O
,
social, mental care

unnes
 W
/
submit
your
assignments
&

on time -

childhoodissocially constructed
e

1) Samantha Punch = 2001 Bolinia -

children
young
as
as

syears old expected to work in and out home

of
I
supports Marist & Feminist -

Ethiopia
dangmaiemumya e
and India child
marriage
->

-> Trakoni-
Went Africa
sacrificing
-

2) Malinoski Trobriand Island -

Irani
- separate &
here children were
forced to explore their sexuality Religion
to
exists due
-
at
age 2,9 they were
pushedsex- to be
together ,
to be fear ->
fishing - in

attracted to the
opposite to
form families in the conds there were no
religious practices -> But
future -> encouraging to be instrumental at a

young insea
fishing religious
->
-> Little adults
age -
 5) Branen-
found Asian parents
his
daughters
research are more strict to
this to
difference ofparenting diffgenders - so social construct Restrictions on
->
-

female
-
. -

4)
terms
supported
of rish taking behaviou
-
by
physical appearance
Hill
there can
man-boys
harm
are
given more

-> and
freedom in
forgi face is
- B have more freedom in terms
-

importantfor marriage ays

Risk
-

freedom - of taking
Bedroom
supportedby McRobbie and
Gerber -> female are
taught
I age
Culture' to look -
gives are
encouraged
attractive
for men
canalized at
-

young
-
a
- -

also walm Bath

theory for home hug
I
- an ,
him
,

- ·
~
-I
n
I society
⑧
fleverly
ave low status in

↑
Cohort
of
Agingpopulation
: &

Every
importance
Research
people given
are less even in

2021-> 2 % research
oncy for elderly
was done .

Marxism - In
capitalist society every i
a not
g importance
·
Incapitalismproduit by phy
-

&
is maximised sical mental

-
strength
.

3
Wallastein
feenduncantheagentnote
Go and a
↳I
,
e

C saving
have
dent more don't
y
to
·

work as much
be
ey
posted more
get savings get sawings
.

- Lazarsfield
.

Activity theory - S
ociety
determines status on
activity
-
.
Youth are the

Isof
active -> have Who
actively invouced
in status
society higher
al -

cay Capitalism packing

-
can centribute to sitalism more .

-
away
-eldency from working back
Pension
stop working
evidence that tells to
is an
clawly
 gag *
Disengagement theory less
-> W . Kahn -
elderly have
status as
elderly
· more

↳gatanni
Exercy
·

they disengage
Wallace IVX
⑳ - Theory
L ↓
Burden
ik

and
Early
-> are nu-

ally the sick ones . Si

families take them as a

L
freat -
burden
They rather a chil than an
.

elderly
↓
So less status .

vidence - old homes

age
.

I *- I
· Explain the view that
have low status- ?
el every
(n)
S ↳
people
-

-
Status determined of What
family
the member
provides in
society
have needs
is a
factor astoelderlies lower status
that instead
.

Elderly can

andrequirement up benefitting get to

of adding
resources The
fact that more .

elderly
can adope wirevent
ally a aggre
die

they
prioritized Evidence in families that are broken
.

up
differences further be voluti

we These ideologiesingrained
to ideologies toug well
can e

that not
ideologies are

that not with time

merhood
usually alignfurther do
.

the current
and
spoing
i So
listened to

their
generations they Thus ,
are not

already mentallywhere grays elderly

can be
vulnerable
placed
.

neglected fignored
at lauer stains
they
a are .

use tech !!?

-
Elderly
technological
can't
views
0
00
O
 ↳ -
skills -

t
evaluate the
claim that

&
diverse

identity
~

is
changing
in modern industrial society

(26)
claim

the

Evaluate
that

&

Sexcialization is
important 1

human behamor
in
shaping
 Has status
of
Childhood ↑
improved ?
Yes
I New Right -
Welfare State Policies -
Eg; Labor Laws ↑
Post Modern :

2) Change in
style of Parenting and attitudes -
They have narrative and
choice

joing and willmott :

Symmetrical Family -
enjugalValue
roles .

and
structures such as Education and Media
Secondary Functionalism
get key thinker.
-
child care
censorship a
-
.

Ismark questions

e
u -x
Ein -
g
30
I
Se
= S
E

No
No
↳ Manist , Radical Fem MarxistFem ,
.

S1 Maxxist ->
ideological ways of socializing
children into
capitalism
list wankest
Evidence
Age Patriarchy (Minet) talks
of hierarchy of power
-
:
;
-> I
power socialized
respecting people capitalism
in to

lcontroled
-
-> so no status + in the name

of love
and car .

↑
If u
fut liberty and
independance as statue
Radical Fem- lots of diff between son &
sonsjatus changed but not
daughter
daughter
Hillman-> boys have freedom of choices but girls
more still canalized are

Are expected to be more vulnerable and weak thus oppressive

gives
· as

I
Evidence Low income families with
:
liss
body weight birth .

I-
-

Child Liberationist -> more control more abule

↳ relationship
research
left they feard
as

Humphrey - quarter of 200

when in men

childs
aboring
supported by Gittens -> In patriascal society children are most vulnerable

Right
to control leads to
right abuse
to .

has been controlled then

Everything no status

Childhood is
disaffsearing
1) Post Man Its disappearing a television
->
are to the rise and
fall ofprint culture
replacedby
culture .

TV Trdoes
callly accesible skill to access toit availa
is move
not
require special and make
information
,
,

ble to adaits & children alibe .

boundary between mult & child broken down adult diminishes

·

ignoranced
is
innounce childh
, ,
of
replaceably Knowledge Cymism
oox is & .

Criticism

opic - lifetime of research into children's

game ,

why mes; songs -> seperate children's cat own

manyyears
.
 Elderly have
high status .

p criticising disengagedtheory grandparents take

- of children - thefuture capitalist
care worker

->
higher status Grandpagives Free sociangation -> Marcum
- .

In Fil Post Mod

China
Pity ->

I Elderly have low Status only due to less money .

Property
inherited
is

only if elderly willing

to
the is - which is most ->
Most Mod

libly given a caring child - higher status

to

Fatherhood (Post Mad)

①La Rosa-Fatherhood has
-

after industrialization,
changed afte 1940
,
⑧
CWWI
packD
3
⑪ and
through globalization arquealy Lamb et al

aspects of fatherhood afterglobalization

s
(ascmmabil ty - now
.

I
-

Respect fast of fear

be
- -
-

in used to on bains .

after globalization respect from time spent

↳ but & time
quality
.

---
Engagement
unitymufatzn
to shar , invertin
aut you are

3)sharing
Responsibity -
Fathers move concerned in child
reasing notyist
, incons ,
equal volu
is
Desmott-due
policies (divorce (g))
Fathers responsibilities
③have to
welfare
Fontof 10
state
but
increased .
divorce
by women , men asso want

custody (2011) .

After divorce men commit suicide more due to

losing
custody
④ Young and
Willmott-Newman/Super dad. -(unt)
ity
Leave
 Described how
9) in modern
society
waysof pounting ides

gratification
Immediate blanerel
have
changea
is not imp

Through way parentsprioritize and

child labre laws the has
for children care

changed parenting ideas in modern society As argued by New right such

.

welfare state policies gives direction for parents to reorectly parent To do what
a .

enforced through laws So children can be given

right' wrong
is and becan .

proper
towards education and
more care and
prioritized nurturing , care ,
safety ,

health Which is
huge change parts more
rigorous way of
to the
a in
comparision
.

wayfacingsuchusLittle
and Meerful Adultschanging familial vala e

responsibilities Symmetrical families that have ie distributed

.
conjugal roles equally veysonei
. .

bilities that have also been

& education Fatherhood has been
preferred
popularized and duetoglobalization -

through media
changing from just praying
.

an

caving roles
especially child numbering
instrumental role to a more
nurturing
and ,
in -

Thus
changing parenting nourishing
to
lowing
, more a and manner-

Changing rest
changing
roves 7

miny-
a
 Samriddhi

as
↳
-

⑧
-
-
g a
·

m i t
↑

⑰B
*
 .
ParentingStyles
influenced by parents
Inferences on
ow n

Parenting
farenes
-> Chid
Sociology
I Pringie -
Parents Personalities -
more
understanding of emerging
needs
of
child ->
provide bette

structure to their child-> & hers

agreeable Compare
ansions. les -> with
-
negative ↓ agest
& Young &
- olcher
personalities
es

parent
E
↳ becausethe ia

level
.

(to
have more relevant
modernity)
·

ideologies
2)
Capaldi "developmentar
etal- histories" or Parent's own childhood
experiences
negative parentingstyles occuring
in the
·
next
cycles of
gent abuse

3) Giveyou an
personal
op pa
01

4) Child's Characteristics Diener-temperament Cohen et al

health, gender gender-

supported by Sisentory say tempered
al to take eace child
et - easies
forgamdians of
.

posititue feelings -
-> want to take car more .

5) Cohenetal-girls nurtured to take

of siblings

E
encouraged
were cab

canalization
"to do

boys"
work outside home ,
musual tasks

O
supported by Crowley ->
by given
more
scientific explanation abvy
->
was .

emotional words
:

dangther given more

6) Socio Cultural Characteristics ->

Longer & Conges
:
of
the most
imp is Economic
hardshif -
->
Frustrations
of work can be

released on child -> abuse -> So how much the

parentgenerates effect parent characters ->
effecting parenting
.

7)
Freudi says 'Paranoid Parenting'- and outcome &
'Tiger mother' - effectiveness
its be determined

Hughes Yoshikawa
to

and
-

regative effects
.
-
-