Lizwe Engineers

Lizwe Engineers
Maritime
Root Cause Analysis
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Uninterrupted Power Supply

Techniques
Best Practices
(RCAT)
Ntozelizwe Benjamin Mqenebe (Pr.Eng.(20120148))

Physical Workshop Session
30 – 31 August 2023
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Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
Welcome to the Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems training
module
This course is designed to give awareness knowledge and general

understanding of :
• Battery Fundamentals
• Type of Batteries
• Basic principle and major components of UPS system
• applications of UPS used in the process industry
• safety measures when dealing with cell and batteries
• Installation and testing of UPS system
• Preventive Maintenance Procedure
• Descriptions about DC and AC UPS systems etc.
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Course Contents :
• What is a UPS System?
• Why UPS system is a critical Components ?
• What’s the aim of using UPS system?
• What’s the alternate names of UPS?
• Application of UPS system
• Major Components of UPS system
• Battery fundamentals
• Battery Cells classification
• Lead-Acid Batteries
• Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
•
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1- What is a UPS?
UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems are a critical device

in our daily Life (In home , Companies , Factories and sites) and
(UPS) are designed to automatically provide emergency power,
without delay or transients, to critical applications in case of an
interruption to, or unacceptable condition of the mains/utility
supply. Some UPSs also filter and/or regulate mains/utility power.
An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that has an

alternate source of energy that can provide power when the prime
power source is temporarily disabled (Power is not available)
is primarily used to provide a backup power source to the load

and any other device plugged in to the battery backup.
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1 - What is a UPS? Cont.
In addition to acting as a backup when the power goes out, most

battery backup devices also act as power "conditioners" by
ensuring that the electricity flowing to your loads is free from
drops or surges. If a load is not receiving a consistent flow of
electricity, damage can and often does occur.
When selecting a UPS System , you’ll have to choose among a

number of options, but if you can differentiate between the various
available configurations, you’ll be better able to choose the right
system to meet your needs.
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2 - Why UPS system is critical components?
Imagine if your heart decided to quit beating for a while, of if it all

of the sudden slowed way down or sped up in a sharp burst.
Not a very appealing scenario, is it? Now, imagine that the power
supply to your company’s IT equipment failed, or if it sent large
spikes to your equipment.
Although this situation isn’t as macabre as the metaphor of a

heart, it nonetheless spells trouble for your business.
Power is the lifeblood of your data center, and your IT equipment
is designed to be supplied with a steady flow.
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2 - Why UPS system is critical components? cont.
Unfortunately, the power delivered from your utility isn’t as steady

as you’d like it to be. Brief power outages, power sags and power
surges/spikes can cause more than just a hassle— they can
cause damage to your IT equipment. Although backup power
generators can supply your data center in the case of an
extended outage (hours or even days), they are no help when
you’re faced with transient power fluctuations. For example, if
another utility customer starts a large inductive load, you may feel
the effects down the line in the form of a short lived, but potentially
harmful, power event. In such a case, you wouldn’t have any
warning—let alone time to switch to a backup generator.
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2 - Why UPS system is critical components? cont.
To deal with these short-lived power events, a UPS is critical.

These systems not only provide temporary backup power for brief
outages, but many also provide protection against transient power
events like spikes and sags, thereby supplying your equipment
with clean, high-quality power. Essentially, a UPS is a power
storage device that cleans your power supply or takes over in the
event of a power failure, giving you time to switch to your backup
generators if the outage is expected to last more than some short
period of time (like a minute or two, depending on your UPS’s
capacity).
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3 - What the aims of using UPS ?
So we can conclusion the important for using UPS as the

following:
• Protects against multiple types of power disturbances

• Only device that protects against an outage (Power Goes out)
• Offers protection against
- Equipment not operation Properly ØDamage
- Data losses
- Time and expense to recover back to where you were , if even
possible (Downtime)
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3 - What the aims of using UPS ?
• Downtime: blackouts and brownouts (low voltage) shut down

equipment. UPS Systems supply battery backup power to
support equipment through blackouts. Select models feature
automatic voltage regulation to correct incoming power without
relying on UPS batteries.
• Damage: surges and line noise can damage internal
components in a single devastating event or slowly over time.
UPS Systems feature surge suppression and line noise filtering
to guard equipment against potential damage.
• Data Loss: when power problems shut down equipment,
valuable data is often lost. UPS Systems feature battery
backup power to allow enough time for data to be saved
manually or automatically
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4 - What the alternate names of UPS ?
• UPS System
• Uninterruptible power supply System
• Uninterruptible power source System
• Battery backup System
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5 - Application of UPS System
There many application of usage of UPS system in our life
(Homes ,Companies ,Factories and Sites) some of these
application :
• Emergency lighting
• Indoor escape lights
• Ladder/ stair area
• Walk-ways
• Fire and Gas alarm system
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There many application of usage of UPS system in our life
(Homes ,Companies ,Factories and Sites) some of these
application :
• Operation of electrical switchgear

• For Electrical protection system, control systems,
Indications .etc.
• Communications and Telecommunication Equipment
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6 - What’s the Major Components of UPS system?
• Let us imagine we need to keep some of liquid like water, juice
or drinks, how we can keep it?
• Sure we will bring plastic cups, glass cups or bottles and fill it
with juice or water so now we keep it and we can use it when
we need
• so we need means and ways to keep the electrical energy and
in fact we can't store the electrical energy easily and the only
means till now are batteries
• So the batteries is the major components to store the electrical
energy but the consummation electrical energy from batteries
depend on rated voltage and current hour of batteries (V Ah)
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• So now , we need to fill the batteries with electrical energy and
how charging the batteries , the only means to fill it is known as
charging unit
• There are many application and we already using it in our life
like as
• Dynamo : Dynamo is famous machine we using it in our daily
life which using to charge the car , bus or diesel engine
batteries which convert the mechanical energy to electrical
energy
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• Battery Charger : another type we using it in daily our life which
have three famous types one of it using it to charge the cell
phone batteries and lap top batteries and second type using to
charge car or track batteries and third using to charge the
Batteries (AA or AAA) which convert electrical energy (AC –
Home power source) to electrical energy (DC)
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• Now we can imagine the major components for UPS system will
be as the following :
• Batteries (Rechargeable)
• Charging unit
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• Now we can imagine the major components for UPS system will
be as the following :
• Batteries (Rechargeable)
• Charging unit
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7 - Battery Fundamentals
• Batteries operate by converting chemical energy into electrical
energy through electrochemical discharge reactions.
• Batteries are composed of one or more cells, each containing a
positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, and
electrolyte.
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• Batteries are rated in terms of their nominal voltage and
ampere-hour capacity , The maximum power available from a
battery depends on its internal construction.
• Example
• 12V 50AH
• 18V 5AH
• High rate cells, for example, are designed specifically to have
very low internal impedance as required for starting turbine
engines and auxiliary power units (APUs).
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• The state-of-charge of a battery is the percentage of its capacity
available relative to the capacity when
• it is fully charged. By this definition, a fully charged battery has
a state-of- charge of 100% and a battery with 20% of its
capacity removed has a state- of-charge of 80%.
• The state-of-health of a battery is the percentage of its capacity
available when fully charged relative to its rated capacity.
Example
• a battery rated at 30 Ah, but only capable of delivering 24 Ah
when fully charged, will have a state-of-health of 24/30 X 100 =
80%. Thus, the state-of-health takes into account the loss of
capacity as the battery ages
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8 – Battery Cells Classification
• Cells can be divided into two major classes: primary and
secondary.
• Primary cells are not rechargeable and must be replaced once

the reactants are depleted sometimes also called single-use, or
“throw-away” batteries because they have to be discarded after
they run empty as they cannot be recharged for reuse
• Secondary cells are rechargeable and require a DC charging

source to restore reactants to their fully charged state
• mostly called rechargeable batteries because they can be

recharged for reuse.
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1. Primary Batteries types :
• Carbon Zinc (aka. ‘Heavy Duty’) -- The lowest cost primary cell (household)
is the zinc-acidic manganese dioxide battery. They provide only very low
power, but have a good shelf life and are well suited for clocks and remote
controls.
• Alkaline -- The most commonly used primary cell (household) is the zinc-
alkaline manganese dioxide battery. They provide more power-per-use than
Carbon-zinc and secondary batteries and have an excellent shelf life.
• Lithium Cells -- Lithium batteries offer performance advantages well beyond
the capabilities of conventional aqueous electrolyte battery systems. Their
shelf- life can be well above 10-years and they will work at very low
temperatures. Lithium batteries are mainly used in small formats (coins cells
up to about AA size) because bigger sizes of lithium batteries are a safety
concern in consumer applications. Bigger (i.e. ‘D’) sizes are only used in
military applications.
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1. Primary Batteries types :
• Silver Oxide Cells – These batteries have a very high energy density, but are
very expensive due to the high cost of silver. Therefore, silver oxide cells are
mainly used in button cell format for watches and calculators and also known
as Lithium coin or Coin cell
• Zinc Air Cells – These batteries have become the standard for hearing aid
batteries. They have a very long run time, because they store only the anode
material inside the cell and use the oxygen from the ambient air as cathode.
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2 - Secondary Batteries (Rechargeable ):
• Nickel-Metal Hydride -- Secondary NiMH batteries are an extension of the old fashioned NiCd
batteries.
• NiMH batteries provide the same voltage as NiCd batteries, but offer at least 30% more
capacity. They exhibit good high current capability, and have a long cycle life.
• The self-discharge rate is higher than NiCd at approximately 40% per month.
• NiMH cells contain no toxic cadmium, but they still contain a large amount of nickel oxides and
also some cobalt, which are known human carcinogens and should be recycled.
• Lithium Ion -- Secondary Li-Ion batteries are the latest breakthrough in

rechargeable batteries.
• They are at least 30% lighter in weight than NiMH batteries and provide at least
30% more capacity. They exhibit good high current capability, and have a long
cycle life.
• The self-discharge rate is better than NiMH at approximately 20% per month.
• Overheating will damage the batteries and could cause a fire. Li-Ion cells contain
no toxic cadmium, but they still contain either cobalt oxides or nickel oxides,
which are known human carcinogens and should be recycled.
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• Nickel-Cadmium -- Secondary Ni-Cd batteries are rugged and reliable. They
exhibit a high power capability, a wide operating temperature range, and a long
cycle life, but have a low run time per charge.
• They have a self-discharge rate of approximately 30% per month. They contain
about 15% toxic, carcinogenic cadmium and have to be recycled.
• Lead-Acid—Secondary lead-acid batteries are the most popular rechargeable
batteries worldwide.
• Both the battery product and the manufacturing process are proven, economical,
and reliable.
• However, because they are heavy, Lead-Acid batteries are not being used in
portable, consumer applications. Lead is a toxic, carcinogenic compound and
should not enter the regular waste stream.
• Recycling of Lead-Acid batteries is the environmental success story of our time,
approx. 93% of all battery lead is being recycled today in reused in the
production of new Lead-Acid batteries
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• Rechargeable Alkaline -- Secondary alkaline batteries, the lowest cost
rechargeable cells, have a long shelf life and are useful for moderate-power
applications.
• Their cycle life is less than most other secondary batteries, but they are a
great consumer’s choice as they combine the benefits of the popular alkaline
cells with the added benefit of re-use after recharging.
• They have no toxic ingredients and can be disposed in regular landfills (local
regulations permitting).
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So What Batteries Work Best in Different Devices Today?
• HEAVY DUTY BATTERIES are still very popular and have been around for
many years because they are so cheap to purchase. Heavy Duty batteries
work best in low drain devices such as AM/FM radios, flashlights, smoke
alarms and remote controls. Over the lifetime of the device, rechargeable
alkaline batteries will provide the better value and result actual in cost
savings although the initial cost is higher.
• ALKALINE BATTERIES are the most popular battery used today. Alkaline
will last 5 to 10 times longer than heavy duty batteries on higher current
drains, making them more economical. They get their long life from unique
construction and the purity of the materials used. Alkaline batteries are best
suited for moderate to high drain devices such as portable CD players,
electronic games, motorized toys, tape recorders and cassette players.
Again, over the lifetime of the device, rechargeable alkaline batteries will
provide the better value and result actual in cost savings although the initial
cost is slightly higher.
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• RECHARGEABLE ALKALINE BATTERIES are specially designed for use 25

times or more when charged properly in a dedicated charger for rechargeable
alkaline batteries. Rechargeable alkaline batteries come fully charged, have no
memory problems, up to a seven-year shelf life and will last up to three times
longer than a fully charged nickel cadmium rechargeable battery. They do not
require to be fully drained before recharge and will actually last longer if
frequently recharged. They will work in all applications where Heavy Duty
Primary Batteries are being used and in all applications for Alkaline Primary
Batteries with not too high drain rates.
• RECHARGEABLE NiMH BATTERIES are an extension of the old fashioned

NiCd batteries. These batteries offer capacities at least 30% higher per charge
than NiCd batteries of the same size. NiMH batteries can be recharged without
having to be fully drained and can be charged several hundred times. NiMH
work best in high drain devices that chew through alkaline batteries quickly such
as digital cameras, hand held TV’s and remote controlled racing toy cars.
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• RECHARGEABLE Li-Ion BATTERIES are mainly used in Laptop computers

and cellphones. They have a 3 times higher voltage on a per cell basis than
NiMH batteries and are usually only sold as a system (device w/ built-in
charger), as they require a special type of charger. More recently, single Li-
Ion cells with dedicated chargers are being offered for cameras that take
Lithium cells.
• RECHARGEABLE NiCd BATTERIES should not be used due to the toxic

cadmium, but are still in high demand for power tools due to their rugged
design and performance. However, NiCd batteries have to be recycled to
prevent toxic, carcinogenic cadmium entering the waste stream.
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• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES offer an outstanding shelf-life of above 10-

years and they will work at very low temperatures. They are mainly used in
imaging applications, i.e cameras.
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• Are Primary and Rechargeable Batteries interchangeable amongst each

other?
• However, NiMH batteries make only practical sense in very high drain
devices such as digital cameras as their self-discharge rate is too high for
applications that require power of long periods of time.
• For those slow discharges, a battery type with a very low self- discharge rate
is required. Rechargeable Alkaline will fit the bill there.
• Remember, whatever battery type you use, NEVER mix battery types for use
at the same time and never mix old and new batteries. Keep batteries in sets
for best performance.
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• Are Primary and Rechargeable Batteries interchangeable amongst each
other?
• Not all battery types are interchangeable. However, in the consumer,

household small format battery category, the following types of the same
format can in most cases be interchanged: Heavy Duty, Alkaline, and
Rechargeable Alkaline and NiMH batteries.
• Although primary and rechargeable alkaline batteries are rated at a nominal

voltage of 1.5 volts, as they begin discharging, their voltage continuously
drops.
• Over the course of discharge, the average voltage of alkaline batteries is in

fact about 1.2 volts, very close to NiMH batteries.
• The main difference is that alkaline batteries start at 1.5 volts and gradually
drop to less than 1.0 volt, while NiMH batteries stay at about 1.2 volts for
most of the service time.
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• What are the advantages of using Rechargeable Batteries?
• Performance – Since rechargeable batteries can be recharged many times

over, the cumulative total service life exceeds that of primary batteries by a
wide margin.
• Savings – Recharging rechargeable batteries many hundred times is giving

the consumer tremendous savings in the long run.
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• So now we can consider there are two classifications of cells and in the UPS
system we need to use the rechargeable cells
• So we will discuss in brief most famous using batteries in the UPS system
• Lead-AcidBatteries
• Nickel-Cadmium(NiCd)Batteries
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9 – Lead – Acid Batteries
9-1 Introduction :
• The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston

Planté and is the oldest type of rechargeable battery.
• Despite having a very low energy-to-weight ratio and a low energy- to-
volume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells
have a relatively large power-to-weight ratio.
• These features, along with their low cost, makes it attractive for use in motor
vehicles to provide the high current required by automobile starter motors.
• As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead-acid

batteries are widely used even when surge current is not important and
other designs could provide higher energy densities.
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9-1 Introduction :
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9-1 Introduction :
• Large-format lead-acid designs are widely used for storage in backup power
supplies in cell phone towers, high-availability settings like hospitals, and
stand-alone power systems.
• For these roles, modified versions of the standard cell may be used to
improve storage times and reduce maintenance requirements.
• Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles,

collectively known as VRLA (valve-regulated lead- acid) batteries.
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9-1 Introduction :
• A VRLA battery (valve-regulated lead-acid battery), more commonly known

as a sealed battery or maintenance free battery, is a type of lead-acid
rechargeable battery
• Due to their construction, they can be mounted in any orientation, and do not
require constant maintenance.
• The term "maintenance free" is a misnomer as VRLA batteries still require
cleaning and regular functional testing
• There are two primary types of VRLA batteries, gel cells and AGM. Gel cells
add silica dust to the electrolyte, forming a thick putty-like gel.
• These are sometimes referred to as "silicone batteries". AGM, short for
"absorbed glass mat", batteries feature fiberglass mesh between the battery
plates which serves to contain the electrolyte.
• Both designs offer advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional
batteries, as well as each other.
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9-1 Introduction :
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9-1 Introduction :
• An electrochemical battery that uses lead and lead oxide for electrodes and
sulfuric acid for the electrolyte
• Lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used in photovoltaic (PV) and
other alternative energy systems because their initial cost is lower and
because they are readily available nearly everywhere in the world.
• There are many different sizes and designs of lead-acid batteries, but the
most important designation is whether they are deep cycle batteries or
shallow cycle batteries
• Shallow cycle batteries
• Deep cycle batteries
• Sealed deep-cycle lead-acid batteries
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9-1 Introduction :
• Shallow cycle batteries
• Shallow cycle batteries is also called Starting Batteries like the type used as
starting batteries in automobiles, are designed to supply a large amount of
current for a short time and stand mild overcharge without losing electrolyte.
• They have a large number of thin plates designed for maximum surface
area, and therefore maximum current output, but which can easily be
damaged by deep discharge
• Starting batteries kept on continuous float charge will have corrosion in the
electrodes which will result in premature failure. Starting batteries should be
kept open circuit but charged regularly (at least once every two weeks) to
prevent sulfation
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AC Power Supplies
• Applications
– Standby source for “critical” loads
(computer)
– Primary source when normal ac not
available
• Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

– 2 common configurations
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Configuration 1
Load normally supplied by Main Supply
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Operating Modes
• Normal condition
– Main supply applied to the load
– Rectifier keeps batteries charged
• Main supply failure
– Inverter supplies power to the load
– When interruption is over, main supply is applied
to the load
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Configuration 2
Inverter supplies power to the load
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Operating Modes
• Normal condition
– Inverter operates continuously, powering the
load
– Rectifier maintains the charge on the batteries
– Inverter conditions the supply to the load
• Inverter failure
– Main supply powers the load
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Typical UPS System
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Operating Conditions
• Main supply failure
– Battery supplies the inverter
– Inverter powers the load
• Normal conditions
– Inverter operates as a bridge rectifier
– Main supply powers the load
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Types of AC Power Supplies
• Switched-mode
• Resonant
• Bidirectional
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Switched-Mode AC Power Supply
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Features of the Switched-Mode Configuration
• Two inverters
– Input side: operates at high-frequency
– Reduces size of transformer and DC filter
components at the input of the output-side
inverter
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Features of the Switched-Mode Configuration
• Two inverters continued

– Output side: operates at output frequency
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Resonant AC Power Supply
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Features of the Resonant AC Power Supply
• Two inverters
– Input side is a resonant inverter
– Output side operates with PWM control at the
output frequency
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Bidirectional AC Power Supply
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Features of the Bidirectional
AC Power Supply
• Output inverter and Rectifier are combined
into a cycloconverter (converts one
frequency ac into another frequency ac)
• Power flow in either direction
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Multistage Conversions
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Multistage Conversions (continued)
• Four conversions
• AC-DC – DC-AC – AC-DC – DC-AC
• Ultimately an AC – AC Conversion
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Alternative Configuration
2-Forced-Commutated Cycloconverters
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SECURED
POWER PROTECTION
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POWER PROBLEMS
Power failures
Electrical line noise
Power sags Frequency variations
Power surges
Switching transients
Under voltages
Harmonics distortion
Over voltages
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1. POWER FAILURES
A total loss of power
EFFECTS :
- Hardware damage
- Data loss
- Force shutdown
CAUSE BY :
- Power line downed

- Lightning strikes
- Grid over demand
- Natural disaster
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2. POWER SAG
Short term low voltage
EFFECTS :
- System halts/crash
- Loss of data
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Trigger by the startup large load

( eg: from Air Condition )
- Utility switching
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3. POWER SURGE (SPIKE)
Short term high voltage above 110% of nominal
EFFECTS :
- Loss of data
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Lightning strike
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4. UNDER VOLTAGE (BROWNOUT)
Reduced line voltage for few seconds/minutes/days
EFFECTS :
- System halts/crash.
- Loss of data
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Intentionally utility voltage reduction

- Heavy loads that exceed supply
capacity.
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5. OVER VOLTAGE
Reduced line voltage for extended periods of a few minutes/days
EFFECTS :
- Loss of data
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Rapid reduction in power load

- Heavy equipment turn off
- Utility switching
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6. ELECTRICAL LINE NOISE
High frequency waveform caused by RFI/EMI interference
EFFECTS :
- Loss of data
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Transmitters (radio)
- Welding devices
- Ineffective grounding
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7. SWITCHING TRANSIENT
Instantaneous under voltage in nanoseconds
EFFECTS :
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Variable speed drives

by electrical equipment
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9. HARMONIC DISTORTION
Distortion of the normal line waveform
EFFECTS :
- Communication errors
- Overheating
- Hardware damage
CAUSE BY :
- Non linear loads

(ex: copier, fax machines)
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HOW TO SOLVE POWER PROBLEM
generator how generator works ?
Weaknesses :
- Voltage and frequency variations

- Takes time to stabilize before passing the electricity
- Regular maintenance
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AVR
(Automatic Specification :
Voltage Regulator)
-170 to 250 Vac only
Weaknesses :
What if < 170 Vac ?

What if > 250 Vac ?
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UPS
( Uninterruptible Power Supply )
Specification :
- Combination of Generator + AVR function.
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UPS TECHNOLOGY
OFF-LINE ON-LINE
TNB UPS TNB UPS
VOLTAGE
VOLTAGE
TIME TIME
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UPS TECHNOLOGY
OFF-LINE UPS ON-LINE UPS

/ STANDBY / DOUBLE CONVERSION
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POWER BASIC
UPS SIZING ( if u know VA )
VA = voltage x ampere
= 240V x 5amp
= 1,200VA / 1.2kVA
UPS > 1.2kVA
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POWER BASIC
UPS SIZING ( if you know Watt )
VA = 700 Watt / pf
= 700 / 0.7
= 1,000VA / 1 kVA
UPS > 1 kVA
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EXAMPLES – SIZING UPS
IT EQUIPMENTS CURRENT UPS
PC – ACER M1800 3.15 Amp 756 V
Server – HP Z400 6 Amp 1,440 V
LAN Switch – HP Pro Curve 0.6 Amp 144 V

3500yl 24
Gigabit Switch – HP Pro Curve 5 Amp 1,200 V
3500yl 48G
Gigabit Swich + PoE – 3.3 Amp + 398W 1,361 V
HP Pro Curve 3500yl 48G+PoE
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POWER DENSITY
. . . The true
output
While UPSs are
power of a UPS is
generally measured
measured in
in VA . . .
watts
VA
Watts
Slide 88 9/14/23
POWER FACTOR
Power factor is the ratio of

watts to VA:
Apparent power to
Real power. VA
(apparent)
Watts
(real)
eg: 10kVA UPS
If pf 0.6 à 10kVA / 6kW

pf 0.7 à 10kVA / 7kW
pf 0.9 à 10kVA / 9kW
Slide 89 9/14/23
WHY POWERWARE IS THE BEST ?
• ABM (Advance Battery Management)
• Power Management Software
• Power Density
• X Slot Connectivity Option
Slide 90 9/14/23
ABM – ADVANCE BATTERY MGMT
Like other UPSs, the

Powerware UPS is equipped
with a charger that charges
Charger the battery.
However, Powerware
uses a unique charging
technique that extends the
life of the battery . . .
Slide 91 9/14/23
ABM uses a 3-stage

charging system:
First, the battery is quickly

charged to 90% to make sure
Charger the UPS is prepared for the
next power outage.
Second, ABM finishes

charging the battery with
a more moderate float
charge.
Slide 92 9/14/23
Feature Focus:
Turning the charger OFF
Third, ABM turns the

charger off.
Charger This prevents the batteries
from being overcharged.
Slide 93 9/14/23
The Result?
The service life of the

batteries is doubled so you
won’t have to replace them
as often as you would with
competitive models.
Slide 94 9/14/23
ABM – ADVANCE BATTERY MANAGEMENT
• Doubles battery
service life by charging
only when needed
• Optimizes recharge time
• Does not trickle charge

& starve the electrolyte
• Microprocessor controlled -
Only true & automatic battery
check (periodic, controlled discharge)
for most accurate advanced failure protection
• Sleep Feature - no unnecessary battery “drain”
Slide 95 9/14/23
Feature Focus:
Buck/Double Boost Voltage Regulation
LanSafe III demonstrates Buck and Boost

voltage regulation in action
(Buck mode displayed)
Slide 96 9/14/23
Slide 97 9/14/23
PRODUCT LINE – Low Cost
Eaton NV Series
- 1 UPS for PC, Network Switch
•Basic line interactive

•800 VA
Slide 98 9/14/23
PRODUCT LINE – Rack mount
Model 5115 RM
- For distribution rack switches, space conscious
• 700 – 1500VA
• Line Interactive UPS
• ABM
• Optional interface card
for remote monitoring
Slide 99 9/14/23
PRODUCT LINE – Complete Solutions
Eaton Powerware 9130

- For servers, core switches.
• 700 – 3000VA, 0.9 pf

• Double conversion, On-Line technology
• Rack mount / tower design
• Remote monitoring
Slide 100 9/14/23

PRODUCT LINE – Centralised UPS
Eaton Powerware 9155 - 9355

- Single protection for Data Center
• 8 – 40kVA, 0.9 pf
• Double Conversion, On-Line UPS
• ABM
Slide 101 9/14/23

WHY EATON POWERWARE
- Base in Raleigh, USA. Presence at 125 countries worldwide.
- Global leader in electrical systems, components of power quality & control.
- 40 years in power protection business.
- Mission : to give customers confidence that power problems will not

disrupt their systems, data, and operation.
- 2007 : acquire MGE UPS.
- Ranked no:1 in UPS market >5 kVA , no:2 in < 5kVA market.
Slide 102 9/14/23

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Uninterrupted Power Supply

Ntozelizwe Benjamin Mqenebe (Pr.Eng.(20120148))

This course is designed to give awareness knowledge and general

UPS (uninterruptible power supply) systems are a critical device

An Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a device that has an

is primarily used to provide a backup power source to the load

1 - What is a UPS? Cont.

In addition to acting as a backup when the power goes out, most

When selecting a UPS System , you’ll have to choose among a

2 - Why UPS system is critical components?

Imagine if your heart decided to quit beating for a while, of if it all

Although this situation isn’t as macabre as the metaphor of a

2 - Why UPS system is critical components? cont.

Unfortunately, the power delivered from your utility isn’t as steady

2 - Why UPS system is critical components? cont.

To deal with these short-lived power events, a UPS is critical.

So we can conclusion the important for using UPS as the

• Protects against multiple types of power disturbances

• Downtime: blackouts and brownouts (low voltage) shut down

• Operation of electrical switchgear

• Primary cells are not rechargeable and must be replaced once

• Secondary cells are rechargeable and require a DC charging

• mostly called rechargeable batteries because they can be

• Lithium Ion -- Secondary Li-Ion batteries are the latest breakthrough in

• RECHARGEABLE ALKALINE BATTERIES are specially designed for use 25

• RECHARGEABLE NiMH BATTERIES are an extension of the old fashioned

• RECHARGEABLE Li-Ion BATTERIES are mainly used in Laptop computers

• RECHARGEABLE NiCd BATTERIES should not be used due to the toxic

So What Batteries Work Best in Different Devices Today?

• PRIMARY LITHIUM BATTERIES offer an outstanding shelf-life of above 10-

• Are Primary and Rechargeable Batteries interchangeable amongst each

• Not all battery types are interchangeable. However, in the consumer,

• Although primary and rechargeable alkaline batteries are rated at a nominal

• Over the course of discharge, the average voltage of alkaline batteries is in

• Performance – Since rechargeable batteries can be recharged many times

• Savings – Recharging rechargeable batteries many hundred times is giving

• The lead–acid battery was invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston

• As they are inexpensive compared to newer technologies, lead-acid

• Gel-cells and absorbed glass-mat batteries are common in these roles,

• A VRLA battery (valve-regulated lead-acid battery), more commonly known

• Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

• Two inverters continued

Power sags Frequency variations

- Power line downed

- Trigger by the startup large load

Reduced line voltage for few seconds/minutes/days

- Intentionally utility voltage reduction

- Rapid reduction in power load

High frequency waveform caused by RFI/EMI interference

- Variable speed drives

- Non linear loads

- Voltage and frequency variations

What if < 170 Vac ?

- Combination of Generator + AVR function.

TNB UPS TNB UPS

OFF-LINE UPS ON-LINE UPS

UPS SIZING ( if u know VA )

UPS > 1.2kVA