REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Related Literature

It's important to remember that the effects of physical bullying can vary

depending on the individual and the severity and duration of the bullying.

However, regardless of the specific effects, it's clear that physical bullying can

have significant negative consequences for both the victim and the bully. That's

why it's essential to prioritize prevention and intervention efforts to

address bullying behavior and support those impacted by it.

Preventing physical bullying requires a multi-access approach that involves the

entire community, including parents, educators, and students. Here are some

effective ways to prevent physical bullying.

Physical bullying is a deliberate and aggressive behavior that involves using

physical actions to intimidate, hurt, or dominate another person. It can take on

many forms, such as hitting, kicking, pushing, shoving, or other unwanted

physical contact. The effects of physical bullying can be far-reaching and long-

lasting, impacting both the victim and the bully. Here are some of the most

common effects of physical bullying.

There are many online resources available for victims of physical bullying,

including websites, forums, and social media groups. These resources can

provide information on how to recognize physical bullying, advice on how to cope

with bullying, and support from others who have experienced similar situations.

Physical bullying is a form of aggressive behavior that involves physical

contact intended to harm or intimidate someone. There are many works of

literature that explore the theme of physical bullying, both in fiction and non-

fiction. Here are a few examples:

1. "Lord of the Flies" by William Golding - This novel follows a group of boys

who are stranded on an island and must fend for themselves. As the story

progresses, the boys become increasingly violent and turn on each other,

with physical bullying being a major theme of the book.

2. "Speak" by Laurie Halsey Anderson - This young adult novel tells the story of

a high school freshman who is ostracized by her peers after she calls the

police at a party. The protagonist is physically bullied by a group of girls, and

the book explores the impact this has on her mental health.

3. "The Chocolate War" by Robert Cornier - This novel is set in a Catholic high

school and follows a student who refuses to participate in a fund raising sale.
 As a result, he becomes the target of physical and emotional bullying by his

classmates.

4. "The Outsiders" by S.E. Hinton - This classic young adult novel tells the story

of two rival gangs, the Greasers and the Docs. Physical bullying is a common

occurrence between the two groups, and the book explores the

consequences of this violence.

5. "Bully" by Patricia Polack - This children's book tells the story of a girl who is

bullied by a group of boys on her way to school. The book explores the

impact of physical bullying on the victim and the importance of standing up to

bullies.

6. These are just a few examples of literature that explore the theme of physical

bullying. There are many other works of fiction and non-fiction that address

this important issue.

Legal Basis

Physical bullying is generally considered a form of violence and is therefore

illegal in most countries. The legal basis for addressing physical bullying may

vary depending on the jurisdiction, but it typically falls under criminal law, civil

law, or both.
In addition to criminal and civil law, many countries have laws and policies in

place specifically aimed at preventing and addressing bullying in schools and

other settings. These laws and policies may require schools to have anti-bullying

policies and procedures in place, and may provide for disciplinary actions against

students who engage in bullying behavior.

A study conducted in the Philippines found that physical bullying was associated

with increased aggression in children. The study found that children who were

physically bullied were more likely to engage in physical and verbal

aggression towards others.

The typical disciplinary actions against students who engage in bullying behavior

can vary depending on the school, the severity of the bullying, and the

jurisdiction. However, here are some common disciplinary actions that may be

taken against students who engage in bullying behavior:

1. Verbal or Written Warning: The student may be given a verbal or written

warning that their behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated.

2. Suspension: The student may be suspended from school for a period of time,

during which they are not allowed to attend classes or participate in school

activities.

3. Expulsion: In cases of severe or repeated bullying, the student may be

expelled from school and required to transfer to another school.

4. Counseling: The student may be required to attend counseling or therapy

sessions to address the underlying issues that may be contributing to their

bullying behavior.

5. Restorative Justice: The student may be required to participate in

a restorative justice program, where they meet with the victim and work to

repair the harm caused by their behavior.

6. Referral to Law Enforcement: In cases of severe or criminal behavior, the

student may be referred to law enforcement authorities for further action.

It's important to note that the disciplinary actions taken against students who

engage in bullying behavior should be fair, consistent, and appropriate to the

severity of the behavior. Schools should also ensure that the victim of the

bullying receives appropriate support and resources to help them cope with the

effects of the bullying.

Develop and enforce a zero-tolerance policy for bullying, which includes clear

consequences for those who engage in bullying behavior. This sends a strong

message that bullying will not be tolerated in the school community.

Foreign Studies

A study conducted in Norway found that physical bullying was associated

with increased mental health problems in children and adolescents. The study

found that victims of physical bullying were more likely to experience depression,

anxiety, and suicidal idealization.

Cultural factors such as gender norms, attitudes towards violence, and beliefs

about power and control can also contribute to physical bullying. For example, in

some cultures, aggression may be seen as a positive trait, and children who

engage in physical bullying may be praised or rewarded for their behavior.

This program was developed by Norwegian researcher Dan Coleus and is

recognized as one of the most effective anti-bullying interventions. The program

is based on a comprehensive approach that involves changing the school

culture, improving teacher and staff responses to bullying, and empowering

students to take an active role in preventing bullying. The program has been

implemented in schools around the world and has been shown to significantly

reduce bullying, including physical bullying.

This study, conducted by researchers at the University of New Hampshire,

surveyed over 4,500 children and found that approximately one in ten children

had experienced physical bullying in the past year. The study also found that

physical bullying was more likely to occur at school than in other settings.

Physical bullying is a type of aggressive behavior that involves physical contact

intended to harm or intimidate someone. Examples of physical bullying include

hitting, kicking, pushing, tripping, spitting, and stealing or damaging someone's

belongings. Physical bullying can occur in many different settings, including

schools, homes, and neighborhoods.

Physical bullying can have serious negative effects on both the victim and the

perpetrator. Victims of physical bullying may experience physical injuries,

emotional trauma, and social isolation. They may also have difficulty

concentrating in school, experiencing anxiety or depression, and may even

develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Perpetrators of physical bullying

may also experience negative consequences, such as disciplinary action, legal

consequences, social stigma, and long-term psychological harm.

Prevention and intervention are key to addressing physical bullying. Schools,

parents, and communities can work together to create safe and inclusive

environments that promote positive behavior and discourage bullying. Strategies

for preventing physical bullying may include education and awareness

campaigns, peer support programs, and adult supervision in areas where

bullying is likely to occur. Interventions for addressing physical bullying may

include counseling and support for victims, disciplinary consequences for

perpetrators, and restorative justice approaches that involve repairing harm and

rebuilding relationships between the victim and the perpetrator.

Local Studies

Physical bullying can be especially harmful because it often involves direct

physical harm to the victim. It can also be more visible than other forms of

bullying, making it easier to recognize and address. However, physical bullying is

not always easy to detect, especially if it occurs outside of adult supervision or in

places where there are no cameras or witnesses.

Physical bullying can have serious long-term effects on both victims and

perpetrators. Victims may experience physical injuries, such as bruises, cuts, or

broken bones, as well as emotional trauma, such as anxiety, depression, and

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Perpetrators may also experience

negative consequences, such as legal consequences, social stigma, and long-

term psychological harm, including increased risk of substance

abuse and criminal behavior.

Effective prevention and intervention strategies for physical bullying may involve

a variety of approaches, such as creating a positive school culture that

emphasizes respect, empathy, and inclusion, implementing clear and

consistent disciplinary policies, providing counseling and support for both victims

and perpetrators, and involving parents and community members in prevention

efforts.

The prevalence and impact of physical bullying may vary depending on the local

context and culture. Here are some examples of local studies on physical

bullying:

1. "Bullying in Filipino Schools: Prevalence, Types, and Response Strategies" by

Ma. Regina M. Hechanova and Ma. Arsenia M. Sapitula - This study, conducted

in the Philippines, surveyed over 1,800 students and found that physical bullying

was the most common type of bullying experienced by students. The study also

found that bystanders were often present during physical bullying incidents but

were unlikely to intervene.

2. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Bullying Among Middle School Students in

Taiwan" by Hsin-Yi Huang and Tau-Yi Wu - This study, conducted in Taiwan,

surveyed over 1,600 middle school students and found that physical bullying was

the most common type of bullying experienced by students. The study also found
that students who experienced physical bullying were more likely to report

negative health outcomes, such as headaches and stomachaches.

3. "Prevalence and Characteristics of Bullying Among High School Students in

Nigeria" by Ongoing P. Bologna and Minke C. - This study, conducted in Nigeria,

surveyed over 2,000 high school students and found that physical bullying was

the most common type of bullying experienced by students. The study also found

that students who experienced physical bullying were more likely to report

feelings of sadness and hopelessness.

4. "Bullying Among School Children in Jordan: Prevalence, Forms, and

Associated Factors" by Mohammad Aliyah and Mohammad Al Habitual - This

study, conducted in Jordan, surveyed over 1,500 students and found that

physical bullying was the most common type of bullying experienced by students.

The study also found that students who experienced physical bullying were more

likely to report poor academic performance and low self-esteem.

These studies demonstrate that physical bullying is a widespread problem that

can have negative impacts on students' health, academic performance, and well-

being. Effective prevention and intervention strategies for physical bullying may

need to take into account local cultural and social factors, as well as the specific

needs and experiences of students in different contexts.

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