FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF NETWORKS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS

CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to the Computer Network

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Main Objectives
• Concepts and core components of Computer Network, Internet
• OSI reference model, TCP/IP model
• Encapsulation / De-capsulation process and Data flow
• Physical layer

Key Words
• Computer Network, Internet
• The Layered Model, TCP/IP model, OSI model
• Data flow, Encapsulation / De-capsulation, protocol
• Wire, Wireless
• Hub, Layer-1 device, end note, network device

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CONTENTS

• Part 1: Overview about computer network and Internet

• Part 2: OSI Reference Model

• Part 3: TCP/IP model

• Part 4: Physical Layer

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network – History

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network - What is it?

A computer network is a group

of interconnected nodes or
computing devices that
exchange data and resources
with each other.

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network - Core components
• End node(s) / End device(s) / Host(s) / Terminal(s)
Computer(s), PC(s), Server(s), Client(s),…

• Network node(s) / Network device(s) / Intermediate device(s)

Router(s), Switch(es), Firewall(s), Wifi, Hub(s),…

• Links
Wireless (WiFi, WiMax, 3/4/5G, satellite), Wired (Ethernet / Fiber Optic / Copper Cable)

• Communication protocols
IPX / SPX protocol (in Novell NetWare networks), Protocol NetBEUI (Created by IBM),
AppleTalk (for Macintosh computers), TCP/IP protocol suite (Internet)
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Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network - Classification
• Based on the geographical coverage:
- PAN: Personal Area Network
- LAN: Local Area Network
- WAN: Wire Area Network
- MAN: Metropolitan area network

• Based on the topology (a structured

layout to interconnect various devices):
- Bus
- Start
- Ring
- Tree
- Mesh
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-…
Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network - Network models
• Client-Sever model (or Server-based model) vs Peer-to-Peer model (P2P)

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network - Hierarchical Model or Typical Architecture
• Three-layer hierarchical model: core, distribution, and access

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Computer network - Hierarchical Model or Typical Architecture
• Two-layer hierarchical model: Leaf and spine

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet - What is it?

A network system that uses TCP/IP protocol

to connect and exchange information
between devices in the network.

The Internet, sometimes called simply "the

Net," is a worldwide system of computer
networks - a network of networks

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet - General Architecture
• Architecture hierarchy

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – The Early Architecture
• Hierarchical way
• Customer traffic goes all the way ‘up the hierarchy’ to reach the destination.

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – Today’s structure
• The role of Internet eXchange Points (IXP) is increased
• IXPs allows ISPs to interconnect directly (i.e. peering) to other ISPs, CDNs, etc. rather than having to pass via
third party networks (i.e. transit) to reach each other
• Euro-IX Members (https://www.euro-ix.net/en/about-us/members/);Viet Nam: VNIX (https://vnix.vn/)

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – The Internet Ecosystem

The Internet is successful in large part due to its unique model:

• Shared global ownership
• Open standards development
• Freely accessible processes for technology and policy
development.

Who Manages Internet?

• There is no single body which manages the Internet
• But there are many organizations that actively contribute to
the management, organization and operation of the Internet

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – The Internet Ecosystem
Six functional groups in the Ecosystem

• Open Standards Developments

• Naming and Addressing

• Shared Global Service and Operations

• Logical, National, Regional, and Global Policy

Development

• Education and Capacity Building

• Users

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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – The Internet Ecosystem
Open Standards Development

Focus Area:
• Internet Society affiliated organizations and other
Internet standards bodies

The Players
• ISOC: Internet Society
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force
• IAB: Internet Architecture Board
• IESG: Internet Engineering Steering Group
• W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
• IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
• ITU-T: The International Telecommunications
Union (ITU) 17
Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – The Internet Ecosystem
Naming and Addressing

Focus Areas:
• Internet Protocol (IP) Addresses
• Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs)

The Players
• IANA - The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
• ICANN - The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
• ASO - The ICANN Address Supporting Organization
• NRO - The NRO is composed of the 5 Regional Internet Registries
• RIR - The five Regional Internet Registries (ex. APNIC, RIPE NCC,…)
• NIR - A National Internet Registry (ex. VNNIC - https://www.vnnic.vn)
• LIR - A Local Internet Registry is typically an ISP
• ISPs - Internet Service providers (ex. Viettel, VNPT, FPT, Netnam,…)
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Overview about computer network and Internet
Internet – The Internet Ecosystem
Shared Global Services and Operations

Focus Areas:
• Root Servers
• Country Code Top Level Domains (ccTLDs)
• Internet Exchange Points
• Network Operators
• Service Creators / Vendors

The Players
• IANA
• ICANN
• RSSAC: The Root Server System Advisory Committee
• ccNSO: The Country Code Names Supporting Organization
• ccTLD operators
• Regional ccTLD associations 19
OSI Reference Model
OSI Model – Introduction
• OSI (Open System Interconnection) by ISO (International Standard Organization) since 1984
• OSI model (OSI reference model or The Seven-Layer Model) defined in ISO/IEC 7498-1

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OSI Reference Model
OSI Model - The interaction between layers

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OSI Reference Model
OSI Model - Data flow

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OSI Reference Model
OSI Model - Encapsulation and De-encapsulation
Encapsulasion: Adding header and trailer information to a packet as it travels from a source to its destination.

De-encapsulasion / Decapsulasion: Removing the header and trailer, leaving the original data, as the packet continues toward the
receiving device.

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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model - Introduction
• Standard TCP/IP model (The Four-Layer Model – By default)
• Equivalent TCP/IP model (The Five-Layer Model)

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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model - Common TCP/IP Protocols
• A series of standard protocols in TCP/IP

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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model - Addressing in the model
At any given time
• there are millions of computers in use
• billions of messages traversing networks

Addressing of data
• happens in three different layers (Data link - Internet - Transport).
• makes sure that the sent message arrives intact at the proper destination

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TCP/IP Model
OSI Model - Encapsulation and Decapsulation
Encapsulation:
• the process of adding control information as it passes down the stack.
Decapsulation:
• the process of removing the extra information as it passes up the stack.

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TCP/IP Model
OSI Model - Protocol data unit
Protocol data unit (PDU):

• The generic term for data at each level is PDU

• A PDU is different at each layer

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TCP/IP Model
TCP/IP Model - Data flow

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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Functions
Function of physical layer:

• Convert frames into an signal (optical, electrical or electromagnetic) based on the physical media
• PDUs transmitted at the physical layer are called bitstreams

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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Transmission media
Wire - Types of Cables:
• Twisted pair
• Optical Fiber
• Coaxial

Twisted pair cable

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
• Un Shielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

Optical Fiber cable

• Single Mode
• Multi-Mode

Coaxial cable
• Thicknet
• Thinnet
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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Transmission media
Wireless:

• Short: RFID, Bluetooth, ZigBee

• Medium: WiFi, WiMax

• Long: 3/4/5G, satellite, cellular

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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Transmission media
Physical layer fundamental principles:

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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Transmission media
Physical layer fundamental principles: Network Testing Tools:

• Bandwidth • https://i-speed.vn or https://speedtest.vn

• i-Speed app by VNNIC

• Throughput

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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Transmission media
Other principles of physical layer:
Signals (for efficient data transmission):
• Analog Signals
• Digital Signals

Transmission mode (the direction of the data flow):

• Simplex (one-way)
• Half-duplex (no-simultaneously two-way)
• Full-duplex (simultaneously two-way)

Data Flow (the rate of it). The factors affecting the data flow:
• Encoding: Encoding data for transmission on the channel.
• Error-Rate: Receiving erroneous data due to noise (ex.
attenuation, dispersion, delay).
• Bandwidth: The rate of transmission of data in the channel.
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Physical Layer
Physical layer - Transmission media
The physical layer technologies are defined by organizations, such as:

• International Organizations for Standardization (ISO).

• Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
• Electronic Industries Alliance/Telecommunication Industries
Association (EIA/TIA)
• National telecommunications authorities such as the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) in the USA

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Physical Layer
Physical layer – Layer 1 device (Hub)

Hub(s) / Layer-1 device(s) / Repeater(s):

• They physically connect network devices together for communication.
• Hubs provide no intelligent forwarding whatsoever.
• All ports on a hub belong to the same collision domain
• Hubs also belong to only one broadcast domain

Note:
• Collision domain: physical segment where a collision can occur
• Broadcast domain: a logical segmentation of a network, dictating how
far a broadcast (or multicast) frame can propagate

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Questions and Answers

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