GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD

(An Autonomous Institute of Government of Maharashtra)

“PERSUIT FOR EXCELLENCE”

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Seminar report on,

“ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM STABILITY

AND APPLICATION OF FACTS DEVICES”

SUBMITTED BY,

Devdhe Divya Mukund (193011)

GUIDED BY,

Dr. M. A. Ali

(Lecturer in Electrical Engineering)

ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-22

1
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AURANGABAD

(An Autonomous Institute of Gov. of Maharashtra)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Devdhe Divya Mukund (193011) student of 3rd year diploma in

Electrical Engineering has completed report on “Electric Power System Stability and
Application of FACTS Devices” which is being submitted here with in partial fulfilment for
the award of the "Diploma in Electrical Engineering" of Government Polytechnic
Aurangabad. The seminar has been successfully completed under the guidance of
prof.B.S.SANAP academic year 2020-2021.

Dr. M. A. Ali. Prof. B. S. Sanap

(Lecturer in Electrical Engineering) (HOD of Electrical Dept.)

Prof. M. M. Ganorkar

(Principal of Gov. Polytechnic Aurangabad)

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is a great pleasure for me on bringing out the Report of Seminar. I express my

great regards to my guide Dr. M. A. ALI whose guidance and friendly discussion inspired
and supported me in selecting the topic of Seminar and also the completion of my Report. I
am also thankful to the honourable Principal Prof. M. M. GANORKAR and Prof. B. S.
SANAP (HOD of Electrical Department) for introducing course “Seminar” and encouraged
and supported us for the completion.

DEVDHE DIVYA

(193011)

3
 INDEX
Sr. No. Contents Page
No.

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Electric Power System
06 to 09
1. 1.2 Stability of Power System

Chapter 2: Classification of Stability of Power System

2.1 Classification of Stability
2.2 Types of system stability
10 to 13
2.
Chapter 3: Electric Power System Controllers
3.1 AC Network Controllers
3.2 Conventional Controllers
14 to 15
3. 3.3 Comparison Between Performance of
Conventional Controllers And FACTS Controllers
Chapter 4: Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System
4.1 Need of FACTS Devices
4. 4.2 Classification of FACTS Devices 16 to 25
4.3 Different types of FACTS Devices
4.4 Performance of Different FACTS Devices

4
 5. Chapter 5: Conclusion 26 to 27
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 References

ABSTRACT

Stability is one of the major concerns related to power system. The instability causes
the fluctuations in different parameters of power system but the voltage and frequency are
most importantly considered because may cause great damage and even cause complete
shutdown of power system. In this environment, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission
System (FACTS) controllers open the door towards the advanced control of power system at
least for transmission lines. FACTS technology helps to explore some new possibilities for
flow control and improves the operational capability of existing and new transmission lines.

The FACTS devices control the interrelated parameters that rule the operation of the
transmission systems, including the serial impedance, the derivation impedance, the current,
the tension, the phase angle and the muffling of oscillations to different frequencies under the
nominal frequency. The FACTS technology has a collection of controllers, that can be used
individually or co-ordinated with other controls installed in the network, thus permitting to
profit better of the network’s characteristics of control.

5
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Electricity is the most preferred used form of energy used in industry,

homes, businesses and transportation. It can be easily and efficiently transported from the
production centers to the point of use. It is highly flexible in use as it can be converted to any
desired form like mechanical, thermal, light, chemical etc. An electrical power system is
made up of many components connected together to form a large, complex system that is
capable of generating, transmitting and distributing electrical energy over large areas.

To improve overall efficiency, power system operators are forced to move away
from the traditional/conventional model of centralized generation, transmission and
distribution to de-centralized and less regulated operations. This global trend of deregulations
hopes to make power system more efficient and competitive in open market environment.
This basically means that all aspects of power system engineering such as generation,
transmission, distribution and utilization of electric power must now become accustomed to
new rules and regulations. In this study, we will concentrate on the transmission part of the
power system and issues related to it.

The stability of the power system is defined as “the ability of an electric power system,
for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being
subjected to a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically
the entire system remains intact” [1]. According to above definition it is clear that if system

6
fails to get operating equilibrium then it will be called instable. There are many kind of
instabilities exists in the modern power systems.

1.1 Electrical Power System:

The basic structure of modern day power system is shown in Figure. A power system is
usually divided into three parts: generation, transmission and distribution system.

1.1.1 Generation System-

Electricity is produced by converting the mechanical energy into electrical

energy. In majority of cases, the mechanical energy is either obtained from thermal energy or
provided by the flowing water. The main sources of thermal energy sources are coal, natural
gas, nuclear fuel and oil. The use of non-fossil fuels such as wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal
and biogas in electricity generation is also increasing. Hydro-power is the main non-thermal
source of mechanical energy used in electricity. generation. The conversion of mechanical to
electrical energy is done using synchronous generators in majority of power plants. Few wind
generation systems use induction generators. The power is usually generated at low voltage,
between 11 and 35 KV, and then fed into the transmission system using a step up transformer.

1.1.2. Transmission System-

The electricity is generated in bulk in the generating stations and then

transmitted over long distances to the load points. The transmission system
interconnects all the generating stations and major load. centers in the system. It
forms the back bone of the power system. Since the power loss in a transmission line
is proportional to the square of line current, the transmission lines operate at the
highest voltage levels, usually 220 KV and upwards. Usually the transmission
network has a meshed structure in order to provide many alternate routes for the
power to flow from the generators to the load points. This improves the reliability of
the system.

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1.1.3.Distribution System-

The distribution represents the final stage of power transfer to the

individual consumer. The dis tribution network is generally connected in a radial
structure. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 11 KV and 33 KV.
Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The
secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial at 415/240V. Small
generating plants located near the load centers are usually connected to
sub-transmission or distribution system directly.. A power system operates in a
normal state, if the following conditions are satisfied:
● The bus voltages are within the prescribed limits.
● The system frequency is within the specified limits.
● The active and reactive power balance exists in the system.

However, the system load varies continuously and hence, in order to ensure
satisfactory system. Operation, proper controls have to be provided in a power system.

1.2. Stability of Power System:

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 “Power system stability is the ability of an electric
power system, for a given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating
equilibrium after being subjected to a physical disturbance, with most of the system
variables bounded so that practically the entire system remains intact.” According to
above definition it is clear that if system fails to get operating equilibrium then it will be
called instable. There are many kind of instabilities exists in the modern power systems
(such as voltage, frequency etc.) and accordingly the different stabilization methods are
used.
The stabilization processes basically works by compensation of the
causing the instability in past this is done by connecting and disconnecting the
capacitor, inductors or combination of both after that synchronous condenser, saturated
reactor, thyristor controlled reactor, fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor, thyristor
switched capacitor were used; but in present days this is performed by more advanced
devices like STATCOM, VSC, TCSC etc.
In power plants, several synchronous generators are connected to the bus
having the same frequency and phase sequence as the generators. Therefore, for a stable
operation, we have to synchronize the bus with the generators over the entire duration
of generation and transmission. For this reason, the power system stability is also
referred to as synchronous stability and is defined as the ability of the system to return
to synchronism after having undergone some disturbance due to switching on and off of
load or due to line transience. To understand, stability well, another factor needs to be
considered, and that is the stability limit of the system. The stability limit defines the
maximum power permissible to flow through a particular part of the system for which it
is subjected to line disturbances or faulty flow of power. Having understood these
terminologies related to power system stability let us now look into the different types
of stability.
The disturbances could be faults, load changes, generator outages, line
outages, voltage collapse or some combination of these. Power system stability can be
broadly classified into rotor angle, voltage and frequency stability. Each of these three
stabilities can be further classified into large disturbance or small disturbance, short
term or long term.

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▪️According to instability in different parameters there are different types of stabilities:

1. Voltage Stability
2. Rotor Angle Stability
3. Frequency Stability

▪️ According to time span of instability there are following types of each stability:

1. Steady State Stability

2. Dynamic Stability
3. Transient Stability

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 CHAPTER 2: STABILITY OF ELECTRIC POWER
SYSTEM

2.1 Classification of Power System Stability:

Classification is based on the following considerations:

● physical nature of the resulting instability

● size of the disturbance considered processes, and
● the time span involved

▪️ Steady State Stability- Steady state stability is defined as the capability of an electric
power system to maintain its initial condition after small interruption or to reach a condition
very close to the initial one when the disturbance is still present. The purpose is to determine
the higher limit of loading in the machine before going to lose the synchronism.

11
• Transient Stability- The ability of a synchronous power system to return to stable
condition and maintain its synchronism following a relatively large disturbance arising from
very general situations like switching ON and OFF of circuit elements, or clearing of faults,
etc. is referred to as the transient stability in power system.

• Dynamic Stability- Dynamic stability of a system denotes the artificial stability given to an
inherently unstable system by automatically controlled means. It is concerned to small
disturbances lasting for about 10 to 30 seconds.

2.2 Types of Stability of System:

1. voltage Stability
2. Frequency Stability
3. Phase Angle Stability

Classification of Power System Stability

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◾ Voltage Stability-
Voltage stability in the power system is defined as the ability of a power system to
maintain acceptable voltages at all bus in the system under normal condition and after being
subjected to a disturbance. In the normal operating condition the voltage of a power system is
stable, but when the fault or disturbance occurs in the system, the voltage becomes unstable
this result in a progressive and uncontrollable decline in voltage. Voltage stability is
sometimes also called load stability.

▪️ Classification of Voltage Stability:

1. Large-disturbance Voltage Stability-

It is concerned with a system stability to control voltages following a large disturbance

such as system faults, loss of load, or loss of generation. For determination of this form of
stability requires the examination of the dynamic performance of the system over a period
sufficient to capture of such devices as under load tap changing transformers, generator field,
and current limiters. Large disturbance voltage studies can be studied by using non-linear
time domain simulations which include proper modeling.

2. Small-Disturbances Voltage Stability-

The operating state of a power system is said to have small disturbances voltage stability
if the system has small disturbances, a voltage near loads does not change or remain close to
the pre-disturbance values. The concept of small disturbance stability is related to steady state
and be analyzed using a small-signal model of the system.

◾ Frequency Stability-
“It refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady frequency
following a severe disturbance between generation and load”. It depends on the ability to
restore equilibrium between system generation and load, with minimum loss of load.
Frequency instability may lead to sustained frequency swings leading to tripping of
generating units or loads. During frequency excursions, the characteristic times of the
processes and devices that are activated will range from fraction of seconds like under
frequency control to several minutes, corresponding to the response of devices such as prime

13
mover and hence frequency stability may be a short-term phenomenon or a long-term
phenomenon.

◾ Rotor Angle Stability-

“It is the ability of the system to remain in synchronism when subjected
to a disturbance”. The rotor angle of a generator depends on the balance between the
electromagnetic torque due to the generator electrical power output and mechanical torque
due to the input mechanical power through a prime mover. Remaining in synchronism means
that all the generators electromagnetic

Torque is exactly equal to the mechanical torque in the opposite direction.

If in a generator the balance between electromagnetic and mechanical torque is disturbed, due
to disturbances in the system, then this will lead to oscillations in the rotor angle. Rotor angle
stability is further classified into small disturbance angle stability and large disturbance angle
stability.

▪️ Classification of Rotor Angle Stability-

1. Large Disturbance Rotor Angle Stability:

● It is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under a severe
disturbance, such as a short circuit on a transmission line.
● Disturbances are large so that the linearization of system equations is not
permissible for purposes of analysis.
● The time frame of interest in small-disturbance stability studies is of the order of 3
to 5 seconds following a disturbance.

2. Small Disturbance Rotor Angle Stability:

● It is the ability of the power system to maintain synchronism under small

disturbances.
● Disturbances are considered to be sufficiently small such that the linearization of
system equations is permissible for purposes disturbances

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 ● The time frame of interest in small-disturbance stability studies of the order of 10
to 20 seconds following a disturbance.

CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM CONTROLLERS

3.1 AC Network Controllers:

Power System network consist of three kinds of powers, namely, active, reactive
and apparent power. Active power is the useful or true power that performs a useful work in
the system or load. Reactive power is caused entirely by energy storage components and the
losses due to reactive power may be considerable, although reactive power is not consumed
by the loads. The presence of reactive power reduces the capability of delivering the active
power by the transmission lines. And the apparent power is the combination of active and
reactive power. In order to achieve maximum active power transmission, the reactive power
must be compensated. This compensation is necessary for:

● Improving the voltage regulation

● Increasing system stability
● Reducing the losses associated with the system
● Improving the power factor
● Better utilization of machines connected to the system

The compensation techniques of the power system supplies the inductive or capacitive
reactive power (to its particular limits) in order to improve the quality and efficiency of the
power transmission system.

3.2 Conventional Controllers:

The conventional control devices like synchronous condenser, saturated

reactor, thyristor controlled reactor, fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor, thyristor
switched capacitor having less system stability limit, less enhancement of system damping,

15
less voltage flicker control when compared to emerging facts devices like TCSC, STATCOM
and UPFC.

Examples of Conventional Equipment For Enhancing Power System Control:

▪️ Series Capacitor - Controls impedance.

▪️ Switched Shunt- Capacitor and Reactor Controls voltage.

▪️ Transformer LTC - Controls voltage Phase Shifting Transformer -Controls angle.

▪️ Synchronous Condenser - Controls voltage.

▪️ Special Stability Controls- Focuses on voltage control but often include direct control of
power.

▪️ Others (When Thermal Limits are Involved) – Can included reconductoring, raising
conductors, dynamic line monitoring, adding new lines, etc.

3.3 Comparison Between Performance of Conventional Controllers And

FACTS Controllers:

Sr. Conventional Controllers FACTS Controllers

No.

Less system stability limit, More system stability limit,

1. Less enhancement of system More system enhancement
damping, Less voltage flicker damping, More voltage flicker
control. control.

Conventional devices can control FACTS devices can control two

2. only one parameter at a time. Hence or more parameters at a time.
they are less effective. Hence these devices are more
effective.

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 Examples: synchronous condenser, Examples: Static VAR
3. saturated reactor, thyristor controlled Compensator, Static
reactor, fixed capacitor thyristor Synchronous Compensator,
controlled reactor, thyristor switched Thyristor Control Series
capacitor. Compensator, Unified Power
Flow Control.

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 CHAPTER 4: FLEXIBLE ALTERNATING CURRET

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM DEVICES

4.1 Need of FACTS Devices:

Now-a-days with the ongoing expansion and rapid growth of the electric
utility industry, including deregulation in many countries, new technologies are required for
reliable and secure operation of Power System. Hence for achieving both operational
reliability and financial constrain FACTS devices should be introduced in the power system.
Traditional solution for upgrading the electrical transmission system infrastructure includes
formation of new transmission line substations and associated. Equipment. With the
introduction of FACTS controller in the power system, the quality of power delivered has
increased, which provides advanced solution of cost-effective alternatives to new
transmission line construction.

In recent years voltage stability has become a key matter of interest to

operators, especially the power systems that are heavily loaded and have shortage of reactive
power Voltage instability is a great threat to power system protection, safety and reliability.
The power systems are getting more advanced and complex due to diverse generation sources
and transmission of power from these sources without modifying and adding additional
transmission capability, in some case, forces the system to operating under extremely
overstressed situations. Additionally, it has become difficult to meet the requirement of
reactive power and to maintain the bus voltage within adequate limits.

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4.2 Classification of FACT devices: According to position of devices in power
system there are following types.

▪️ Series Connected Controller- The series controllers are used to introduced

voltage in series with the line voltage. It consists of a capacitor or reactor
(impedance devices). This type of controllers is used to supply or consume
variable reactive power.

▪️ Shunt Connected Controller- This type of device is used to inject current to

the power system at the point of connection. Similar to the series-connected
controllers, it also consists of variable impedance like capacitor and inductor.

▪️ Combined Series-Series Controller- In multilane transmission lines, a combination

of separate series controllers is used in a coordinated manner to provide independent series
reactive compensation for each line. But it can transfer real power with lines via power link.
Or it can be connected with unified controllers that the DC terminals of converters are
interlinked together. This will help to transfer the real power to the transmission line.

▪️ Combined Shunt-Series Controller- This type of controller is used to introduce

voltage in parallel using the shunt controller and along with it used to introduce the current is
series using the series controller. But both controllers must operate with coordination.

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CLASSIFICATION OF FACTS DEVICES

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4.3 Different types of FACT devices:
1. Static VAR Compensator (SVC):

A static VAR compensator is a parallel combination of controlled reactor and fixed

shunt capacitor shown in the figure below. The thyristor switch assembly in the SVC controls
the reactor. The firing angle of the thyristor controls the voltage across the inductor and thus
the current flowing through the inductor. In this way, the reactive power draw by the inductor
can be controlled.

STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

The SVC is capable of step less adjustment of reactive power over an unlimited range
without any time delay. It improves the system stability and system power factor. Most
commonly used SVC scheme are as follows:

● Thyristor controlled reactor (TCR)

● Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC)
● Self Reactor (SR)
● Thyristor controlled reactor – Fixed capacitor (TCR-FC)
● Thyristor-switched capacitor – Thyristor controlled reactor (TSC-TCR)

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 ◾Advantage of Static VAR Compensator:
● It increased the power transmission capability of the transmission lines.
● It improved the transient stability of the system.
● It controlled the steady state and temporary overvoltage.
● It improved the load power factor, and therefore, reduced line losses and improved
system capability.

2. Thyristor Control Series Compensator (TCSC):

A thyristor -controlled series compensator is composed of a series

capacitance which has a parallel branch including a thyristor-controlled reactor. TCSC
operates in different modes depending on when the thyristors for the inductive branch are
triggered. The modes of operation are as listed:

▪️ Blocking mode: Thyristor valve is always off, opening inductive branch, and effectively
causing the TCSC to operate as FSC

▪️ Bypass mode: Thyristor valve is always on, causing TCSC to operate as capacitor and
inductor in parallel, reducing current through TCSC

▪️ Capacitive boost mode: Forward voltage thyristor valve is triggered slightly before
capacitor voltage crosses zero to allow current to flow through inductive branch, adding to
capacitive current. This effectively increases the observed capacitance of the TCSC without
requiring a larger capacitor within the TCSC.

THYRISTOR CONTROLLED SERIES COMPENSATOR

22
 Because of TCSC allowing different operating modes depending on system
requirements, TCSC is desired for several reasons. In addition to all of the benefits of FSC,
TCSC allows for increased compensation simply by using a different mode of operation, as
well as limitation of line current in the event of a fault. A benefit of using TCSC is the
damping of sub synchronous resonance caused by torsional oscillations and inter-area
oscillations. The ability to dampen these oscillations is due to the control system controlling
the compensator. This results in the ability to transfer more power, and the possibility of
connecting the power systems of several areas over long distances.

3. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM):

STATCOM (Static Synchronous Compensator, also known as SVG). It is

an important device for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), which is the third
generation of dynamic VAR compensation device after FC, MCR, and TCR type of SVC

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR

23
(Static VAR Compensator). Its appearance represents the application of most advanced
technology for VAR compensation. It is also known as DSTATCOM when apply in power
distribution. STATCOM is connected parallel in power grid and works as reactive current
source. Its reactive current can be flexibly controlled and compensate reactive power for
system automatically. It solves problem of harmonics interfere switching parallel capacitor
banks. In another hand, it can restrain harmonics and improve power quality according to
customers’ needs. STATCOM has superior performance in lots of aspect such as responding
speed, stabilize voltage of power grid, reduce system power loss and harmonics, increase
both transmission capacity and limit for transient voltage. It also has advantage of smaller in
dimensions.

STATCOM uses three phases powerful Voltage Sourced Converter as its

core. Its voltage output connects system by through reactor or transformer. And regulates AC
voltage amplitude and phase of inverter to absorb or produce reactive power for system. As
sourced compensation device, STATCOM not only monitoring and compensates current for
impact load but also compensate and monitoring harmonic current.

4. Static synchronous series Compensator (SSSC):

Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) is a modern power quality FACTS device
that employs a voltage source converter connected in series to a transmission line through a
transformer. The SSSC operates like a controllable series capacitor and series inductor. The
primary difference is that its injected voltage is not related to the line intensity and can be
managed independently. This feature allows the SSSC to work satisfactorily with high loads
as well as with lower loads.

The Static Synchronous Series Compensator has three basic components:

a. Voltage Source Converter (VSC) – main component

b. Transformer – couples the SSSC to the transmission line

c. Energy Source – provides voltage across the DC capacitor and compensate for device
losses

24
 STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR

The SSSC when operated with the proper energy supply can inject a voltage
component, which is of the same magnitude but opposite in phase angle with the voltage
developed across the line. As a result, the effect of the voltage drop on power transmission is
offset. In addition, the static synchronous series compensator provides fast control and is
inherently neutral to sub-synchronous resonance.

▪️ Applications-

1. Better controllability of power flow.

2. Receiving end voltage regulation of a radial line.
3. Power oscillation damping.
4. Regional network voltage regulation
5. Phase balancing.

5. Unified Power Flow Controller-

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 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), as a representative of the third
generation of FACTS devices, is by far the most comprehensive FACTS device,[2] in power
system steady-state it can implement power flow regulation, reasonably controlling line
active power and reactive power, improving the transmission capacity of power system, and
in power system transient state it can realize fast-acting reactive power compensation,
dynamically supporting the voltage at the access point and improving system voltage
stability, moreover, it can improve the damping of the system and power angle stability.

The UPFC uses solid state devices, which provide functional flexibility, generally
not attainable by conventional thyristor controlled systems. The UPFC is a combination of a
static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC) coupled via a common DC voltage link.

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER

26
 The main advantage of the UPFC is to control the active and reactive power
flows in the transmission line. If there are any disturbances or faults in the source side, the
UPFC will not work. The UPFC operates only under balanced sine wave source. The
controllable parameters of the UPFC are reactance in the line, phase angle and voltage. The
UPFC allows a secondary but important function such as stability control to suppress power
system oscillations improving the transient stability of power system.

4.4 PERFORMANCES OF DIFFERENT FACTS DEVICES:

Impedance Voltage Rotor Angle

Control Control Control

STATIC VAR ✓
COMPENSATOR
STATIC
SYNCHRONOUS ✓
COMPENSATOR
THYRISTOR
CONTROLLED ✓
SERIES
COMPENSATOR
UNIFIED POWER
FLOW CONTROL ✓ ✓ ✓
STATIC
SYNCHRONOUS ✓ ✓ ✓
SERIES
COMPENSATOR

27
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion:

Electric Power System is always required normal and stable operation at

rated operating condition & its also required improvement of stability. In previous few years,
experimental installation of FACTS controllers on transmission lines are successfully done to
improve voltage stability and power flow.

In this report different FACTS devices or controllers are reviewed, compared

and discussed. In previous few years. Experimental installation of FACTS controllers on
transmission lines are successfully done to improve voltage stability and power flow. But, the
significant up front cost of FACTS controllers remains high as the main hindrance to their
common use. It is hoped that in future FACTS devices adaption into transmission system.
Will increase and provide more assistance in controlling the power flow through the
transmission lines effectively.

5.2 References:

1] Srivastava, Rashmi Pardhi/ International Journal of Engineering Research

and Applications (LIERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijcrn.com Vol. 3, Issue 3,
May-Jun 2013, pp.879-883.

28
2] Flexible AC Transmission System Controllers: A Review
Arsalan Masood', Qadeer-ul-Hasson, Anzar Mahmood" FE, COMSATS
Institute of Information Technology Islamabad.

3] Technical Comparative Study Between STATCOM and SSSC Devices for

Steady State and Transient Stability of Power System
Omar G. Mrehel". Alsadeg M. Alkish, Abdulqader E. Miftah
¹o.mrehel@uot.edu.ly, sdk.ksh@gmail.com, Aduqader@camil.com.

4] FACTS devices in Distributed Generation

'Melchor Gómez, "Oihane Abarrategui, Inmaculada Zamora
Department of Electrical Engineering University of the Basque Country
(UPV/EHU) PEUITMY O P de Barakaldo c/ Colina de Beurko, s/n (48902
Barakaldo) E.T.S.I. de Bilbao. c/ Alda. Urquijo s/n 48013 Bilbao.

5] ENHANCEMENT OF POWER FLOW USING SSSC CONTROLLER

Volume 3, Issue 6, June 'PRATIK RAO, OMKAR PAWAR, 'C. L. BHATTAR,
RUSHIKESH KHAMBE. 'PRITHVIRAJ PATIL, "KEDAR KULKARNI
124B, Tech Electrical, M. Tech Electrical E-mail: pratikran2@gmail.com.
Fomkarpawar5523@gmail.com, chandrakant.bhattar@ritindia.edu.

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