THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS

1st Year, 1st Semester

IN NURSING PRELIMS

OVERVIEW OF THE SUBJECT

OUTLINE EXAMPLE: BEING A TEENAGER

I. Definition of Terms Þ WHAT IT IS
II. Components of a Theory - A normal transition
III. Characteristics of a Theory - Being human
IV. Purposes of a Theory
V. Nursing Paradigm - Search for identity
- Uniqueness of personality
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Þ WHAT IT IS NOT
FACT - Fashion
- Something that is seen happening or existing - Mood wings
- A single information - Peer’s acceptance and rejection
- An empirical observation - Possessions like car, clothes, etc.
o the data that you can see, smell, touch; a factual
information CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
- Set of interrelated concepts that serve as a building
IDEA blocks of theories
- when you group these facts together - Interrelated concepts or abstractions that are
Ø A group of interrelated facts assembled in some WHAT THE FAWK
- An image or formulation of something imagined and
visualized, of something vaguely assumed, guessed,
or sensed out of related facts or observations
- A person’s conception of what is the best example of
something

CONCEPT
- A word or cluster of words describing an object, idea,
or event NOTE: In conceptual/theoretical frameworks, it is
- If you group all the idea, you’ll form a concept important that we use the signs, symbols in order to easily
- An abstraction based on observation of certain understand
behaviors or character
- Describes the essence of a thing HYPOTHESIS
- CONCRETE/EMPIRICAL CONCEPT - A statement of predicted relationships between 2 or
o Specific to time and place more variables, subjected to testing in empirical
o Observable studies
o Ex: House—it can be physically seen - Ex: Duration of time of review and Passing the
- ABSTRACT CONCEPTS Quiz (DV and IV)—the more time that you allot for
o Independent of time or place your review, the higher your chance to pass an
o Indirectly observable/not observable exam
o Ex: Home—Involves feelings, depicts - A guess of what will happen after you conduct the
relationships study
o Nursing—because we can have nursing any time - A temporary stand or prediction or guess while the
and at any place; sometimes we can observe it, investigation goes on
sometimes we cannot; nursing is a feeling of - Hypothesis should be tested—because you don’t
caring for other people; it does not mean that you know initially if this is true or not
should be a nurse when you’re nursing someone - Educated guess
- Null hypothesis — presented in a negative form

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 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
1st Year, 1st Semester
IN NURSING PRELIMS

- Operational definition – not necessarily dictionary

ASSUMPTION
- Basic principles that are accepted as true on the basis
of logic or reason without proof or verification
- True to the author
- Difference from hypothesis: Could be true even
without proof. This is based on the author’s belief.
THEORY
- A formal statement that is constructed to organize
ideas and explain event
- A group of related concepts that propose actions that
guide practice
- A systematic way of looking at the world to describe,
explain, predict, and control it
Ø NURSING THEORY - an organized and systematic
articulation of a set of statements related to questions
in discipline
definition; you define a certain concept depende
sa intent mo or depende sa pagkakadefine mo
sakanya; this is to avoid confusion
3. Theoretical Statements – statements about the
relationship between two or more concepts and are used
to connect concepts to devise theory
4. Structure and Linkages – the structure of a theory
provides overall form to the theory
- theoretical linkages offer a reasoned explanation of why
the variables in the theory may be connected in some
manner
5. Assumptions – the assumptions of a theory are based
on what the theorist considers to be adequate empirical
evidence to support propositions, on accepted
knowledge, or on personal beliefs or values.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK - If you develop a theory, add an assumption/ belief

- A set of interrelated theories that organizes the
- Assumption is reasonable because it logical
direction of a research endeavor/scientific inquiry
-
6. Models - Schematic representations of some aspect of
COMPONENTS OF A THEORY reality
1. Purpose
2. Concepts and definitions
THEORY OF CHRONIC SORROW
3. Theoretical Statements
4. Structure and Linkages PURPOSE OF THEORY:
5. Assumptions
6. Models
“to explain the experiences of people across the lifespan
who encounter ongoing disparity because of significant
A theory should have the 6 components mentioned above
loss”

1. Purpose – explains why the theory was formulated and

Concepts: (see framework)
specifies the context and situations in which it should be
applied

- Why?
- What is the context?
- Saan mo iaaply?
- Saan magiging beneficial?

2. Concepts and Definitions – Concepts are logistic

labels that are assigned to objects or events

- Define your concepts

- Have your own definition

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 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
1st Year, 1st Semester
IN NURSING PRELIMS

4. Theories can be bases for hypothesis that can be testes

5. Theories contribute to and assist in increasing general

body of knowledge within the discipline through the
research implemented to validate them

6. Theories can be utilized by the practitioner to guide &

improve their practice
- based on research; the way we behave is based on the
theories

7. Theories must be consistent with other validates

theories, laws, & principles

DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS:

CHRONIC SORROW - the periodic recurrence of

permanent, pervasive sadness or other grief-related
feelings associated with ongoing disparity resulting from PURPOSES OF NURSING THEORIES
a loss of experience
In Education
- Theory clarifies the central meanings and
LOSS EXPERIENCE - a significant loss, either actual or
improves the status of the profession
symbolic, that may be ongoing, with no predictable end,
In Research
or a more circumscribed single-loss event
- Theory sets limits on what questions to ask and
(All concepts are defined)
what methods to use to pursue…
In Clinical Practice
Theoretical statements/proposition
- Guides research
1. Disparity between a desired relationship and an actual
- Provides the nurse with goals for assessment,
relationship or a disparity between current reality and
diagnoses, and intervention
desired reality is created by loss experience
- A tool that renders practice more efficient, more
2. For individuals, with chronic or life-threatening
effective and goal directed
illnesses, chronic sorrow is most often triggered when the
- Language of theory provides us with common
individual experiences disparity with accepted norms
grounds for communication and with labels and
(social, developmental, personal).
definitions for phenomena
- Identify the relationships
- Professional autonomy and accountability are
enhanced by theory use in practice
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY
HOW IT ALL BEGAN IN NURSING
1. Theories can interrelate concepts in such a way to
create a different way of looking at particular phenomena
Crimean War:
- kung naexplain ba yung interrelatedness
- Florence Nightingale as volunteer nurse

2. Theories must be logical in nature

3. Theories should be relatively simple yet generalizable

- Most complex = maganda is a NO NO
- Oks na yung simple but maganda

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 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
1st Year, 1st Semester
IN NURSING PRELIMS

NOTE : - Theory Era

• When you do hypothesis, you can conduct a
research
• If we maintain a cleaner environment for the client,
faster recovery will happen
- Nursing as “academic discipline”
- 1800, “nursing knowledge was distinct from
medical knowledge” – F. Nightingale’
- 1950, “emergence of nursing as a science”
- 1970, “research revealed that nursing lacked
conceptual connections & theoretical framework”
- 1980.nursing theory was developed
- Body of nursing science for research, education,
administration & practice continuous to expand

NURSING PARADIGM

- Patterns or models used to show a clear

relationship among the existing theoretical works
in nursing

CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM in every nursing theory

(eto yung ginawa ni nightingale na theory nung Crimean METAPARADIGM

war) - Global perspective of a discipline that identifies
the primary phenomena of interest to that
NURSING AS A SCIENCE discipline and explains how the discipline deals
with those phenomena in unique manner
- Owes much of its research-oriented-ness to the
- Nursing metaparadigm: embodies the knowledge
systematic Works of Florence Nightingale base, theory, philosophy, research, practice, and
educational experience and literature identifies
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE with the profession.
- May 12, 1820 - August 13, 1910
- St. Thomas Hospital, London “Birth of Modern
Nursing”
Specific Theories of Nursing evolved through the years…
- 1900 – nursing strong emphasis on practice
- Curriculum Era
- Research Era

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 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
1st Year, 1st Semester
IN NURSING PRELIMS

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

DEFINITION OF TERMS
2. Light
PERSON • Direct sunlight
• Defined in relation to his/her environment and the • Purifying effect of direct sunlight upon room air
impact of the environment upon him/her
• Referred to as a patient 3. Ventilation and Warming
• Performs self-care when possible • Breathe air that is as pure as external air without
chilling
HEALTH • Source of the air in the patient’s room
• Balance between human and his/her environment • Proper room temp
• Being well and using every power (resource) to the • Patient’s body temp
fullest extent in living life
• Disease and illness – reparative process that nature
instituted when a person did 4. Noise
• Not attend to health concerns • Noise can harm the patient
• Health maintenance through prevention of disease
via environmental control and 5. Bed and Bedding
• Social responsibility • Bed should be placed in the lightest part of the
room and placed so the patient could see out a
ENVIRONMENT window
• F. N. synthesized immediate knowledge of disease • Caregiver should never lean against, sit upon, or
with the existing sanitary conditions in the unnecessarily shake the bed of a patient
environment. • Clean, neat, and dry
• Positioning the patient for maximum comfort
NURSING
• Major component of nursing: manipulation of 6. Variety
physical environment • Need for changing color and form
• Nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, • Reading, needlework, writing and cleaning as
light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and the proper activities to relieve boredom
selection and administration of diet– all at the least
expense of vital power to the patient.” 7. Cleanliness
• Personal (patient and nurse)
MAJOR AREAS OF ENVIRONMENT THAT CAN BE • Physical environment – dirty environment as a
CONTROLLED BY THE NURSE: source of infection

1. Health of Houses 8. Nutrition

• Presence of pure air • Dietary intake
• Pure water • Variety of food
• Efficient drainage • No distraction while eating
• Light • Right food brought at the right time

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THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS
1st Year, 1st Semester
IN NURSING PRELIMS

9. Chattering hopes and advices

• False hope can be depressing
• Heed what is being said; sick ppl should hear
good news

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