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Mini Project With Watermark
Mini Project With Watermark
Submitted by,
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
in
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUH,
Hyderabad) Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100
SEP– 2023
APPENDIX – II :
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Dr. B. Sudharshan Reddy Dr. B. Sudharshan Reddy
SUPERVISOR HOD
HOD & Professor Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering Malla Reddy Engineering College
Malla Reddy Engineering College Secunderabad, 500 100
Secunderabad, 500 100
i
APPENDIX – III :
Signature
ii
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledgement On the submission of my thesis entitled "Analysis of Building on Sloped Ground
In Seismic Region", I would like to extend my gratitude and sincere thanks to my guide Dr. B.
SUDHARSHAN REDDY, Professor, Head of the Department of Civil Engineering for his valuable
suggestions and to allow me to use the resources available in the Department.
I am very thankful to my teachers for providing the required background during the project
work. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends and those who directly or indirectly helped
me in completing my project work,
iii
ABSTRACT
The buildings on hill differ from other buildings and the various floors of such building
steps back towards hill slope and the same time buildings may have setbacks also.
Construction of RC buildings in the north & eastern hilly regions have increased during
the last few decades due to urbanization, population increase, and high influx of tourists.
The buildings situated in hilly areas are much more prone to seismic environment in
comparison to the buildings that are in flat regions. Structures on slopes differ from
other buildings since they are irregular both vertically and horizontally and therefore
susceptible to severe damage when subjected to seismic action. The columns of ground
story have varying height due to sloping ground.
In this study, behavior of multi-story building (G+15) on sloping ground is analyzed for
different sloping angles i.e., 0° 15°, 30° and 45°. The analysis is carried out to evaluate
the effect of sloping ground on structural forces and identified the additional forces
design due to irregularities when compared with the regular buildings and identified the
damages that took place on this type of building by using STAAD PRO software.
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ANNEXURE- IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES viii
1 INTRODUCTION 1-4
1.1 General 1
1.2 Outline of the project work 2
v
3.4. Load calculations 15
3.4.1 Seismic loading 18
3.4.2 Dead load 19
3.5. Self weight 20
5 CONCLUSIONS 28
5.1. Conclusion 28
5.2. Future scope 28
REFERENCES 29
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
viii
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
India has track record of catastrophic earthquakes, at various regions, which left
behind loss of many lives and heavy destruction to property and economy.
Behavior of buildings in hill region is somewhat different than the buildings on leveled
ground, since the column of the hill building rests at different levels on the slope. Such
buildings have mass and stiffness varying along the vertical and horizontal planes resulting
the center of mass and center of rigidity do not coincide on various floors, hence they
demand torsional analysis, in addition to lateral forces under the action of earthquakes.
Earthquakes themselves do not kill people, rather the colossal loss of human lives and
occur due to the destruction of structures. Building structures collapse during severe
earthquakes, and cause direct loss of human lives.
Numerous research works have been directed worldwide in last few decades to investigate
the cause of failure of different types of buildings under severe seismic excitations.
Massive destruction of high rise as well as low rise buildings in recent devastating
earthquake proves that in developing counties like India, such investigation isthe need of
the hour. Hence, seismic behavior of asymmetric building structures has become a topic of
worldwide active research.
The economic growth & rapid urbanization in hilly region has accelerated the real estate
development. Due to this, population density in the hilly region has increased enormously.
Therefore; there is popular & pressing demand for the construction of multi storey
buildings on hill slope in and around the cities.
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Figure 1.1 –Performance objectives under different intensities of earthquake
Source: Simplified Guidelines for Earthquake Safety of Buildings from National Building
code of India 2016.
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Figure 1.4-Failure of short column (Road level at level six) of a ten story hill building
during Sikkim earthquake (September 18, 2011);
The present work is aimed to evaluate the RC building resting on sloped ground with the
following objectives:
● To identify the additional forces due to irregularities when compared with the
regular buildings.
● To identify the damages that took place on this type of building when subjected
to seismic analysis.
● Chapter 1 consists of the need, objectives, and importance of the present study.
● Chapter 3 deals with the methodology and modelling in solving the issue.
3
● Chapter 4 involves the theoretical investigation applied on the structures. Further
concludes with analytical modelling of the structures using the software and
evaluation.
● Finally, chapter 5 deals with the discussions of the results, concludes the thesis with
limitations and recommendations of the further work which is possible.
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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents a brief review of the recent literature in the form of journals and
an official document was performed to study the performance of RC buildings resting
on sloped ground with different slopes. One of the earliest studies on the behaviour of
buildings constructed on hills slopes was done by Kumar, S., and D.K Paul (1998) who
has proposed a simplified procedure to analyze the linear earthquake behaviour of
buildings with vertical irregularities where centre of mass and centre of stiffness do
not coincide.
Birajdar and Nalawade (2004) has studied the seismic behaviour (using
Response Spectrum analysis) of around 24 RC buildings with three different
configurations on sloped ground (1 & 2) as well as flat land viz. 1) Step back,
2) Step back Set back building and 3) Set back building. In this work the
authors have suggested that, even though the performance of SET back
configuration being much better when compared to other two, the issues
surrounding unavailability of flat land and levelling of hill slopes make the
configuration uneconomical as well as unpractical. Also, the study concludes
that in buildings with sloping configurations i.e. Step back and Step back set
back, the columns situated at the road level attract most of shear force acting
on the building leading to severe damage of the column itself, which has to be
addressed.
A.R. Vijaya Narayanan el al (2012) studied and pointed out the major
challenges observed with the construction of such buildings on hill slopes of
Sikkim Himalayas to be non-engineered construction and the poor quality of
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materials used. Authors further recommend smaller plan dimensions as well as
additional stories only above road level for the better performance of step back
buildings.
Shreyas M G1, Vasudev M V2, in this study they considered all three angles
(i.e 150, 200, 250) and varying height of the model under study (i.e 24m,
27m,30m), the conclusions are, the SB building frames give greater values of
Storey displacement as compared to SBS frames, the SB building shows higher
values of time period when compared with SBS building In both SB and SBS
frames, it is observed that the columns which are short are most affected.
Special attention is required while designing these short columns. On
observation in all the models, around 30-35% decrease in storeyshear in case
of SBS when compared to SB frames.
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back frames. The step back building frames give greater values of top storey
displacement and story drift as compared with step back-set back frames.
From the literature survey, it was found that many research works were conducted on the
analysis RC buildings resting on sloped ground with different slopes in seismic region. The
following literature surveys for the analysis of RC structures with different slopes, a smaller
number of works are done on RC structures for different dimensions of buildings. This
paper aims to analyze the RC buildings resting on sloped ground with different slopeangles
of 0⁰,15⁰,30⁰,45⁰.
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CHAPTER-3
3.1 Introduction
In the present study, I.S. Code (1893:2002) based is performed. This study includes
comparative study of behavior of RC buildings considering different slopes.
The result of a RSM analysis from the response spectrum of a ground motion is typically
different from that which would be calculated directly from a linear dynamic analysis using
that ground motion directly, because information of the phase is lost in the process of
generating the response spectrum. In cases of structures with large irregularity, too tallor of
significance to a community in disaster response, the response spectrum approach is no
longer appropriate, and more complex analysis is often required, such as non-linear static
or dynamic analysis.
The present study is to evaluate the behavior of RC buildings resting on sloped ground with
different slopes of 0⁰,15⁰,30⁰,45⁰ by using STAAD pro software which are subjectedto dead
load, live load, and seismic loads. The structures are analyzed by linear dynamic analysis
(Response spectrum analysis) using STAAD pro software.
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3.2 Modelling
3D analysis has been carried out by using response spectrum method for the study. The
analysis is carried by response spectrum method in accordance with IS:456(2000) for plain
and reinforced concrete, IS:875(1987) part 1, part 2, part 3 for dead loads, live loadsand
IS:1893(2002) part1 for earthquake loads. The buildings consist of reinforced concrete
G+15 with different slopes such as of 0⁰,15⁰,30⁰,45⁰. The dynamic response of these
buildings in terms of fundamental to define the most efficient Aspect ratio in high rise
buildings which can provide sound wind loading and Earthquake force by observing the
comparative studies to be used is suggested.
3.2.1 Geometry
The RCC structures consist of columns, beams, and slabs as shown in figures 3.2,3.5. The
overall dimensions of the structure are 12mx10m.column dimensions are 550mm x 600mm,
beam dimensions are 350mm x 550mm, slab thickness is 165mm.From the code IS
456:2000 beam and column sizes are satisfied.
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Slab thickness 0.165m
Support Fixed
Different codes used to determine the dead loads and live loads, to analyze and design
the structure are given in Table 3.2.
Code Title
(BIS: IS 875 Part 1, 1987) Code of practice for design loads for
buildings and structures part-1- dead load
(BIS: IS 875 Part 2, 1983) Code of practice for design loads for
buildings and structures part-2-imposed
loads.
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Table 3.3 Different cases with respect to building configurations
Input the data using structure wizard option clicking on” Geometry” on menu bar ,we get
the” Run structure wizard” by clicking on Run structure wizard option we get a dialog box
.In dialog box we have frame model in which we select the frame model and select bay
frame and give the dimensions in length ,height width direction and divide the frame into
equal number of bays.
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Figure 3.1: Plan of the model
Supports are assigned at the base of the columns of the frame. Generally, fixed supports
are assigned so that columns will be fixed in its position. A fixed support has restraints
against all directions of movement. In “General” there is option of support. Click on
support and then click on create to give support by clicking all nodes of the frame and
assign to selected nodes as shown in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2: G+15 RC frame structure elevation view with fixed supports
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Figure 3.3: Flat building 3D view Figure 3.4: 15⁰ sloped building 3D view
Figure 3.5: 30⁰ building 3D view Figure 3.6: 45⁰ sloped building 3D view
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3.3.3 ASSIGNING PROPERTIES TO THE STRUCTURE
Size of columns and beams depends on the span and loading. Generally, depth of the beam
varies between span/10 to span/12. Similarly, width of the beam should be less thanwidth
of the column to avoid overhang in beam. Width to depth ratio of beam and columns are
given in (BIS: IS 13920, 2016). The depth of the beam should be sufficientto counteract
the bending moment occurs due to loading. If section get fail the properties can be changed.
The section properties are shown in Figures
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Figure 3.9 Building with 30⁰ slope
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3.4 LOAD CALCULATIONS ON THE STRUCTURE
SEISMIC LOADING
DEAD LOAD
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3.4.2 DEAD LOAD
Generally following types of dead loads can be applied on structure
Self-Weight
Load on slab
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Figure 3.13 Self-weight on Structure
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3.7 ANALYSIS AND POST PROCESSING
3.7.1 ANALYSE THE STRUCTURE
The analysis was performed using the commands under the analyze menu in the modelling
mode. Select the Run Analysis option to perform Analysis/Design.
The Analysis status dialog box shown below appears. This dialog box displays the status
of the analysis process. If an error occurs during the analysis, the above dialog box displays
the error message. In this dialog box, we are also presented with three options asshown in
Figure 3.13. View Output file
After clicking “Go to post processing mode” a new dialog box will appear and select the
load cases. After that the post processing mode has been opened as shown in Figure 7.2 in
which we can determine maximum and minimum bending moments, maximum and
minimum shear force, reactions at footings, stresses in plates etc.
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Figure 3.15 Post Processing by load combinations
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Chapter 4
4.1 Introduction
In this study various cases are analyzed as per IS 1893:2016 (part-1) by response spectrum
method for seismic zone V against all constraints as mentioned in the objectives. Dynamic
analysis was performed against various seismic parameters for multiple load combination
for all the models consist of structure on normal ground, step back configuration. The
parameters taken for comparative examinations for individual cases are maximum
displacement, maximum story shear, maximum story drift and maximum base shear by
tabular and graphical form.
DISPLACEMENT
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The maximum displacement is found for the building which is resting on 45⁰ slope and the
graph for maximum displacement of the building resting on different slope is shown below.
Maximum Displacement
40
35
Displacement
30
25
0 degree
20
15 15 degree
10
30 degree
base
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
45 degree
no. of Stories
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The maximum story shear is found for the building which is resting on 45⁰ slope and the
graph for maximum story shear of the building resting on different slope is shown below.
250 0 degree
200 15 degree
150 30 degree
100 45 degree
50
no of stories
Story Drift
0⁰ degree 15⁰ degree 30⁰ degree 45⁰ degree
base 0 0 0 0
1 4.585 0.966 1.452 1.4
2 5.969 2.259 1.736 1.736
3 6.698 2.925 3.822 2.002
4 7.094 3.445 2.779 0.923
5 7.66 3.687 2.921 3.822
6 7.72 3.751 2.678 2.779
7 7.566 3.732 3.606 2.921
8 7.511 3.715 3.285 2.678
9 7.295 3.64 3.33 3.285
10 7.013 3.545 3.329 3.33
11 6.663 3.419 3.272 3.239
12 6.243 3.225 3.149 3.149
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13 5.738 3.043 2.96 2.945
14 2.307 2.797 2.964 2.96
15 2.35 2.769 2.95 3
The maximum story drift is found for the building which is resting on 45⁰ slope and the
graph for maximum story drift of the building resting on different slope is shown below.
Story Drift
base shear
0 degree
15 degree
30 degree
45 degree
no. of stories
24
11 -20 -9 -18 -15
12 -25 -8 -15 -9
13 -18 -5 -9 -6
14 -9.5 -2.5 -4 -4
15 0 0 0 0
The maximum base shear is found for the building which is resting on 45⁰ slope and the
graph for maximum base shear of the building resting on different slopes is shown below.
Base shear
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
-10
-20
-30
0 degree
base shear
-40
15 degree
-50
30 degree
-60
45 degree
-70
-80
-90
no. of stories
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CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSIONS
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
1. The maximum displacement is found to be 36.8 for top story which is at resting at
an angle of 45⁰.
2. The maximum displacement is found to be higher for building resting on sloped
building when compared to a building resting on flat terrain.
3. The maximum story shear is found higher for building resting on sloped building
when compared to a building resting on flat terrain.
4. The maximum story drift is found higher for building resting on sloped building
when compared to a building resting on flat terrain.
5. The maximum base shear is found higher for building resting on sloped building
when compared to a building resting on flat terrain.
6. It is observed that, maximum shear force and maximum bending moment increase
significantly for sloping ground at 45° slope.
8. The performance of irregular plan shaped building proved more vulnerable than
the regular plan shaped building.
We can analyze by using other different software’s such as SAP 2000, ETABs etc.
Different positions of Shear wall can be placed while analysis of regular building.
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REFERENCES
3. IS 1893 (Part-I) 2002: Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part-
I General Provisions and Buildings, Fifth Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.
4. IS 875(1987), Indian Standard Code of practice for Design loads for buildings and
structures, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
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