Professional Documents
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Secuencias+Culturales+Del+Mundo+ Scarre+2013
Secuencias+Culturales+Del+Mundo+ Scarre+2013
human
hum
m
past
World Prehistory
& the Development of
Human Societies
THIRD EDITION
Half-title Two dancers, carved from ivory and originally part of the Acknowledgments
decoration of the back of chair; from Begram, Afghanistan, c. 1st–3rd
century AD, now in the Musée Guimet, Paris. I should like, first and foremost, to acknowledge the individual
contributors to this volume, who have provided an excellent series of
Title page Detail of painted mural at the Moche site of Huaca Cao texts and have patiently responded to a seemingly endless sequence
Viejo, Trujillo, Peru. of questions and comments. The success of the book is a testimony
to this teamwork. My thanks go to them also for their ongoing
commitment to the project, and for their co-operation, inspiration,
and hard work. In preparing this new edition it is my pleasant
duty to record once again my gratitude to all the team at Thames &
Hudson for their support and hard work. I also owe a large vote of
thanks to my colleagues at Durham for their knowledge and advice,
and for providing a lively academic environment. I would like in
particular to thank Dr Kate Sharpe for her assistance.
ISBN 978-0-500-29063-7
0
00
0,
80
6
4
7
2
3
5
1
“Lucy” ●
CHAPTER 2 Sahelanthropus tchadensis Ardipithecus
helanthropus tchadens Oldowan
o
Ardipithecus First stone
on tools ●
AFRICAN Orrorin ● kadabba ramidus
ORIGINS m rudolfensis to Homo
Homo m habilis
● Bipedalism (walking
n on two legs) A
Australopithecines
CHAPTER 3
HOMININ DISPERSALS Evolution of Ho
Homo erectus in eastern
rn Asia? ●
Homo ergasterr
IN THE OLD WORLD
Oldest
e archaeological ●
Possible use of fire in
P n Africa ● site/s in Europe
CHAPTER 4
THE RISE OF MODERN
HUMANS
Domestication of sheep,
e
Toward sedentary
r villages ● Pre-domestication
o goat, cattle and pig Çatalhöyük
CHAPTER 7
● Jomon po
pottery, Japan
EAST ASIAN Transition to rice and
n millet agriculture
AGRICULTURE
Settled
t agricultural villages ●
CHAPTER 8
HOLOCENE AUSTRALIA
AND THE PACIFIC BASIN
CHAPTER 9 ● Clovis
v peoples ● Domesticated pepo and
d bottle gourd, Mesoameri
Mesoamerica
THE HOLOCENE
IN THE AMERICAS Dogs, eastern North
r America ●
Later
Paleoindians
al ● Rock art, Pedra
e Pintada, Brazil ● Mummies, South America
r
CHAPTER 10
HOLOCENE AFRICA Possible earliest ● Kharga Oasis: ●
domesticated cattle, wild cereals
Sahara
CHAPTER 12
LATER SOUTHWEST ASIA (for
or this early time period see Chapter 6 above)
Irrigation
n●
CHAPTER 13
THE MEDITERRANEAN (for
or this early time period see Chapters 6, 11, & 12 above)
WORLD
CHAPTER 14
SOUTH ASIA ● First villages
e
● Domestication
t
of zebu
CHAPTER 15
LATER EAST AND
SOUTHEAST ASIA (for
or this early time period see Chapter 7 above)
CHAPTER 16
MESOAMERICAN (for
or this early time period see Chapter 9 above)
CIVILIZATION
CHAPTER 17
SOUTH (for
or this early time period see Chapter 9 above)
AMERICA
CHAPTER 18
NORTH (for
or this early time period see Chapter 9 above)
AMERICA
22
bc
0
00
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,0
0,
,0
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,0
,0
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,0
60
60
40
40
20
80
20
10
10
● Archaic e evolves
Homo sapiens
Classic
Modern Homo sapiens evolves Neanderthals ● Earliest archaeological
chaeological sites in Australia
A
●
Colonization
ization of the Americas
Americ ● ● Clovis
C
Lascaux cave paintings
n ● peoples
e
5000 BC 4000 bc 3000 bc 2000 BC 1000 bc bc–ad ad 1000 AD 2000
● Domesticated
cated maize, Mesoameric
Mesoamerica
● Watson Brake ● Pottery, Mesoamerica ● Pottery, SW North America
e
mounds Poverty Point
● Domesticated
d llama and alpaca, South America
● Domesticated
d sheep/goats, Sahara ● Giza pyramids
d ● Domesticated
a millet, West Africa
Aksum
Predynastic Egypt Great Zimbabwe
● Wheat and barley
a Dynastic Egypt
cultivated, Nile
i Valley ● First Egyptian writing ● Iron smelting
● Early use ● Farming, southern Scandinavia
n
of metals Bell beakers
ke
● The
h “Iceman” ● Trundholm sun
n chariot La Tène
● Plow agriculture
ul
● Varna
V Stonehengee ● Etruscan city-states
e
cemetery ● Farming, Britain and Ireland
re
Xia Dynasty
W. and E. Zhou n Dynasty Yamato
Han A
Angkor
First widespread
a villages ●
● First recorded Maya kings
ki
Olmecs Aztecs
First ball court ●
F Teotihuacán
First
s cities and ●
irst widespread chiefs and elite monuments ● early
First a writing Maya collapse
Tikal
Wari Incas
Chavín
a de Huántar
Tiwanaku S
Santarem/Konduri
Moche Chimu
h empire
Adena Cahokia
● Craig Mound
d
Chaco ● Crow Creek
Hohokam
23
2 AFRICAN ORIGINS
4
6
2
5
7
1
STONE INDUSTRIES
Oldowan
Acheulean
HOMININ TAXA
Australopithecus africanus Homo ergaster
Sahelanthropus Australopithecus
afarensis Homo erectus
● Orrorin ● Australopithecus
garhi Homo habilis
Australopithecus
anamensis
Homo rudolfensis
Australopithecus boisei
Olduvai
Peninj
Sterkfontein
Swartkrans
EVENTS
Stone tools/cutmarks
Darwin was not able to explain why such variation existed, gradual, rather slow and steady accumulation of small changes
or how novel traits (“sports,” now called mutations) emerged over a long period of time finally produces major changes in
in populations, but we now understand the genetic basis for the descendants of a species. A more recent model for species
inheritance that underlies the evolutionary changes observed change, at least for some species and at certain times, is called
in species. Evolution occurs at microscopic or genotypic levels, punctuated equilibrium, in which periods of more rapid, dra-
with changes in genes, chromosomes, or gene frequencies, matic evolution over short periods of time are separated by longer
as well as at macroscopic or phenotypic (visible) levels, with periods of little change (or stasis). The latter model could apply
changes in such features as structure, size, or pigmentation. to certain periods of dramatic environmental change, during
which species underwent more significant natural selection pro-
Models of Evolutionary Change cesses, followed by periods of relative environmental stability,
Various models have emerged to describe the mode and tempo during which less profound evolutionary changes occurred.
by which evolutionary changes have occurred in species. A Although tracing the evolutionary history of any single
model that had been employed by many researchers since living species back in time may make it appear that it evolved
Darwin’s time is sometimes called gradualism, in which the in a single, unilinear trajectory, this is generally not the case.
48
3 HOMININ DISPERSALS IN THE OLD WORLD
0
0
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,0 0
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50 00
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10 000
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40 00
00
0
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
,0
0
1.4
,
90
1.7
60
1.0
1.2
80
1.5
1.8
20
40
1.6
1.1
30
1.3
50
70
10
2.
AFRICA
Omo-Kibish
Ndutu, Kapthurin,
KNM-ER
3883
Konso
Klasies River
Main
KNM-ER
1808 & 3733
Nariokotome III
Florisbad
Olduvai Hominid 9
KNM-WT
15000
Broken Hill,
Herto
Olduvai Olduvai Cave of Hearths
H. ergaster
Hominids Hominid 23
H. habilis
heidelbergensis
Buia
H. sapiens
H. ergaster
Irhoud
Koobi Fora Daka
Kébibat
H.
Swartkrans Olorgesailie
MOUSTERIAN
TE9 (Atapuerca) (?Homo antecessor)
TD-6 (Atapuerca)
Homo antecessor
Ceprano
UPPER
PALEO-
Boxgrove, Mauer, Sima de Le Lazaret LITHIC
los Huesos Castel di Guido,
Fontana Ranuccio, Petralona
Homo species
La-Chapelle-
Swanscombe, aux-Saints,
Steinheim, Arago & La Ferrassie,
Dmanisi
Bilzingsleben Krapina,
H. heidelbergensis
neanderthalensis
Some possible Tabun,
archaeological sites Shanidar
Vértesszöllös & other
● ●
Neanderthals
Oldest archaeological
site/s (culture undefined)
H.
EASTERN ASIA EAST ASIAN FLAKE-AND-CHOPPER TRADITION
Locality I
Nanjing
Lake Turkana in northern Kenya, which date to 1.8–1.5 million The Turkana Boy All the specimens from Lake Turkana have
years ago. The dating depends mainly on replicated potassium- contributed to an understanding of Homo ergaster, but the West
argon determinations [see Dating Early Hominins box, pp. Turkana skull and associated skeleton are most important,
74–75], and is remarkably secure. The principal specimens are because they allow unambiguous statements about body size
two skulls, nine incomplete mandibles, a partial skeleton, and and form (Ruff and Walker 1993). Skull robusticity and the
some isolated limb bones from Koobi Fora on the eastern side of shape of the sciatic notch (which permits passage of the sciatic
the lake, and a skull and associated skeleton from Nariokotome nerve to the legs) on the pelvis indicate that the owner was male,
III on the western side (Walker and Leakey 1993a). The individ- while dental eruption (the appearance of teeth in pre-adults) and
ual fossils are commonly designated by serial numbers attached limb bone formation show that he was immature. His discov-
to an abbreviation for the Kenya National Museum (KNM) and erers therefore dubbed him the “Turkana Boy,” and specialists
to abbreviations for the two main regions: ER for East Turkana refer to him both this way and by his serial number, KNM WT
(formerly East Rudolf) and WT for West Turkana. 15000 [see box: The Discovery of the Turkana Boy, p. 89].
86
4 THE RISE OF MODERN HUMANS
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,0
,0
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0,
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10
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40
60
20
20
50
30
15
10
25
AFRICA AND
NEAR EAST Herto crania Howieson’s Qafzeh
Poort Upper Paleolithic
Earliest Homo sapiens Ngaloba (Laetoli LH 18)
(see Chapter 3) cranium Ksar Akil, Lebanon
Taramsa ?burial
Florisbad Omo (Kibish) I and II
partial cranium ● Üçagizli, Turkey
Amud, Kebara Aurignacian
Singa Neanderthals
Probable time of
Skhu-l and Qafzeh
●
coalescence of Shanidar Neanderthals
modern human
MtDNA and Y ● Tabun CI
chromosome Neanderthal
ASIA AND
AUSTRALASIA
Niah Cave,
“Deep Skull”
Dali, Jinniushan, Xujiayo, Maba
Earliest convincing ● ● Colonization of
archaeological sites New Guinea and
in Australia Tasmania
Lake Mungo
burials
MIDDLE/UPPER
MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC UPPER PALEOLITHIC
PALEOLITHIC TRANSITION
e.g. Bilzingsleben, Steinheim, e.g. Ehringsdorf, Krapina C, e.g. La Ferrassie, La Chapelle, Guattari
● Lagar Velho
La Chaise La Chaise BD, Saccopastore boy
Le Moustier Transitional Terminal Pleistocene
burial industries hunter-gatherers
Aurignacian Solutrean
Gravettian
N O S E T T L E M E N T
Clovis, Shawnee Minisink
?
Meadowcroft
Monte Verde MVI ? ●
Monte Verde MVII ●
6 FROM FORAGERS TO COMPLEX SOCIETIES IN SOUTHWEST ASIA
bc
00
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,0
,0
,0
,0
,0
,0
,0
,0
,
90
12
70
60
19
80
13
10
20
11
16
18
15
17
14
CERAMIC
EPIPALEOLITHIC ACERAMIC NEOLITHIC
NEOLITHIC
Last Glacial
Maximum Recovery Younger Dryas Recovery Early Holocene
Optimum
ISRAEL, PALESTINE,
AND JORDAN Natufian, PPNA, and PPNB
Jericho
Jerf el Ahmar
Dja’de
Akrotiri
Shillourokambos
Çayönü
Göbekli Tepe
Nevalı Çori
ZAGROS, NORTHEAST
IRAQ, AND WESTERN IRAN Shanidar
Jarmo
Zarzian
Ali Kosh
Khorramabad Valley
semi-arid parts of Southwest Asia mobile hunter-gatherers or seasonal villages, they lacked the mobility and flexibility of
could continue to operate, living in small groups at very low the classic hunter-gatherers. The “hilly flanks” environments
population densities; but for farmers, the annual variabil- with annual winter rainfall of more than 250 mm (10 in) suited
ity around the 250-mm (10-in) average made farming risky. hunter-gatherers harvesting plant foods, and the farmers that
Semi-sedentary and sedentary hunter-gatherers were more like they became.
farmers than like the mobile foragers; relying on harvests of There is an additional, complicating factor in mapping the
wild cereals and legumes, they were subject to the same risks environmental resources used by the early hunter-harvesters
as farmers, and since they lived in larger groups in permanent and first farmers. The story starts at the time of the Last Glacial
202
7 EAST ASIAN AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPACT
BC
EARLY EAST ASIA TIMELINE
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65
45
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10
55
15
LONGSHAN
CHINA YELLOW RIVER VALLEY
Peiligang, Cishan, Baijia
XICHUAN
Transition to Yangshao
agriculture: millet Dadiwan Dawenkou Xia Shang W. E. W.
Zhou Zhou Han
Erlitou
Zhengzhou
Spring
Anyang
YANGZI RIVER VALLEY
and
Pengtoushan Autumn
Tianluoshan see Warring
TOUSHAN
Chapter 15 States
CHENG-
JIAHU
Sanxingdui
Qujialing
Transition to
agriculture: rice
Daxi Liangzhou Chu
DIAOTONGHUAN
YUCHAN
ZENGPIYAN
XIANRENDONG
Yinshanling
Dian Shizhaishan
LINGNAN/YUNNAN, SOUTHERN CHINA
Bronze Age I
Bronze
Middle Middle Shixla Late
Early
“Neolithic”
Inland
foragers
Age II
“Neolithic” “Neolithic” Late Neolithic I Neolithic II
I II
COASTAL VIETNAM
Quynh Van
Lung Hua
Xom Ren
Viet Khe
Dong Son Chau Can
Xuan Lu
Phung Nguyen
Dong Dau
Go
Hoabinhian
inland
foragers
Coastal
“Neolithic”
HOABINHIAN
Con Co Ngua
Mun
Go Trung
Cai Beo
Bau Du
Da But
Ni Kham Haeng
Nong Nor II
Khok Phanom Di
Non Pa Wai I
Probable
Hoabinhian
inland
foragers
coastal
settlement
in area now
drowned
Hoabinhian
inland
foragers
probably in
uplands
EARLY JOMON
cultivation
Hunamni
Millet
Rice
Culture
236
8 AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC BASIN DURING THE HOLOCENE
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bc
COASTAL REGIONS Introduction of dog
Reorganization of territory Increased use Increased
along the coast of standardized island use
Settlement
AUSTRALIA
technology and
INLAND REGIONS population
Introduction of dog Expansion Greater reorganization
Increased use of trade use of
of standardized networks deserts
technology
TASMANIA
Abandonment Cessation of Increased
Isolation of of islands fishing? use of inland
Tasmania resources
Maitum jars
and flake Northern (Iron Age) ceramic
industries Philippine imports
Neolithic
EASTERN INDONESIA Pebble Toalian Uattamdi Dong Son drums
and flake microliths Bukit (Bronze–Iron)
industries Tengkorak
ISLAND MELANESIA
Lapita Regional
No human settlement east of Solomon Islands pottery styles
MICRONESIA
OCEANIA
WESTERN POLYNESIA
Lapita Aceramic Tongan
No human settlement langi
Spread of Metallurgy
Neolithic (bronze
cultures and iron)
of Aboriginal occupation had been long established, the con- Early Foragers in a Changing Landscape
tinuous modification of the environment throughout the last Many of these modifications to cultural practice reflect res-
10,000 years triggered a series of economic and social altera- ponses to changes in the environment in which people were
tions that are revealed in the archaeological evidence from foraging. During the earlier part of the Holocene, sea levels
Holocene sites across Australia. rose and both temperatures and precipitation were higher than
266
9 ORIGINS OF FOOD - PRODUCING ECONOMIES IN THE AMERICAS
00
00
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–a
,0
,0
,0
10
70
90
50
40
60
80
bc
20
10
15
10
30
11
12
MESOAMERICA
● Pepo gourd and bottle ● Maize ● Cushaw squash ● Common bean
gourd
● Pottery ● Turkeys
EARLY
EARLY, MIDDLE, AND LATE ARCHAIC AGRICULTURAL
BASKETMAKER
PRECERAMIC
SOUTHWEST
NORTH AMERICA ● Pottery
● Squash and maize ● Turkeys
MIDDLE/LATE
EARLY ARCHAIC MIDDLE ARCHAIC LATE ARCHAIC EARLY WOODLAND
WOODLAND
EASTERN
NORTH AMERICA ● Dogs ● Earthen mound ● Sunflower ● Chenopod ● Maize
complexes and
sumpweed
● Pepo gourd ● Maygrass
● Pottery
SOUTH AMERICA
Pacific Coast
● Mummies complex chiefdoms
● Pottery Quinoa
● Bottle gourd ●
of bison physiology and behavior, by maneuvering and trap- spectacularly large communal kills, such as Olsen-Chubbuck
ping the animals in box canyons or high-walled sand dunes, [9.2] and Jones-Miller (both in eastern Colorado), in which
or running them into stream channels or arroyos (dry water- hundreds of bison were slaughtered in a single episode. The
courses) The oft-envisioned image of bison hurtling down difficult-to-control nature of these large kills meant that often-
artificial drive lines and then over a cliff to their deaths was not times more animals were killed than could be utilized. At
part of the Paleoindian hunting repertoire, but only occurred in Olsen-Chubbuck, for example, Joe Ben Wheat (1972) found
much later prehistoric and historic times (Byerly et al. 2005). that 16 percent of the 190 animals killed were only partially
Paleoindian bison kills commonly involved relatively few
animals, the kills likely made by small task groups of hunters
6 cm
(Andrews et al. 2008). However, there are a small number of
5
Hell Gap
9.1 Select North American Paleoindian projectile point forms found
4
on the Plains: the basal edges of Paleoindian points were intentionally Goshen
ground from their base to about their mid-portion; the Folsom point 3 Folsom
shown was heavily re-sharpened before being discarded. Points were
likely ground along their lower edges for several reasons, not least that 2
this is where the point was bound by sinew or plant fibers to a bone or
1
wooden spearshaft, and the grinding served to dull the edges so they
would not cut their bindings when under the stress of use as projectiles 0
or cutting tools. These points are generally older to younger left to right. Clovis Plainview Agate Basin Alberta/
Cody
308
10 HOLOCENE AFRICA
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–a
,0
10
20
70
90
50
40
60
80
bc
20
10
30
10
NILE VALLEY
Merimde: Kerma Napata Meroë Christian Nubia
early farming
Jenné-jeno
Benin City
EVENTS AND INNOVATIONS ● Wheat and barley ● First Egyptian ● First domesticated
first cultivated in writing millet in West Africa
Earliest pottery ● Possible earliest Nile Valley
in Sahara domesticated ● Domesticated sheep
cattle in Sahara and pottery reach
● Domesticated ● First Egyptian cities southern tip of Africa
sheep/goats
in Sahara ● Earliest iron-smelting
352
11 HOLOCENE EUROPE
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–a
00
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10
25
60
40
10
20
45
90
65
50
30
50
55
70
bc
15
35
NEOLITHIC COPPER AGE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE
SCANDINAVIAN
NEOLITHIC IRON AGE
BRONZE AGE
forest-adapted species – aurochs (wild cattle), red deer, and wild offered a wide range of both marine or freshwater and terrestrial
pig. The warmer conditions and more abundant vegetation resources. At Franchthi Cave in southern Greece, occupation
allowed human communities in postglacial Europe to place began in the Paleolithic and continued through the Neolithic
increasing reliance on plant foods as a source of nutrition, period, and the frequency and species of shellfish in successive
along with marine and riverine resources of fish and shellfish. layers illustrate the changing character of the local shoreline,
Many of the most significant postglacial hunting and forag- which drew progressively closer to the site as rising sea level
ing settlements were beside coasts, lakes, and wetlands, which flooded the lowland plain (Shackleton and Van Andel 1980).
394
12 PEOPLES AND COMPLEX SOCIETIES OF ANCIENT SOUTHWEST ASIA
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12
18
11
13
EARLY
CHALCOLITHIC MIDDLE BRONZE AGE LATE BRONZE AGE IRON AGE
BRONZE AGE
UPPER MESOPOTAMIA Amorites Aramaeans
Ninevite 5 Mittani
Halaf Hurrians
Ubaid Middle Neo-Assyrian
Assyrian empire
Uruk Mari
Dark Age
Ashur Nineveh
A C H A E M E N I D
Sumerian Kassites Dark Age
city-states Isin-Larsa
Ubaid Neo-Babylonian
Babylon
Uruk empire
● Akkadian empire
● Ur III empire Babylon
P E R S I A N
Late Ubaid Susa Neo-Elamite
Old Elamite Middle Elamite Medes
Uruk
Tepe Yahya
ANATOLIA Early
E M P I R E
Trans- Kanesh Dark Age Urartu
Late Ubaid Caucasian
Old Assyrian Hittite state ● Collapse
Trade Phrygia
Uruk-related ● Alaca Hattusa
Lydia
Neo-Hittites
Troy
1983; Matthews 2000) [12.2]. These sites are characterized by a rolling, hilly country with sufficient rainfall for dry farming.
distinctive package of material culture attributes, including cir- A great many Halaf sites were founded as new settlements,
cular buildings, high-quality painted pottery, female figurines, not overlying earlier human occupation, and this fact suggests
stone stamp seals, obsidian objects, and clay sling bullets. The a new peopling of sparsely inhabited areas, as farming tech-
distribution of Halaf sites is notable, situated as they are in niques improved and populations increased.
434
13 THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
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40
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bc
EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN ● Eruption
of Thera Phoenician Hellenistic Age Early Roman empire
Troy II exploration and Alexander
colonization the Great ● 31 BC Battle Late Roman empire
of Actium
● Uluburun ● Foundation of Division
wreck Greek Alexandria
●
colonization of Roman
● Siege of
Alexander empire
●
Masada
reaches India
“Prepalatial” ● Destruction
Early Minoan of Knossos
First Palace
period
WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN
Greek colonization Punic Early Roman empire
Wars
Phoenician exploration ● 146 BC Sack of Late Roman empire
and colonization Carthage
Division of Roman ●
● Foundation empire
of Carthage Reign of Traditional end of the ●
Augustus Western empire
relatively clear, although the effects of tectonic activity continue is adopted in this chapter, a reading that embraces the littoral
(the eastern end of the island of Crete, for example, is slowly territories of the inland sea in all directions. This vagueness
sinking). Locating the cultural boundaries of the Mediterranean of boundaries, and the resulting inevitable overlaps with other
world is far more problematic, and various indices have been cultural regions, are very much part of the Mediterranean story.
employed – one, for instance, revolving around the rainfall and Another reason for the relative neglect of the region taken
temperature patterns that allow olive cultivation, for the olive as a whole, ironically, is the sheer fame of certain parts of its
and olive oil are key elements (with grains and the grapevine) history – not least “the glory that was Greece and the gran-
in the so-called “Mediterranean triad” of food staples [13.2]. A deur that was Rome,” in Edgar Allan Poe’s famous phrase. To
flexible interpretation of what comprises the Mediterranean modern Western audiences, the Mediterranean world is best
474
14 SOUTH ASIA : FROM EARLY VILLAGES TO BUDDHISM
d
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
–a
00
00
0
0
40
30
50
80
50
60
20
45
10
bc
50
10
25
55
15
35
11
BALUCHISTAN
Kili Gul Muhammad Edith Shah
Mehrgarh
Shahr-i-Sokhta Pirak
INDUS VALLEY
Amri Kot Diji
Harappa Taxila
Kalibangan Jhukhar
Mohenjo-daro Cemetery H
NORTHERN VALLEYS
Burzahom Timargarha
Kalako-deray
Charsadda
Dholavira
Inamgaon
Anuradhapura
INDUS TRADITION
6500–1900 BC Localization
Indus Era
Neolithic civilization
Early Food Producing Regionalization Era Integration
Era Era
520
15 COMPLEX SOCIETIES OF EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
d
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
–a
30
0
0
20
60
40
30
80
50
50
70
10
50
bc
10
14
15
HUNTER-
GATHERERS NEOLITHIC
CHINA ● 221–207 BC
Middle Neolithic Xia Anyang c. 770–481 BC Qin Dynasty
Yangshao Dynasty (Late Shang) Spring and
Autumn
Early Neolithic
Pengtoushan 206 BC–AD 9
Longshan Early/ Western Han
Culture Middle Shang
KOREA
c. 108 BC–AD 313
Lelang
SOUTHEAST ASIA
c. 150 BC–AD 550 c. AD 550–800
Funan Chenla
c. AD 500–900
Dvaravati
c. AD 800–1430
Angkor
YAYOI
HUNTER-GATHERERS
EARLY LATE
JAPAN
c. AD 300–700
Yamato
The Hongshan Culture There are several groups of sites in its spirit temple surrounded by an extensive area of mounded
central and northern China that reveal trends toward social tombs [15.3]. The temple itself covers 22 × 9 m (72 × 30 ft),
complexity similar to those in the Yangzi Valley. The Hongshan and was constructed of wooden-framed walls on stone founda-
culture of Liaoning Province and adjacent Inner Mongolia, for tions; the inner walls were plastered and painted. Several clay
example, features ritual sites associated with rich burials dating female figures were found within, as well as representations of
to c. 4700–2900 BC (Nelson 1995). Niuheliang is notable for dragons and birds. Burial mounds clustering around the sacred
554
16 MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
d
00
00
00
00
00
00
–a
00
00
00
00
00
15 0
00
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
20
20
90
80
60
60
50
30
30
50
70
bc
70
40
40
10
10
10
14
12
13
15
11
LATE TERMINAL EARLY LATE
ARCHAIC PRECLASSIC EARLY CLASSIC POSTCLASSIC
CLASSIC CLASSIC POSTCLASSIC
VALLEY OF OAXACA
Monte Albán
Mesoamerica’s ●
earliest dated
maize San José Various Mixtec and Zapotec kingdoms
macrofossils Mogote
by hunting, fishing, or foraging. Equally distinctive is that an fat in particular was highly desirable), but also created patterns
impressive array of domesticated plants was poorly supple- of group mobility and territoriality, divisions of labor, capital
mented by domestic animals; particularly lacking were large accumulation, and exchange that were very different from any-
herd animals. Introduction of Old World livestock after the thing seen in pre-hispanic Mesoamerica.
Spanish conquest stimulated rapid and dramatic ecosystem Northern and southern boundaries of Mesoamerica marked
transformations (many of them deleterious), and drastically the limits within which maize could reliably be grown, sup-
affected social and economic behavior (Mann 2011). Old World porting extensive settlement by village farmers. These limits
livestock allowed humans to exploit zones marginal or unsuit- shifted somewhat over time, from climatic change, popula-
able for agriculture, thus enlarging their effective niches. tion movements, and cultural interactions, but wherever their
Varying degrees of pastoralism not only affected diet (animal location, Mesoamerica was not isolated. To the north, native
596
17 FROM VILLAGE TO EMPIRE IN SOUTH AMERICA
d
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
–a
00
15 0
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
33
0
0
0
40
30
90
30
70
40
20
50
50
20
60
80
bc
10
10
10
14
12
15
13
11
INITIAL EARLY INTERMEDIATE PERIOD LATE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
PRECERAMIC PERIOD
ANDEAN HIGHLANDS
ANDEAN COAST
Nazca Batán Grande
* Earliest ●
village Rio Supe sites
Gallinazo Chimu empire
Chinchorro Sechín Alto Moche Chan Chan
FORMATIVE
AMAZON RIVER
UPPER Tivicundo Cumancaya Napo (AP) Caimito (AP)
Tupaboniba
Hupa-iya
Camani/Early Méidote Nofurei/Late Méidote
Tutishcainyo (AB) (to 1650)
CENTRAL
Açutuba Manacapuru (AB) Guarita (AP)
Paredão
LOWER
Marajoara
(AP)
Santarem/Konduri
SOUTHERN AMAZON
Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia)
Geoglyphs (Acre)
Xinguano
642
18 COMPLEX SOCIETIES OF NORTH AMERICA
00
–a
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90
50
30
40
30
70
40
20
70
20
80
80
60
50
bc
60
10
10
16
10
18
14
12
13
15
13
11
LATE ARCHAIC EARLY WOODLAND MIDDLE WOODLAND LATE WOODLAND MISSISSIPPIAN
EASTERN
NORTH AMERICA Adena and Hopewell Cahokia ● Craig
Mound
Native cultigens
Chiefdoms
Spiro
Maize
HOHOKAM
EARLY AGRICULTURAL OR FORMATIVE HOHOKAM PRECLASSIC
CLASSIC
SOUTHWEST SOUTHERN ARIZONA
PLAINS ● Crow
Creek
Maize
Norse occupation
L’Anse aux Meadows ●
While the full range of North American societies is not 500 more years would pass before the continent’s other native
covered in this chapter, enough are discussed to illustrate peoples would find they were not alone in the world, in an
the great variation in how people lived. The largest and most encounter that left them reeling from devastating population
organizationally complex societies developed in the Eastern loss, cultural disintegration, and forced migration.
Woodlands. The distinctive Southwestern pueblos, especially In this chapter, the most organizationally complex societies
the picturesque cliff dwellings, are perhaps the most widely in their respective culture areas are emphasized, those com-
recognized evidence of prehistoric life in the continent. The monly referred to as tribes or chiefdoms (except the northern
hunters of the far north are of particular interest because of hunters). (For formal definitions, see Chapter 1.) Exactly what
their sophisticated adaptation to a harsh and frigid environ- took place during the emergence of these societies, and why it
ment. They were the first to meet Europeans – small groups did so, are matters of lively debate.
of Norse who sailed to North America 1000 years ago. Over
680