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mshariati44@gmail.com
hchavoshan@gmail.com
hamidre2000@gmail.com
|Q=PoQ=@ '|@w=vD |QwLt |Q=PoQ=@ 'nv}DJQ '|}xv=wDU= pv=B %|O}rm u=oS=w
kamal kolasangiani@yahoo.com "SS304L nvRO[ Oqwi '|Q}tN |SQv= '|@w=vD ?mQt

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100 1000 1500
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u=Wv G}=Dv "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv 375 w 295 '175 mm |=ypw] =@ |}xv=wDU=
Vy=m xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ pw] wO Qy |=Q@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv xm OyO|t |Q=PoQ=@ CLD u; nv}DJQ Q=DiQ Q@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B pw] Q}F-=D "2"6
|=ypw] =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv 'xQwO Qy QO =t= &O@=}|t ?mQt

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|}=Hx@=H MQv Vy=m '|}=OD@= |xQwO 50 QO "CU= |QDq=@ |}=Hx@=H MQv |=Q=O |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ pv=B QFw-t pw]x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H C@Uv '7 pmW QO
Q=Okt "CU= |WwBsWJ p@=k Vy=m u}= xt=O= QO =t= 'CU= O=}R Q=}U@ nv}DJQ u}at pw] l} |=Q@ OwW|t xOy=Wt "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv hrDNt pw] xU

QO "Ovm|t p}t QiY x@ w C@=F ,=@} QkD |}=yDv= |=yxQwO QO nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv |}=Hx@=H MQv w V}=Ri= nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H 'xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B

1500 w 1000 '100 xQwO xU QO nv}DJQ |}=H@=H MQv V}=Ri= OYQO '2 pwOH uOWl}ORv w T}RQDU}y |=yxkrL CmQL QO Q=DiQ u}= "O@=}|t Vy=m nv}DJQ
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv QDt|r}t 295 x@ 175 R= =yxvwtv pw] Q}}eD |=R= x@ =@ u}vJty "OW xOy=Wt R}v 6 pmW QO xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= QF=Q@ sy x@ =yxkrL

hkwD Qo}O CQ=@ax@ =} QiY x@ u; uOQmp}t w nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv Vy=m u}= xm O@=}|t V}=Ri= R}v nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H '|}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B pw] V}=Ri=

=y|}=Hx@=v |oOQDUo w |Q}opmW p}rOx@ 'nv}DJQ |Q}tN pmW Q}}eD |oDW=@v= hrDNt `]=kt QO |Owta |=yVvD V}=Ri= w |WtN Qw=DWo V}=Ri= p}rOx@ Q}}eD

|}xQwO |=ypmW Q}}eD CLD |}xO=t xm |Dkw "CU= |}xQwO |=ypmW Q}}eD =@ OwW|t xOy=Wt 7 pmW QO xm u=vJ "CU= QDOvr@ pw] =@ p}=t |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B
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6
"""w u=Ww=J O}tL '|Da} QW OwtLt
"hrDNt pw] xU =@ xOW V}=tR; |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B "11 pmW
@ } v= U= |=ypv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ |Q}tN |SQv= C=Q}}eD "12 pmW
= | x wD
"|@w=vD ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t 375 w 295 '175 |=ypw]
375 w 295 '175 |=ypw] =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ 'CU= xvwtv Qy QO |Q}tN
uDw}vwr}m 13 5 wQ}v |xvt=O w u}ov=}t |wQ}v =@ |@w=vD ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t
QO OwW|t xOy=Wt pmW QO xm Qw]u=ty "CU= xOW s}UQD 12 pmW j@=]t
Vy=m COWx@ |Q}tN |SQv= 'xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ x}rw= |=yxQwO QO '=ypw] |t=tD
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QO "CU= u=Um} |Q=PoQ=@ p=ta= =@ w QDnQR@ pw] =@ pv=B |=yDv= QO QDnQR@ |WtN
|}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ u=Um} |}xQwO VvD CLD xm s}@=}|tQO '8 pmW =@ xU}=kt
"CU= QDW}@ u; Qta xH}DvQO w QDsm |Q}tN pmW Q}}eD |iqD= |SQv= 'QDsm pw] =@
MQv C=Q}}eD ?ULQ@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B |Q}tN |SQv= C=Q}}eD |UQQ@ Qw_vtx@
375 w 295 '175 |=ypw] =@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B |=Q@ 13 pmW 'nv}DJQ VvQm
|x]@=Q l} 'pmW u}= QO "CU= xOW sUQ |@w=vD ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t
"OwW|t xOy=Wt nv}DJQ VvQm MQv x@ C@Uv xQwO Qy QO |Q}tN |SQv= u}@ |]N
Vy=m |]N ,=@} QkD CQwYx@ nv}DJQ VvQm MQv '|Q}tN |SQv= Vy=m =@ u}vJty
nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv ?ULQ@ |Q}tN VvQm |SQv= |vLvt ?}W hqDN= "O@=}|t
|}xv=wDU= pv=B w OwW|t xOy=Wt Kw[wx@ QDt|r}t 375 w 295 '175 pw] xU |=Q@
OYQO '3 pwOH QO '12 pmW x@ xHwD =@ "CU= |QDW}@ ?}W |=Q=O QDW}@ pw] =@
R}v QDt|r}t 295 x@ 175 R= =yxvwtv x}rw= pw] Q}}eD |=R= x@ |Q}tN |SQv= V}=Ri=
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv
u}= u; w Ov=lQDWt |xYNWt l} |=Q=O |oOvwWCNU |=ypOt |xty
7
|=Q@ =y|}=Hx@=v |xOvyOu=Wv |W@wQ |vwQDmr= AwmUwQm}t Q} wYD "9 pmW
u}ov=}t VvD |Q=PoQ=@ \}=QW =@ |}xQwO |Q=PoQ=@ CLD sw}vtwr; S=}r; |xvwtv
"p=mU=B=ot 12
"xvwtv Q]k x@ pw] C@Uv ?ULQ@ xa]k Qta pw] "10 pmW
x@ xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ TBU w Ov=xDiQo Q=Qk xDiW; Cr=L x@ =OD@= '=y|}=Hx@=v u}=
AwmUwQm}t R= xO=iDU= =@ Q=DiQ u}= [13] "Ov};|t QO s_vt |}=Hx@=v |=yu=tr= pmW
QO =y|}=Hx@=v x@ \w@ Qt Q}w=YD w [14] '|UQQ@ sw}vtwr; S=}r; |wQ |W@wQ |vwQDmr=
|}xQwO |=yVvQm x@ xDU@ u}at |xQwO O=OaD R= TB "OW xO=O u=Wv 9 pmW
xDiQo OwN x@ |t_vt w Q=O}=B |Ov@pmW 'O}OH |xOWO}rwD |=y|}=Hx@=v '|r=ta=
"OwW|t nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv uOWQiY w Vy=m ?Hwt Q}}eD u}= w
? Q m t |Q=PoQ=@ CLD u; Qta pw] Q@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B pw] Q}F-=D "4"6
|xQwO O=OaD =} =yxa]k Qta pw] '=yxvwtv pw] V}=Ri= =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B QO
\=kv QO |WtN Qw=DWo "10 pmW O@=}|t Vy=m =yxvwtv CUmW |=Q@ sRq
|@ QHD |=yV}=tR; QO &CU= Q=Okt u} QDW}@ |=Q=O p}=t |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |}=yDv=
|oO}Wm w OvwW|t CUmW Q=JO |L=wv u}= QO |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B xm OW xOy=Wt
"11 pmW CU= QDW}@ |L=wv u}= QO
} H @ H MQv =@ |SQv= |x]@=Q w |Q}tN |SQv= Q@ pw] Q}F-=D "5"6
|= x=
hrDNt |=ypw] QO nv}DJQ
|Q=PoQ=@ |=Q@ xU}=kt p@=k 'CyH R= pkDUt w Qr=mU= Q=Okt =@ `@=D l} u=wvax@ |SQv=
u}= QO Qw_vt u}tyx@ "CU= hrDNt |=ypw] |=Q@ |}xQwO ?mQt w |Owta hrDNt
pmW Q}}eD |SQv= Qou=Wv xm xQwO Qy QO T}RQDU}y |xkrL K]U CL=Ut VN@
 %6 w 1 \@=wQ x@ xHwD =@

"""|}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B nv}DJQ Q=DiQ |@ QHD p}rLD

x ( )
3 = 0
2 
x

x = 0 +
3
+ ( x0
2 ) exp [ ("px "px0 )] d"px  0
2 3
( 7)
 
x = 0
3( x0 +
2 ) exp [ ("px "px0 )] d"px h0
2 3
( 8)

hqDN= m a Q@=Q@ ?}DQDx@ |}=yDv= w |}=OD@= |=yVvD |Q=PoQ=@ Cr=L QO

Cr=L QO "CU= xvt=O w u}ov=}t VvD `wtHt m + a w xvt=O w u}ov=}t VvD

"CU= m a w m + a ?}DQDx@ |}=yDv= w |}=OD@= |=yVvD R}v |Q=OQ@Q=@ '175 |=ypw] |=Q@ nv}DJQ VvQm MQv ?ULQ@ |Q}tN |SQv= C=Q}}eD "13 pmW
("1 ) |Q=PoQ=@ Cr=L QO |}=OD@= |=yVvQm '9 |x]@=Q R= xO=iDU= =@ w \}=QW u}= QO "|@w=vD ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t 360 w 195
("4 ) |Q=OQ@Q=@ w ("2 ) |Q=PoQ=@ Cr=L QO |}=yDv= |=yVvQm w ("3 ) |Q=OQ@Q=@ w
175 R= =yxvwtv |x}rw= pw] Q}}eD |=R=x@ |Q}tN |SQv= V}=Ri= OYQO "3 pwOH
VvD =@ w |Q=PoQ=@ Cr=L QO VvQm u} QDW}@ "OwW|t x@U=Lt 12 =D 9 \@=wQ j@]
"|Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO QDt|r}t 295 x@
%CW=O s}y=wN |Q=PoQ=@ |x_Lr QO "OyO|t MQ m + a
xQwO O=OaD
!
1 ln m a 0 100 1000 1500
"1 = "px0 3 ( x0 2 ) ( 9) 13 74 11 32 9 01
2 3
!
"2 = "px0
1 ln m + a 0
(10)
3 ( x0
2
2 )
3 l} =tv} D U |oOvwWCNU pOt w TU}tuwi s}rUD Q=}at Q@ |vD@t |oty xm CU=
%OwW|t h} QaD 1 |x]@=Q CQwYx@ TU}tuwi s}rUD Q=}at "OvDUy
%CW=O s}y=wN |Q=OQ@Q=@ |x_Lr QO w
p
! f ( )= (s ):(s ) k=0 (1)
"3 = "px0 +
1 ln
m + a + 0
(11)
3 ( x0 + 2 )
2 3
! m t |xOvyOu=Wv |i=QLv= VvDV}B QwUv=D '|i=QLv= Vv
R Q
q
D QwUv=D S u; QO xm
1
"2 = "px0 + ln
 m a + 0
(12) |oOvwWCNU pOt QO xm CU= s}rUD K]U |xR=Ov= k = 3 0 's}rUD K]U
2
3 ( x0 + 2 )
2 3 |=ypOt R= |m} u=wvax@ 4 V}QO} Qi  nv=QDUtQ; |oOvwWCNU pOt "CU= C@=F
%OwW|t x@U=Lt 13 |x]@=Q j@] xQwO Qy QO |Q}tN |WvQm |SQv= %CU= xDiQo Q=Qk |Q=}U@ u}kkLt xO=iDU= OQwt 'sQD l} uOQmxi=[= =@ x}rw=
r
I Z+a
m
d =
2 d"p
2 d"p d"p (2)
wp = ij d"pijx = (x )Loading d"px 3 3
Cycle
m a
mZ a %R= CU= CQ=@a xQwLtlD |Q=PoQ=@ |=Q@ AF |oOvwW CNU pOt
+ (x )Unloading d"px =
4 a
m +a d =
2 d"px jd"px j (3)
 
x
3
+ 0 + [("2 "px0 ) ("1 "px0 )]
  %CW=O s}y=wN |Q=OQ@Q=@ w |Q=PoQ=@ \}=QW |=Q@ 3 |x]@=Q pL =@
+ 0 + [("4 "px0 ) ("3 "px0 )] (13)
=
2 + ( x0
2 ) exp [ ("px "px0 )] d"px  0 (4)
} @ v @ |Q}tN |WvQm |SQv= xm s}@=}|tQO 13 w 10 '9 \@=wQ |xU}=kt =@
x
3 3
u QDW} wt =
=
2 + ( x0 +
2 p "px0 )] d"px h0 (5)
u=wD|t x}rw= pw] QO xrO=at u}iQ] ?Q[ =@ "OQ=O |]N |x]@=Q 'xQwO Qy QO VvQm x
3 3 ) exp [ ("x
|Q}tN |SQv= |x]@=Q uOw@ |]N R= "OQm C=@F= R}v nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H T=U=Q@
u}= QO xO=iDU= OQwt |=yQJUm}i xm CiQo xH}Dv u=wD|t |Q}tN VvQm MQv w
%u}vJty
|}x_Lqt p@=k u=OvJ |=ypmW Q}}eD w OvDUy ?rY |rw@k p@=k OL =D V}=tR; 1
= = (6)
"OQ=Ov OwHw OwW V}=tR; QO =]N O=H}= Ea=@ xm x y
2 x

8
"""w u=Ww=J O}tL '|Da} QW OwtLt

u; nv}DJQ Q=DiQ Q@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B |x}w=R Q}F-=D "6"6

|x}w=R CLD p}=t w |Owta CQwY wO x@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B CtUk u}= QO
?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H 16 =D 14 |=ypmW QO "Ov=xDiQo Q=Qk = 200
xOW sUQ QDt|r}t 375 '295 '175 pw] xU =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD
x@=Wt  |Owta |Q=PoQ=@ Cr=L QO xm OwW|t xOy=Wt pmW xU u}= QO "CU=

V}=Ri= x@ QHvt xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri=  OwW|t xOy=Wt ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ QO xm xJv;

|xQwO O=OaD w C@=F pw] l} |=Q@ "OwW|t u; MQv Vy=m w nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H
CU= |Owta |}xv=wDU= pv=B R= QDW}@ p}=t |}xv=wDU= pv=B nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H 'u}at

pv=B hrDNt `]=kt QO |Owta |wQ}v Q@ xwqa |WtN Qw=DWo O=H}= u; Cra xm

xm |r=L QO &CU= x=Qty p}=t |}xv=wDU= pv=B VtN =@ xm CU= p}=t |}xv=wDU=

=D 4 pw=OH QO "CU= xOW p=ta= |Owta |wQ}v \ki |Owta |}xv=wDU= pv=B QO

|=ypw] QO x}w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R= x@ nv}DJQ |}=H@=H V}=Ri= OYQO 6

pw] =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H "16 pmW xOW xO=O u=Wv 1500 w 1000 '100 |=yxQwO QO QDt|r}t 375 w 295 '175
"|@w=vD |QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD 375 mm QFw-t "CU=
Q=QkDU= |x}w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H V}=Ri= OYQO "4 pwOH
"QDt|r}t 175 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO pv=B
xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
54 78 21 12 14 18
|x}w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H V}=Ri= OYQO "5 pwOH
"QDt|r}t 295 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO pv=B |Q}oQ=Qk
xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
41 43 18 31 14 08
|Q}oQ=Qk x}w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H V}=Ri= OYQO "6 pwOH pw] =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H "14 pmW
"QDt|r}t 375 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO pv=B "|@w=vD |QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD 175 mm QFw-t
xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
28 78 20 90 19 59

hrDN t |=}=wR QO nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H `=@W= "7"6

|=Q@ xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv C=Q}}eD 19 =D 17 |=ypmW QO
xrY=L G}=Dv "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv xHQO 20 w QiY |=}=wR =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B

xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ x}w=R wO Qy |=Q@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv xm CU= u; Qou=Wv
=@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv xQwO Qy QO =t= 'O@=}|t Vy=m

|x}w=R =@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B w OvQ=O sy x@ C@Uv |tm Q=}U@ hqDN= Qwm Pt |=ypw]
MQv Vy=m '|}=OD@= |xQwO 50 QO "CU= |QDq=@ |}=Hx@=H MQv |=Q=O xHQO 20
|WwBsWJ p@=k Vy=m u}= 'xt=O= QO =t= CU= O=}R Q=}U@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H

QiY x@ w CU= C@=F ,=@} QkD |}=yDv= |=yxQwO QO nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv "CU= pw] =@ |}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H "15 pmW
w 8 '7 pw=OH QO '|@ QHD |=yxO=O w 19 =D 17 |=ypmW x@ xHwD =@ "Ovm|t p}t "|@w=vD |QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD 295 mm QFw-t

9
|x}w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv V}=Ri= OYQO "7 pwOH

"""|}xv=wDU= |=ypv=B nv}DJQ Q=DiQ |@ QHD p}rLD

"QDt|r}t 175 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO pv=B Q=QkDU=
xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
94 4 42 21 9 45
x }w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv V}=Ri= OYQO "8 pwOH
"QDt|r}t 295 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO pv=B |Q}oQ=Qk
xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
22 85 17 01 15 44
x }w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv V}=Ri= OYQO "9 pwOH
"QDt|r}t 375 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO QO pv=B |Q}oQ=Qk
pw] =@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv "17 pmW
xQwO O=OaD "|@w=vD |QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t 175
100 1000 1500
9 34 5 08 4 61

|Q}oQ=Qk x}w=R V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R= x@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv V}=Ri= OYQO 9
"CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv QDt|r}t 375 w 295 '175 pw] xU QO pv=B
nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H|x@U=Lt|=Q@ |}x]@=Q '|@ QHD G}=DvT=U=Q@ CtUk u}=QO

|}xv=wDU= |=yxDUwB QO nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H Q=Okt R= xO=iDU= =@ x=wNrO |x}w=R QO

u}vJ u=wD|t =Q K ?} Q[ "CU= xOW x=Q= x@=Wt |xO=t w xUOvy =@ |Owta

%OQm h} QaD
(Xr )
K= (14)
(X )=0
} v= U= |xDUwB |=Q@ (Xr )=0 w p}=t |}xv=wDU= |xDUwB |=Q@ (Xr ) u; QO xm
| x wD

|xDUwB |=Q@ Sv=Qoq |=y|}xrtH OvJ VwQ R= xO=iDU= =@ K ?} Q[ "CU= |Owta

%Ot; CUO x@ 15 x]@=Q CQwYx@ |}xv=wDU= pw] =@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv "18 pmW
"|@w=vD |QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t 295
K =4 10 + 2 10
4 4 2  0 02922  + 0 0702
+ 0 2543 3 6020 (15)

x =Q= x=wNrO pw] w x}w=R =@ p}=t |}xv=wDU= |=yxDUwB |=Q@ K ?} Q[ u; QO xm

\ N x@ C@Uv |}xv=wDU= |xDUwB |x}w=R  w = Leff D x]@=Q u}= QO "CU= xOW
"CU= Owta

} H @ H MQv =@ |SQv= x]@=Q w |Q}tN |SQv= Q@ x}w=R Q}F-=D "8"6

|= x=

hrDNt |=}=wR QO nv}DJQ

} v= U= |=ypv=B Cr=L wO QO |iqD= |SQv= u=wvax@ |Q}tN |SQv= CtUk u}= QO

| x wD

QO "CU= xOW xU}=kt sy =@ 'Owta x@ C@Uv xHQO 20 w QiY |x}w=R =@

|=ypv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ |Q}tN |SQv= C=Q}}eD Q=DiQ '22 =D 20 |=ypmW
|QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t 375 w 295 '175 pw] =@ |}xv=wDU=
|iqD= |SQv= 'xQwO O=OaD V}=Ri= =@ xm OwW|t xOy=Wt "CU= xOW xO=O u=Wv |@w=vD pw] =@ |}xv=wDU= pv=B |=Q@ xQwO O=OaD ?ULQ@ nv}DJQ |}=Hx@=H MQv "19 pmW
C@=F w Q=O}=B xm u}= =D O@=}|t Vy=m xQwO Qy QO |Q}tN pmW Q}}eD Qo}O CQ=@ax@ w "|@w=vD |QwLt w ?mQt |Q=PoQ=@ CLD QDt|r}t 375

10
 QO pv=B pw] V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ |Q}tN |SQv= V}=Ri= OYQO "10 pwOH
"""w u=Ww=J O}tL '|Da} QW OwtLt

"QDt|r}t 175 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO

xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
54 11 53 53 52 67

QO pv=B pw] V}=Ri= xHQO 20 |=R=x@ |Q}tN |SQv= V}=Ri= OYQO "11 pwOH
"QDt|r}t 295 pw] QO |Q=PoQ=@ XNWt |=yxQwO
xQwO O=OaD
100 1000 1500
52 33 47 87 45 12
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carbon steel and stainless steel", Journal of Construc-

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1. cyclic plasticity
2. Ratcheting
3. nite element
4. Armstrong-Frederick
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