Water Treament

Dr. Shivendra Singh

UGC-NET-JRF, PhD- IIT Indore
Assistant Professor
ssingh4@gwa.amity.edu

Webpage: https://sites.google.com/view/drshivendrasingh/home
Youtube: https://bit.ly/2YM0QG0
Outline

ü Introduction and specifications of water,

ü Hardness and its determination (EDTA method only),
ü Alkalinity, Caustic embrittlement, Boiler feed water, boiler problems;
scale, sludge, Carbonate & phosphate conditioning, colloidal
conditioning & calgon treatment,
ü Water softening processes; Lime – soda process, Ion exchange
method. Water for domestic use.
 1. Introduction: Sources of water

https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-illustration-percentage-
ratio-water-land-earth-s-surface-graph-shows-image87610248 https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/701
 …Drinking Water
(Indian Standard)

The parameters like

ppm
ppm ü pH,
mg/L ü Electrical conductivity (EC),
𝜇S/cm ü Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
parts per thousand ü Total Dissolved Solids
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (TDS),
ü turbidity,
ü salinity,
mg/L
ü major cations,
Salinity: measure of the ü major anions and
amount of dissolved salts in
water ü alkalinity of samples.
Evaluation of Water Quality of Ganges River Using Water Quality Index Tool,
Environment asia 8 (1), 2015) 124-132
…Physical Properties of Water

Vapour pressure is a measure of the tendency of a material to

change into the gaseous or vapour state, and it increases with
temperature. The temperature at which the vapour pressure at
the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the pressure exerted
by the surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid.

Solids can be heated to the point where the molecules holding

their bonds together break apart and form a liquid. The most
common example is solid ice turning into liquid water. This
process is better known as melting, or heat of fusion, and
results in the molecules within the substance becoming less
organized. When a substance converts from a solid state to a
liquid state, the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is positive. However, if
the substance is transforming from a liquid state to a solid state
the change in enthalpy (ΔH) is negative. This process is
commonly known as the freezing, and results in the molecules
within the substance becoming more ordered.
…Physical Properties of Water

In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of vaporization (symbol ∆Hvap), also known as the (latent) heat of
vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the amount of energy (enthalpy) that must be added to
a liquid substance to transform a quantity of that substance into a gas.
In chemistry and thermodynamics, the standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of
a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its
constituent elements in their reference state, with all substances in their standard states. The
standard pressure value (P=1 bar) is recommended by IUPAC.

Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow. The SI unit of viscosity is poiseiulle (PI). Its other units are
newton-second per square metre (N s m-2) or pascal-second (Pa s.) The dimensional formula of viscosity is [ML-
1T-1].

Surface tension is the tendency of liquid surfaces at rest to shrink into the minimum surface area possible.

Dr. Shivendra Singh Lecture-1 Water Treatment https://bit.ly/2YM0QG0

 …Introduction: Applications
q Most wonderful, abundant and useful compound.
q Not only essential for the lives of animals & plants but also occupies a unique position
in industries.
1) Textile industry: Soft water free from organic matter.
2) Laundries: requires soft water
3) Boilers: Water of zero hardness
4) Paper industry: Water free from SiO2.
5) Sugar industry: Soft water needed.
6) Cooking: Water free from dissolved salts.
7) Dairies & Pharmaceutical industries: Ultra pure water.
Dr. Shivendra Singh Lecture-1 Water Treatment https://bit.ly/2YM0QG0
Normality and Molarity (For solids)
Normality is described as the number Molarity is a unit of concentration
of gram or mole equivalents of solute expressed as the number of moles of
present in one litre of a solution. When dissolved solute per liter of solution.
we say equivalent, it is the number of
moles of reactive units in a compound.
Equivalent Weight
q An equivalent weight which is also known as gram equivalent can be defined as is the
mass of one equivalent, that is the mass of a given substance that will combine with or
displace a fixed quantity of another substance.
q Thus, in other words, gram equivalent or the equivalent weight of a substance is the
mass of the substance that can displace 1.008 grams of hydrogen or 8.0 grams of oxygen
or 35.5 grams of chlorine.

ü Equivalent mass of an acid = molecular mass of the acid/basicity.

ü Equivalent mass of a base = molecular mass of the base/acidity.
ü Equivalent mass of a salt = molecular mass of the salt/total positive valency of metal atoms
…Equivalent Weight

Quest-1: What is the molarity of 1N H2SO4 solution?

Quest-2: What is the normality of a solution of 0.100M
H2SO4 solution?
Ans-1: 0.5
Ans-2: 0.2

Dr. Shivendra Singh Lecture-1 Water Treatment https://bit.ly/2YM0QG0

Normality of liquids
Example-1: Sarah is a BS chemistry student. She was given a stock
solution of HCl prepared in distilled water. The initial concentration
of the given solution was 0.05 N. She carefully added 25 mL of this
0.05 N HCl solution in a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted it up
to the mark with water. Can you help her find the final
concentration of the diluted solution? Ans-1: 0.0125 N.
Example-2: If Sam wants to prepare a 500 mL solution with a normality of 0.5 by diluting a 1
N stock solution, how much of the stock solution and how much water does he need to
use? Ans-2: 250 ml.
https://topblogtenz.com/n1v1-n2v2-normality-equation/

Dr. Shivendra Singh Lecture-1 Water Treatment https://bit.ly/2YM0QG0