3.matrix Acidizing 3-1-2010 (2P)

PETE 434/2010
PETE 434/4-1 1 Dr. İ. Hakkı Gücüyener

1
Chap. 3 – Matrix Acidizing

Outline
• Introduction
• Carbonate Matrix Acidizing
• Sandstone Matrix Acidizing
• Fluid Placement and Diversion
• Acid Additives
• Treatment Evaluation
PETE 434/2010
2
1
Acidizing Methods
• Acid Washing
• Matrix Acidizing
• Acid Fracturing
PETE 434/2010
3
Acid Washing
• Acid washing is an operation designed to remove
acid soluble scales present in the wellbore or to open
perforations.
• A small volume of acid is spotted at the desired
position in the wellbore and allowed it to react with
scale deposits or formation.
• The acid may be circulated back and forth across the
perforations or formation face. This accelerates the
dissolution process.
PETE 434/2010
4
2
Acid Fracturing
• Performed above the fracturing rate and pressure of
the formation
• Rock is cracked and an etched fracture is created
• Since flowing acid tend to etch in a nonuniform
manner, conductive channels are created which
usually remain when the fracture closes.
PETE 434/2010
5
What is the matrix acidizing?

s>0 s<0
Acid
ks<k ks>k
• The goal of a matrix acidizing

is to enhance well productivity
by reducing the skin factor
through removing near wellbore
damage. Skin
rw
• Performed below the fracturing
rate and pressure of the formation. ks k h
• Acid travels through existing pores
rs
and fractures. re
PETE 434/2010
6
3
Skin Effect
0.00708ko h
Jo = Skin
µo Bo ln(re / rw + s )
rs
rw re
s = ( k / k s − 1) ln(rs / rw )
s > 0 ks < k
s = 0 ks = k
ks k h
s < 0 ks > k
PETE 434/2010
7
Production Loss Due to

Formation Damage
Js ( ks / ko ) ln( re / rw )
=
J o ln(rs / rw ) + (k s / ko ) ln(re / rs )
Jo Js
ko ko
rw rw rs
re re
ks
PETE 434/2010
8
4
Js (k s / ko ) ln(re / rw )
=
Example 1 J o ln(rs / rw ) + (k s / ko ) ln(re / rs )
Damaged zone
rs=10.0 in.
rw=4.0 in.
re=660 ft
70% reduction
ko= 100 mD
h
0.3
ks= 5 mD
PETE 434/2010
9
Matrix Acidizing
• It is not a solution for poor reservoir quality.
Typically, the lower permeability limit is about 10
mD for an oil well and 1 mD for a gas well.
• In carbonates, acids react with flow channels and
pores and can create long wormholes, effectively
increasing permeability for several feet in the
reservoir.
• In contrast, acid treatments in sandstones merely
remove damage and do not actually stimulate the
reservoir.
PETE434/4-1
PETE 434/2010 10 Dr. İ. Hakkı Gücüyener
10
5
Matrix Acidizing
• Removal of near well bore damage can result in significant
stimulation, by say three-fold.
• In undamaged formations even significant permeability
increases over a 3 to 6 meter radius around the wellbore
will result in less dramatic stimulation than achieved
when removing damage.
• There is a practical limit of about a 50% increase in
injectivity or productivity of undamaged oil or water
wells which can be achieved using matrix stimulation.
• Higher levels of stimulation would probably require the
use of uneconomic volumes of stimulation fluid (acid or
acid generating solution)
PETE 434/2010
11
Example 2 – Acidizing Undamaged Wells

After acidizing, a high permeability zone of 500 mD extending
6.0 in. into the formation is created around the wellbore.
What is the increase in productivity?
Js (k s / ko ) ln(re / rw )
=
J o ln(rs / rw ) + (k s / ko ) ln(re / rs )
Js (500 /100) ln(660 / 0.333)

= = 1.11
J o ln(0.833 / 0.333) + (500 / 5) ln(660 / 0.833)
No significant increase in productivity is expected

from matrix acidizing of an undamaged well.
PETE434/4-1
12
6
Rules-of-Thumb on Acid Volumes
PETE434/4-1
13
Carbonate Acidizing
PETE434/4-1
14
7
Acids Used in Carbonate Acidizing
Main Systems Sub Groups
Mineral Acids Hydrochloric Acid
Formic Acid
Organic Acids
Acetic Acid
Sulfamic Acid
Powdered Acids
Choloroacetic Acid
Acetic-Hydrocloric Acid
Acid Mixtures
Formic-Hydrocloric Acid
Gelled Acids
Retarded Acid Systems Chemically Retarded Acids
Emulsified Acids
PETE434/4-1
15
Hydrochloric Acid - HCl

• Usually, it is used as a 15 wt% solution of hydrogen
chloride gas in water. This concentration is called
regular acid.
• Other concentrations such as 5, 7.5, 20 and 28-30
wt % are also available.
• Used in carbonate acidizing
• Very strong
• High dissolving power
• High corrosivity. !!! when temp.>250 °F
PETE434/4-1
16
8
Organic Acids
• Organic acids are prefered because of
– their lower corrosivity.
– easier inhibition at high temperatures.
• They are used primarly in operations with a long
acid-pipe contact time, such as perforating fluid.
– Acetic acid (HC3OOH)
– Formic acid (HCOOH)
PETE434/4-1
17
Organic Acids
• Acetic acid is commonly available as a 10 wt%
solution of acetic acid in water.
• Acetic acid → Lower corrosivity.
• Formic acid more corrosive than acetic acid.
• Corrosivity order:
HCl>HF-HCl>HCOOH>HC3OOH
• Acetic acid is expensive than HCl and formic acid.
PETE434/4-1
18
9
Powdered Acids
• Sulfamic acid (H3NO3S) and Choloroacetic acid (C2H3ClO2)
• They are white crystalline powders that are readily soluble
in water.
• They are mixed with water at or near the wellsite. Sometimes
they are cast in useful shape such as “acid sticks”.
• Choloroacetic acid is stronger and more stable than
sulfamic acid.
• Sulfamic acid decomposes at about 80 °C and it is not
recommended for wells with a BHT greater than 70 °C.
Choloroacetic acid is prefered when a powdered acis is
appropriate.
PETE434/4-1
19
Acid Mixtures
• Acetic-hydrocloric acid and formic-hydrocloric acid
mixtures are used in carbonate acidizing.
• Acid mixtures are less corrosive than HCl acid.
• They are preferred for high temperature wells
where corrosion inhibiton cost determine overall
treatment cost.
PETE434/4-1
20
10
Retarded Acid Systems
Methods which have been developed to slow the
acidizing process include:
• Gelled Acids
• Chemically Retarded Acids
• Emulsified Acids
PETE434/4-1
21
Acid Carbonate Reactions

Chemical composition of carbonate
formations:
– Limestone, CaCO3
– Dolomite, CaMgCO3
Carbonate formations have been

formed by
– Chemical precipitation
– Biochemical precipitation
– Transportation of clastic grains
PETE434/4-1
22
11
Acid Carbonate Reactions
These equations indicate the stoichiometry of the reaction.
2HCl+CaCO3 ⇌ CaCl2 +H 2O + CO2

4HCl + CaMg( CO3 )2 ⇌ CaCl2 + MgCl2
+ 2H 2O + 2CO2
Stoichiometric coefficient
PETE434/4-1
23
Carbonate Dissolution Mechanisms

Carbonate dissolution may be influenced by a variety of processes:
– Step 1: Mass transfer of reactants to surface
– Step 2: Reaction at the surface
– Step 3: Mass transfer of products away from surface
Q
Cb Bulk fluid Cpb
Kmt Kmtp
Solid-Liquid kr
Cs Cps
interface
CaCO3, MgCa(CO3)2
PETE434/4-1
24
12
Carbonate Dissolution Mechanisms
Rate Limiting Step
• The slowest step (Rate Limiting Step) controls the overall
rate of dissolution
• If the surface reaction is the slowest step, then the dissolution
is Reaction Rate Limited
• If mass transfer (of reactants H+ or products Ca+2, Mg+2) is
the slowest step, then the dissolution is Mass Transfer
Limited
• The higher the temperature, the more mass transfer
limited the system
PETE434/4-1
25
Retarded Acid Systems

• There are two factors which contribute to reduce the
mass transfer rates of H+ to the rock surface:
– Lower diffusion coefficient
• Droplets are diffusing instead of H+ ions
– Higher viscosity
• Droplet interactions cause viscosity to increase
• Emulsified acid has diffusivities 10-800 times smaller
than straight acid
• Emulsified acid has viscosities up to 100 times higher
than straight acid
PETE434/4-1
26
13
Retarded Acids
The acid reaction rate can be slowed in a number of ways.
Gelled Acid: Increasing acid viscosity → Slowing the acid diffusion
to rock surface.
• Increases the injection pressure.
Emulsified Acid: Acid in oil emulsion. Reaction occurs when acid
droplets contact with rock.
• High injection pressure and low dissolving power.
Chemically Retarded Acid: Oil wetting agents added to coat rock
surface to create a physical barrier between acid and rock.
• At high flow rates and BHTs coating is diminished.
PETE434/4-1
27
Acid Dissolving Power

Definition: Volume of rock dissolved per unit volume
of acid reacted.
β – Mass of rock dissolved per unit mass of 100 wt%
acid reacted.
M wr Csr
β100 =
M wa Csa
Csr : stoichiometric coeff . of rock; Csa : stoichiometric coeff . of acid

Mwr : molecular weight of rock; Mwa : molecular weight of acid
PETE434/4-1
28
14
Acid Dissolving Power
For acid concentrations, wa, other than 100 wt%, β is
calculated from
β a = β100 wa
X – Acid dissolving power is obtained from
X = β a ( ρa / ρr )
ρa : specific gravity of acid; ρr : specific gravity of rock
PETE434/4-1
29
Chemical Formula and Molecular

Weight of Acids and Rocks
Compound Chemical Formula Molecular Weight
Hydrochloric acidand HCl 36.47
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 100.09

Calcium magnesium
CaMgCO3 184.30
carbonate
Calcium chloride CaCl2 110.99
Magnesium chloride MgCl2 95.30
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01

Water H2O 18.02
PETE434/4-1
30
15
Specific Gravity of HCl
Wt % HCl Sp Gr Wt % HCl Sp Gr
1 1.0032 22 1.1083
2 1.0082 24 1.1187
4 1. 0181 26 1.1290
6 1.0279 28 1.1392
8 1.0376 30 1.1493
10 1.0474 32 1.15.93
12 1.0574 34 1.1691
14 1.0675 36 1.1789
16 1.0776 38 1.1885
18 1.0878 40 1.1980
20 1.0980
PETE434/4-1
31
Dissolving Power of Various Acids

Limestone,
β100 5% 10 % 15 % 30 %
CaCO3
Hydrochloric
1.37 0.026 0.053 0.082 0.175
acid, HCl
Formic acid,
1.09 0.020 0.041 0.062 0.129
HCOOH
Acetic acid,
0.83 0.016 0.031 0.047 0.096
CH3COOH
Sp. Gr. of CaCO3=2.71g/cc
PETE434/4-1
32
16
Dissolving Power of Various Acids
Dolomite,
β100 5% 10 % 15 % 30 %
CaMgCO3
Hydrochloric
1.27 0.023 0.046 0.071 0.152
acid, HCl
Formic acid,
1.00 0.018 0.036 0.054 0.112
HCOOH
Acetic acid,
0.77 0.014 0.027 0.041 0.083
CH3COOH
Sp. Gr. of CaMgCO3=2.87 g/cc
PETE434/4-1
33
Example-3: Acid Dissolving Power

2HCl + CaCO3 ⇌ CaCl2 + H 2 O+ CO2
(15 w%)
M wr Csr 100.09 ×1
β100 = = = 1.372
M wa Csa 36.47 × 2
β15 = β100 w15 = 1.372 × 0.15 = 0.206

X 15 = β15 ( ρ15 / ρ r ) = 0.206 × (1.07 / 2.71)
X 15 = 0.082
PETE434/4-1
34
17
Relative Reaction Rates of 15% HCl with
Limestone Formations
Temp.: 75 °F Temp.: 140 °F
PETE434/4-1
35
Relative Reaction Rates of 15% HCl with

Dolomite Formations
Temp.: 75 °F Temp.: 140 °F
PETE434/4-1
36
18
Equilibrium in Acid Carbonate
Reactions
• When the acid reaction reaches equilibrium, the
dissolution of formation material by the acid stops,
even live acid molecules still may be present.
• Equilibrium is established when the chemical activity
of the reaction products balances the activity of
reactants.
PETE434/4-1
37

Reactions
A+B ⇌ C + D
The equilibrium constant for this reaction can be defined as
a A aB
KA =
aC aD
PETE434/4-1
38
19
Reactions
• The quantity ai is the activity of the component i.
• Activity of a substance increases with its concentration in
the solution.
• This relation is expressed by defining a proportionality
constant between the chemical activity and concentration
ai = γ i ci
where γi is the activity coefficient
PETE434/4-1
39
Activity Coefficient of HCl

Concentration Activity
(mol/liter) Coefficient
0.1 0.80
0.5 0.76
1.0 0.81
2.0 1.04
4.0 1.96
6.0 4.19
8.0 9.60
12.0 32.16
PETE434/4-1
40
20
Dissociation Equilibrium
Acids in aqueous solution dissociate (ionize) by the reaction
HA ⇌ H + + A−
For HCl acid the reaction is
HCl ⇌ H + + Cl −
PETE434/4-1
41
Dissociation Constant
• Equilibrium for HCl acid dissociation is described by
aH + aCl −
KD =
aHCl
• The equilibrium constant, KD, is called the dissociation
constant
PETE434/4-1
42
21
Dissociation Constant
The dissociation constant depends on temperature as follows:
A1
− log10 K D = − A2 + A3T
T
Acid A1 A2 A3
Acetic 1,170.48 3.1649 0.013399
Formic 2,342.85 5.2748 0.015168
Propionic 1,213.26 3.3860 0.014055
Chloroacetic 1,229.13 6.1714 0.016486
PETE434/4-1
43
Weak Acid – Strong Acid

KD of weak acid < KD of strong acid
Slightly Dissociated Highly Dissociated
KD 77 °F 100 °F 150 °F 250 °F
Acetic acid 1.754×10-5 1.716×10-5 1.4822×10-5 8.194×10-6
Formic acid 1.772×10-4 1.735×10-4 1.4860×10-4 7.732 ×10-5
Hydrochloric acid 10
PETE434/4-1
44
22
Reaction Equilibrium
• Under reservoir conditions, organic acids do not react
to completion with either limestone or dolomite
formations due to limitations imposed by chemical
equilibrium.
• Equilibrium occurs in the reservoir because of CO2 is
held in solution by reservoir pressure and not allowed
to escape, the acid will, however, react to completion.
CaCO3 + 2H( CH 3COO ) ⇌ Ca( CH 3COO )2 + H 2O+CO2
PETE434/4-1
45
Acetic Acid/Limestone System

Fraction of acid reacted at
equilibrium:
At 150 °F and 1,000 psi only
about 55 % of a 10 wt% acetic
acid solution will react.
Thus, dissolving power of acid
is reduced by 50 %.
PETE434/4-1
46
23
Formic Acid/Limestone System
Fraction of acid reacted at
equilibrium:
At 150 °F and 1,000 psi only
about 92 % of a 10 wt% formic
acid solution will react.
Thus, dissolving power of acid
is reduced by 8 %.
PETE434/4-1
47
Effect of CO2 on Reaction of Hybrid

Acid Mixture
• HCl in a hybrid acid reacts first and generates a large
quantity of CO2 .
• The added CO2 reduces the quantity of organic acid
undergouing the reaction.
• Thus, more unreacted organic acid exists than is
indicated by previous figures when hybrid acids are
used.
PETE434/4-1
48
24
Matrix Acidizing of Carbonates
• In carbonate matrix acidizing the acid used usually HCl is
injected into the formation at a pressure below the
fracturing pressure.
• The goal of the treatment is to achieve more or less
radial acid penetration to remove near wellbore damage.
• The acid increases production by creating bypasses
around the damage rather than directly removing it.
PETE434/4-1
49
Development of Wormholes
• When the acid is pumped into a
carbonate, the acid flows preferentially
into the highest permeability regions.
• Acid reaction in the high-permeability
region causes the formation of large,
highly conductive, and irregular flow
channels called wormholes.
PETE434/4-1
50
25
At reservoir conditions,
highly reactive acids
tend to form a limited
number of wormholes 80 second exposure 400 second exposure
Wormhole
1000 second exposure 1900 second exposure
PETE434/4-1
51
15% HCl
Indiana Lmst
Slow Reaction
15% HCl
Indiana Lmst
Fast Reaction
A low reaction rate favors the formation of several small diameter

wormholes. Single wormhole case represents commonly encountered
treating conditions.
PETE434/4-1
52
26
• It is widely recognized that the wormholes change from a
compact structure to almost uniform dissolution of the
formation.
• In between those two extremes is a continuous range of
structures, from relatively straight, thin wormholes to highly
branched, ramified wormholes.
• The structure is a strong function of operating parameters
such as injection rate.
• The structure is also a strong function of temperature, the
type of solvent injected, and the type of carbonate mineral
under consideration.
PETE434/4-1
53
compact
structure
uniform
Increasing Injection Rate dissolution
PETE434/4-1
54
27
Design of Matrix Acidizing
of Carbonates
Max. allowable BHP: pwf = g f D
Max. injection rate:
q µ f  re 3 
pwf − pR = ln − 
2π kh  rw′ 4 
Effective wellbore radius: rw′ = rw exp(− s )
PETE434/4-1
55

of Carbonates
q
Peclet Number: $ Pe =
DA h
If NPe<1 no wormholes are created. Thus the above
equation only applies whenever NPe>1.
Penetration distance of acid
n n n f bVA X −1/3
rA f − rw f = $ Pe
2(1 − φ )π h
PETE434/4-1
56
28
of Carbonates
Dissolving power of acid:
M wr Csr
β100 =
M wa Csa
β a = β100 wa
X = β a ( ρa / ρr )
PETE434/4-1
57

of Carbonates
Stimulation ratio:
J s ln(rw′ / re ) − 0.75
=
J o ln(rA / re ) − 0.75
PETE434/4-1
58
29
Design Procedure for Matrix Acidizing
of Carbonates
1. Calculate maximum allowable bottom hole pressure
(formation fracture pressure), pfr
p fr = g f D
where
gf : fracture gradient, psi/ft
D : formation vertical depth, ft
Pfr : maximum allowable bottom hole pressure
PETE434/4-1
59

of Carbonates
2. Calculate maximum possible Injection rate without
fracturing, qm
rw′ = rw exp(− s)
4.917 × 10−6 khp ( p fr − pR )

qm =
µ[ln(re / rw′ ) − 0.75]
qi = 0.9qm The injection rate (qi) to avoid fracturing must

clearly be lower than qm (qi<qm). As a practical
matter, a rate 10 percent lower is suggested.
PETE434/4-1
60
30
of Carbonates
3. Determine acid volume, VA
– Inject from 50 to 100 gal of HCl per foot of interval perforated.
– Exact acid volume and strength requirements cannot be
predicted because of uncertainties in near-wellbore conditions
and will vary from formation to formation.
– In general, a larger volume of acid should be used in high
temperature wells or wells where deep damage is expected.
VA = η hp or VA = 42qt p
VA : acid volume, gal.
η : acid volume coefficient, 50 to 100 gal/ft
q : acid injection rate, bpm
tp : pumping time, min.
PETE434/4-1
61

of Carbonates
4. Calculate maximum surface injection pressure, ps
ps = p p + p fr + p f − ph
0.2369 q 2 ρ
pp =
n 2 d p4C D2
p fr = g f D
ph = 0.052 ρ a D
PETE434/4-1
62
31
of Carbonates
4. Calculate maximum surface injection pressure, ps
D : true vertical depth, ft
dp : perforation diameter, in.
n : number of open perforations
gf : Fracture gradient, psi/ft
pfr : bottom hole instantaneous shut-in pressure, psi
pp : pressure drop across perforations, psi
pf : friction pressure drop in tubular goods, psi
ph : hydrostatic head of acid, psi
q : total injection rate, bbl/min
CD : discharge coefficient, usually 0.9
ρa : density of acid, lb/gal
PETE434/4-1
63

of Carbonates
5. Calculate penetration distance of acid, rA:
1/ n f
 n 33.6n f VA X 
rA =  rw′ f + $ −1/3
Pe 
0.3048 f (1 − φ )h
n
 
5.61q
$ Pe = X = β a ( ρa / ρr )
DA h p
M wr Csr
β a = β100 wa β100 =
M wa Csa
If NPe<1 no wormholes are created. Thus equations given above
only apply whenever NPe>1.
PETE434/4-1
64
32
of Carbonates
5. Calculate penetration distance of acid, rA:
Csa : stoichiometric coefficient of mineral, Csa=1 for HCl reaction with lmst and dol
Csr : stoichiometric coefficient of acid, Csr=2 for Lmst+HCl; and Csr=4 for dol+HCl
DA : acid diffusivity
Mwa : molecular weight of acid
Mwr : molecular weight of mineral
NPe : Peclet Number
nf : fractal dimensionality
X : volumetric dissolving power of acid
wa : acid concentration, wt%
βa : gravimetric dissolving power of “a” wt% acid
β 100 : gravimetric dissolving power of 100 wt% acid
ρa : acid density, g/cc
ρr : rock density, g/c; , ρr =2.71 g/cc for limestone and ρr=2.87 g/cc for dolomite
φ : porosity
PETE434/4-1
65
Design Procedure for Matrix Acidizing of

Carbonates
6. Calculate stimulation ratio, Js/Jd
J s ln( re / rw′ ) − 0.75
=
J d ln( re / rA ) − 0.75
Js : productivity index of stimulated well, bpd/psi
Jd : productivity index of damaged well, bpd/psi
re : drainage radius, ft
rw’ : effective wellbore radius, ft
rA : acid penetration, ft
7. Calculate after flush volume, Vaf

Flush the treatment with more than one tubing volume of
water. Put the well on production as soon as possible.
PETE434/4-1
66
33
Read
• Williams, B. B., Gidley, J. L. and Schechter, R. S.,
Acidizing Fundamentals, Monograph Series, 6, Society
of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas, 1979.
Chapters 2, 3, 9,10 and 11.
PETE434/4-1
67
Matrix Acidizing
Thank you
PETE434/4-1
PETE 434/2010
434/2009 68 Dr. İ. Hakkı Gücüyener
68
34

3.matrix Acidizing 3-1-2010 (2P)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3.matrix Acidizing 3-1-2010 (2P)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PETE 434/2010

PETE 434/4-1 1 Dr. İ. Hakkı Gücüyener

Chap. 3 – Matrix Acidizing

What is the matrix acidizing?

• The goal of a matrix acidizing

Production Loss Due to

Example 2 – Acidizing Undamaged Wells

Js (500 /100) ln(660 / 0.333)

No significant increase in productivity is expected

Mineral Acids Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrochloric Acid - HCl

Acid Carbonate Reactions

Carbonate formations have been

2HCl+CaCO3 ⇌ CaCl2 +H 2O + CO2

Carbonate Dissolution Mechanisms

Retarded Acid Systems

Acid Dissolving Power

Csr : stoichiometric coeff . of rock; Csa : stoichiometric coeff . of acid

Chemical Formula and Molecular

Hydrochloric acidand HCl 36.47

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 100.09

Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01

Dissolving Power of Various Acids

Sp. Gr. of CaCO3=2.71g/cc

Sp. Gr. of CaMgCO3=2.87 g/cc

Example-3: Acid Dissolving Power

β15 = β100 w15 = 1.372 × 0.15 = 0.206

Temp.: 75 °F Temp.: 140 °F

Relative Reaction Rates of 15% HCl with

Temp.: 75 °F Temp.: 140 °F

Equilibrium in Acid Carbonate

Activity Coefficient of HCl

For HCl acid the reaction is

Formic 2,342.85 5.2748 0.015168

Propionic 1,213.26 3.3860 0.014055

Chloroacetic 1,229.13 6.1714 0.016486

Weak Acid – Strong Acid

Slightly Dissociated Highly Dissociated

KD 77 °F 100 °F 150 °F 250 °F

Acetic acid 1.754×10-5 1.716×10-5 1.4822×10-5 8.194×10-6

Formic acid 1.772×10-4 1.735×10-4 1.4860×10-4 7.732 ×10-5

CaCO3 + 2H( CH 3COO ) ⇌ Ca( CH 3COO )2 + H 2O+CO2

Acetic Acid/Limestone System

Effect of CO2 on Reaction of Hybrid

1000 second exposure 1900 second exposure

A low reaction rate favors the formation of several small diameter

Effective wellbore radius: rw′ = rw exp(− s )

Design of Matrix Acidizing

Penetration distance of acid

Design of Matrix Acidizing

Design Procedure for Matrix Acidizing

4.917 × 10−6 khp ( p fr − pR )

qi = 0.9qm The injection rate (qi) to avoid fracturing must

Design Procedure for Matrix Acidizing

Design Procedure for Matrix Acidizing

Design Procedure for Matrix Acidizing of

7. Calculate after flush volume, Vaf

You might also like