KĐĐT

AC VOLTAGE CONVERTER
(AC-AC)
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

6.1 Introduction
KĐĐT
CONVERTER
VAC AC-AC R VR

Figure 6.1: AC-AC converter block diagram

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
❑ An AC-AC converter is a device that is used to convert an alternating current
(AC) voltage at one frequency to an AC voltage at another frequency.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

❑ Application of the AC-AC converter.

➢ Power control for heaters;
KĐĐT
➢ Street light control;
➢ Controlling fruit garden lighting;
➢ Speed control of single-phase, three-phase asynchronous
motors and universal motors.
➢ Connect power grids.
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
❑ Classification of AC-AC converters.
1. Direct AC-AC conversion. Variation of output voltage amplitude.
2. Indirect AC-AC conversion. Variation the output voltage frequency.
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 AC – AC CONVERTER
❑ A direct AC-AC converter.
Traditionally, transformers have been used to alter AC voltage. However,
nowadays, a thyristor circuit KĐĐT
in reverse parallel is commonly employed
for this purpose.
Advantage:
+ Stepless voltage converter, flexible.
+ Quick adjustment; simple establishment of close-loop control circuits.
+ The converter (BBD) is compact, lightweight, and low-cost.
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
Disadvantage:
+ Poor voltage quality (non-sine wave)
+ High power loss, must use additional AC filter.
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6.2 Direct single-phase AC-AC Converter uac

6.2.1 Resistor load case
KĐĐT
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏 uSCR1= -uSCR2
1
π 2π θ
0
θ UR
2

uac Vo 0 α α
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟐 Drive Drive
SCR1 SCR2
π+α 2π θ
0 α
𝒂) ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ 𝒃) π 2π+α

𝒄)

Figure 6.2: Working principle of AC-AC converter

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

+ RMS value of output AC voltage :

𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
1
.‫׬‬
𝜋 KĐĐT
2
2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 1−
𝛼
+
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
(6.1)
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋 2𝜋

+ RMS value of current through the load:

𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (6.2)
R

+ The rms value of current through an SCR

𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑅_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (6.3)
2

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+ The average value of current through an SCR

1 π KĐĐT 1 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑅_𝐴𝑉𝐺 = න 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 sinθdθ = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (6.4)
2π 𝛼 2 𝜋

+ Consumed load power:

2
PO = 𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 /R (6.5)

+ Power Factor:
𝑃𝑂
ĐỖ𝛼 ĐỨC
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
TRÍ
𝑃𝐹 = = 1− + (6.6)
𝑉2_𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝜋 2𝜋

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The voltage across the load, 𝑉𝑂 , varies cyclically with a period of 2π
and contains only odd harmonics, so it can be calculated as follows:
KĐĐT
𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = ෍ 𝑉𝑂,(𝑛) (6.7)
𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛

Where 𝑉𝑂,(𝑛) = 𝑉𝑂, 𝑛 ,𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑛 𝑉𝑂, 𝑛 ,𝑚 = 𝐴2𝑛 + 𝐵𝑛2

𝜋
1 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
𝐴𝑛 = 2 න 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin(𝑥). 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴1 = 𝜋−𝛼+
𝜋 𝛼 𝜋 2
1 𝜋 ĐỖ ĐỨC With
TRÍ n=1
𝐵𝑛 = 2 න 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin(𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 2𝛼 − 1
𝜋 𝛼 𝐵1 =
𝜋 2

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+ R.M.S. value of the load current fundamental component

𝐴1 2 + 𝐵1 KĐĐT
2
𝐼𝑂,(1)_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = (6.8)
𝑅 2

+ THD of current is determined

2 2
𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝐼𝑂,(1)_𝑟𝑚𝑠 (6.9)
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖 =
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
𝐼𝑂,(1)_𝑟𝑚𝑠

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𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏
𝑻𝟏 𝑹
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟐 𝑹 KĐĐT
𝑼i
𝑼i
𝑳
𝑳
𝒃)
𝒂)
𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏 𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟐
𝑫𝟒 𝑫𝟑
𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑹 𝑹
𝑼i ĐỖ ĐỨC 𝑼TRÍ
i 𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏
𝑳 𝑳
𝒄) 𝒅)
Figure 6.3: AC-AC converter equivalent circuit types.
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Exercise 22: The single-phase ac voltage controller that uses 2 SCRs

KĐĐT
to provide a resistive load RT = 10 Ω. The input voltage is
220VRMS/50Hz,  = /3[rad].

a) Draw a schematic diagram and waveforms of the input and

output voltages with  = /3[rad].
b) Determine the r.m.s. voltage value on the load.
c) Determine the r.m.s.
ĐỖ and average
ĐỨC TRÍcurrent value through an SCR.
d) Determine the Power factor.
e) Determine the total harmonic distortion of the source current.

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a) Draw a schematic diagram and waveforms of the input and output

KĐĐT
voltages with  = /3[rad]. U

SCR2

t
0
SCR1
UR
VAC R VR

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ α t
0 π 2π

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b) Determine the r.m.s. value on the load.

KĐĐT
sin 2

 sin 2 1 3 = 197,34[V ]
Vo _ rms = VI _ rms 1 − + = 220 1 − +
 2 3 2

c) Determine the r.m.s. and average value through an SCR.

𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 197.34
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑅_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 13.95 [𝐴]
2 10 2
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
1 2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑅_𝐴𝑉𝐺 = 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 74.25 [𝐴]
2 𝜋

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d) Determine the Power factor.

𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 KĐĐT
𝑃𝐹 = 1− + = 0.897
𝜋 2𝜋
e) Determine the total harmonic distortion of the source current.
2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼 𝐴1 = 250 [𝑉]
𝐴1 = 𝜋−𝛼+ ቊ
𝜋 2 𝐵1 = −74.28 [𝑉]
2𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 2𝛼 − 1 𝐴1 2 + 𝐵1 2
𝐵1 = 𝐼𝑂,(1)_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = =18.44 [A]
𝜋 2 ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ 𝑅 2

2 2
𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 − 𝐼𝑂,(1)_𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝑇𝐻𝐷𝑖 =
𝐼𝑂,(1)_𝑟𝑚𝑠
=0.38

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𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝜶 > 𝜶L
6.2.2 LR load case.
Ѳ
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏
KĐĐT π 2π

𝑉𝑍
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟐 𝑹
𝑽in
Ѳ
𝜶L
𝑳 𝜶

𝐼𝑍

ĐỖ
From 0 to α → SCR1, SCR2 revese bias. ĐỨC TRÍ Ѳ
𝜶L
From α to π → SCR1 forward bias, L charge 𝜶 𝜶L
From π to π + α →SCR2 revese bias , L discharge
Figure 6.4: AC-AC converter with
From π + α to 2π → SCR2 forward bias, L charge R+L load when 𝛼 > 𝜶L
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𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏 𝜶 = 𝜶L

KĐĐT π 2π
Ѳ

𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟐 𝑹
𝑽in 𝑉𝑍

𝑳
Ѳ
𝜶L
𝐼𝑍 𝜶

ĐỖ
From 0 to α → SCR1, SCR2 revese bias. ĐỨC TRÍ Ѳ

From α to π → SCR1 forward bias, L charge 𝜶L

𝜶L
𝜶
From π to π + α →SCR2 revese bias, L discharge
Figure 6.5: AC-AC converter with R+L
From π + α to 2π → SCR2 forward bias, L charge load when 𝛼 = 𝜶L
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 AC – AC CONVERTER
𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝜶 < 𝜶L
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟏
Ѳ
KĐĐT π 2π
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝟐 𝑹
𝑽in 𝑉𝑇

𝑳
Ѳ

From 0 to α → SCR1, SCR2 revese bias. 𝐼𝑍

From α to π → SCR1 forward bias, LĐỖ ĐỨC
charge TRÍ Ѳ
𝜶
From π + α to 2π → SCR1 and SCR2 revese bias, 𝜶L

L discharge (SCR2 is reverse-biased and the

Figure 6.6: AC-AC converter with
trigger control signal is gone). R+L load when 𝛼 = 𝜶L
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𝜔𝐿
With X = L, 𝑡𝑔αL = Current increased from 0. When the current
𝑅

KĐĐT
changes in a decreasing trend, an electromotive force causes in the
inductor L in the opposite direction of the current change. We notice:
The load current is continuous when  = αL, when  > αL, the load
current is discontinuous. when  = αL, it is called the limited opening
angle and is defined:
ωL
α L =arctg ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ (6.10)
R

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From the received waveform, we can determine the effective value of the
output AC voltage: KĐĐT
α
1 L α L -α sin2α-sin2α L
 ( 2VI_rmssinθ) dθ =VI_rms + (6.11)
2
Vz =
πα π 2π

αL: the limiting angle

VI_rms: input voltage

ĐỖ value):
Current through the load (RMS ĐỨC TRÍ
Vz
Iz = (6.12)
R 2 + ( L )
2

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 AC – AC CONVERTER
Exercise 23: The single-phase ac voltage controller of
Figure 6.7 has a AC voltage source 400V/50Hz. The load
resistor is 20, XL= 0.
KĐĐT
a) Determine the power on the load in case the voltage on
the load is the maximum?
b) Determine the power factor when the SCR controlled
with  = 300?
c) How many degrees mustĐỖ
theĐỨC
limited alpha be controlled Figure 6.7
TRÍ
so that the voltage across the load does not become DC,
assuming XL = 10 (the control pulse is a narrow pulse)?

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a) Determine the power on the load in case the voltage on the load is
the maximum?
KĐĐT
𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 𝑉𝐼_𝑟𝑚𝑠 1 − + = 400[𝑉]
𝜋 2𝜋

𝑉𝑂2𝑟𝑚𝑠 4002
PO = 𝑉𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 . 𝐼𝑂_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = = 8000[𝑊]
R 20
b) Determine power factor when the SCR controlled with angle  =
300?
𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝛼
ĐỖ ĐỨC
1
TRÍ
𝑠𝑖𝑛(
𝜋
)
𝑃𝐹 = 1− + = 1− + 3
= 0.985
𝜋 2𝜋 6 2𝜋

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c) How many degrees must the limited alpha be controlled so that

the voltage across the loadKĐĐT
does not become DC, assuming XL =
10 (the control pulse is a narrow pulse)?
XL 10
 L = arc tag = arc tag = 26,50
R 20

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ

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 AC – AC CONVERTER
6.3 Three-phase AC-AC converter ( with R load)
A B C

KĐĐT
 = 300
SA SB SC i’GC
i’GA i’GB

iGA S’A iGB S’B iGC S’C

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ  = 750

Figure 6.8: Three-phase AC-AC converter.
✓ In the case θ1÷ θ2 (π/6÷π/3) SA , S’B , SC conductive
✓ In the case θ2÷ θ3(π/3÷π/2) SA , S’B conductive
✓ In the case θ3÷ θ4(π/2÷2π/3 ) SA , S’B , S’C conductive.
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 AC – AC CONVERTER
6.4. SSR: Solid state Relay
6.4.1 Single-phase semiconductor switch
KĐĐT
Switching on and off changes the level of AC voltage supplied to the
load; switching power systems in UPS backup power systems.

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ

Figure 6.9:Actual illustration of a single-phase semiconductor switch.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

KĐĐT

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
Figure 6.10: Structure of a single-phase semiconductor switch.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

6.4.2 Three-phase AC switch

KĐĐT

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ

Figure 6.11: Actual illustration of a three-phase AC switch

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

KĐĐT

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ

Figure 6.12: Structure of three-phase AC switch.

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6.5 AC voltage converter control methods

6.5.1 Phase control KĐĐT
− Traditional control:
Controlling the drive angle  => Voltage harmonics.
− Force control:
+ Drive and trigger control.
+ Output voltage can be controlled according to pulse width
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
modulation => harmonic reduction.
+ It is necessary to use components that can trigger interrupts( BJT,
GTO, SCR with forced interrupt).
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Vcc Vcc

1 T2 5
K
Vcc
1k Vcc D T1
10 k

KĐĐT
R3 4 8

12
G
R1 LM3 39 4,7k

3
6 - A1 015 10 k 4,7k
1 7 LM3 39 10 4 D
10 k 7 + C8 28 + 1
R4 1k 1u 8,2 V 6 TIP1 22
- D
4,7k

12
1 T1 5

220V 6V
Vcc Vcc
4 8
BAÑB 1 T2 5
K
Vcc 1k Vcc D T2
10 k
4 8
G
3

R2 LM3 39 R3

3
7 4,7k A1 015 10 k 4,7k
+ 1 7 LM3 39 10 4 D
10 k
6 C8 28 + 1

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
- R4 1k 1u 8,2 V 6 TIP1 22
- D
12

4,7k

12
2
Vcc 1 3

10 k

Figure 6.13: Phase control circuit.

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6.5.2 Control by proportional method

KĐĐT
At the zero point of the source voltage, the control method
proportional to the time of the trigger closes (zero voltage switching).
The converter functions as an AC switch that cycles on and off. Figure
6.14 plots the load voltage and current when we apply the above
control method to a load containing only a resistor R. From Figure
6.14, we deduce the r.m.s. value of the load voltage as:
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
TON Where
Vo_rms =V2_rms T=TON +TOFF (6.13)
T

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

KĐĐT

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ

Figure 6.14: Voltage and current on R load

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Exercise 24: A resistance furnace has RT = 10, XL= 0, AC source

voltage U = 220 2sin100πt . KĐĐT
The power of the electric furnace is
controlled in a 12-minute cycle that consists of 5 minutes of power on
and 7 minutes of power off. Determined:
a) RMS voltage on the load?
b) Power on load?
c) Energy consumed as
ĐỖheat
ĐỨCQ inTRÍ
each period; (Q=I2RT)?

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a) RMS voltage on the load

Vo_rms = V2_rms
TON
= 220
5 KĐĐT
= 142[V ]
T 12

b) Power on load
Vo2_ rms 1422
Po = = = 2016[W ]
R 10

ĐỖ Q
c) Energy consumed as heat ĐỨC TRÍperiod
in each
2
 142 
Q = RI o _ rmsT = 10. 
2
 .12 = 24196[ J ]
 10 

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6.6. Indirect AC-AC converter

KĐĐT
uac2
𝐴 /𝐷 𝐷 /𝐴
udc f2

uac1, f1
(a)

𝐴 /𝐷 𝐷 /𝐷 𝐷 /𝐴 uac2
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
udc1 udc2 f2

uac1, f1 (b)

Figure 6.15: Indirect inverter structure.

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D1 D2 D3 L D7
KĐĐT
S1 S2 S3
AC AC
C2 Filter
input output
C1 S7

D4 D5 D6 S4 S5 S6
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
Chỉnh lưu
Rectifier DC/DC
DC/DC Nghịch lưu
Inverter

Figure 6.16: Three-phase indirect inverter structure

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Exercise 25: Figure 6.16 shows a three-phase inverter with a

KĐĐT
voltage source of Us =220Vrms/50Hz, the output AC voltage has a
fundamental harmonics rms value of 220Vrms/60Hz. Knowing that
the DC voltage supplied to the inverter is 680Vdc. PWM modulation is
used in the DC/DC and DC-AC converters. Determine:

a) The average voltage after the rectifier.

b) The boost factor ofĐỖ ĐỨC
DC-DC TRÍ
converters.
c) The modulation index of the inverter.

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(a) Find the average voltage after the rectifier
Since the rectifier circuit used in the inverter is a three-phase
KĐĐT
bridge rectifier, the average voltage is calculated as follows :

3 3𝑉𝑚 3 3 × 220 2
𝑈REC𝐴𝑉𝐺 = = = 514.6𝑉
𝜋 𝜋

(b) The boost factor of DC-DC converters :

Where UDC is the average voltage
ĐỖ ĐỨC provided
TRÍ by the rectifier with value
UDC = U𝑅𝐸𝐶AVG = 514.6V and Vo,AVG is the DC-link to the inverter 𝑉𝑜,𝐴𝑉𝐺 = 680𝑉.
𝑉𝑜,𝐴𝑉𝐺 680
So, the boost factor is determined: 𝐵= = = 1.321
𝑈REC𝐴𝑉𝐺 514.6

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(c) The modulation index of the inverter

Because the inverter is KĐĐT

PWM modulated, the phase voltage
fundamental harmonic amplitude is calculated as follows.
 E
 V(1) m = m 
U
𝑉(1)𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎 dc𝐼𝑉𝑇
2  2

Where UdcIVT is the DC voltage supplied to the inverter under the

assumption of 680V. SoĐỖ ĐỨC
that: TRÍ

680 220 2
𝑉(1)𝑚 = 220 2 = 𝑚𝑎 → 𝑚𝑎 = = 0.915
2 340

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QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 6

KĐĐT
1. Single-phase AC voltage converter with R load have parameters:
The ac source has an effective phase voltage of 480V, f=50Hz, load

resistor value is R=50.  = 800. Determine:

- RMS voltage on the load;
- Power on load
- Power factor ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
- RMS value and average current through SCR.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

2. The single-phase ac voltage controller, know the AC

KĐĐT
voltage source is u =311Sin314t [V], (ignore voltage
drop on semiconductor devices).
a) Draw the voltage waveform on the load and
determine the power on the load with R=5, alpha = 45
Figure 6.15
degrees, with the load placed at two points AB.
b) Determine the average current through the SCR
when shorting AB. The load isĐỖ ĐỨC
placed TRÍ
at CD with R = 2Ω
alpha = 30 degrees. Draw the waveform of Io and Vo.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

3. Single-phase AC voltage converter with parameter: the AC source

KĐĐT R = 32W. Defines the range to

has phase voltage r.m.s. 120V/50Hz,
adjust the angle so that the load power varies between 200 and 400
W. Determine the range of the corresponding power factor change.

4. Design a power supply circuit from 750W to 1500W for a resistor

R=30 . Indicate the value of the AC is 240V/50Hz. Determine the

ĐỖ ĐỨC
average value and maximum r.m.s. TRÍ
value of the current through the
SCR and the peak voltage value on the device.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

5. A circuit design that provides a constant power of 1000 W to a

resistive load with a variable
KĐĐTvalue R ranging from 20 to 40 W.
Indicates that the AC voltage source has a value of 240 V/50 Hz.
Determine the average value and maximum r.m.s. value of the
current through the SCR and the peak voltage value on the device.

6. Design a lighting control circuit for 120V, 100W bulbs. The AC

voltage source is 120 volts at 50 Hz. Determine the trigger angle of
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
the Triac so that the lamp power is equal to 30W or 60W. Assume
that the lamp acts as a constant resistive load.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

7. For AC-AC converter as shown in Figure 6.16.

KĐĐT

3 phase
AC in AC-DC DC-DC DC-AC
Load

ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
Figure 6.16: AC-AC converter

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

a) Identify the function of each block in the diagram above?

b) Draw the principle diagramKĐĐT
and waveform (VAC, Vo) of the AC-DC stage
when the AC-DC stage is a three-phase full-wave uncontrolled rectifier.

c) Draw the waveform (VAC, Vo) and determine the formula VO. Determine
the average voltage and current on the load, average current through the
SCR, and reverse voltage across the SCR of the AC-DC stage is a three-
phase full-wave controlled ĐỖ ĐỨC
rectifier TRÍV2_rms=220V, R=12Ω, α=450
. Know

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

d) Draw principle diagrams and waveforms for VL, IL. Determine the
output average voltage and IKĐĐT
Lmax, ILmin of the DC-DC converter that is

operating in boost mode. Know Vin= 364V, D=0.2, R=25Ω, L=600µH,

fS=30KHz.

e) Draw principle diagrams and output voltage waveforms VAG, VBG, and
VCG of DC-AC converter when the topology is a three-phase, two level
voltage inverter with the ĐỖ
loadĐỨC TRÍ
star connected with each phase of the
load R. Know that the IGBTs are controlled with 180-degree conduction
and a 60-degree phase shift.

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

8. For AC-AC converter as shown in figure 6.17.

SCR1 SCR2 LB
KĐĐT P (+)

DB
S1 S3 S5
Ra
VZR1 VZR2 A
C1 SB C2
+ Rb
UAC - B
N

Rc
C
S4 S6 S2
SCR4 SCR3

ĐỖ ĐỨC
N (-) TRÍ

Figure 6.17: AC-AC converter

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

a) Identify the name of the rectifier diagram in figure 6.17?

b) Draw the input and outputKĐĐT
voltage waveform (VAC, Vo) of the AC-DC
stage, know α=00 and without capacitor C1 case.
c) Draw the waveform (VAC, Vo) and determine the formula VO.
Determine the average voltage and current on the load, average
current through the SCR, and reverse voltage across the SCR of the
AC-DC stage. Know V2_rmsĐỖ ĐỨC
=220V, TRÍ α=600.
R=12Ω,

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 AC – AC CONVERTER

d) Draw principle diagrams and waveforms for VL, IL. Determine the
output average voltage and KĐĐT
ILmax, ILmin of the DC-DC converter that is
operating in boost mode, determine the output voltage ripple. Know
Vin= 364V, D=0.2, R=25Ω, L=600µH, C=100μF, fS=30KHz.
e) Make a voltage table and draw the waveform of VAG, VBG, VCG and
determine the output phase voltage (VAG), the output line to line
voltage VAB when E is the voltage on capacitor VC2 of the DC-AC
ĐỖ ĐỨC TRÍ
converter topology. Know that a six-step inverter operates at 180-
degree conduction and a 60-degree phase shift.

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