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Chapter 1: Introduction to Heat Transfer

 0. CONTENT
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
3. FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
4. NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
5. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
6. HEAT EXCHANGERS
 1. INTRODUCTION
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Surrounding

System

Heat transfer
Work transfer
Fig.1.1 Interaction of a system with its surrounding
 1.1 WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?
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 A system interacts with its surrounding through

heat and work transfer (Thermodynamics).
 Heat transfer is the energy in transit due to

temperature differences between system and

surrounding.
 Temperature difference is a driving force for
heat transfer.
 1.1 WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?…
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 The energy change of a system is related to the

heat and work transfers according equation (1.1)
dE = Q − W (1.1)
 Where E includes all forms of the energy of the
system, Q is the heat transferred to the system and W
is the work done by the system.
 The heat transfer Q is what this course is concerned
with.
 1.2 APPLICATION AREAS OF HEAT TRANSFER…
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Heat transfer analysis has a number of applications in

engineering and other aspects of life. Some examples are:
 The human body.

 Many household equipments like heating and air-conditioning

system, the refrigerator and freezer, the water heater, the
iron, and even the computer.
 Energy-efficient home design- optimal insulation thickness of
walls and roofs.
 Radiators and Engines of automotives.

 The design of solar collectors , various components of power

plants, and even spacecrafts.
 Cooling of electronic equipments.

 Chemical processes where there is energy (heat) generation.

 1.2 APPLICATION AREAS OF HEAT TRANSFER…
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 1.3 HEAT TRANSFER MODES
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The modes of heat transfer between system and its

surrounding or between systems can be classified into
three:
 Conduction,

 Convection, and

 Radiation

In all the three modes the heat is transferred from a body

at higher temperature to one at lower temperature.
Except radiation, the other modes of heat transfer require
a medium for the heat to be transferred. Fig. 1.2 shows
the three heat transfer modes.
 1.3 HEAT TRANSFER MODES …
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Fig.1.2 Conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer modes.

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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Heat transfer by conduction is due to the interactions between

particles of a substance. More energetic particles transfer heat to
the less energetic ones.
 In solids conduction is due to vibration of molecules in a lattice
and motion of free electrons.
 In liquids and gases it is due to collision of molecules in their
random motion.
Experiments reveal that the rate of conduction heat transfer
through a medium is dependent on:
 Geometry of the medium (cross sectional area)

 Thickness of the medium

 Material property of the medium and

 Temperature difference across the medium

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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Association of conduction heat transfer with diffusion of energy

due to molecular activity
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Fig. 1.3 One dimensional conduction heat transfer

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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. (T2 − T1 )
Q = −kA
L
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Table 1.1 Thermal conductivities of some materials at room temperature

Materi Diamo Silve Coppe Gold Alumi Iron Mercu Glass Brick Water Air
al nd r r num ry
K,(w/m 2300 429 401 317 237 80.2 8.54 0.78 0.72 0.613 0.02
k) 6
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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L→0


. dT
Q = − kA
dx

.
Q dT
q= = −k
A dx
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Example 1.1
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed
from 0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having a thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/m K. Measurements made
during steady-state operation reveal temperatures of
1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces,
respectively. What is the rate of heat loss through a
wall that is 0.5m 1.2m on a side?
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Since heat transfer through the wall is by conduction, the

heat flux may be determined from Fourier’s law.

The heat flux represents the rate of heat transfer through

a section of unit area, and it is uniform (invariant) across
the surface of the wall. The heat loss through the wall of
area A= W*H is then
 1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer
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Convection is a heat transfer mode that takes place

between a solid surface and a moving fluid when there
is a temperature difference between the surface of the
solid and the fluid. Convection occurs due to a
combination of two phenomena:
 Random motion of fluid molecules (conduction)and

 Bulk motion of the fluid

Convection heat transfer is classified in to two based on the

cause of motion of the fluid:
1. Forced convection- fluid motion is caused by pumps,
fans, blowers…
2. Natural convection- fluid moves due to density
variation caused by temperature variation.
 1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer…
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Fig. 1.4 Forced Convection Fig. 1.5 Free Convection

 1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer…
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.
Q = hA(Ts − T )

m2

W / m2 K
Ts
T
 1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer…
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Fig1.6 Heat transfer from a hot surface to air by convection

 1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer…
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Table 1.2 Typical values of the convection heat transfer coefficient

 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
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❑ Thermal radiation is an energy emitted in the form of

photons (electromagnetic waves) from a body
because of its temperature. All objects at a
temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation.

Fig 1.7 Radiation exchange: (a) at a surface and (b) between a surface and large surroundings.
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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❑ The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted

from a surface at absolute temperature of Ts is given by
the Stefan-Boltzmann law
.
Q max = ATs4 (1.6)

.
❑ Where Q max=
radiation heat transfer rate (W)
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( 5.67 10−8
W / m2 K 4 )
2
A= surface area of the object ( )
m
Ts= surface temperature (K)
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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.

 Q max

.
Q max
.
Q = ATs4

.
Q = A(Ts4 − Tsur
4
)
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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Table 1.3 Emissivity's of some materials at 300K

 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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In general, these three basic mechanisms of heat transfer

occur simultaneously in real world problems (Fig. 1.8).

Fig. 1.8 Heat transfer mechanisms at the tube wall of a steam generator
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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Fig. Example 1.2

 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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Solution
The surface emissive power per unit area is obtained by equation (1.7)
.
Q
q= = Ts4 = 0.8 * 5.67 *10−8 * 4734
A
= 2270W / m 2
Heat is lost from the pipe through combination of convection to the
room air and radiation exchange with walls. From equations (1.5)
and (1.8),
.
Q = hA(Ts − T ) + A(Ts4 − Tsu4 )
= h(DL)(Ts − T ) +  (DL )(Ts4 − Tsu4 )
The heat loss per unit length of the pipe will be
.
Q
q' = = h(D)(Ts − T ) +  (D(Ts4 − Tsu4 )
. L
= 15 * ( * 0.07)(200 − 25) + 0.8 * ( * 0.07) * 5.67 *10−8 (4734 − 2984 )
= 577 + 421 = 998W / m
 Summary Example
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A closed container filled with hot coffee is in a room whose

air and walls are at a fixed temperature. Identify all heat
transfer processes that contribute to the cooling of the
coffee. Comment on features that would contribute to a
superior container design.
 Cont…
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❑q1: free convection from the coffee to the flask.

❑q2: conduction through the flask.
❑q3: free convection from the flask to the air.
❑q4: free convection from the air to the cover.
❑q5: net radiation exchange between the outer surface of
the flask and the inner surface of the cover.
❑q6: conduction through the cover.
❑q7: free convection from the cover to the room air.
❑q8: net radiation exchange between the outer surface of
the cover and the surrounding