Sample Deprivation and Institutionalisation

Attachment
E
Deprivation and Institutionalisation
PL
M
SA
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E
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PL
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M
SA
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Maternal Deprivation
E
 To outline and evaluate Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation.
PL
 To examine Romanian Orphan Studies to consider the effects of
institutionalisation.
M
SA
E
 Discussion: Consider the following quote in the context of human
attachment. Do you agree or disagree, and why?
PL
“It is better to have loved and lost, than never to
have loved at all.”
M
SA
Deprivation
E
 Question: What happened to children during WWII?
PL
 Many psychologists became interested in the effects of children being
separated (deprivation) from their caregivers.
 From this Bowlby created the ‘Maternal

M
Deprivation Hypothesis’.
SA
Deprivation
E
 Before we look at Bowlby’s hypothesis it is useful to understand the
difference between deprivation and privation.
PL
Deprivation Privation
Never to have loved (or been loved)
Loved and lost
at all
M
 Deprivation occurs when the  Privation occurs when a child does
attachment bond is formed but not form any attachment at all.
is broken later on in life.
SA
“It is better to have loved and lost, than never to
have loved at all.”
Deprivation
E
 Task: In pairs, use a mini-whiteboard and decide if the following
statements are examples of Deprivation or Privation.
PL
M Deprivation
Or
SA
Privation
Deprivation
E
 Child A’s mother died during childbirth and tragically her father committed
suicide just two weeks later. Since then she has been in foster care, and had a
series of short of placements.
PL
M Privation
Child A has not has an
SA
opportunity to form an
attachment.
Deprivation
E
 Child B is 2 years old. He has been taken from his mother who is an alcoholic
and gives him no affection or attention.
PL
M Privation
Child B will not have formed
SA
a emotional bond with his
mother, as the relationship
was not reciprocal.
Deprivation
E
 Child C is two years old. Her mother has recently had another baby and has
been admitted into hospital with post-natal depression. She has been there
for a month.
PL
M Deprivation
Assuming Child C is
SA
attached to her mother
normally, then she is just
experiencing separation.
Deprivation
E
Bowlby said:
“Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health, as are
PL
vitamins and proteins are for physical health”
Discussion: Based on what you have learned, do you agree with Bowlby
or disagree?
M
SA
Deprivation
E
 Note: Bowlby proposed the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis 20 years
before his attachment theory (studied earlier in the course).
PL
 However, the basis of his MDH is similar to the idea of the ‘Critical
Period’.
Questions: M
 What is the critical period?
 What happens if a child does not form an attachment during this
SA
period?
Deprivation
E
“If an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous
relationship with his/her mother (or mother substitute) before the age of
2.5yrs then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other
PL
people and be a risk of behavioural/emotional disorders.”
Bowlby
 Furthermore, if a child is separated from their caregiver (after forming
an attachment) they will show certain separation behaviours?
M
 Task: On your mini-whiteboard, list all of
SA
the behaviours that a child who is
separated from his/her primary caregiver
might show?
Deprivation
E
 Children who are separated typically show three key behaviours, in the
same order, which we can remember as PDD. Question: From the
behaviours listed what might PDD stand for?
PL
 P rotest
 D espair
M
SA
 D etachment
Deprivation
E
 Task: Summarise the key points of Bowlby’s method and results in the
table on page. You should only use bullet point.
PL
M
SA
Deprivation
E
Bowlby Rutter
 Quasi-experiment (Correlational)
PL
 Affectionless psychopaths, other thieves,
Method
control group
 Interviewed children and families about
early life experiences
 86% of affectionless psychopaths

M
Results
experienced attachment separation

 Compared to: 17% of other thieves
 4% control group
SA
Evaluation
Institutionalisation
E
 However, not all Psychologists agree with Bowlby and Romanian
Orphan studies suggest a very different outcome for children.
PL
 Task: As you watch the video, make notes on the effects of
institutionalisation on the Romanian Orphans mentioned.
M
SA
E
 Task: Now read the summary of Rutter and Songua-Barke (2010) and
add to your summary table, including the method and results only at
this stage.
PL
M
SA
E
Bowlby Rutter
 Quasi-experiment (Correlational)  Longitudinal study
PL
 Affectionless psychopaths, other thieves,  Measured the impact of attachment over time
Method
for 165 Romanian Orphans

control group
 111 adopted before the age of 2
 Interviewed children and families about  54 adopted after the age of 2
early life experiences  Control group included 52 British children
 86% of affectionless psychopaths  Children adopted early (before 2) caught up
M
Results
experienced attachment separation with the British children

 Those not adopted early (after 2) had significant
 Compared to: 17% of other thieves
cognitive, social, and physical problems
 4% control group  The problems persisted until the age of 15
SA
Evaluation
E
 Task: As a group, consider the strengths and limitations of Bowlby and
Rutter’s research. Try to write one strength and one limitation of both
studies.
PL
 Hint: Consider the methodology used.
5 Minutes
M
SA
E
Bowlby Rutter
PL
 The experiment was correlational the results only  Longitudinal (natural) studies have high
show a relationship between early childhood ecological validity and can examine the effects
experiences. We are unable to conclude that over a longer period of time.
separation causes affectionless psychopathy.
 However, there are a huge number of

M
The use of interviews could have led to extraneous variables that could not be
Evaluation
interviewer bias where the expectations of the controlled (e.g. quality of care from adopted
interviewer affected the respondent’s behaviour. parents).
The participants were required to recall Participant attrition might be an issue, as

SA
 
information from a long time ago (which is known participants drop out and the data from these
as retrospective data collection). It is possible cases is unavailable but could be highly
that some participants couldn’t remember the important.
details accurately, or may have even changed
some of the details.
E
“If an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous
relationship with his/her mother (or mother substitute) before the age of
2.5yrs then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other
PL
Bowlby
 Discussion: Do you think Rutter would agree with Bowlby?
M
Rutter argued that the idea of a critical period is
incorrect. His results suggest that children can
SA
still form an attachment after 2.5 years old;
however, it just takes them longer to form one. He
argued that the term should be ‘sensitive period’
and not ‘critical’.
E
 Does separation always lead to
behavioural/emotional disorders?
PL
 What would Bowlby say?
 What would Rutter say?
 Task: Complete the text

M
argument between Bowlby and
Rutter. Try to include the
following key terms:
SA
 Correlational, Retrospective Data
Collection, Ecological Validity,
Causation
E
 Extension Task: Write one burger
paragraph for deprivation and one for
institutionalisation.
PL
 Imagine that you are answer the
following questions:
M
 Burger 1: Outline and evaluate
research related to the effects of
institutionalization.
SA
 Burger 2: Discuss research into
maternal deprivation.
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E
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and Students. Join our resource-sharing communities on Facebook and make
PL
full use of our resources on the free tutor2u Psychology Channel.
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Discussion: Consider the following quote in the context of human attachment. Do you agree
or disagree, and why?
“It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.”
Alfred Lord Tennyson
Deprivation Privation
Definition: Definition:
E
PL
Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis (1953)
“If an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with
his/her mother (or mother substitute) before the age of 2.5yrs (later termed the
critical period) then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other
P D D
M
AIM: To examine the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis and see if early childhood separations
were associated with behavioural disorders. Bowlby coined a particular disorder –
affectionless psychopathy – to describe individuals with no sense of shame of guilt.
SA
METHOD: 88 children, from 5-16 who were referred to a guidance clinic took part. 44 children
were thieves, and Bowlby identified 16 of these thieves as affectionless psychopaths. 44 other
children who had not committed crimes (control group) also took part. Bowlby interviewed
the children and their families to create a record of early life experiences.
RESULTS: There were three main findings:

 86% of the affectionless psychopaths experienced prolonged attachment separation
 Just 17% of the ‘other thieves’ had experienced such separations
 Only 4% of the control group had experienced frequent early separations
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there is a link between early separations and later
social maladjustment. Maternal deprivation appears to lead to affectionless psychopathy and
antisocial behaviour.
© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

Task: As you watch the video, make notes on the effects of institutionalisation on the Romanian Orphans
mentioned.
E
Under Communist politician Nicola Ceausescu, Romania banned contraception and abortion in the
1960s. Combined with a struggling economy, these interventions led to a massively overpopulated
PL
country with insufficient money to care for its children. Couples were taxed for being childless,
leading to an abundance of children being born and then abandoned by their parents.
The standard of orphanages ranged from poor to abysmal. The Nuffield Foundation decided to
monitor the impact of this poor care and absence of attachment longitudinally, to measure its impact
on these children. 165 Romanian orphans were tracked longitudinally, 111 of which who were
adopted before the age of 2 and 54 who were adopted after the age of 2. They were then compared
to a control group of 52 British children.
M
The results were extraordinary and have informed our knowledge of the effects of privation (the
absence of attachment) on the physical and mental development of young people. The children were
followed up at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15. The results were shocking. The key findings included:
 Those adopted early quickly caught up with the British children
 Those not adopted early had significant cognitive, social and physical development problems
 One-third of those adopted late had problems requiring the intervention of an educational
psychologist or psychiatrist
SA
 These problems persisted in the group adopted later, all the way to the age of 15. These
included symptoms very similar to autism
These findings supported the idea of Bowlby’s critical period, as those who did not form an
attachment in this period never seemed to recover fully.
Task: Now read the summary of Rutter and Songua-Barke (2010) and add to your summary table,
including the method and results only at this stage.

Method
Results Bowlby Rutter
E
PL
Evaluation
M
Does separation always lead to behavioural/emotional disorders? What would Bowlby say?
What would Rutter say? Task: Complete the text argument between Bowlby and Rutter.
Try to include the following key terms:
Correlational, Retrospective Data Collection, Ecological Validity, Causation
SA
Bowlby: My study on Juvenile Thieves clearly shows that

deprivation can lead to long-term behavioural and
emotional disorders – just look at those affectionless
psychopaths!
Rutter:

Bowlby:
Rutter:
E
Bowlby:
PL
Rutter:
M
SA
Bowlby:
What do you think?

Extension Evaluation
Task: Imagine that you are writing an evaluation paragraph for the following question:
Outline and evaluate research related to the effects of institutionalisation. Select one of the
points from the table above and write a burger paragraph.
Point
Evidence/
Example
E
PL
Explain
Task: Imagine that you are writing an evaluation paragraph for the following question:
M
Discuss research into maternal deprivation. Select one of the points from the table above
and write a burger paragraph.
Point
SA
Evidence/
Example
Explain


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 From this Bowlby created the ‘Maternal

 86% of affectionless psychopaths

experienced attachment separation

for 165 Romanian Orphans

 86% of affectionless psychopaths  Children adopted early (before 2) caught up

experienced attachment separation with the British children

The participants were required to recall Participant attrition might be an issue, as

 Task: Complete the text

RESULTS: There were three main findings:

© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

Bowlby: My study on Juvenile Thieves clearly shows that

© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

What do you think?

© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

© tutor2u AQA A Level Psychology Handout

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