Analog - Being continuous or having continuous values

Binary - Having two values or states; describe a number system that

has a base of two and utilizes 1 and 0 as its digits.

Bit - A binary digit which can be either 1 or 0.

Duty Cycle - The ratio of the pulse width (time when the signal is high) to
the period (complete cycle) of a digital waveform, expressed as a
percentage.

Gate - A logic circuit that performs a basic logic operation such as

AND or OR.

Soln:

(a) The period T is measured from the edge of one pulse to the
corresponding edge of the next pulse.
 1 1
(b) f = = = 100 Hz
𝑇 10 𝑚𝑠

𝑡𝑤 1 𝑚𝑠
(c) Duty Cycle = x 100% = x 100% = 10%
𝑇 10 𝑚𝑠

RP:
A periodic digital waveform has a pulse width of 25 μs and a period of
150 μs. Determine the frequency and the duty cycle.

(a) A period digital waveform has a pulse width of 25 μs. Period of

150 μs determines the frequency and duty cycle.
1 1 3
(b) f = = = 6.67 x 10 Hz
𝑇 150 μ𝑠

𝑡𝑤 25 μ𝑠
(c) Duty Cycle = x 100% = x 100% = 16.67 %
𝑇 150 μ𝑠

Soln:
 1 1
(a)T = = = 1 μs
𝑓 1 𝑀𝐻𝑧
It takes 1 μs to transfer each bit in the waveform. The total transfer
time for 8 bits is 8 x 1 μs = 8 μs
(b) The parallel transfer would take 1 μs for all eight bits.

RP:
If binary data are transferred on a USB at the rate of 480 million bits per
second (480 Mbps), how long will it take to serially transfer 16 bits?

480 x 1000000 b = 1 s
16 b = ?
-8
= 16 / 480 x 1000000 = 3.33 x 10

It would take 33.33 nanoseconds to serially transfer 16 bits

Amplitude = (3 div)(1 V/div) = 3 V

(*A full cycle of the waveform (from beginning of one pulse to the
beginning of the next) covers four divisions.)
Period,T = (4 div)(10 μs/div) = 40 μs
1 1
f= = = 25 kHz
𝑇 40 μ𝑠
RP:
For a volts/div setting of 4 V and sec/div setting of 2 ms, determine the
amplitude and period of the pulse shown on the screen in Figure 1–48.
Amplitude = (3 div)(4 V/div) = 12 V
Period,T = (4 div)(2ms/div) = 8 ms

(*signed number ⇒ + → 0
⇒- →1
binary number ရဲ ့ရှေ့ဆုံးကကောင်ကိုပြောင်း)
Soln:
+39 ⇒ 32 + 4 + 2 + 1
5 2 1 0
2 +2 +2 +2

00100111
- 39 ⇒ 10100111 Binary Number(Sign magnitude)
⇒ 11011000 1’s complement (*sign bit ကိုထည့်မစဥ်းစား)
⇒ 11011000
+ 1
——————
11011001 2’s complement
Soln:
+19 ⇒ 16 + 2 + 1
4 1 0
2 +2 +2

00010011
- 19 ⇒ 10010011 Binary Number(Sign magnitude)
⇒ 11101100 1’s complement
⇒ 11101100
+ 1
——————
11101101 2’s complement

(* 1’s/ 2’s/ signed binary number တွေကို decimal ပြောင်းရင်ရှေ့ဆုံးက

ကောင်ကို - ထည့်)
Soln:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
a. 00010111 ⇒ - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
16 4 2 1 = +23\

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
b. 11101000 ⇒ - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
-128 64 32 8 = -24
(* -24 ⇒ 1’s complement
- ထွက်တဲကေ
့ ာင်ကို 1 ပေါင်းပေးရတယ် signed number မလို့ )

-24 + 1 = -23

1 0
a. E516 = (E x 16 ) + (5 x 16 ) = (14 x 16) + (5 x 1) = 22910
3 2 1 0
b. B2F816 = (B x 16 ) + (2 x 16 ) + (F x 16 ) + (8 x 16 )
3 2
= (11 x 16 ) + (2 x 16 ) + (15 x 16) + (8 x 1)

= 4581610

(* ကိနး် ပြည့်က carry ဖြစ် )

650
= 40.625 → 0.625 x 16 = 10 = A
16

40
= 2.5 → 0.5 x 16 =8 =8
16

2
= 0.125 → 0.125 x 16 = 2 = 2
16
28A (Hexadecimal)
2591
= 161.9375 → 0.9375 x 16 = 15 = F
16

161
= 10.0625 → 0.0625 x 16 = 1 = 1
16

10
= 0.625 → 0.625 x 16 = 10 = A
16
A1F (Hexadecimal)

(* - အနောက်ကဟာကို 2’s complement ပြောင်း )

a. 8416 - 2A16

2A16 = 00101010

(*1’s complement of 2A16 = 11010101)

2’s complement of 2A16 = 11010110 = D616

b. C316 - 0B16

0B16 = 00001011
(*1’s complement of 0B16 = 11110100)

2’s complement of 2A16 = 11110101 = F516

The difference is B816

Soln:

The output X is HIGH whenever an input is LOW as shown in the timing

diagram.
(NOR gate == negative AND)

The output X is HIGH when all inputs are LOW as shown in the timing
diagram.
[*

Input AND OR NOR XOR XNOR

0 0 0 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1
]
Soln:
Figure 3-49 (a)
Soln:
AB + A(B+C) + B(B+C)
= AB + AB + AC + BB + BC
= AB + AB + AC + B + BC (according to rule 7, BB = B)
= AB + AC + B + BC (according to rule 5, AB + AB = AB)
= AB + AC + B (according to rule 10, B + BC = B)
= AB + B + AC
= B + AC (according to rule 10)

Soln:
Soln:

Soln:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Soln:
Soln:(*The simplified output is 4 input )

= A+B+C+D
Soln:

= 1001 1000 1100 0001 0000

Soln:
Soln:
Soln: