NASA Astronaut Group 16

NASA Astronaut Group 16 - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16
NASA Astronaut Group 16

NASA Astronaut Group 16 ("The
The Sardines
Sardines") was a group of 44
astronauts announced by NASA on
May 1, 1996.[1] The class was
nicknamed "The Sardines" for being
such a large class, humorously
implying that their training sessions
would be as tightly packed as sardines
in a can.[2] These 44 candidates
compose the largest astronaut class to
date. NASA selected so many
candidates in preparation for the
anticipated need for ISS crew
members, along with regular shuttle
needs. Nine of the 44 astronauts
selected were from other countries
including 5 from Europe and 2 from The astronauts of Group 16
Canada and Japan. Year selected 1996
Three members of this group, William Number selected 44

C. McCool, David M. Brown, and
Laurel B. Clark, died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.[3][4][5] These three received the
Congressional Space Medal of Honor.[6]
Pilots
▪ Duane G. Carey (1 flight)[7]
STS-109 Columbia[8] (Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission; Columbia's last successful
flight)
▪ Stephen Frick (2 flights)[9]
STS-110 Atlantis[10] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S0 Truss Segment)

STS-122 Atlantis[11] (ISS assembly mission – launched the Columbus Laboratory)
▪ Charles O. Hobaugh (3 flights)[12]
STS-104 Atlantis[13] (ISS assembly mission – launched the Quest Joint Airlock)
STS-118 Endeavour[14] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S5 Truss Segment)
STS-129 Atlantis[15]
▪ James M. Kelly (2 flights)[16]
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NASA Astronaut Group 16 - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_16
Pilot, STS-102 Discovery[17] (ISS resupply mission)

Pilot, STS-114 Discovery[18] (the first "Return to Flight" mission after the Space Shuttle
Columbia disaster)
▪ Mark E. Kelly (4 flights;[19] fellow astronaut Scott J. Kelly is his twin brother)[20]
Pilot, STS-108 Endeavour[21] (ISS supply mission)

Pilot, STS-121 Discovery[22] (ISS resupply mission; second "Return to Flight" mission after
the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)
Commander, STS-124 Discovery[23] (ISS assembly mission – launched the Japanese
Experiment Module)
Commander, STS-134 Endeavour[24] (ISS assembly mission – launched the Alpha Magnetic
Spectrometer-02 (AMS-02) and ExPRESS Logistics Carrier-3(ELC-3))
▪ Scott J. Kelly (4 flights;[25] fellow astronaut Mark E. Kelly is his twin brother)[20]
Pilot, STS-103 Discovery (Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission)[26]

Commander, STS-118 Endeavour (ISS assembly mission – launched the S5 Truss
Segment)[14]
Expedition 25[27]/26[28]
Soyuz TMA-01M (launch and landing vehicle for Expedition 25/26)[27]
Expedition 43[29]/Expedition 44[30]/Expedition 45[31]/Expedition 46[32]
Soyuz TMA-16M[29]/Soyuz TMA-18M[32] (Launch and landing vehicles for Expedition 43-46)
ISS year long mission
▪ Paul Lockhart (2 flights)[33]
STS-111 Endeavour[34] (ISS resupply mission)

STS-113 Endeavour[35] (launched the P1 Truss Segment, last flight before the Space Shuttle
Columbia disaster)
▪ Christopher Loria[36]
▪ William C. McCool (1 flight; died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)[37]
STS-107 Columbia[38] (orbital science mission; last flight of Space Shuttle Columbia – RCC
panel damage resulted in disintegration of Columbia)
▪ Mark L. Polansky (3 flights)[39]
STS-98 Atlantis[40] (ISS assembly mission – launched Destiny)

STS-116 Discovery[41] (ISS assembly mission – launched the P5 Truss Segment)
STS-127 Endeavour[42]
Mission specialists
▪ David M. Brown (1 flight; died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)[43]
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▪ Daniel C. Burbank (3 flights)[44]
STS-106 Atlantis[45] (ISS supply mission)

STS-115 Atlantis (ISS assembly mission – launched the P3/P4 Truss Assemblies)[46]
Soyuz TMA-22 (the launch and landing vehicle of Expedition 29[47]/Expedition 30[48])
ISS Expedition 29[47]/Expedition 30[48] (6 month mission to the ISS)
▪ Yvonne D. Cagle (0 flights)[49]

▪ As of April 2021, on the active list of NASA Management Astronauts (active astronauts no
longer eligible for spaceflight assignments), assigned to NASA's Ames Research Center in
Mountain View, California[50]
▪ Fernando "Frank" Caldeiro[51]

▪ Charles J. Camarda (1 flight)[52]
STS-114 Discovery[18] (the first "Return to Flight" mission after the Space Shuttle Columbia
disaster)
▪ Laurel B. Clark (1 flight; died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)[53]
▪ E. Michael Fincke (3 flights)[54]
Soyuz TMA-4 (the launch and landing vehicle of Expedition 9)[55]

ISS Expedition 9 (6 month mission to the ISS)[56]
Soyuz TMA-13(launch vehicle for Expedition 18)[57]
Expedition 18[57]
▪ Patrick G. Forrester (3 flights),[58] Chief of the Astronaut Office 2017–2020
STS-105 Discovery (ISS resupply flight)[59]

STS-117 Atlantis (ISS assembly mission – launched the S3/S4 Truss Assemblies)[60]
STS-128 Discovery[61]
▪ John B. Herrington (1 flight)[62]
STS-113 Endeavour (ISS assembly mission – launched the P1 Truss Segment)[35]
▪ Joan E. Higginbotham (1 flight)[63]
STS-116 Discovery (ISS assembly mission – launched the P5 Truss Segment)[41]
▪ Sandra H. Magnus (3 flights)[64]

ISS Expedition 18 – Flight Engineer (3 month expedition)[67][68]
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▪ Michael J. Massimino (2 flights)[70]
STS-109 Columbia[8] (Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission; Columbia's last successful
flight)
STS-125 Atlantis[71] (Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission)
▪ Richard A. Mastracchio (4 flights)[72]

STS-118 Endeavour[14] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S5 Truss Segment)
ISS Expedition 38[74]/Expedition 39[75] (6 month mission to the ISS)
Soyuz TMA-11M[74] (the launch and landing vehicle of Expedition 38/Expedition 39)
▪ Lee M. E. Morin (1 flight)[76]
STS-110 Atlantis (ISS assembly mission – launched the S0 Truss Segment)[10]
▪ Lisa M. Nowak (1 flight; dismissed from the Astronaut Corps and reassigned to the U.S.
Navy)[77]
STS-121 Discovery (ISS resupply mission; second Return to Flight mission after the Space
Shuttle Columbia disaster)[22]
Lisa Nowak was arrested on February 5, 2007, after confronting a woman entangled in
a love triangle with a fellow astronaut. She was fired by NASA on March 7,[78] and she
became the first astronaut to be both grounded and dismissed (prior astronauts who
were grounded due to non-medical issues usually resigned or retired).
▪ Donald R. Pettit (3 flights)[79]
STS-113 Endeavour[35] (the launch vehicle of Expedition 6)

ISS Expedition 6 (5½ month mission to the ISS)[80]
Soyuz TMA-1 (the landing vehicle of Expedition 6)[81]
STS-126 Endeavour[66] (ISS resupply mission ULF2)
▪ John L. Phillips (3 flights)[82]
STS-100 Endeavour[83] (ISS assembly mission – launched Canadarm2)

▪ Paul W. Richards (1 flight)[87]
STS-102 Discovery[17] (ISS resupply mission)
▪ Piers J. Sellers (3 flights)[88]
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STS-121 Discovery[22] (ISS resupply mission; Second "Return to Flight" Mission after the
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)
▪ Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (2 flights)[90]
STS-115 Atlantis[46] (ISS assembly mission – launched the P3/P4 Truss Assemblies)
STS-126 Endeavour[66] (ISS resupply mission ULF2)
▪ Daniel M. Tani (2 flights)[91]
STS-108 Endeavour[21] (ISS supply mission)

STS-120 Discovery[92] (the mission launched him to the ISS)
ISS Expedition 16 (served as a Flight Engineer)[93]
STS-122 Atlantis (the mission returned him to earth)[11]
▪ Rex J. Walheim (3 flights)[94]

STS-122 Atlantis[11] (ISS assembly mission – launched the Columbus Laboratory)
▪ Peggy A. Whitson (3 flights)[95]
STS-111 Endeavour[34] (the launch vehicle of Expedition 5)

STS-113 Endeavour (the landing vehicle of Expedition 5)[97]
Soyuz MS-03[99]/MS-04,[100] ISS Expedition 50[99]/51[101]/52[100]
▪ Jeffrey N. Williams (4 flights)[102]

Soyuz TMA-16,[106] ISS Expedition 21[106]]/22[107]
Soyuz TMA-20M,[108] ISS Expedition 47[108]/48[109]
▪ Stephanie D. Wilson (3 flights)[110]
STS-121 Discovery[22] (ISS resupply mission; second Return to Flight mission after the
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)
STS-120 Discovery[92] (ISS assembly mission – launched Harmony (Node 2))
International mission specialists

▪ Pedro Duque (Spain; 2 flights)[111]
5 of 19 14/09/2023 13:36
STS-95 Discovery[112] (orbital science mission)

Soyuz TMA-3 (flew as a Flight Engineer for the Soyuz TMA)[113]
Soyuz TMA-2 (flew as a Flight Engineer for the Soyuz TMA)[114]
▪ Christer Fuglesang (Sweden; 2 flights)[115]
STS-116 Discovery[41] (ISS assembly mission – launched the P5 Truss Segment)

▪ Umberto Guidoni (Italy; 2 flights)[116]
STS-75 Columbia[117] (orbital science mission) – flight performed before being selected as
Mission Specialist
STS-100 Endeavour[83] (ISS assembly mission – launched Canadarm2)
▪ Steven G. MacLean (Canada; 2 flights)[118]
STS-52 Columbia[119] (deployed the LAGEOS-II Satellite) – flight performed before being
selected as Mission Specialist
STS-115 Atlantis[46] (ISS assembly mission – launched the P3/P4 Truss Assemblies)
▪ Mamoru Mohri (Japan; 2 flights)[120]
STS-47 Endeavour[121] (orbital science mission) – flight performed before being selected as
Mission Specialist
STS-99 Endeavour[122] (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)
▪ Soichi Noguchi (Japan; 3 flights)[123]
STS-114 Discovery[18] (the first "Return to Flight" mission after the Space Shuttle Columbia
disaster)
Soyuz TMA-17 (ISS Expedition 22)[124]
SpaceX Crew 1 (First official SpaceX crew mission to ISS)[125]
▪ Julie Payette (Canada; 2 flights)[126] on 2 October 2017, became the 29th Governor General
of Canada.[126]
STS-96 Discovery[127] (ISS supply mission)

STS-127 Endeavour[42] (ISS supply mission)
▪ Philippe Perrin (France; 1 flight)[128]
STS-111 Endeavour[34] (ISS resupply mission)
▪ Gerhard Thiele (Germany; 1 flight)[129]
STS-99 Endeavour[122] (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission)
References
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This article incorporates public domain material (https://www.jsc.nasa.gov/policies.html#Guide

lines) from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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on/Astronauts/Gerhard_P.J._Thiele). Astronauts. ESA. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
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External links
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NASA Astronaut Group 16 - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Three members of this group, William Number selected 44

▪ Stephen Frick (2 flights)[9]

STS-110 Atlantis[10] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S0 Truss Segment)

▪ Charles O. Hobaugh (3 flights)[12]

▪ James M. Kelly (2 flights)[16]

Pilot, STS-102 Discovery[17] (ISS resupply mission)

Pilot, STS-108 Endeavour[21] (ISS supply mission)

Pilot, STS-103 Discovery (Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission)[26]

▪ Paul Lockhart (2 flights)[33]

STS-111 Endeavour[34] (ISS resupply mission)

▪ Mark L. Polansky (3 flights)[39]

STS-98 Atlantis[40] (ISS assembly mission – launched Destiny)

▪ Daniel C. Burbank (3 flights)[44]

STS-106 Atlantis[45] (ISS supply mission)

▪ Yvonne D. Cagle (0 flights)[49]

▪ Fernando "Frank" Caldeiro[51]

▪ Laurel B. Clark (1 flight; died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster)[53]

▪ E. Michael Fincke (3 flights)[54]

Soyuz TMA-4 (the launch and landing vehicle of Expedition 9)[55]

▪ Patrick G. Forrester (3 flights),[58] Chief of the Astronaut Office 2017–2020

STS-105 Discovery (ISS resupply flight)[59]

▪ John B. Herrington (1 flight)[62]

STS-113 Endeavour (ISS assembly mission – launched the P1 Truss Segment)[35]

▪ Joan E. Higginbotham (1 flight)[63]

STS-116 Discovery (ISS assembly mission – launched the P5 Truss Segment)[41]

▪ Sandra H. Magnus (3 flights)[64]

STS-112 Atlantis[65] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S1 Truss Segment)

▪ Michael J. Massimino (2 flights)[70]

▪ Richard A. Mastracchio (4 flights)[72]

STS-106 Atlantis[45] (ISS supply mission)

▪ Lee M. E. Morin (1 flight)[76]

STS-110 Atlantis (ISS assembly mission – launched the S0 Truss Segment)[10]

▪ Donald R. Pettit (3 flights)[79]

STS-113 Endeavour[35] (the launch vehicle of Expedition 6)

▪ John L. Phillips (3 flights)[82]

STS-100 Endeavour[83] (ISS assembly mission – launched Canadarm2)

▪ Paul W. Richards (1 flight)[87]

STS-102 Discovery[17] (ISS resupply mission)

▪ Piers J. Sellers (3 flights)[88]

STS-112 Atlantis[65] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S1 Truss Segment)

▪ Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper (2 flights)[90]

▪ Daniel M. Tani (2 flights)[91]

STS-108 Endeavour[21] (ISS supply mission)

▪ Rex J. Walheim (3 flights)[94]

STS-110 Atlantis[10] (ISS assembly mission – launched the S0 Truss Segment)

▪ Peggy A. Whitson (3 flights)[95]

STS-111 Endeavour[34] (the launch vehicle of Expedition 5)

▪ Jeffrey N. Williams (4 flights)[102]

STS-101 Atlantis[103] (ISS supply mission)

▪ Stephanie D. Wilson (3 flights)[110]

International mission specialists

STS-95 Discovery[112] (orbital science mission)

▪ Christer Fuglesang (Sweden; 2 flights)[115]

STS-116 Discovery[41] (ISS assembly mission – launched the P5 Truss Segment)

▪ Umberto Guidoni (Italy; 2 flights)[116]

▪ Steven G. MacLean (Canada; 2 flights)[118]