GROWTH and

DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE
 OBJECTIVES:
1. Define the following terms:
• Growth
• Development
2. The growing man throughout
the lifespan
• Infant
• Toddler
• Preschool
• School-age
• Adolescent
• Young adult
• Middle adult
• Older adult
3. developmental theories:
• Erik Erikson ( Psychosocial
Development)
• Sigmund Freud (Psychosexual
Development)
Humans grow and
develop
throughout life
• Health care providers promote health in people
from birth to death

• All people regardless of age, have unique health

care needs
 What is
GROWTH?
 GROWTH
Is an increase in
body size, or
changes in body
cell structure,
function, and
complexity
 What is
DEVELOPMENT?
DEVELOPMENT
Is an orderly pattern
of changes in
structure, thoughts,
feelings, or behaviors
resulting from
maturation,
experiences, and
learning
MAN ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
 YOUNG MIDDLE
INFANCY TODDLERHOOD PRESCHOOL SCHOOL-AGE ADOLESCENT OLDER ADULT
ADULT ADULT
The Growing Man Throughout the Lifespan
INFANCY ( 0-1 YEAR)
• brain grows to about half the adult size
• use of syllable repetition ( ma-ma, da-da)
• weight usually triples by 1 year
• starts to creep, crawl, stand and walk
TODDLER ( 1-3 YEARS)
• are usually chubby, with relatively short legs and a
large head
• walk up and down stairs one step at a time and
jump with both feet
• they can also hold a spoon and cup
• assert independence by saying “no” (negativistic
behavior)
PRESCHOOL ( 3-6 YEARS)
• they appear taller and thinner than toddlers
• can ride a tricycle ,can skip, hop on one foot, catch a
ball, and go up and down the stairs using alternate
feet

• can tie shoelaces, print few letters and numbers and

their first name
• active imagination and fantasizes in play
SCHOOL-AGE (6-12 YEARS)
• gains weight rapidly and thus appears less thin
than previously
• most are skilled in games of interest (Bicycling,
roller-skating, skateboarding)
• by 12 years boys and girls weigh on the average;
girls are usually heavier; girls may be taller than
boys
 ADOLESCENT ( 12-18 YEARS)
• sexual organs begins to grow and mature (puberty)
• both primary and secondary sex characteristics
develop
• growth is fastest for boys at about 14 years;
maximum height at about 18-19 years
• fastest growth occurs in girls at about age 12.
maximum height at about 15-16 years
 YOUNG ADULT ( 19-35 YEARS)
• 20s are in their prime physical years
• all other systems of the body are also functioning at
its peak
• establish relationship with opposite sex, friends
and family
• career focus
• start family life
MIDDLE ADULT ( 35-65 YEARS)
• both men and women experience decreasing
hormonal production
• wrinkling appears, visual acuity declines,
metabolism slows, resulting in weight gain
• show concern for the next generation
OLDER ADULT (65 YEARS and BEYOND)
• acceptance of physical and psychological changes

• often like to tell stories of past events ( life

review)
• adjusting to retirement
• accept death as inevitable
DEVELOPMENTA
L THEORIES
ERIK ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY
 INFANT: Trust vs Mistrust
TRUST MISTRUST
• trust is achieved if • mistrust results in
parent/caregiver will provide inconsistent care and not
consistent care to the infant meeting the child’s needs
• activities that promote trust
are:
oFeed child on demand
oProvide warmth and comfort
 TODDLER: Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
AUTONOMY SHAME & DOUBT
• toddler develops his/her • limiting choices and or
sense of independence by harsh punishment can lead
making choices. to feelings of shame and
doubt
• example: trying to feed and
dress self
 PRESCHOOLER: Initiative vs Guilt
INITIATIVE GUILT
• children assert themselves • through criticism or
more frequently. control, children develop
• central task: PLAY- a sense of guilt.
provides children with the
opportunity to explore their
interpersonal skills through
initiating activities.
 SCHOOL-AGE: Industry vs Inferiority
INDUSTRY INFERIORITY
• the child now feels the need to • without proper support for
win approval learning of new skills or if
skills are too difficult,
• begin to develop a sense of children then may develop
pride in their a sense of inadequacy and
accomplishments. inferiority
 ADOLESCENT: Identity vs Role Confusion
IDENTITY ROLE CONFUSION
• adolescents search for a
• failure to establish a sense
sense of self and personal
of identity within society
identity
• ("I don’t know what I
• adolescent will re-examine want to be when I grow
his identity and try to find up") can lead to role
out exactly who he or she is. confusion.
 YOUNG ADULT: Intimacy vs Isolation
INTIMACY ISOLATION
• avoiding intimacy, fearing
• explore relationships commitment and
leading toward longer-term relationships can lead to
commitments with someone isolation, loneliness, and
other than a family member. sometimes depression.
 MIDDLE ADULT: Generativity vs Stagnation
GENERATIVITY STAGNATION
• focus on supporting future • failing to find a way to
generations contribute, become stagnant
and feel unproductive.
• give back to society (e.g.
raise children, community
activities)
 OLDER ADULT: Integrity vs Despair
INTEGRITY DESPAIR
• older adult contemplate • if older adults see their lives
accomplishments and develop as unproductive, they
integrity if they see themselves become dissatisfied with life
leading a successful life. and develop despair
• success in this stage will lead
to the virtue of wisdom.
 SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT THEORY

ORAL ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL

STAGE STAGE STAGE STAGE STAGE
ORAL STAGE (0-1 year)
• the mouth is the pleasure center for development.

• if a child’s oral needs are not met, it could lead to

oral fixation ( e.g. nail biting, thumbsucking)
ANAL STAGE (1-3 years)
• the primary focus of the libido was on controlling
bladder and bowel movements.
• major conflict- toilet training--the child has to
learn to control his or her bodily needs.
• developing this control leads to a sense of
accomplishment and independence.
PHALLIC STAGE (3-6 years)
• Freud suggested that during the phallic stage, the
primary focus of the libido is on the genitals.

• at this age, children also begin to discover the

differences between males and females.
LATENCY STAGE (7- 12 years )
• latent period is a time of exploration in which the
sexual energy repressed or dormant.

• This energy is still present, but it is sublimated

into other areas. (school, sports)
GENITAL STAGE (13 years onwards)
• the onset of puberty causes the libido to become
active once again.

• During the final stage of psychosexual

development, the individual develops a strong
sexual interest in the opposite sex.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
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