Manuscrip No CV

GARCIA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Kalibo, Aklan
Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peel
Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing Soap
A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of
Garcia College of Technology, Inc.
Senior High School Department
Kalibo, Aklan
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement for the Course
Research / Capstone Project
By
Tadia, Niña Anrish Joy G.
Dahilan, Margarete Clyde I.
Dejucos, Ken Lester C.
Doroteo, Janilie Dane N.
Dugang, Andrea Bianca I.
Jebulan, Danelle Anne R.
Pastrana, Mikaela Lei C.
Samson, Alessandra Lorenz R.
Velasquez, Chen S.
May 2023
Kalibo, Aklan
Acknowledgement
The researchers want to take this opportunity to express their heartfelt
appreciation to all the people who have been part of making this research possible.
First, the researchers would like to thank God for his provision of wisdom,
courage, and protection for everyone involved in this research project.
The researchers are sincerely grateful to Sir Velmor Jan N. Ortega, their teacher
for the research/capstone project, for his unwavering support, recommendations,
encouragement, opportunities, and patience in editing, modifying, and correcting this
paper.
To the Grade 12 STEM students at Garcia College Technology, Inc., the
respondents of this study, the researchers fully appreciate your comprehensive and
active participation in the conduct of this study, this research would not be possible
without you.
The researchers would also want to express their gratitude to their classmates
and co-members for their aid with editing, late-night feedback sessions, moral support,
and assistance during difficult moments as well as for their positivism, which greatly
uplifted all of the researchers.
Thank you to Mrs. Maria Ruella P. Lachica, the institution's principal, for
approving the request made by the researchers to carry out this study.
We would also want to express heartfelt thanks to the librarians, research
assistants, and students who participated in the study and had an impact on the
conclusion it reached.
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Last but not least, it would be negligent of the researchers if they failed to include
their family, in particular their parents, siblings, and other relatives. Throughout the
process, their faith in themselves has kept their spirits and motivation strong.
These people were crucial in helping us do this research successfully. Thank you
and God bless you for being so kind to us.
2023 The Researchers

Tadia, Niña Anrish Joy G
Velasquez, Chen S.
ii
Kalibo, Aklan
Abstract
This scientific experimental research aimed to determine the acceptability of
activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic
deodorizing soap. The respondents of this study were the 16 Grade 12 STEM voluntary
students studying at Garcia College of Technology, Inc. The research instrument used in
this study was the researcher-made questionnaire for the level of acceptability of
deodorizing soap in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and
lasting rate answered by the respondents. For the product testing, the researchers used
the user testing approach and used the observation checklist as an instrument for the
evaluation of the product in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability,
and lasting rate and as well as for identifying the significant difference of the said product
among the different treatments. Data gathered from the research were subjected to
mean and standard deviation for descriptive data analysis and Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) was used for inferential data analysis. The major finding of the study revealed
that the degree of acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus
Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather, color,
fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate was found to be higher by the
respondents. The evaluation of the product was found to have a foamy lather,
opalescent (having a milky iridescence) in terms of color, aromatic in terms of fragrance,
less dense in terms of hardness, cleansing but a faint odor in terms of cleansing ability,
and minus 2 to 3 cm in size in terms of lasting rate. Lastly, this study found that there
was no significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among
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the treatments in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and
lasting rate.
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Table of Contents
Chapter Page
1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY 1
Background of the Study 2
Statement of the Problem and the 7
Hypotheses
Significance of the Study 10
Definition of Terms 11
Delimitation of the Study 17
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 19
History and Origin of Soap 20
Process of Soap Making 21
Activated Charcoal 39
Mandarin Orange 43
Synthesis 47
3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 49
Purpose of the Study and Research 49
Design
Methods 55
Statistical Data Analysis Procedures 64
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 66
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND 97
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of the Problem, Methods, and Findings 97
Conclusions 101
Recommendations 105
REFERENCES 107
APPENDIXES 119
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List of Tables
Table Title Page
1 Saponification Values for Making Soap with Lye 5

(Sodium Hydroxide)
2 This figure shows the independent (experimental)
variables, treatments, and dependent (response) 50
variables associated with using the completely
randomized design.
3 The experimental layout that will serve as guide to 52
identify the randomized distribution of the units to
the respondents
4 The table shows the solving process for the amount of 54
lye needed by multiplying the amount of each oil
used in a mixture and its saponification value
5 The table shows the solving process in identifying the 54
total weight of lye water solution by dividing the
solved amount of lye with 0.3
6 The table shows the solving process in identifying the 55
amount of water needed for the lye water solution
by
subtracting the amount of lye water solution with
the
solved amount of lye
7 The table shows the Hedonic Scale used for translating 56
and identifying the level of acceptability of the
respondents on aromatic deodorizing soap
8 This table shows the observation / evaluation checklist 57
that the researchers will use to judge and see how
well developed the product is accepted as aromatic
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deodorizing soap in terms of lather

that the researchers will use to judge and see
how
well developed the product is accepted as
aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of color
aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of fragrance
aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of hardness
aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of cleansing
ability
aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lasting rate
14 Mean & Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing 67
Soap in Terms of Lather
Soap in Terms of Color
Soap in Terms of Fragrance
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Soap in Terms of Hardness

Soap in Terms of Cleansing Ability
Soap in Terms of Lasting Rate
20 Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of 76
Lather
Color
Fragrance
Hardness
Cleansing Ability
Lasting Rate
26 Analysis of Variance of Homemade Aromatic 85
Deodorizing Soap Among the Treatments
in Terms of Lather
in Terms of Color
in Terms of Fragrance
in Terms of Hardness
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in Terms of Cleansing Ability
in Terms of Lasting Rate
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List of Figures
Figure Pages
1 Paradigm of the Study 7
2 Base-drive hydrolysis of triglycerides (saponification) 22
3 Structure of Soap 22
4 The action and movement of soap molecule in removing 24

greases
5 Completely Randomized Design Research Diorama 53
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List of Appendixes
Appendix Title Page
A Communication Letters 119
B Data Gathering Instruments 127
C Data Analysis 160
D Curriculum Vitae 173
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Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata)
Peel Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing Soap
Niña Anrish Joy G. Tadia
Margarete Clyde I. Dahilan
Ken Lester C. Dejucos
Janilie Dane N. Doroteo
Andrea Bianca I. Dugang
Danelle Anne R. Jebulan
Mikaela Lei C. Pastrana
Alessandra Lorenz R. Samson
Chen S. Velasquez
Chapter 1
Introduction to the Study
Chapter 1 is made up of five parts: (1) Background and Framework of the Study,
(2) Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses, (3) Significance of the Study, (4)
Definition of Terms, and (5) Scope & Delimitation of the Study.
Part One, Background and Framework of the Study, provides the introduction
and rationalizes the importance of conducting the research. The Background of the
Study provides the context influencing the research as it presents the relevant
information that the readers ought to know before going in depth in this research. The
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Framework of the Study discusses the theoretical framework, which acts as a foundation
or ground of reference and the basis of the study as it discusses the existing theories
that appear to support the research by articulating the phenomena and drawing
connections, and conceptual framework, in which illustrates the important correlation
between the independent and dependent variables and identifies the relevant objectives
for the research study process and guides how they come together to draw
comprehensible conclusions.
Part Two, Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses, states the general and
specific problems as well as the hypotheses tested.
Part Three, Significance of the Study, describes the stakeholders of the research
and the manner by which they may be able to benefit from the results.
Part Four, Definition of Terms, defines conceptually and operationally the
important terms and the key variables used in the study.
Part Five, Scope & Delimitation of the Study, sets the limits of the research in
terms of the respondents, research design, variables, research instrument, and
statistical tools.
Background of the Study
Nowadays, millions of soaps are being utilized as it is one of the most basic
essentials that are being used every day. It is intended to wash and clean the body and
ensure that exterior portions, notably the skin, are free of microorganisms. In terms of
sanitary precautions, soap is a prominent cleanser that aids people eradicate bacteria
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and germs that come into contact with the skin, in addition to maintaining the body’s
health and sanity.
Soap, according to Jay (2013), may be identified as a chemical compound or
mixture of chemical compounds produced by the interaction of saturated fats or fatty
glycerides with a metal radical (or organic base). Hodgson (2015) claims that soaps are
lubricants and may include agents that kill or neutralize bacteria. With the aid of water,
dirt will be lifted or pushed off surfaces attributable to the lubricant in soap. There are
numerous varieties of soaps available today, each with a wide range of purposes, as it is
available for personal, commercial, and industrial use.
Moreover, saponification is a fundamental step in the procedure of developing
soap. When vegetable oil or animal fat is combined with a potent alkali, a chemical
reaction known as saponification takes place, according to a page by Hamner (2006, as
quoted by Cordial, 2020). The end result of this reaction will be the development of soap,
which forms the basis of the study's main concept. Together with the experimentation,
this study would also go through the same process.
Conversely, activated charcoal attracted growing interest within the beauty
industry based on skin advantages it offers, such as aiding to treat acne, anti-aging, and
psoriasis (Barayuga, 2022). Notwithstanding these advantages associated, its
antibacterial capability is essential to this endeavor. As an antimicrobial component for
soaps, activated charcoal is a great compliment. It has the ability to completely eradicate
bacteria and viruses and renders it hard for any of the said substances to persist. It is an
excellent tool for getting rid of unpleasant odors, especially bodily excretions. Activated
charcoal extracts cleanse the skin by dispersing all substances when rinsed with water,
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and its antibacterial properties will get rid of any virus-spreading germs that have been
distributed, preventing them from adhering to other surfaces and so reducing the
possibility that they will infect people (Ancheta, 2022).
Additionally, an orange, particularly, the mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) is
the most typically cultivated tree fruit in the world. Orange trees are generally cultured in
tropical environments for the sweet natural product, which is stripped or cut and
devoured entire or analyzed for extraction of orange juice and also for the fragrant peel.
Orange fruit is indeed the greatest source of Vitamin C, which is beneficial to overall
well-being and healthy skin. Citrus fruits, according to Borse (2019), are outstanding for
their aroma, owing to flavonoids and limonoids found in the skin. Yet, orange peel itself
contains the vast majority of their benefits. Orange peel has potentially valuable
components that can be developed into high-quality products. Due to its anti-
inflammatory and germicidal properties, the powder created from drying the peel is a
great ingredient for skin and hair (Yoshizaki et al., 2014). In addition to serving as a
secondary element for the antibacterial property, this will also provide aroma to the soap,
which will simultaneously oxidize and remove any residual odor.
In everyday life, people frequently interact and have a malodorous smell, for
example, weary garments and socks have one unpleasant sweat odor or bromhidrosis
flavor, and clean fish and shrimp and mutton afterward, will have a fishlike fragrance or
smell of mutton on hand. Washing one's hands is a frequent practice that one might
engage in to get rid of bad odors and attain hygienic intents. Nevertheless, most of the
time, soaps just work to temporarily clean the surface and don't get rid of the odor's
underlying cause or the stench itself.
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And hence, in an effort to determine its feasibility and to satisfy consumer
demand for an aromatic and effective deodorizing soap, researchers explored the
possibility of manufacturing soap with an odor neutralizer and long-lasting fragrance
characteristic using activated charcoal and powdered mandarin orange (Citrus
Reticulata) peel. Soap making can be a great experience that might, at the same time,
offer room for maneuvering in experimenting with a different kind of soap. Researchers
aimed to develop a soap that is unique from other soap products through the study even
though this kind of product hasn't yet reached market demand.
Theoretical Framework
The study wishes to prove that the aromatic deodorizing soap from activated
charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder is acceptable. In order to
come up with this study, the Saponification Values in soap making was used. The
saponification number is the amount of potassium hydroxide required to saponify one
gram of fat. The number of acids (esters and free acids) in a fat or oil can be calculated
using this data shown in Table 1. The presence of short- and medium-chain fatty acids
increases with the degree of saponification.
Oil Saponification Value with

Lye (Sodium Hydroxide)
Canola Oil 0.124
Coconut Oil 0.1946
Olive Oil 0.134
Table 1. Saponification Values for Making Soap with Lye (Sodium Hydroxide)
(Source: https://www.thesoapkitchen.co.uk )
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The process of saponification results in the creation of a metallic salt of a fatty
acid, often known as soap. When a glyceride is reacted with a base, the reaction may be
regarded as a specific example of hydrolysis because it involves the treatment of free
fatty acids and/or glycerides with a base. The reaction offers a basis for calculating the
average fatty acid chain length in a fat sample since only one atom of monovalent metal
is taken up per fatty acid chain, independent of chain length. A given weight of a sample
will take up less sodium or potassium the longer its average chain length is. (Penfield,
1990 referenced in Food Module Science, 2017).
For the hydrolysis of the fats and the solubility of the lye (sodium hydroxide),
water is required. Using too much water can result in soft soap bars, prolong drying
times, or promote rancidity. The amount of lye will determine the amount of water
because the water is utilized to dissolve the lye. To determine the proper proportion of
water, first determine the entire amount of lye (sodium hydroxide). Subtract the amount
of lye from the result after dividing the result by 0.3 (Certified Lye™, n.d.).
Conceptual Framework
This study is about using mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder and
activated charcoal as an aromatic deodorizing soap. In the conceptual framework (see
Figure 1), the independent variable, consisting the experimental and controlled variables
are determined, wherein mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder and activated
charcoal are the experimental variable, while the coconut oil, olive oil, canola oil, lye
(sodium hydroxide), water, and aloe vera extract that are used for generating the soap
base and as well as the commercial soap that’ll be compared to the generated soap are
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the controlled variable. These variables are tested to be able to see the findings
determining the degree of acceptability and perception of the respondents in terms of
lather, color, and fragrance and the hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate of the
aromatic deodorizing soap.
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Degree of Acceptability and Evaluation

Experimental Variable
of the Product in terms of:
Mandarin Orange (Citrus
Reticulata) Peel Powder Lather
Activated Charcoal Color
Fragrance
Hardness
Cleansing Ability
Controlled Variable
Lasting Rate
Coconut Oil
Olive Oil
Determining the amount of Lye & Water
Canola Oil
Solution using the Saponification Value of:
Lye (Sodium Hydroxide)
Coconut Oil
Aloe Vera
Olive Oil
Extract Commercial Soap
Canola Oil
Figure 1. Paradigm of the study
Statement of the Problem and the Hypotheses
This study was conducted to determine the acceptability of activated charcoal
and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap.
Specifically, this sought to answer the following question:
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1. What is the degree of acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange
(Citrus Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of:
a. Lather,
b. Color,
c. Fragrance,
d. Hardness,
e. Cleansing Ability,
f. Lasting Rate
2. What is the evaluation of the product in terms of:
a. Lather,
b. Color,
c. Fragrance,
d. Hardness,
f. Lasting Rate
3. Is there a significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing
soap among the treatments in terms of:
a. Lather,
b. Color,
c. Fragrance,
d. Hardness,
f. Lasting Rate
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Based on the questions formulated above, the following hypothesis were advanced:
1. There is no significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing
soap among the treatments in terms of lather.
soap among the treatments in terms of color.
soap among the treatments in terms of fragrance.
soap among the treatments in terms of hardness.
soap among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability.
soap among the treatments in terms of lasting rate.
7. There is a significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing
soap among the treatments in terms of lather.
soap among the treatments in terms of color.
soap among the treatments in terms of fragrance.
soap among the treatments in terms of hardness.
soap among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability.
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soap among the treatments in terms of lasting rate.
Significance of the Study
The result of this research may be useful and important to the following:
students, present researchers, parents, consumers, and future researchers.
Students. This study will serve as their source of information about the
acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder
as aromatic deodorizing soap. The data gathered will help them overcome the problem
with unpleasant odor in the body and replacing it with the tangy and sweet orange smell
that will encourage them to participate socially.
Present Researchers. This study will benefit the current researchers as it will
enable them to discover and understand the acceptability of activated charcoal and
mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap. The
knowledge obtained from this research would then serve as a guidance and
steppingstone for them as they discover answers in this study, preparing them to
become great future researchers in the community.
Parents. The result of this study will aid the parents on how the acceptability of
deodorizing soap provide their own and their children’s needs. This will enable parents
to establish healthy relationships with their children at home.
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Consumers. The study's findings will be useful information about the acceptability
of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic
deodorizing soap, providing consumers with information about the powerful absorption
properties of activated charcoal combined with the bright, fresh scent of mandarin
orange (Citrus Reticulata) from the powder created from its peel.
Future Researchers. This study will be useful to future researchers interested in
the acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel
powder as aromatic deodorizing soap, and it may be useful to future academics
interested in conducting a similar study. The study's findings can be used to identify
additional variables for their own research project.
Definition of Terms
To fully understand this study, the following terms are conceptually and
operationally defined.
Acceptability – refers to the quality of being satisfactory and able to be agreed to
or approved of; has a characteristic of something that makes it subject to acceptance for
a goal (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.)
In this study, “acceptability” refers to determining how well an intervention will be
received by the target population and the extent to which the new intervention or its
components might meet the needs of the target population and organizational setting.
Activated Charcoal – refers as a black, odorless, flavorless powder that has been
used since ancient times to treat various ailments (Chin, 2023). It is a charcoal that has
been heated or otherwise treated to increase its adsorptive power (Stuart, 2021).
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In this study, “activated charcoal” refers helps eliminate excess oil, grime,
product build-up, and unwanted germs. Because activated charcoal has a high surface
area and may absorb toxins, it potentially clings to grime and oil on the skin. This
element will be used to achieve the deodorizing characteristic of the generated soap as
it contains antioxidants that will help eliminate bacteria and germs that causes odor.
Aromatic – refers to the odor, sensed through the nose and retro nasal olfaction,
relating to, or having a noticeable and pleasant smell (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, n.d.)
In this study, “aromatic” is crucial for accurately reproducing a powerful natural
aroma without jeopardizing the fragrance's other components. This aromatic
characteristic of the soap will be achieved by incorporating the mandarin orange peel on
the soap solution that will enable the soap to produce a sweet and citric fragrance while
being used.
Color – refers to the ability of an object to reflect or radiate light in a way that
causes the eye to experience various sensations. (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.).
In this study, “color” is one of the important sensory elements of the soap as it
will help the consumers will easily recognize that the soap has something to do with
orange and charcoal as it will also benefit and please their eyes. The color will be
achieved naturally through the use of orange and activated charcoal powder.
Cleansing ability – refers to the cleaning of surface of the tanning unit to
eliminate any potential skin-contact dirt, grime, oils, or residue.
In this study, “cleansing ability” will be measure on their capacity to emulsify oil or
grease and keep it in suspension in water while lowering the water's pressure at the
surface. The hydrophobic ends of soap, when dissolved in water, stick to the dirt and lift
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it off the skin. The dirt is then trapped at the center of the cluster by the arrangement of
soap molecules into micelles. These micelles float freely in the liquid that'll enable to
clean the skin well.
Deodorizing - refers to removing odor in the atmosphere, and the word is used
both for chemical and physical deodorization (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.)
In this study, “deodorizing” is the process of neutralizing or immobilizing noxious
odors, transforming them into low-odor elements through the chemical substances that
will be achieved through the use of activated charcoal. The deodorizing component will
provide the nobility of this soap has.
Fragrance – refers to substances possessing strong-smelling organic
compounds that have characteristic, pleasant odors (Michigan State University, n.d.)
In this study, "fragrance" will provide the skin with a sweet and tangy aroma while
also aiding in covering up the unpleasant odors from other chemical substances. Due to
the orange peel powder's potent aroma, the desired fragrance will be produced. Also,
this will provide researchers the chance to brand their soap, allowing consumers to
recognize it from other brands and draw them in.
Hardness - the quality of being firm and solid, or not easy to bend, cut, or break.
In a common test, the surface resistance to indentation is measured in order to assess a
material's capacity to resist deformation (Smith, 2007).
In this study, “hardness” will be identified on the level of penetration depths of the
soap. Hardness is essential for the soap because it will also affect the lasting rate and its
usability. The hardness will depend on the success of the saponification process while
developing the soap.
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Hedonic Scale - are well tried and tested in consumer research for capturing
liking data (Stone and Siddel, 1985 as cited by Everitt, 2009). In market research, a
hedonic scale is most often used to assess a respondent's pleasure, or satisfaction, with
a product or service at an overall level. For instance, the scale might range from 'very
satisfied' to 'very dissatisfied' with the product or service in question (DJS Research UK,
n.d.).
In this study, “hedonic scale” is the method for the survey questionnaire that the
researchers will distribute to the respondents to identify the level of acceptability of
activated charcoal and mandarin orange (citrus reticulata) as aromatic deodorizing soap
in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability and lasting rate between
different treatments and trials. Furthermore, the responses for each characteristic were
described as like a lot (5), like a little (4), neither like or dislike (3), dislike a little (2), and
dislike a lot (1).
Lasting rate – refers to the ability of substance to last depending on the amount
of usage and time (Cordial, 2018).
In this study, “lasting rate” is dependent on the hardness of the soap. It will be
measured on the size difference after using the soap in different time intervals.
Lather – refers to the foamy white mass of bubbles that is created when soap or
another cleaning agent is combined with water (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.).
In this study, “lather” will be the vital factor to help lift dirt, grease and germs from
the skin that could cause infections and unpleasant odors. The level of lather will be
identified based on reaction of the oils used to the chemical that were added to the
mixture used in generating the soap.
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Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata) – refers to a fruit similar to the orange but
smaller and flattened in its base. Mandarin oranges, which are typically sweeter and less
acidic than the larger oranges, contain greater amounts of beta-carotene and beta-
cryptoxanthin than common oranges (Choudhary, 2022).
In this study, “mandarin orange” is defined as a natural stench reductant due to
the fact that the citric acid in it kills microbes and bacteria, specifically the fruit’s peel.
This will be an important component of the project because it has a plethora of
antioxidants and minerals that, when applied to the skin, will prove highly beneficial. The
limonene included in the mandarin orange peel will act as a natural cleanser to
thoroughly purify and detoxify the skin. Additionally, the strong sweet citrus smell that it
naturally has would therefore provide a fresh aroma on the soap that'll also convey a
wonderful fragrance to the skin once used.
Observation Checklist – this is a formal method of data collection in which
researchers observe within a specific research field or sub-field. This is sometimes
referred to as an unobtrusive method of data collection (Nicolas, 2021).
In this study, the “observation checklist” is the method that the researchers will
use for the overall product testing of aromatic deodorizing soap through the user testing
approach. Specifically, a quantitative observation checklist was developed by the
researchers to observe and evaluate the soap’s lather, color, fragrance, hardness,
cleansing ability, and lasting rate from the point-of-view of statistics and objectivity with a
specific legend for each scale in between different treatments and trials. The evaluations
for lather were described as bubbly lather (3), foamy lather (2), and creamy lather (1).
The evaluations for color were described as vibrant (3), opalescent (2), and washed-out
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(1). The evaluations for fragrance were described as overpowering (3), aromatic (2), and
scentless (1). The evaluations for hardness were described as hard (3), less dense (2),
and soft (1). The evaluations for cleansing ability were described as very cleansing and
no odor remains (3), cleanses but a faint odor remains (2), and doesn’t cleanse and
doesn’t remove the odor (1). Lastly, the evaluations for lasting rate were described as
minus 1 cm or less (3), minus 2 to 3 cm or less (2), and minus 5 cm or more (1).
Powder – refers to a solid material that is made up of tiny, loose particles (Collins
English Dictionary, n.d.).
In this study, "powder" is defined as the later part product that is produced after
the mandarin orange peel has been dried and crushed into a fine powder. The peel
powder that incorporates the benefits that mandarin orange has will then be added to the
mixture of the soap.
Perceptions – refers to the conscious reception, selection, processing, and
interpretation of information by our brain via all senses (Oxford Dictionary, n.d.)
In this study, “perception” is defined as the respondents' evaluation based on the
effectiveness of the product. The perception of the respondents will help us identify the
overall quality level of the final product in terms of hardness, cleansing, lather, color, and
fragrance.
Saponification – refers to the hydrolysis of an ester to form an alcohol and the
salt of a carboxylic acid in acidic or essential conditions. It is used to refer to the soap-
forming reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with fat or grease (Vidal et al., 2018).
"Saponification" is the process of hydrolyzing oil or fat with the use of lye in this
study (sodium hydroxide). Through saponification, the acid and the base are neutralized
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and the chemical process relies on contact pressure and self-generated heat in the
process. Understanding the proportions of acid to base needed for saponification is the
key. In order to attain the proper ratio/amount between the oil and the lye, we may
determine this by knowing the SAP value of each oil (acid) in the formula table
(https://www.hasd.org/faculty/AndrewSchweitzer/Soap SAP values CertifiedLye1.pdf).
Soap – refers to the actual content used for washing the body or other aspects. A
substance that dissolves in water, thus forming a lather, and is used as a cleansing
agent. It is chemically an alkali metal salt of long chain monocarboxylic acids (El-Ishaq,
2020).
In this study, “soap” is the final product that the researchers will yield using their
own soap base, from oils and lye, containing the benefits of activated charcoal and
mandarin orange as the homemade Aromatic Deodorizing Soap.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The research is geared toward developing an acceptable aromatic deodorizing
soap using locally accessible resources such as activated charcoal and mandarin
orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel. This demonstrates a concise and useful technique for
neutralizing unpleasant odors caused by microbial contamination along with other
benefits by infusing it with activated charcoal and citrus essence from the orange peel's
powder.
The main components are mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) fruits that will be
purchased in the local public market of Kalibo, Aklan. The other significant material is
activated charcoal along with lye (Sodium Hydroxide), used to generate the soap base,
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which will be acquired on local pharmacies and online through Shopee, an online-
shopping app. The essential vegetable oils for soap making including canola and olive
oil will be purchased in the supermarket within the said vicinity. The coconut oil and aloe
vera will be obtained and prepared at home.
The study will be delimited into four months experiment. Following the processing
and finalization of the completed product, it will be subjected to observation and in-depth
assessment.
In terms of methodology and applicability, the study has limitations. The scientific
experimental technique and completely randomized design will be used.
The researchers have chosen sixteen (16) students from Garcia College of
Technology, Inc. Academic Year 2022-2023 as the respondents through the Purposive
Sampling Method to evaluate the product's efficacy by using the survey questionnaire.
The study will be further limited to students who have agreed to use the aromatic
deodorizing soap, and the researchers have not selected individuals who are reluctant to
use the said product. To further evaluate the soap, the researchers developed an
observation checklist to test the dependent variables on each treatment of the
independent variable.
The experimental investigation is scheduled to take place from February to May
2023 and will include the purchase of materials, development of the output, experimental
trials, and evaluation of the finished product. This research will be held at Garcia College
of Technology, Inc.
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Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature
Chapter 2 is divided into five parts namely: (1) History and Origin of Soap, (2)
Process of Soap Making, (3) Activated Charcoal, (4) Mandarin Orange, and (5)
Synthesis.
Part One, discusses the studies and concepts on the history and origin of soap
that will present how soap came into human’s essential need for existence.
Part Two, discusses the studies and concepts on the process of making or
creating soap and as well as the related literatures regarding soap and its process. This
also discusses the major characteristics of the soap, aromatic & deodorizing.
Part Three, discusses the studies and concepts on the benefits of Activated
Charcoal, specifically the benefits on skin.
Part Four, discusses the studies and concepts on the benefits of Mandarin
Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peel Powder, specifically the benefits on skin.
Part Five, the synthesis, gives the summary of the chapter.
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History and Origin of Soap
This history of soap is a long one, dating back thousands of years to Ancient
Babylon. Humans have established on that information to build the soaps and
detergents we use to clean dishes, laundry, our homes and ourselves today.
Evidence has been uncovered that ancient Babylonians understood soap
production as early as 2800 BC Archeologists have identified soap-like substances in
historic clay cylinders from this time. These cylinders were written with what we
understand as stating, “fats cooked with ashes” (a method of creating soap).
Records show ancient Egyptians bathed regularly. The Ebers papyrus, a medical
document dating from around 1500 BC, describes incorporating animal and vegetable
oils with alkaline salts to create a soap-like material used for both treating skin diseases
and washing. Many other ancient cultures also employed early types of soap. Soap got
its name from an ancient Roman legend about Mount Sapo. Rain would wash down the
mountain, combining with animal fat and ashes to form a clay mixture that was
discovered to make cleaning easier.
By the 7th century, soap-making was an established art in Italy, Spain and
France. These countries were early centers of soap manufacturing due to their ready
supply of source ingredients, such as oil from olive trees.
The English people began manufacturing soap during the 12th century.
Commercial soap making actually started in the American colonies in 1600 but was for
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several years a household chore rather than a profession. Soap was heavily taxed as a
luxury item in several countries well into the nineteenth century. When the tax was
cleared, soap became available to most people, and cleanliness standards across
societies improved.
A key step toward large-scale soap making took place in 1791 when a French
chemist, Nicholas Leblanc, patented a process for making soda ash from common salt.
Soda ash is derived from ashes and may be mixed with fat to create soap. Along with
other developments and the creation of power to run factories, this discovery led to soap
production becoming one of America's fastest-growing industries by 1850. Today, most
things we call “soap” are actually detergents. It has become so normal to term
detergents “soap,” that most people would be bewildered if you asked for a “liquid hand
detergent” when shopping.
Process of Soap Making
Soaps are anionic surfactants that are mostly used in combination with water for
cleaning, washing, and bathing. Moreover, they are also employed in textile spinning
and are crucial parts of lubricants. By processing vegetable or animal oils and fats with a
highly alkaline solution, cleaning soaps are produced. Triglycerides, which are made up
of three fatty acid molecules linked to a single glycerol molecule, are the building blocks
of fats and oils.
It is created using a process called saponification, which involves reacting
common oils or fats with a strong alkaline solution to produce sodium or potassium salts
of fatty acids. Soap is a member of the detergent family, which includes substances that
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make water more effective in cleaning. In the process of saponification, free fatty acids
that were formerly hydrolyzed into fats are subsequently combined with an alkali to
create crude soap. Depending on the technique used, glycerol (glycerine) is freed and
either left in or washed away and recovered as a valuable byproduct (Cavitch and Miller,
1994).
In a process known as saponification (Figure 2), lipids are hydrolyzed to create
sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids. Each soap molecule, as seen in Figure 3 below,
contains a lengthy hydrocarbon chain that is frequently referred to as its "tail." This
region of the molecule is hydrophobic (dislikes water). It will, however, be repelled away
from polar substances like water since it is non-polar. The anionic carboxylate (RCOO-)
region, is sometimes known as the "head," of a soap molecule. It is hydrophilic; this
charged area is polar and easily dissolves in water.
Figure 2. Base-drive hydrolysis of triglycerides (saponification).
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Figure 3. Structure of Soap (scienceready.com.au)
Using the saponification process, oils, fats, and butter are combined with lye (a
solution of either sodium hydroxide for bar soap or potassium hydroxide for liquid soap)
and water to transform the oils into salts. The triglycerides of the fats and oils and the lye
interact chemically in this process.
This reaction is an exothermic one, which means that it produces heat. Whether
soap is made using a hot or cold procedure depends on how much heat is applied
during the process. Most natural soaps are produced utilizing the cold process
technique. It will take between 24 and 48 hours for the procedure to be finished once the
saponification has taken place and the raw soap has been placed into the mold. After
that, the soap must cure for a predetermined period, which can range from one week to
five years depending on the procedure utilized.
By looking at their structures, we may better understand the activity of soap.
Surface active agents (surfactants) are chemical compounds that lower the surface
tension of water. They can emulsify oils in this way so that they can rise to the surface of
the water. Since their hydrophobic tails are embedded in non-polar oil and their
hydrophilic heads may dissolve in water, cleaning products like soap are surfactants.
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Water and oil can combine to produce an emulsion thanks to this interaction. A stable
mixture of two or more liquids that ordinarily cannot be combined is called an emulsion.
According to Science Ready Australia, soap molecules help clean grease off
surfaces via the following steps:
1. Grease particles absorb non-polar hydrocarbon tails, which are hydrophobic
and point away from the water (solvent).
2. Hydrophilic carboxylate heads that are polar and charged dissolve in water to
render grease particles more attracted to it.
When a grease particle is completely surrounded by soap molecules, a micelle is
formed. In a micelle, carboxylate heads face away from the grease particle and help
suspend the greasy particle in water to form an emulsion.
Figure 4. The action and movement of soap molecule in removing greases.
Dr. Dadu (2017) asserts that selecting the appropriate soap is crucial for people
of all ages. It was claimed that taking a shower and a bath are necessities of everyday
existence for humans. Yet, it is wise to be aware of the amenities that people use on a
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daily basis, particularly soaps. As soap is regularly in touch with the skin, choosing the
right one is a significant need or necessity. Everyone is advised not to purchase soaps
with a skin pH level between 9 and 11, an example of which is a commercial soap, as
this is a key contributing reason to skin issues. Skin issues might result from this. It is
essential to exercise caution while picking the appropriate soap to use.
Soaps ought to be avoided being directly applied to the skin. It must be combined
with water, and the resulting foam must be applied to the body. Cleaning regions where
there is more sweating or itching requires extra caution. Regular use of soaps and
cleansers can dry up and irritate the skin of the face, so avoid doing so. There are many
different soaps on the market, including:
● Antibacterial soaps, sometimes known as antimicrobial or antiseptic soaps, have
ingredients like triglycerides that are absent from regular soaps. Several
consumer items contain such chemicals in an effort to lessen or prevent bacterial
illness (Food and Drug Authority, 2019).
● Anti-acne soaps are used mostly on the face, chest, and back where acne is
more common, and they often include salicylic acid to reduce the number of
microbes that trigger acne (Falla Ph.D. et al., 2020).
● Herbal soaps are organic products manufactured from rare herbs and only
natural components, making them healthier and better for the skin. Because they
are chemical-free, there is very little possibility that using them will have any
negative side effects because they are made with natural oils (Bodia Apothecary,
2021).
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● Moisturizing soaps primarily include natural moisturizing constituents such as
cocoa butter, which leave the skin clean, supple, nourished, and protected
(Johnson's Skin Care, n.d.).
● Shower gels: This is a body-cleansing product that you may use all over. It is
comparable to body wash, liquid soap, and soap. Shower gels employ artificial
detergents to clean your body, in contrast to soap, which cleans with lye (Davis,
2022).
● Aromatherapy soaps are made with organic herbs and pure essential oils to
nurture your skin while also calming your nerves and reducing tension and
anxiety (Potager Soap Company, 2020).
● Deodorant soaps are scented soaps that contain substances to cover up and
prevent body odor while also assisting in exfoliation and maintaining skin
moisture (Chakraborti, 2023).
The researchers included this investigation to be able to add more insight into the
uses and benefits of choosing the right soap to help build the foundation of the study and
to help the study achieve a more appropriate and spot-on result. It assisted the
researchers in understanding the purpose of the study better.
We use soap on a daily basis, but we rarely think about how it works. It is almost
natural to create a lather before washing, regardless of the type of soap or shampoo
used. It feels good and gives the impression that the bubbles are cleaning the dirt away.
Soap does not work in this manner. However, 20 years of "Scrubbing Bubbles"
advertisements have taken their toll on us all. More importantly, people look for lather in
quality soap. As previously stated, it feels good. It also allows us to see where we have
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already washed. Lather, in our minds, paints the washed areas. There are several ways
to increase lather in handmade soap without using detergents or artificial chemicals.
Choosing the right oils is a great natural way to increase lather in soap while avoiding
the use of chemical detergents (Small, 2020).
Foamy hand soap is a type of liquid soap. It is made of diluted liquid soap that is
filled with air as it exits the dispenser in order to create a frothy lather. Foaming hand
soap must be used in pairs with specialized dispensers. Some are meant to be used
without being refilled, while others are meant to be refilled on a regular basis. When the
pump is used, some soap is stored in a pressurized container, while others are
combined with air in the dispensing unit. As a result, foamy soap saves money by
requiring less liquid while still dispensing an enormous quantity of soap into your hands.
It is also better for the environment because it uses fewer products (Megaphone, 2022).
According to Jabr (2020), some of us understand why soap is required when
washing your hands. It is important to understand, however, that washing only helps to
remove germs from your hands and does not necessarily destroy them. Surfactants in
hand soap are responsible for bacteria removal. Surfactants are chemicals that lower the
surface tension of water and dissolve molecular barriers. Surfactants, in other words,
make your hands slick, making it more difficult for dirt, debris, or germs to grip and stay.
Using a bar or foaming hand soap mechanically reduces the bacteria count on your skin.
Soap "pulls" dirt and other pollutants from your hands and pushes them into running
water.
As you might already know, water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one
oxygen atom. When these molecules are pulled together within water, they create a thin
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layer, which is surface tension. Surface tension is defined as a measure of the force
necessary to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Regarding soap, it is a natural
surfactant. A surfactant is used to reduce that surface tension of the water. If there is not
a surfactant, the water will continue to hold on to itself due to the water molecules being
surrounded by and attracted to other water molecules. Therefore, to allow water to
spread out over a surface, a surfactant is required (Nazdrajic and Bratovcic, 2019).
Due to the tension that is formed as the two ingredients combine, soap and water
produce a lather. The air then starts to displace water molecules, relieving surface
tension, and tiny bubbles start to form. As a result, lather might be defined as
microscopic bubbles that have been tightly "packed" together (The Handcrafter's
Companion, 2023). Most of us have the misconception that homemade soap does not
lather as well as commercial soap (Earthy Sapo, 2020). While handcrafted soap lathers,
it's important to remember that not all soap recipes are created equal. Some may
contain ingredients that promote it, while others may suppress it. As a result, we have an
abundance of soaps that lather differently.
Customers like soap with a lot of foam and stability over soap with less foam and
instability as attested by Febriyenti et al. (2014). According to Small (2023), lather is
what people look for in soap since it helps us remember where we've previously had a
bath. In our minds, lather colors the areas that have been cleansed, therefore making a
lot of foam will enable us to satisfy the user's illusions. Scientists say that the main
purpose of soap lather is to suspend dirt, grease, and grime by creating a great amount
of surface tension in water. The friction of washing our skin traps dirt for easy removal
while rinsing. In short, lather serves an important purpose in cleaning you during shower
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time but does not need to be extremely visible or thick. Stay away from foaming agents
and start with a minimal lather if you have delicate skin. Lastly, avoid over-washing if
your skin is feeling dry (Waldropt, 2022).
A few factors influence soap foaming or lather, including the presence of an
active ingredient, foam stabilizer, and other elements such as the kind of oil used
(Wibowo, 2015). The oils used in the soap formulation along with the sodium hydroxide
ratio may be what cause the soap to foam. According to Yernisa et al. (2013), the
content of fatty acids or oil and alkaline solution had an impact on the foam production
rate and stability of aromatic deodorizing soap, which produced a sizable amount of
lather when used.
Megaphone (2022) claimed that effective hand soap has been found to need less
time to accomplish good hand cleansing. Having a soap that is lathery uses less soap
per hand washing session. It's also thinner and less likely to clog drains, which are often
cleaned with harsh chemicals and detergents. When less soap is flushed down the
drain, less soap ends up in the environment. Another less obvious environmental benefit
is water conservation. Consumers who lather and rinse their hands with foamy hand
soap use significantly less water than those who use conventional liquid soap. Lather is
produced by foamy soap without the use of chemicals. Because foaming hand soap
lathers better, it takes less to achieve a satisfactory state of hand cleanliness. It takes
less of it to thoroughly lather your hands (Centers for Disease and Control Prevention,
2020).
There are instances where adding too much butter prevents the bar's natural
inclination to build lather by preventing the formation of bubbles due to a lack of trapped
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air. In other words, the foam gets creamier and richer, although it still seems lower
because of the little bubbles. When you super fatten a batch of soap, you add excess oil
knowing that there won't be enough lye solution to saponify it into soap. Because the
additional oils aid to hydrate the skin and give a safety buffer, most soap is extremely
fatted at a rate of approximately 5%. Super fatting is the result of insufficient lye. As long
as it isn't too much, this simply means a softer bar. Lye in excess can cause skin
irritation and burning. That is something that should be avoided at all costs (Benjamin
and Abbass, 2019).
Anderson (2021) claims that soap producers are instructed to choose a variety of
oils in order to produce a high-quality bar of soap. Shea butter and olive oil are both
widely used, but coconut oil is perhaps the most popular. It is believed that while coconut
oil soap is very hard and bubbly, it may also be excessively drying, thus milder oils must
be added to the formula to balance it out. For instance, despite the fact that palm oil may
create a nice bar of soap on its own, due to the significant environmental cost, many
soap manufacturers and consumers choose not to utilize it as an ingredient. Castile
soap, which is made with olive oil, is a superb single-oil soap recipe, but it is a costly oil
and takes a long time to cure.
Natural soap is a natural surfactant, thus it does not require synthetic ingredients
to produce lather or to clean. So, in addition to creating fantastic bubbles and lather, it
also aids in naturally cleaning greasy debris from your skin. The kind of lather a soap bar
generates is also influenced by the materials and curing period needed to create a
natural bar of soap. Oils like coconut and castor oil aid in producing a thick, frothy,
bubbly lather. Contrarily, soaps largely manufactured from olive oil, such Castile-type
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soaps, will result in a rich and creamy lather rather than a bubbly one. Handmade soap
has naturally preserved glycerin, which contributes to the great lather. Natural
handmade soap must "cure," which is the process by which the soap's leftover water
gently dries out over time and becomes harder. Depending on the recipe, we cure our
soaps for roughly 8 to 10 weeks. A bar of natural soap that has been properly cured will
be gentler, last longer, and generate an abundance of bubbly lather even if a bar of
handcrafted soap can be used after only a few weeks (Friedman, 2023).
Olive oil makes a hard, long lasting soap with a gentle cleansing lather, suitable
for all skin types including sensitive skins. High in Oleic acid, a soap made with olive oil
will help to condition and soften your skin. Olive oil is most often blended with other oils
and butters, each one bringing a slightly different property to create a balanced bar, with
a rich creamy lather that cleanses without drying (McBryde, 2021). According to
Purwanto (2021), people preferred soap that was very hard, with the amount of extract
added to the soap mixture having an effect on how hard the soap was.
The quantity of fatty acids in the soap affects how hard it is. The complexity of
the soap increases with the amount of fatty acids present. According to another theory,
the kind of fat used affects how hard the soap is; yet, the optimal hardness of soap is
somewhere in the middle. According to Beckam (n.d.), high-quality soap must be hard,
and the soap's low iodine content contributes to this hardness. This may help the soap
last longer in shower settings. Ellmore (2022) asserts that the kind of soap you use
affects how long it lasts because tougher fats and oils make soap last longer than softer,
liquid oils do. Saturated fats give soap its hardness, extending its shelf life. A lot
depends on the kind of oils used and how they are stored. Like fine wine or cheese,
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soap that is stored in cool, dark areas matures nicely. With usage, the soap gets rougher
and softer, prolonging its duration in the shower (Durant, 2023). Both cold-process and
hot-process soaps may be stored for at least a year and probably longer when they are
wrapped in tissue or a cardboard box. Airtight containers are not recommended since
the soap has to be able to evaporate. The temperature of the water in the shower will
also have an effect (Kara, 2023).
Coconut oil, according to Anderson (2021), is a common soap-making oil
because it helps to produce firm bars with stable, fluffy foam. Additionally, it is
inexpensive and generally accessible to most of us. But because it's thought to be
drying, the majority of soap manufacturers will only use 20–30% of it in a regular soap
mix. At that pace, it offers all of its excellent benefits without damaging your skin.
The super fat is a combination of all the oils we use to manufacture soap.
Whatever oils lye comes into touch with, it saponifies. The oil remains after the chemical
reaction, and the lye is consumed and left floating in the soap. Rancidity in certain of
those oils is more likely to occur in products with a greater super fat content (more than
8%). This is especially true for oils like canola, sunflower, and sweet almond oils. In
actuality, all oils except coconut. Because of this, it is okay to use a lot of super fat in this
dish. For the record, the extra fat doesn't make the soap softer.
In daily life, we use soap to wash dishes, clean clothing and maintain the
appearance of our bodies noses, and eyes. Soap may be used in a wide variety of ways
in our daily lives. Making our household a better place to live and work is one of its core
beliefs. According to popular belief, soap was not simply created for personal
cleanliness; rather, it was created to address other problems. Early on in the history of
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textiles, colorful yarns were prized. However, because wool from sheep is naturally
grease-coated and makes dyeing difficult, soap was employed to get around this issue
(Warra, A. A. 2013).
Giddons (2009) asserts that bar soap may appear to be very simple and
ordinary. A bathing process of adding water, soap up, and rinsing off. Yet there are a few
benefits ready to surf up concealed inside the seemingly harmless bump. Our ancient
ancestors rapidly understood that maintaining the health of the skin is a strategy for
healthier and longer life since the skin is constantly exposed to outside influences like
the scorching sun, drying winds, biting cold weather, germs, and dirt.
Bar soaps work wonders to clean the skin. Moreover, soaps are inexpensive and
basic. These soaps provide decent lather that spreads across the skin and adheres to
the oil and debris to remove it. Nevertheless, they frequently remove too much oil from
the skin, depleting it of moisture. To replenish it, experts advise using a moisturizer after.
Soaps continue to be one of the most practical and essential hygiene tools that
humankind has ever invented, thanks to their beneficial medical uses, capacity to clean
garments, and ability to cleanse the environment from hazardous microorganisms and
dirt.
Beckam (2022) stated that they compensate for the strong cleansing of coconut
oil by using olive oil (which has a high conditioning value) for supervising that generated
the balance of cleansing power and moisture capacity of the soap. A good soap must
clean well but not excessively, because excessive cleaning of the deeper skin surface oil
causes the skin to become dry. The term "lather" describes the foam or froth that
detergent produces when it is rubbed or agitated in water. Even though soap doesn't
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operate that way, you can tell which regions are clean and which ones aren't because to
this effect. The main factor that serves as a guide is the aesthetic effect (Musti, 2022).
According to Kallen (2019), the oil transforms into salt when coupled with an
alkaline metal solution. The soap's chemical composition destroys the bacteria and filth it
contains by creating rings around individual droplets. When you wash your hands with
soap, the micelles already present in the soap break up the particles of filth, grease, oils,
and disease-filled waste that have accumulated on your hands. Since the chemicals are
constantly in an active state, these micelles then get better over time as the soap is used
more frequently, making it simpler to lather the soap up and cleaning it more effectively.
Because of the chemical makeup of soap molecules—lipophilic on one end and
hydrophilic on the other—soap has the potential to clean. The soap can demonstrate its
cleaning power due to its dual polarity (Sibanda, N. R., Nyathi, J. A., & Ndlovu, L. N.,
2022). Because contaminants are deeply embedded in the skin, the washing procedure
will help remove fat from the skin. Due to this stance, it has been assumed that soap's
power to cleanse and its capacity to breakdown lipids and remove them from the skin
must be intimately connected. As a result, methodologies for assessing soaps' cleaning
power are mostly focused on research into how well they can remove fat (Klimaszewska,
E., Wieczorek, et al., 2022).
In relation to the major characteristic of our soap, which is being aromatic,
aromatherapy is a treatment that uses aromatic essential oils, aromatic soaps, and
aromatic salts. One of the key ingredients in a healing process is aromatherapy soap.
Since it contains essential oils that are good for the skin and aid in hydrating, toning, and
washing the skin, this soap differs from other soaps. The general public prefers
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aromatherapy soaps owing to their pleasant aromas, which are brought on by the
inclusion of essential oils in them, as well as their calming effects on the skin. Yet, some
also like odorless ones, particularly individuals who have sensitivities to fragrances.
Cleansing is the ability of soap to remove dirt and oil from the skin. It is the most
critical property of soap, as it is why most people use soap in the first place. Hardness is
an essential property of soap because it determines its duration. If soap is too soft, it
does not last long, so users need frequent replacement. On the other hand, too-hard
soap is difficult to use and may cause skin irritation. The perfect hardness for soap is
somewhere in the middle. The amount of fatty acids in the soap determines the soap’s
hardness. The more fatty acids, the more complex the soap (Anonymous, 2023).
Soap made with too much Lauric and/or Myristic Acid such as coconut and palm
oil, can irritate the skin by washing away not only the top dirty layer of oils, but also the
protective layer of surface oils on the skin. Generally speaking, keeping the total of
coconut and palm kernel in our recipe to no more than 30-35% we keep the cleansing in
the proper range. However, we compensate for the strong cleansing of coconut and
palm oil by using olive oil (which has a high conditioning value) for superfatting (Beckam,
2017).
Soaps made out of harder fats and oils last longer than those made out of softer,
liquid oils. Saturated fats give soap hardness that helps it last longer. Common saturated
fats that are used are tallow (which is beef fat that is a by-product of the meat industry
i.e. not vegan), palm oil (which is best avoided due to the environmental problems it is
causing), and coconut oil (Ellmore, 2022).
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The soap's soothing scents, which aid in relieving anxiety and depression by
calming the mind, have additional positive benefits. They are especially helpful for ladies
who use makeup as they aid in thoroughly removing it since they may be used to
moisturize dry skin, soften it, and clean it well. ("Aromatherapy Soaps", 2009). Even with
the highest recommendation, some scents don’t make it through. Cold process is a
harsh environment, as it goes through several pH changes. Straight coconut fragrances
and citrus essential oils like lemon tend to fade.
Many essential oils tend to fade faster than fragrance oils and many essential oils
simply don't get used in our recipes because of scent fade. Some of them don't even
make it through the first 5 days of the soap being made. It's common for essential oils
like Eucalyptus or any Citrus scents to fade very quickly (Alarie, 2021). According to
studies by Alarie (2021), scent fade is very normal in bar soap. Additionally, it has been
shown that citrus odors typically dissipate extremely rapidly. The aroma is not properly
cured before usage, which is another reason why it could not persist long enough in
soaps. In order to include the soap's natural scent and ensure that it lasts a long time, it
is advised to let it cure for at least one month (Bramble Bery, n.d.).
Sanfilippo (2023) claims that scent has a profound emotional connection and can
eventually affect individuals. According to research from Washington State University,
simple scents, as opposed to complex fragrance combinations, significantly increase
consumer interest in a product. This is due to the fact that simple aromas like citrus and
pine don't require much mental effort, allowing their brains to create associations with
images associated with these energizing scents. Additionally, certain people have more
refined fragrance preferences because this is where they would most likely base a
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product's amount of skin improvement and cleaning effectiveness (Ares, 2020). The
results showed that the scent had a significant impact on consumer preference,
anticipation, and conceptual associations with soap. Parente (2020) asserts that a
perfume's ability to alter expectations and conceptual connections depended on how
much the client liked the aroma.
According to certain research, the visual of the soap gradually affects the
perception of the consumers to what the fragrance of the product will be. Color is more
of a physical attribute and purely an aesthetic feature, however, one could not deny that
adding them intensifies interest and variety in soaps. Additionally, the colors of soap are
complementary to the supposed fragrance (N-Essentials, n.d.). The visual differentiation
over single-color soaps provides aesthetic advantages for the multicolored types, and for
the multicomponent soap, differentiation can show the ingredient(s) which claim to
enhance product performance (Spitz, 2016). A considerable impact on customer
perception, behavior, and preferences is also exerted by the product's appearance and
the color of its packaging (Marshall et al., 2006; Spence and Piqueras-Fiszman, 2012 as
attested by Gatti, Bordegoni, & Spence, 2013).
According to Parente and Ares' (2020) research, customers' expectations and
associations may be sparked by the visual appeal and aroma of soap, which has a
significant impact on their decisions and the way they perceive the product. Additionally,
Gatti et al. (2014) demonstrated in their research that participants perceived the soap's
color as the potency of the scent, which was somewhat connected to the results that
followed in terms of color. In accordance to a different study done by the Social Issues
Research Centre, a non-profit organization that conducts research on social and lifestyle
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issues, certain scents can influence a person's emotions based on how they make them
feel when they smell the fragrance. Additionally, the pleasant feelings that arise from
aromatic pleasures have the power to affect evaluations and add noticeably greater
beauty ratings. According to studies by Holland et al. (2005), the fragrance of a cleaning
process (in this case, a citrus aroma) boosted actual cleaning behavior and made the
task's idea simpler to comprehend conceptually. Previous research has connected color
that is constant, null, or incongruent to how strongly an aroma is thought to smell
(Zellner & Kautz, 1990). Furthermore, Zellner & Whitten (199) stated that the color
intensity of the odorous solution may easily alter how strong of a smell is perceived.
Natural colorants have a tendency to be a little more subdued than other colorant
options, claims Kelsey (2015). An ashy appearance can occur to certain soaps that
depends on different reasons. According to Jaimie (2020), the amount of water used to
produce cold-process soap has a big impact on whether or not soda ash will appear on
your soap. It's been demonstrated that using more water during the cold-process soap-
making process enhances the likelihood of soda ash production. To prevent this, the lye
water solution and oils should be combined at room temperature. Increasing the
percentage of trace-delaying oils in the mixture, such olive oils.
Soap is connected to personal hygiene since it cleans the body and temporarily
removes microorganisms, but it doesn't guarantee that all potential bacteria that might
cause bodily excretions have been eliminated. In many cultures, excessive perspiration
and body smells can lead to poor judgments of a person, hence personal hygiene
products have been created to prevent these unfavorable problems. Here is when the
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soap's deodorizing property comes in handy. The capacity to deodorize the body is only
little to never present in commercially made soaps.
Deodorant soap, according to Thompson Tee, performs two functions: one as a
soap, which washes the skin of extra dirt and oils, and another as a deodorant, which
helps control body odor. It comes in bar and liquid forms, and components vary from one
product to another. Yet, regardless of the brand or chemicals, the main objective of
deodorant soap is to stop odor-causing germs by applying antibacterial agents.
Deodorant soap is different from standard soap since it contains antimicrobial
ingredients. For instance, we avoid utilizing activated charcoal, which acts as a natural
deodorizer, in favor of triclosan and aluminum, which are both typical antibacterial.
Deodorant soap is a cleanser that has been designed to assist decrease body
odor. While all soaps cleanse the skin, deodorant soaps are developed to both remove
germs from the skin and slow their development. The deodorant soap reduces the
source of offensive odors by regulating germs. Body odor is generally brought on when
bacteria from the skin interact with sweat. The sweat is started to be broken down into
foul-smelling metabolites by the bacteria. When someone uses deodorant soap to wash,
the antiseptic components eliminate any existing germs and prevent their development.
Deodorant soaps can be applied to the entire body to prevent foul smells from
developing as a result of perspiration (Petersen, 2023).
Activated Charcoal
Since the 18th century, charcoal's adsorbent qualities have been understood. It
has traditionally been utilized in water treatment facilities for filtering. Scientists proved
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the effectiveness of charcoal in the early 1800s AD in preventing poisoning in both
people and animals. One of the first cases is that of the French scientist Bertrand in
1813 AD, who self-administered a powerful poison called arsenic trioxide and charcoal
powder and lived. Tovery ingested a fatal quantity of strychnine mixed with charcoal in
the year 1831 AD without experiencing any side effects from the overdose. Similar to
this, in 1834 AD, another doctor, Hort, used oral charcoal delivery to save the life of a
patient who had ingested mercury bichloride. Over the following 150 years, more
research on charcoal's adsorptive properties was conducted. Several studies have
shown how to improve the porosity characteristic of charcoal through refining and
purification techniques. Activated charcoal has been extensively studied in this area,
although it has only recently garnered widespread attention for its therapeutic
advantages. Since then, it has become common practice to administer activated
charcoal powder along with water or another sweetened beverage to stop pollutants
from entering the circulatory system (News Medical Life Sciences, 2019).
Since ancient times, people have employed activated charcoal, a powder that is
black, flavorless, and odorless, to treat a wide range of medical conditions. It is now
most frequently used in hospital settings to treat drug overdoses or as an emergency
anti-poison treatment. Further advantages of activated charcoal are claimed to include
less gas and flatulence, decreased cholesterol levels, and enhance renal function. Some
individuals assert that it can be used to filter water, whiten teeth, and even treat
hangovers.
Activated charcoal is charcoal that has been treated with oxygen at very high
temperatures to make it more porous. Charcoal is heated in the presence of a gas to
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create activated charcoal. The charcoal develops numerous interior pores as a result of
this process. Activated charcoal may trap pollutants thanks to its pores. Its internal
structure is altered by this procedure, which also results in smaller pores and a larger
surface area. The resulting fine black powder is either packaged as supplements or sold
unprocessed. It is a type of charcoal that’s processed to make it more porous.
Moreover, activated charcoal is added to a variety of foods and non-food items, including
toothpaste and ice cream (Therapeutic Research Faculty, 2020).
According to Pharm (2019), activated charcoal is a fine black powder formed
from charred bones, coal, petroleum coke, and coconut shells, among other materials.
Activated carbon is created by heating a tank without oxygen to temperatures ranging
from 600 to 900 degrees Celsius. Following that, the carbon is exposed to various
chemicals, most often argon and nitrogen, before being put in a tank and superheated to
600-1200 degrees Celsius. The carbon is exposed to steam and oxygen for the second
time when it is placed in the heat tank. This method creates a pore structure and
considerably enhances the useful surface area of the carbon.
To make charcoal, carbon-rich materials such as wood are burned at extremely
high temperatures (a nearly pure form of carbon). After obtaining the charcoal, it is
subjected to a number of chemical treatments in order to "activate" it. This involves,
among other things, treatment with oxygen, steam, certain acids, and carbon dioxide.
Any contaminants are removed during the activation process, which results in tiny black
porous granules. It also leaves a lot of pores and cracks in the charcoal particles. As a
result, the total surface area grows dramatically (approximately 1000m2 per gram).
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Because of its distinctive voluminous and porous structure, activated charcoal is the best
option for surface binding (adsorption).
Because of its high adsorbent properties, activated charcoal can trap a wide
range of poisons and chemical compounds. Apart from the physical adsorption effect,
the porous structure of activated charcoal is also beneficial due to its negative electrical
charge. It attracts negatively charged poisons and gases. These molecules are
subsequently trapped inside the activated charcoal's complicated meshwork of fissures
and pores. As a result, poisons are not absorbed into the circulation. Furthermore,
because activated charcoal is not absorbed by the human body, it is expelled along with
the poisons that have been adsorbed on its surface (Laguipo, 2019).
Activated charcoal can be used as a natural alternative to chemical peels, which
can be damaging to the skin. This detoxifying herb absorbs excess oil and impurities
from the face, resulting in cleaner skin. It is also crucial to note that charcoal is beneficial
not just for oily skin, but also for sensitive, dry, and mixed skin. Activated charcoal can
help to remove impurities that your skin may be harboring. It also draws out debris and
excess oil, resulting in blocked pores and outbreaks.
According to Kalaichandran (2019) active charcoal comes in many forms:
toothpaste; powders, black-colored ice-cream, or “goth lattes.” On Instagram, it is used
as a prop. Medically, activated charcoal is used in emergency hospital settings, typically
to absorb drugs after an overdose. A review in the British Journal of Clinical
Pharmacology (2015) reported that activated charcoal has pores that soak up fluid. It is
often derived from burned organic substances, such as coconut shells (as in coconut
ash). Dr. Mark Su, a medical toxicologist and director of the New York City Poison
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Control Center, said that activated charcoal worked by binding to drugs to prevent
absorption in the body.
Activated charcoal can be spotted in body care products ranging from face
masks and soap to deodorant and toothpaste. Although there is very little research on
activated charcoal’s topical benefits, these products are also relying on its adsorbent
properties. Activated charcoal has been used to reduce the odor that can accompany
some types of severe skin damage and loss and in air filters to remove air odors, so it
seems reasonable to assume it may also reduce other odors, like underarm odor.
Activated charcoal is likely safe when used short term. Taking activated charcoal
long-term is possibly safe. Since around 2014, some of the most influential brands in
skin care have promised that charcoal-based products will leave consumers with a
smoother, clearer complexion after just one use. Charcoal can be found in facial
cleansers, pore strips, carbonated face masks, and soaps and has quickly become one
of the most highly advertised ingredients in skin products (Sanchez, 2020).
Mandarin Orange
The genus Citrus, belonging to the Rutaceae or Rue family, comprises about 140
genera and 1,300 species1. One of the most popular fruit crops in the world, citrus is
widely grown in nations with tropical or subtropical climates. The main producers of
citrus are Brazil, the United States, Japan, China, Mexico, Pakistan, and nations in the
Mediterranean area. Because of their numerous applications in the food business,
cosmetics industry, and traditional medicine, citrus fruits, and their byproducts have
considerable economic and medicinal importance (Yerou et al., 2017).
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Anatomically, the fruit consists of two distinct regions, the pericarp, also called
the peel, skin, or rind, and the endocarp, or pulp with juice sac glands. The epidermis of
the skin is made of epicuticular wax and contains a large number of tiny fragrant oil
glands that are responsible for the fragrance. The outer flavedo or epicarp, which is
mostly formed of parenchymatous cells and cuticles, makes up the pericarp. Albedo or
mesocarp, which is the tissue mass squashed into the intercellular space under the
flavedo, is made up of tubular-like cells connected together. The fruit usually contains
many to many seeds inside a delicious pulp. The fruit pulp is normally made up of eleven
juice-filled segments that range in flavor from sour to sweet. During the processing of
citrus fruits, approximately 50% of the fruit weight is wasted as peels and pulp, which
includes seeds and membranes (Santiago et al., 2020), as well as the inner peel, called
albedo comprising about 17% of the total fruit weight, and the outer peel, or flavedo,
comprising 10% of total fruit weight (Zema et al., 2018).
In this study, Mandarin Oranges are the specific type of orange that will be used
for this research. Mandarin oranges are native to tropical and subtropical regions of
Asia, including the Philippines and southern Asia (Thulaja, 2016). Mandarins are
available in an extensive variety of hybrids and types. These fruits come in a variety of
shapes, colors, and seed counts. An orange, notably, the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis)
is the most frequently produced tree fruit in the world. Orange trees are mainly planted in
tropical and subtropical atmospheres for the sweet natural product, which is stripped or
chopped (to remove bitter rind) and consumed intact or processed for extraction of
orange juice & also for the aromatic peel (Borse, 2019). Citrus nobilis, Citrus deliciosa,
and Citrus chrysocarpa are examples of different scientific names for Mandarins that are
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likely the consequence of variances in their early classification due to the diversity of
Mandarins. The skin of the mandarin orange is the greatest distinguishing characteristic;
it is so simple to peel off that they are also known as kid-glove or loose-skin oranges
(Purdue University, n.d.)
Singh (2020), a health & skincare adviser, presented that the antioxidants that
are abundant in oranges, as it's a great source of vitamin C that the body needs, can aid
in the removal of pollutants brought on by free radicals, resulting in younger-looking,
healthier-looking skin. It also gives you glowing skin as mandarins are reputed to contain
a lot of fiber. This removes toxic poisons from the body, aiding in cleansing. Your skin
will appear healthy and radiant as a result. Oranges provide vitamins E and C that are
beneficial for your skin. Mandarins can significantly enhance skin tone and complexion
when consumed regularly. It gives you spotless and flawless skin. It also enables you to
fight wrinkles and fine lines. You can consume mandarin oranges in the form of juice or
eat them raw-this can be applied to the skin topically too. Heals wounds. The oil from the
peel promotes the formation of new cells and tissue. It can therefore speed up the
healing of wounds (purplle.com, 2020). Orange zest doesn't just brighten up foods; it
also contains antioxidants. A significant amount of calcium and potassium, which are
likewise kept in the peel, is also added. The pith, which is the stringy, spongy white
portion between the peel and the fruit, is typically avoided because it is bitter. Yet, the
pith is rich in immune-supporting flavonoids, fiber, vitamin C, and calcium (Mikstas,
2023).
However, we tend to neglect the skin of these said fruits ever so often when they
too are packed with nourishment beneficial for skin and hair. Oranges are one of these
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fruits. Calcium, magnesium, and vitamin C are all abundant in oranges, and these
nutrients are also prevalent in the peels. Orange peels, which are frequently scraped off
and tossed in the garbage, are renowned for creating clean, radiant, and young skin.
One inexpensive cosmetic powder that is simple to make at home is orange peel
powder. Orange peels may be powdered after thoroughly drying in the sun and utilized
in a variety of ways (Mathews, 2021).
Mathews (2021) stated below some of the benefits of orange peel when turned
into powder to your skin:
● Clears Out Acne and Acne Scars. Orange peel powder is rich in Vitamin C that
enables various skin types' especially oily skin types to form the collagen and
elastin of the skin. Orange peels fight against germs that cause acne since they
have anti-bacterial characteristics, leaving you with perfect skin.
● Act As A Natural Bleach. The finest source of vitamin C is orange peel powder,
which naturally contains bleaching chemicals that help lighten dark spots and
discoloration. It is not only a natural but also a safe approach to restoring the
skin's natural complexion thanks to the Vitamin C and natural AHAs in the
powder. Orange peel powder may be used to whiten your sparkling whites in
addition to your skin.
● Great Natural Exfoliator. Natural minerals in orange peel powder can help your
skin appear younger. Since orange peel powder aids in the promotion of new cell
regeneration, it is simple to make a moderate exfoliant to remove dead skin cells
from the surface of the skin.
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● Natural Glowing Agent for the Skin. Orange peels are a fantastic source of
vitamin C, which naturally promotes bright skin. Nothing beats an orange peel
face pack for bringing out the natural radiance in your skin.
To support this, another study by Badwar et al. (2019) stated that economically
citrus fruits are at the top in overall output. The finest source of vitamin C, which is good
for well-being and glowing skin, is this fruit. Nevertheless, the great bulk of the
advantages of an orange lie in its skin itself. The skin of orange fruits contains terpenes
called flavonoids and limonoids, which contribute to the fruit's distinctive aroma (Jadhav
et al., 2019). The abundant nutrients and antioxidants in orange peel protect your skin
from becoming too oily or dry. It also functions as a toner when applied to the skin,
clearing away debris and dead skin cells and constricting pores. According to Lopa
(2022), oranges are a wonderful source of vitamin C and are very beneficial for the skin.
The enzymes in orange peel help to thoroughly cleanse the skin by removing dead
epithelial cells. The rubbing motion helps to speed up natural cell regeneration, giving
the skin a fresher, more youthful appearance. Orange peel powder aids in the lightening
of blemishes and dark spots. Orange peels are a natural bleaching agent that may be
used to lighten dark skin spots and eventually successfully remove them (Bains, 2021).
The use of orange peel brings a lot of benefits to one's skin. It ensures a quality
of benefits that will surely complement the needs of each individual. In addition to all
these benefits of oranges, these fruits have a distinctive aroma and sweetness with the
peel being the most aromatic part of the fruit. This will provide an extra aroma and
sweetness to leave on the body of the user. When used as a flavor, orange peel imparts
a strong, acidic taste to cuisine. The majority of orange types have sweet flavoring peel
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that also has hints of pomegranate, raspberry, and bitterness. The main compound in
the fragrant mist is limonene, which can be collected from discarded peels and this will
at the same time enable the product to earn the aromatherapy characteristic. This
limonene, according to ACS Chemistry (2022), is used as the starting platform for the
scent to incorporate. Drying the peel and turning it into a fine powder will enable it to
preserve all the benefits and aroma the peel can contain thus, this Mandarin Orange
Peel Powder will play a crucial role in this study.
Synthesis
In daily existence, we use soap to wash dishes, clean clothing and maintain the
appearance of our bodies, noses, and eyes. Soap may be used in a broad range of
manners in our everyday routines. One of its fundamental principles is to make our
home a better place to live and work. Bar soaps are fantastic for cleaning the skin.
Moreover, soaps are cheap and straightforward. These soaps produce a respectable
lather that sticks to the oil and dirt to remove it while spreading throughout the skin.
In connection with the primary characteristic of our soap, which is being aromatic,
aromatherapy is a remedy that employs fragrant essential oils, scented soaps, and
aromatic salts. Aromatherapy soap is one of the essential components in a healing
process. Orange peel may be processed into high-quality goods and contains
components that have potential value. The powder that is produced after drying the peel
is an excellent component for skin care since it has anti-inflammatory and germicidal
qualities. This will provide the soap scent in addition to acting as a secondary
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component for the antibacterial activity, oxidizing and removing any remaining odor at
the same time.
Soap is connected to personal hygiene since it cleans the body and temporarily
removes microorganisms, but it doesn't guarantee that all potential bacteria that might
cause bodily excretions have been eliminated. Here is when the soap's deodorizing
property comes in handy. The capacity to deodorize the body is only little to never
present in commercially made soaps. As an antimicrobial component for soaps,
activated charcoal is a great complement. It has the ability to completely eradicate
bacteria and viruses and renders it hard for any of the said substances to persist.
In light of this, researchers investigated the possibility of producing soap with an
odor neutralizer and long-lasting fragrance characteristic using activated charcoal and
powdered mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel in an attempt to assess its viability
and to enhance consumer market for an aromatic and effective deodorizing soap.
Chapter 3
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter is divided into three parts: (1) Purpose of the Study and Research
Design, (2) Methods, and (3) Statistical Data Analysis Procedures.
Part One, Purpose of the Study and Research Design, restates the purpose of
the study, describes the research design and enumerates the variables used in the
study.
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Part Two, Methods, describes the respondents of the study, the data-gathering
instruments: pre-experimental, experimental and post-experimental phase, validity and
reliability of data gathering instruments, data gathering procedure and product testing.
Part Three, Statistical Data Analysis Procedures, discusses the procedures for
scoring and the statistical tools used to test the hypothesis.
Purpose of the Study and Research Design
This study is experimental in nature, specifically, a scientific experimental
research design and a completely randomized design were used to further evaluate the
soap and identify its acceptability in comparison to commercial soap.
The scientific experimental research design utilizes statistical analysis to approve
or disprove a hypothesis. This form of experimental design is the most accurate since it
comprises an experimental and control group, a variable that is able to be manipulated
by the researcher, and a stipulation that the distribution be random (Sirisilla, 2023). The
random selection of participants in experimental research is what establishes that it is
implementing a valid experimental research design. The objectivity of the outcomes is
ensured by the selection's absence of bias. According to the Journal of Science and the
Global Environment (2017), this design provides the most effective method for
investigating causal relationships. It is commonly claimed that the real experiment is the
only type of study that can accurately quantify the cause-and-effect connection.
This scientific experimental method makes it possible for the researchers to
determine whether the treatments or the changes in the amount of activated charcoal
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and mandarin orange peel powder cause subsequent changes in the soap’s lather,
color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate.
Meanwhile, a completely randomized design (CRD) is the simplest design for
comparative experiments, as it uses only two basic principles of experimental design:
randomization and replication. In CRDs, the treatments are allocated to the experimental
units or plots in a completely random manner that will prevent bias and give accuracy to
the results.
Experimental Design Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

Independent Activated Charcoal and Mandarin Orange Peel Powder
(experimental) Variables
Treatments Different Amount of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin
Orange Peel Powder:
 Treatment A – 1g Activated Charcoal & 1g
Mandarin Orange Peel Powder,
 Treatment B – 2g Activated Charcoal & 2g
 Treatment C – 3g Activated Charcoal & 3g
 Treatment D – Commercial Soap
Dependent (response) Lather, Color, Fragrance, Hardness, Cleansing Ability,
Variables and Lasting Rate
Table 2. This figure shows the independent (experimental) variables, treatments, and
dependent (response) variables associated with using the completely randomized
design.
The number of replications per treatment for CRD was derived from the Degrees
of Freedom formula.
df =t ( n−1 )
Where:
df = Degrees of Freedom which is set in 10
t = number of treatments which is set in 4
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n = units (replications) per treatment
Then:
4(n – 1) = 10
4n – 4 = 10
4n = 10 + 4
4n = 14
n = 14/4
n = 3.5 or 4
A total of 4 units (replications) per treatment was derived from the above formula.
For the precise test of significance in CRD, the minimum error df should at least
be or higher than 10. The error was derived using also the Degrees of Freedom formula.
df =t (n−1)
Where:
df = Degrees of Freedom which is set in 10
n = units (replications) per treatment which is set in 4
Then:
10 = 4(4 – 1)
10 = 4 (3)
10 = 12
10 < 12
Therefore, having 4 units (replications) per treatment is accepted for the precise
test of significance in CRD.
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After obtaining and checking the significance of the solved replication per
treatment, the number of experimental units is solved using the formula below.
N=nt
Where:
N = Experimental Units
n = units (replications) per treatment which is set in 4
Then:
N = (4) (4) = 16
Therefore, a total of 16 experimental units are needed for the conduct of this
study. The CRD experiment, with 4 treatments and 4 experimental units per treatment
(replications) has a total number of 16 experimental units as minimal requirement that
requires 16 respondents to test each unit.
Treatments (t=4)
Replications
A B C D
(n=4)
1 Unit 3 Unit 11 Unit 10 Unit 8
Table 3. The experimental layout that will serve as guide to identify the randomized
distribution of the units to the respondents.
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Figure 5. Completely Randomized Design Research Diorama
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In this experimental research, the data are quantified or measured, including the
saponification value needed for the development of the soap.
1. (Amount of Oil) × (Saponification Value of the Oil) = (Amount of Lye)
2. (Amount of Lye) ÷ 0.3 = (Total Weight of Lye Water Solution)
3. (Total Weight of Lye Water Solution) − (Amount of Lye) = (Amount of Water)
To calculate the Saponification Value for the combination of oils used on our
soap, we need to calculate first what percentage of the whole mixture of oil makes up. A
mixture of oils consisting of 150 ml coconut oil, 75 ml olive oil, and 75 ml canola oil. Then
proceed multiplying each amount of oil to their own saponification value.
Oil Amount of Lye
Canola Oil (75 ml) × (0.124) = 9 ml
Coconut Oil (150 ml) × (0.1946) = 30 ml
Olive Oil (75 ml) × (0.134) = 10 ml
Total 49 ml
Table 4. The table shows the solving process for the amount of lye needed by
multiplying the amount of each oil used in a mixture and its saponification value.
Oil Total Weight of Lye Water Solution
Canola Oil (9 ml) ÷ 0.3 = 30 ml
Coconut Oil (30 ml) ÷ 0.3 = 100 ml
Olive Oil (10 ml) ÷ 0.3 = 33 ml
Total 163 ml
Table 5. The table shows the solving process in identifying the total weight of lye water
solution by dividing the solved amount of lye with 0.3.
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Oil Amount of Water
Canola Oil (30 ml) – (9 ml) = 21 ml
Coconut Oil (100 ml) – (30 ml) = 70 ml
Olive Oil (33 ml) – (10 ml) = 23 ml
Total 114 ml
Table 6. The table shows the solving process in identifying the amount of water needed
for the lye water solution by subtracting the amount of lye water solution with the solved
amount of lye.
Variables in this case were set to multiple observation after using the soap. The
purpose of this observation is to see the level of acceptability of the generated product
between the different treatments in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing
ability, and lasting rate and its comparison between the existing commercial soap.
Methods
Respondents
In this study, the researcher carried out to conduct a small-scale survey with a
limited number of respondents, who would aid in arriving at specific solutions to the
statement of the research's problems. Also, the respondents were identified as Garcia
College of Technology, Inc. Grade 12 STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics) students that are homogenously sectioned according to their chosen
strand and only those who offered their complete consent and were willing to test the
created item are chosen, in which concludes the use of Purposive Sampling Method as
the sampling technique in choosing the respondents. These 16 students were selected
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by the researchers to serve as an example of potential consumers of the aromatic
deodorizing soap.
Data Gathering Instruments
There were 2 main instruments used to gather the data: Survey Questionnaire
and Observation Checklist.
The survey questionnaire is the instrument of the researchers which would also
aid in gathering the information & it would be randomly distributed to 16 selected
students of Garcia College of Technology, Inc. The questionnaire includes the
parameters that respondents must adhere to when using and assessing the soap as well
as an evaluation table accompanied by a legend based on a five-point hedonic scale
that will direct respondents through the survey procedure and the many trials. The table
displays the assessment and response to their effort to use soap with various treatments
in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate. The
researchers created a questionnaire with questions to gauge how well-received the
innovation is in general and will enable the researchers to identify the perceptions of the
respondents on the product with specific treatments and replication given to each of
them as they evaluate it after 4 different trials.
To interpret the result, the scale below was arbitrarily used.
Scale Range Value (for Mean) Description
5 4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
4 3.41 – 4.20 Like A Little
3 2.61 – 3.40 Neither Like nor Dislike
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2 1.81 – 2.60 Dislike A Little
1 1 – 1.80 Dislike A Lot
Table 7. The table shows the Hedonic Scale used for translating and identifying the level
of acceptability of the respondents on aromatic deodorizing soap.
For the product testing, the researchers used the user testing approach and
created an observation checklist that will help determine the particular level of
acceptability and evaluation in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing
ability and lasting rate and this will be also used to determine if there is a significant
difference between the product among the treatments in terms of the aforementioned
variables. The table depicts the evaluation and reaction to their attempt to use soap with
various treatments in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing capacity, and
lasting rate. To determine the level of the innovation's acceptance and its comparability
to the controlled commercial soap, the researchers developed a checklist with a specific
scale for evaluating and testing the product in different trials.
To interpret the result, different checklist scales below was arbitrarily used in
terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability and lasting rate.
LATHER SCALE RANGE VALUE (FOR LEGEND

MEAN)
3 2.51 - 3 Bubbly Lather (Higher amount of
foam)
2 1.76 – 2.50 Foamy Lather
1 1 – 1.75 Creamy Lather (Lesser amount

of foam)
Table 8. This table shows the observation / evaluation checklist that the researchers will
use to judge and see how well the developed product is accepted as aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of lather.
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COLOR SCALE RANGE VALUE (FOR LEGEND

MEAN)
3 2.51 - 3 Vibrant
2 1.76 – 2.50 Opalescent (Having a milky

iridescence)
1 1 – 1.75 Washed-out
Table 9. This table shows the observation / evaluation checklist that the researchers will
use to judge and see how well the developed product is accepted as aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of color.
FRAGRANCE RANGE VALUE (FOR LEGEND

SCALE MEAN)
3 2.51 - 3 Overpowering
2 1.76 – 2.50 Aromatic
1 1 – 1.75 Scentless
Table 10. This table shows the observation / evaluation checklist that the researchers
will use to judge and see how well the developed product is accepted as aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of fragrance.
HARDNESS SCALE RANGE VALUE (FOR LEGEND

MEAN)
3 2.51 - 3 Hard
2 1.76 – 2.50 Less Dense
1 1 – 1.75 Soft
deodorizing soap in terms of hardness.
CLEANSING RANGE VALUE (FOR LEGEND

ABILITY SCALE MEAN)
3 2.51 - 3 Very cleansing and no odor
remains
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2 1.76 – 2.50 Cleanses but a faint odor

remains
1 1 – 1.75 Doesn’t cleanse and doesn’t
remove odor
deodorizing soap in terms cleansing ability.
LASTING RATE RANGE VALUE (FOR LEGEND (SIZE OF THE SOAP)

SCALE MEAN)
3 2.51 - 3 Minus 1 cm or less
2 1.76 – 2.50 Minus 2 to 3 cm
1 1 – 1.75 Minus 5 cm or more
deodorizing soap in terms of lasting rate.
Data Gathering Procedure
From the start of the study through the approach in experimentation for creating
soap, the researchers followed a proper procedure in how this study was conducted and
managed. The general process would help with acquiring the hypothesized data and
arriving to the possible conclusions.
Pre-experiment Phase. The researchers first prioritized the problem clarification.
The researcher developed sub questions and objectives of the study to identify the
concentration of the whole research, including the main problem, which is to evaluate
and determine the degree of acceptability of the Activated Charcoal and Mandarin
Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peel Powder as an aromatic deodorizing soap. In order to
concentrate on a specific scope the researchers also provided limitations. The
introduction included a list of terminology. Since that is where the study began, problem
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clarification is an essential component of the larger method. So, without commencing
with this step of the process, the study won't have a proper focus continuing further.
The researcher then searched for related information. The researchers examined
for relevant literature and studies that would assist provide a foundation using various
sources like the internet, books, and other research papers. As was already said, they
also searched other research papers. The researchers were able to comprehend other
linked works, such as literature and studies, thanks to the related material that was
provided as part of the whole procedure.
The researchers then prepared the list of topics, budget outlay, ingredient and
material list needed, survey questionnaires for the respondents, observation checklist for
product testing, and other materials needed in developing the product before the actual
experimentation is carried out. These questions were used to obtain greater details from
the respondents, learn about their perspectives, and get proofs or evaluations of the
product. Throughout the research, the researcher also used and evaluated the soap
using the evaluation checklist to test the dependent variables, identify whether to accept
or reject the created hypothesis, and as well compared it to the existing commercial
soap.
The finished questionnaires and checklists are then presented to experts for face
validation. Their suggestions and recommendation for the improvement of the instrument
are incorporated in the revision of the same instrument.
After the questionnaire and checklist are validated, the researchers then sought
the permission of the school’s principal to conduct the study. Upon approval, the
researchers then start to look for sixteen (16) Grade 12 STEM students who are willing
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to participate in the survey and evaluate the developed aromatic deodorizing soap. They
are given an informed consent form that provides the respondents the information they
need to make a decision to volunteer for a research study. Once signed, it means that
they are willing to volunteer as a respondent as they agree to the conditions and as well
as the confidentiality of the data obtained and authorization are kept.
In addition to the aforementioned, various other pieces of equipment were used
by the researchers during the experiment. It was decided to make the soap using only
natural oil blends, thus a DIY kit with all the tools and components was purchased.
Tools:
 Rubber Spatula
 Latex/Surgical Gloves
 Electric Mixer
 Plastic Basin
 Bowls
 Soap Mold
 Soap Cutter
 Weighing Scale
 Plastic Spoons
 Measuring Cups
Ingredients:
 Lye (Sodium Hydroxide)
 Water
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 Coconut Oil
 Olive Oil
 Canola Oil
 Orange Peel Powder
 Activated Charcoal
The making of the soap comprised two stages: The Dissolving of the Lye-
Solution-Powder and the second one has also two parts, the Preparation of Mixing the
Materials and the Actual Mixing with Complete Ingredients. Both were addressed and
beneficial in the research group's experiment.
For the first stage, the melting of the lye must be done in a ventilated area. For
precaution, gloves and other protective clothing were worn. Afterward, distilled water
was prepared, measured in 114 ml, and poured into a big enough basin to
accommodate a large amount of water. Lye was therefore opened safely before mixing it
with water. The heat then dissipated over the following four hours without a cover or lid.
The lye turns into the lye solution required for the following step as soon as it
disintegrates into water.
Then, for the second stage of mixing, tools such as a rubber spatula, surgical
gloves, an electric mixer, a plastic basin, measuring cups, weighing scale, plastic
spoons, a soap mold, and a soap cutter were prepared and cleaned for utilization. With a
rubber spatula, the three oils—75 ml of canola oil, 150 ml of coconut oil, and 75 ml of
olive oil—were combined before being added to the rest of the ingredients.
Afterward, the Lye Solution was carefully added to the oil mixtures. The solution
was mixed using an electric mixer until it started to get somewhat sticky. Next, using a
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spatula, it was combined first with powdered mandarin orange peel (the batch was made
in accordance with the treatment). The next step was to use a rubber spatula to transfer
the mixture into the mold and then it was set aside for 24 hours and let it set.
The following day, the same process from dissolving the lye to mixing it with oils
was repeated but the activated charcoal was added into the mixture this time. By using
the spatula, the charcoal mixture was poured above the mandarin orange layer of the
soap (in accordance with the treatment). It was then set aside for 3 days to let it harden
completely. It was intended to allow them to be exposed to fresh air. Afterwards, it was
cut or sliced according to the desired thickness. The labels were made on various
treatments and is now ready for evaluation.
Experiment Phase. In order to produce the aromatic and deodorizing qualities,
the researchers performed an experiment involving the production of soap and added
activated charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder. Also, the right tools and supplies
were used. Lather, color, aroma, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate are
the primary qualities that the researchers recognized in the theoretical framework as
being present in the final product.
Post-experiment Phase. Thereafter, researchers analyzed and interpreted the
data obtained from the survey-questionnaire and observation checklist. The statistical
formula, which represented the percentage of respondents who selected a particular
item or choice, was found. Also, in the study's overall methodology, conclusions were
formed using the data that had been analyzed and interpreted.
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Statistical Data Analysis Procedure
The information is encoded in Microsoft Excel and converted into SPSS file by
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software.
The descriptive statistics are used in analyzing the data. The degree of
acceptability and evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap will be analyzed through using
mean, frequency, percentage, and standard deviation.
Mean. This is used to describe the level of acceptability of activated charcoal and
mandarin orange (citrus reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap.
Frequency. This is the quantity of times the value occurs in the data. A variable's
distribution is its frequency pattern, or the collection of all conceivable values and the
frequencies corresponding to those values. Frequency tables or charts are used to
represent frequency distributions.
Percentage. This makes it easier to evaluate and compare the outcomes and
development. As a result, it aids in creating a comparative examination of diverse topics
or problems. The percentage provides an accurate number since it is used to assess
large amounts of data.
Standard Deviation. This is used to provide an indication of how dispersed the
data is in relation to the mean. Low standard deviation means data are clustered around
the mean, and high standard deviation indicates data are more spread out.
The inferential statistics are used in the data. The significant difference between
the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among the treatments will be analyzed
through using of One-Way ANOVA test.
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One-way ANOVA test. This is used to investigate the different levels of
acceptability of the aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather, color, fragrance,
hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate between the 3 treatments and commercial
soap.
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Chapter 4
Results and Discussion
This chapter presents the interpretation of data and discusses the results of the
study. The findings are presented in the following parts: (1) Descriptive Data Analysis,
and (2) Inferential Data Analysis.
The First Part, Descriptive Data Analysis, describes the degree of acceptability
and evaluation of activated charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder soap in terms
lather, color, fragrance, cleansing ability and lasting rate.
The Second Part, Inferential Data Analysis, discusses the significance in the
level of difference between homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among the treatments
in terms of lather, color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate.
Below is the presentation of the descriptive and inferential data with the
respective analysis interpretation.
Descriptive Data Analysis
Degree of Acceptability of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap

in Terms of Lather
Table 14 presents the degree of acceptability of aromatic deodorizing soap in
terms of lather. The data shows that the degree of acceptability of aromatic deodorizing
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soap in terms of lather is found to be “Liked A Lot” (M = 4.55, SD = 0.005) by the
respondents.
Table 14
Mean & Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Lather
Variable Mean Description SD

Overall Lather 4.375 Like A Lot 0.007
Creaminess 4.422 Like A Lot 0.006
Bubble Ability 4.625 Like A Lot 0.004
Foaminess 4.547 Like A Lot 0.005
Easy to Wash with Water 4.781 Like A Lot 0.002
Scale Description
4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
3.41 – 4.20 Like A Little
2.61 – 3.40 Neither Like nor Dislike
1.81 – 2.60 Dislike A Little
1.00 – 1.80 Dislike A Lot
In terms of lather, the aromatic deodorizing soap was determined to be "Liked A
Lot" by the respondents. This signifies that our product's lather quality is highly approved
and recognized by the responders partly due to the abundant amount of foam produced
when applied to the hand with water. This was in line with the findings of Febriyenti et al.
(2014), who discovered that customers prefer soap with a lot of froth and stability over
soap with less foam and instability. It has been discovered that hand soap that efficiently
lathers take less time to achieve acceptable hand cleaning (Megaphone, 2022).
Furthermore, Small (2023) stated that lather is what people search for in soap since it
lets us envision where we have already bathed. In our imaginations, lather paints the
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regions cleaned, therefore generating a large volume of foam will allow us to fulfill the
user's thinking.
A few factors influence soap foaming or lather, including the presence of an
active ingredient, foam stabilizer, and other elements such as the kind of oil used
(Wibowo, 2015). The active agent utilized in this experiment is sodium hydroxide,
popularly known as lye, the oils used are coconut oil, olive oil, and canola oil, and no
additional substances in the form of foam boosters were applied. The foam created on
the soap may be derived from the oils used in the soap recipe following with the sodium
hydroxide ratio. The concentration of fatty acids or oil and alkaline solution influenced
the foam production rate and stability of aromatic deodorizing soap, which formed
significant amounts of lather when used, as validated by Yernisa et al. (2013).

in Terms of Color
terms of color. The data shows that the degree of acceptability of aromatic deodorizing
soap in terms of color is found to be “Liked A Little” (M = 4.113, SD = 0.009) by the
respondents.
Table 15
Mean & Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Color

Overall Color 4.016 Like A Little 0.010
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Vibrancy 3.938 Like A Little 0.011

Appeal of Appearance 4.156 Like A Little 0.009
Color Combination 4.094 Like A Little 0.010
Two-toned Idea 4.359 Like A Lot 0.007
Scale Description
4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
In terms of color, the aromatic deodorizing soap was determined to be "Liked A
Little" by the respondents. It was discovered that the color appealed to the respondents
but was not particularly eye-catching. Four among the five color variables were said to
be "Liked A Little," but only the two-toned variable was said to be "Liked A Lot." The
findings aligned with Parente and Ares' (2020) study, which found that the visual
appearance and scent of soap can trigger expectations and associations in consumers'
minds, which largely influence their decisions and shape product experience.
The researchers utilized natural colorants to make the pigment and generate the
color of the soap for this study. The first was made using activated charcoal, which
naturally produces black color and showed the purpose of the soap. The second color
was orange, which comes from natural orange mandarin orange peel powder. According
to Kelsey (2015), natural colorants tend to be a bit more muted than other colorant
possibilities; therefore the orange color was a little milder in contrast to other colors.
Furthermore, Gatti et al. (2014) showed in their experiments that participants regarded
the color of the soap as the strength of the soap's smell, which was partly related to the
findings following this in terms of color.
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terms of fragrance. The data shows that the degree of acceptability of aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of fragrance is found to be “Liked A Little” (M = 3.884, SD =
0.012) by the respondents.
Table 16
Mean & Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Fragrance

Overall Fragrance 4.031 Like A Little 0.010
Aromatic 3.984 Like A Little 0.011
Smell Intensity 3.922 Like A Little 0.011
Tangy Aroma 3.578 Like A Little 0.015
Natural & Pungent Quality 3.906 Like A Little 0.012
Scale Description
4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
In terms of fragrance, the aromatic deodorizing soap was deemed to be "Liked A
Little" by the respondents. It demonstrated that the smell blossomed nicely through the
soap but was not particularly notable for the respondents. All scent factors were
assessed to be "Liked A Little," however the Tangy Aroma variable had the lowest
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mean. It simply illustrates that the tangy flavor of the mandarin peel powder was not as
strong as we, the researchers, and the responders had anticipated.
Sanfilippo (2023) claims that scent has a profound emotional connection and can
eventually affect individuals. We interpret the buyers' "Liked A Lot" reaction as a positive
indicator since Washington State University discovered that basic odors, as opposed to
complicated aroma mixes, are significant motivators for individuals to become more
interested in the product. This is because simple odors like citrus and pine don't need
much mental thinking, allowing their brains to construct visuals connected with these
fresh scents.
Furthermore, some people are pickier with smells because here is where they
would most likely base the product's level of cleaning efficacy and skin improvement
(Ares, 2020). The aroma had a substantial influence on customer liking, anticipation, and
conceptual links with soap, according to the findings. According to Parente (2020), the
influence of scent on expectancies and conceptual linkages was dependent on
the customer's liking of the smell.

terms of hardness. The data shows that the degree of acceptability of aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of hardness is found to be “Liked A Lot” (M = 4.366, SD =
0.007) by the respondents.
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Table 17
Mean & Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Hardness

Overall Hardness 4.5 Like A Lot 0.005
Smooth Texture 4.453 Like A Lot 0.006
Compactness 4.219 Like A Lot 0.008
Ability to Hold & Retain Shape 4.141 Like A Little 0.009
Doesn’t Get Soft Easily 4.516 Like A Lot 0.005
Scale Description
4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
According to the findings, the aromatic deodorizing soap is "Liked A Lot" by the
respondents in terms of hardness. All of the variables under hardness had an
outstanding mean greater than 4. It demonstrated that the researchers' ratio of oils,
water, and sodium hydroxide was accurate, resulting in effective saponification and cure
into a well-hardened soap.
Hardness is an important feature of soap, according to Wilson (n.d.). The
hardness of the soap is determined by the amount of fatty acids in it. The higher the fatty
acid content, the more complex the soap. It is also said that the type of fat used
influences the hardness of soap, however, the ideal hardness of soap is somewhere in
the center. That is why the researcher combined hard fats with soft fats such as olive oil
to get the necessary degrees of hardness for the soap. Beckam (n.d.) claimed that a
good quality soap must be hard, and the low iodine value of the soap contributes to the
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hardness, which may help the soap's ability to remain longer under shower
circumstances.

terms of cleansing ability. The data shows that the degree of acceptability of aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of cleansing ability is found to be “Liked A Lot” (M = 4.409, SD
= 0.006) by the respondents.
Table 18
Mean & Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Cleansing Ability

Overall Cleansing Ability 4.297 Like A Lot 0.007
Smell of the Hand After Use 4.344 Like A Lot 0.007
Removal of Odor 4.406 Like A Lot 0.006
Oiliness is Cleared 4.531 Like A Lot 0.005
Cleansing of Filth & Stains 4.469 Like A Lot 0.006
Scale Description
4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
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In terms of cleansing ability, the aromatic deodorizing soap was determined to be
"Liked A Lot" by the respondents. All of the characteristics included in cleaning ability
received a positive response from respondents, with a mean greater than 4. Wilson
(2020) defines cleansing as the capacity of soap to remove filth and oil from the skin,
and it is the most important quality of soap because it is the reason most people use
soap in the first place.
Beckam (2017) stated that they compensate for the strong cleansing of coconut
oil by using olive oil (which has a high conditioning value) for supervising that generated
the balance of cleansing power and moisture capacity of the soap that reflected on our
survey's results as the cleansing ability is being "Liked A Lot." A good soap must clean
well but not excessively, because excessive cleaning of the deeper skin surface oil
causes the skin to become dry. Furthermore, handcrafted natural soap washes skin
more effectively and securely than other synthetically produced soaps.

terms of lasting rate. The data shows that the degree of acceptability of aromatic
deodorizing soap in terms of lasting is found to be “Liked A Lot” (M = 4.272, SD = 0.008)
by the respondents.
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Table 19
Mean and Standard Deviation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Lasting Rate

Overall Lasting Rate 4.297 Like A Lot 0.007
Multiple Times of Usage 4.219 Like A Lot 0.008
Size After Use 4.313 Like A Lot 0.007
Long Shelf-life 4.266 Like A Lot 0.008
Doesn’t Smelt Easily 4.266 Like A Lot 0.008
Scale Description
4.21 – 5.00 Like A Lot
The result shows that the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to be “Liked A Lot”
by the respondents in terms of the lasting rate. All the variables under lasting rate got an
exemplary mean above 4. It proved that the hardness quality of the soap reflected on
how well the soap will last. According to Reusable Nation (2019), the type of soap make
a difference to how long it lasts because soaps made out of harder fats and oils last
longer than those made of softer, liquid oils. Saturated fats give soap hardness that
helps it last longer. Given to what they have studies, coconut oil, which was one of the
oils used by the researcher for this experiment, is considered to be one of the saturated
fats that exists that actually helped to develop the hardness and long-lasting of aromatic
deodorizing soap.
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap

in Terms of Lather
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Table 20 presents the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather.
The data shows that the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather is
found to have a “Foamy Lather” (M = 2.266, SD = 0.007) by the researchers.
Table 20
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Lather

Initial Trial 2.188 Foamy Lather 0.009
First Trial 2.188 Foamy Lather 0.009
Second Trial 2.313 Foamy Lather 0.007
Third Trial 2.375 Foamy Lather 0.007
Scale Description
2.51 – 3.00 Bubbly Lather (Higher amount of foam)
1.76 – 2.50 Foamy Lather
1.00 – 1.75 Creamy Lather (Lesser amount of Foam)
The findings indicate that the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to have a
“Foamy Lather” the researchers in terms of lather. That suggests that our product's
lather quality is described as having the right quantity of lather—not too much, nor too
little. According to Stanley (2015), generating a thick, foaming lather coats the skin with
protection while effectively removing grime.
Waldropt (2022) claimed that soap lather does make you cleaner since,
according to scientists, the major function of soap lather is to suspend dirt, oil, and filth
by greatly increasing the surface tension of water. In order to make cleaning our skin
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easier, friction is used to trap dirt. The Waldropt investigation confirmed our conclusion
that there should be just the right amount of frothy lather since too much soap is bad. In
contrast to certain soaps that contain foaming chemicals like lauryl sulfate, cocamide,
and others that are added to the soap solely to generate a thick, white foam, our
homemade soap generates a clean, clear lather with sufficient natural glycerin for
moisturizing.

in Terms of Color
Table 21 presents the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of color.
The data shows that the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of color is
found to be “Opalescent (having a milky iridescence)” (M = 2.219, SD = 0.008) by the
researchers.
Table 21
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Color

Opalescent (Having a
Initial Trial 2.438 0.006
milky iridescence)
First Trial 2.5 0.005
milky iridescence)
Second Trial 2 0.011
milky iridescence)
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Third Trial 1.938 0.011
milky iridescence)
Scale Description
2.51 – 3.00 Vibrant
1.76 – 2.50 Opalescent (Having a milky iridescence)
1.00 – 1.75 Washed-out
Similar to the visual of an opal, the soap’s appearance is said to be vivid but with
a hint of white blended with it. It is not totally that vivid especially in the orange part as it
shows signs of grey to white tones. The explanation for the soap's ashy appearance is
that soda ash is produced when unsaponified lye combines with atmospheric carbon
dioxide. The finished bars are unaffected, and the soap is safe to use. It normally
appears on top of the soap, but in certain instances, it can flow all the way through and
conceal the colors (Bramble Bery, n.d.).
However, according to Jaimie (2020), the quantity of water used to make cold-
process soap significantly affects whether or not soda ash will end up on your soap. It
has been shown that the probability of producing soda ash when making cold-process
soap increases as water usage increases. The lye water solution and oils should be
blended at room temperature to avoid this. Increasing the proportion of oils in the mix
that delay trace, such as olive oils, is another approach to prevent this but because a
lesser amount of olive oil was used in the aromatic deodorizing soap than coconut oil,
there was soda ash present.

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Table 22 presents the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of
fragrance. The data shows that the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of
fragrance is found have an “Aromatic” scent (M = 1.719, SD = 0.013) by the researchers.
Table 22
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Fragrance

Initial Trial 1.813 Aromatic 0.013
First Trial 1.8123 Aromatic 0.013
Second Trial 1.563 Scentless 0.015
Third Trial 1.688 Scentless 0.014
Scale Description
2.51 – 3.00 Overpowering
1.76 – 2.50 Aromatic
1.00 – 1.75 Scentless
The result shows that the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to have an
“Aromatic” scent from the beginning of trials but becomes "Scentless" after several uses.
This means that the fragrance of our product is said to have enough amount of fragrance
but wasn’t that enough to be consistent after several trials.
According to studies by Alarie (2021), scent fade is very normal in bar soap. The
aroma gradually begins to leave a solid bar of soap over time; this is just what happens.
Additionally, it has been shown that citrus odors typically dissipate extremely rapidly.
The aroma is not properly cured before usage, which is another reason why it could not
persist long enough in soaps. In order to include the soap's natural scent and ensure
that it lasts a long time, it is advised to let it cure for at least one month (Bramble Bery,
n.d.).
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In relation to research by Holland et al. (2005), a smell associated with a cleaning
activity (in this example, a citrus aroma) enhanced real cleaning behavior and helped
make the task's concept easier to understand conceptually. Previous studies have linked
consistent, null, or incongruent coloration to the perceived strength of a particular aroma
(Zellner & Kautz, 1990). Additionally, according to previous research (Zellner & Whitten,
1999), a fragrance's perceived strength can vary simply by changing the color intensity
of the odorous solution.

hardness. The data shows that the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of
hardness is found to be “Less Dense” (M = 2.469, SD = 0.006) by the researchers.
Table 23
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Hardness

Initial Trial 2.813 Hard 0.002
First Trial 2.563 Hard 0.005
Second Trial 2.25 Less Dense 0.008
Third Trial 2.25 Less Dense 0.008
Scale Description
2.51 – 3.00 Hard
1.76 – 2.50 Less Dense
1.00 – 1.75 Soft
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The result shows that the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to be “Hard” in the
first trials but becomes "Less Dense" after several uses in terms of hardness. This
means that the hardness of our product is said to have less amount of hardness.
The amount of fatty acids and oils used in the formulation can significantly affect
the hardness of soap, according to a study that was published in the International
Journal of Technology in 2021. The coconut, olive, and canola oils that were used to
produce the soap may be used to explain this. Coconut is a saturated fat that has a
considerable impact on the resilience of soap, according to Harvard University. Because
using a lot of coconut oil would make the soap too hard and eventually cause harm to
the user's skin, we applied olive oil and canola oil to equalize the hardness of the soap.
McBryde (2021) asserts that olive oil may be used to create a long-lasting soap that is
soft enough to use on even the most delicate skin types.

cleansing ability. The data shows that the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in
terms of cleansing ability is found to be “Cleansing but a faint odor remains” (M = 2.391,
SD = 0.006) by the researchers.
Table 24
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Cleansing Ability
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Cleanses but a faint odor
Initial Trial 2.125 0.009
remains
Cleanses but a faint odor
First Trial 2.188 0.009
remains
Very cleansing and no
Second Trial 2.563 0.005
odor remains
Very cleansing and no
Third Trial 2.688 0.003
odor remains
Scale Description
2.51 – 3.00 Very cleansing and no odor remains
1.76 – 2.50 Cleanses but a faint odor remains
1.00 – 1.75 Very cleansing and no odor remains
The result shows that the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to be “Cleansing
but a faint odor remains” in terms of cleansing ability by the researchers. It is seen that in
the first two trials, it doesn’t cleanse one’s hands but after several trials, it has started to
cleanse better.
In the words of Kallen (2019), when combined with an alkaline metal solution, the
oil degrades into salt. The chemical composition of the soap breaks down the dirt and
germs it contains by forming rings around individual droplets. The micelles that are
already present in the soap split up the particles of grime, grease, oils, and disease-filled
waste that accumulates on your hands when you wash them with soap. These micelles
then improve over time when the soap is used more frequently since the chemicals are
continually in an active state, making it easier to lather up the soap and clean it more
efficiently. In addition, soap kills microorganisms when used as a surfactant in hand
washing, according to Kubisch (2019), by disorganizing their membrane lipid bilayer,
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denaturing their proteins, and emulsifying oils so that they can be washed away by
running water.

Table 25 presents the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lasting
rate. The data shows that the evaluation of aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lasting
is found to be “Minus 2 to 3 cm” in size (M = 2.484, SD = 0.005) by the researchers.
Table 25
Evaluation of Aromatic Deodorizing Soap in Terms of Lasting Rate

Initial Trial 2.75 Minus 1 cm or less 0.003
First Trial 2.688 Minus 1 cm or less 0.003
Second Trial 2.375 Minus 2 to 3 cm 0.001
Third Trial 2.125 Minus 2 to 3 cm 0.009
Scale Description
2.51 – 3.00 Minus 1 cm or less
1.76 – 2.50 Minus 2 to 3 cm
1.00 – 1.75 Minus 5 cm or more
The result shows that the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to be “Minus 2 to 3
cm” by the respondents in terms of lasting rate. This means that the lasting rate quality
of our product is highly accepted and recognized by the respondents due to the hard oils
that we used that gave our soap a longer period of preservation. This was backed up by
the research from Soap Queen by Bramble Berry (2016), which found that soap bars
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that are harder often last longer in the shower. A more rigid bar of soap can be produced
by using additional hard oils. Hard oils are oils including palm oil, coconut oil, beeswax,
and palm kernel flakes that are solid at room temperature. Generally speaking, a firm bar
of soap would include 60 percent or more hard oils. Coconut oil was the only hard oil we
utilized for this experiment. In general, a harder bar results from using harder oils.
Harder bars often survive longer, as was already indicated (Small, 2020).
The shelf life of handcrafted soap varies. The type of oils used and how they are
kept have a big impact. Soap that is kept in cold, dark locations ages well, much like
great wine or cheese. The soap becomes softer and tougher with time, extending its use
in the shower (Durant, 2023). When wrapped in tissue or a cardboard box, cold-process
and hot-process soaps can be kept in storage for at least a year and possibly longer.
Since the soap must be free to evaporate, airtight containers are not advised. The
shower's water temperature will also have an impact (Kara, 2023).
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Inferential Data Analysis
Difference between the Homemade Aromatic Deodorizing Soap

Among the Treatments in Terms of Lather
Table 26 illustrates the difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing
soap among the treatments in terms of lather. The ANOVA result reveals that there is no
significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among the
treatments in terms of lather (F = 0.136, p = 0.937).
Table 26
Analysis of Variance of Homemade Aromatic Deodorizing Soap Among the Treatments

in Terms of Lather
ANOVA
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Initial Trial (Lather) Between Groups 2.688 3 .896 2.867 .081
Within Groups 3.750 12 .313
Total 6.438 15
1st Trial (Lather) Between Groups .188 3 .063 .333 .802
Total 2.438 15
2nd Trial (Lather) Between Groups 1.188 3 .396 2.111 .152
Total 3.438 15
3rd Trial (Lather) Between Groups 1.250 3 .417 1.111 .383
Total 5.750 15
Over-All Mean (Lather) Between Groups .043 3 .014 .136 .937
Total 1.309 15
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*p<0.05 significant @ 5% alpha level

ns p>0.05 not significant @ 5% alpha level
Levels of Lather Mean
Bubbly Lather [Higher amount of foam] (2.51 – 3.00) 2.75
Foamy Lather (1.76 – 2.50) 2.1875
Creamy Lather [Lesser amount of Foam] (1.00 – 1.75) 1.75
Total 2.2292
The results imply that the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap has no
significant difference among the treatments in terms of lather. This is an indication that
the amount of activated charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder doesn’t affect the
quality of the soap’s lather. Since the ratio of the oils and lye used was consistent
throughout the different treatments, the lather remained to be consistent too even though
different amounts of activated charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder were added
to different treatments.
The term "lather" describes the foam or froth that detergent produces when it is
rubbed or agitated in water. Even though soap doesn't operate that way, you can tell
which regions are clean and which ones aren't because to this effect. The main factor
that serves as a guide is the aesthetic effect (Musti, 2022). Water and soap create a
lather due to the tension created between both elements as they mix. Then, small
bubbles start appearing when the air begins displacing water molecules, releasing
surface tension in the process. Thus, we can say that lather is small bubbles “packed”
forcefully together (The Handcrafter’s Companion, 2023). Because the aromatic
deodorizing soap contains coconut oil as one of its bases, a generous amount of lather
was created and this aligned with what Anderson (2021) has said. She proved that
coconut oil is a very popular soapmaking oil because it helps create hard bars with fluffy
and stable lather and this explains why the lather is consistent between each treatment.
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Furthermore, the canola and olive oil also contributed to the amount of lather generated
between each treatment.
Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference
between the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of
lather is accepted.

Among the Treatments in Terms of Color
soap among the treatments in terms of color. The ANOVA result reveals that there is no
significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among the
treatments in terms of color (F = 3.037, p = 0.071).
Table 27

in Terms of Color
ANOVA
Initial Trial Color Between Groups 2.188 3 .729 2.333 .126
Total 5.938 15
1st Trial Color Between Groups 2.000 3 .667 4.000 .035
Total 4.000 15
2nd Trial Color Between Groups .500 3 .167 1.333 .310
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Total 2.000 15
3rd Trial Color Between Groups .188 3 .063 1.000 .426
Within Groups .750 12 .063
Total .938 15
Over-All Color Between Groups .641 3 .214 3.037 .071
Total 1.484 15
Levels of Color Mean
Vibrant (2.51 – 3.00) 2.75
Opalescent [Having a milky iridescence] (1.76 – 2.50) 2.2917
Washed-out (1.00 – 1.75) 1.75
Total 2.2639
The result implies that the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap has no
significant difference among the treatments in terms of color. This is an indication that
the amount of activated charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder does not affect the
quality of the soap’s color even though different amounts of activated charcoal and
mandarin orange peel powder were added on different treatments.
Color is more of a physical attribute and purely an aesthetic feature, however,
one could not deny that adding them intensifies interest and variety in soaps.
Additionally, the colors of soap are complementary to the supposed fragrance (N-
Essentials, n.d.). Aligned with the findings of Jan (2021) activated charcoal can give the
soap a marvelous deep black color. This natural soap colorant looks especially nice in
your soap as it contrasts well against other brighter colors and support. Activated
charcoal is a popular ingredient to include in soap and other skin care products, because
of its power to draw impurities from your skin. Multicolored or multicomponent soaps
offer potential market advantages over single-color soaps with or without additives. The
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visual differentiation over single-color soaps provides aesthetic advantages for the
multicolored types, and for the multicomponent soap, differentiation can show the
ingredient(s) which claim to enhance product performance (Spitz, 2016). A considerable
impact on customer perception, behavior, and preferences is also exerted by the
product's appearance and the color of its packaging (Marshall et al., 2006; Spence and
Piqueras-Fiszman, 2012 as attested by Gatti, Bordegoni, & Spence, 2013).
color is accepted.

Among the Treatments in Terms of Fragrance
soap among the treatments in terms of fragrance. The ANOVA result reveals that there
is no significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap among
the treatments in terms of fragrance (F = 0.359, p = 0.784).
Table 28

ANOVA
Initial Trial Fragrance Between Groups .688 3 .229 .355 .787
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Total 8.438 15
1st Trial Fragrance Between Groups .188 3 .063 .073 .973
Total 10.438 15
2nd Trial Fragrance Between Groups 1.688 3 .563 3.000 .073
Total 3.938 15
3rd Trial Fragrance Between Groups 2.188 3 .729 2.692 .093
Total 5.438 15
Over-All Fragrance Between Groups .328 3 .109 .359 .784
Total 3.984 15
Levels of Fragrance Mean
Overpowering (2.51 – 3.00) 0
Aromatic (1.76 – 2.50) 2.1786
Scentless (1.00 – 1.75) 1.3611
Total 1.1799
The result shows that the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap has no
significant difference among the treatments in terms of fragrance. It also implies that
despite the fact that the quantities of mandarin orange peel powder used in each
treatment vary, their use did not affect the quality of the soap's aroma.
Natural fragrance is created from the essence of actual flowers or plants.
According to a different study done by the Social Issues Research Centre, a non-profit
organization that conducts research on social and lifestyle issues, certain scents can
influence a person's emotions based on how they make them feel when they smell the
fragrance. Additionally, the pleasant feelings that arise from aromatic pleasures have the
power to affect evaluations and add noticeably greater beauty ratings. However, people
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tend to rate things lower when they smell something they don't like. This demonstrates
clearly that the use of fragrance or additional perfumes in a personal care product like
soap serves more than one purpose. But unknowingly, diverse scents have a far more
significant impact than that. One of them is to give customers a pleasurable experience,
which encourages them to develop positive feelings and may lead to a greater view of
the worth of a brand.

Among the Treatments in Terms of Hardness
soap among the treatments in terms of hardness. The ANOVA result reveals that there
the treatments in terms of hardness (F = 0.345, p = 0.794).
Table 29

ANOVA
Initial Trial Hardness Between Groups .688 3 .229 1.571 .248
Total 2.438 15
1st Trial Hardness Between Groups .188 3 .063 .200 .894
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Total 3.938 15
2nd Trial Hardness Between Groups .000 3 .000 .000 1.000
Total 3.000 15
3rd Trial Hardness Between Groups 1.500 3 .500 .800 .517
Total 9.000 15
Over-All Hardness Between Groups .078 3 .026 .345 .794
Total .984 15
Levels of Hardness Mean
Hard (2.51 – 3.00) 2.75
Less Dense (1.76 – 2.50) 2.4318
Soft (1.00 – 1.75) 1.75
Total 2.3106
The result shows that the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap has no
significant difference among the treatments in terms of hardness. This indicated that the
hardness of the soap stayed consistent throughout the several treatments since the ratio
of oils and lye used remained consistent. This was consistent with Purwanto's (2021)
findings that respondents favored soap with a high degree of hardness, with the amount
of extract added to the soap mixture having an impact on the soap's hardness. The kind
and quality of base (alkali) employed impacts the resulting soap's hardness and
solubility. In this experiment, the researchers utilized sodium hydroxide, sometimes
referred to as lye, which makes soap that is more durable and long-lasting.

Among the Treatments in Terms of Cleansing Ability
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soap among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability. The ANOVA result reveals that
there is no significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap
among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability (F = 0.803, p = 0.516).
Table 30

ANOVA
Initial Trial Cleansing Ability Between Groups 2.250 3 .750 1.636 .233
Total 7.750 15
1st Trial Cleansing Ability Between Groups .688 3 .229 .355 .787
Total 8.438 15
2nd Trial Cleansing Ability Between Groups .688 3 .229 .846 .495
Total 3.938 15
3rd Trial Cleansing Ability Between Groups 1.188 3 .396 2.111 .152
Total 3.438 15
Over-All Cleansing Ability Between Groups .605 3 .202 .803 .516
Total 3.621 15
Levels of Cleansing Ability Mean
Very cleansing and no odor remains (2.51 – 3.00) 2.8929
Cleanses but a faint odor remains (1.76 – 2.50) 2.0625
Doesn’t cleanse and doesn’t remove odor (1.00 – 1.75) 1.5
Total 2.1518
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The results implies that the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap has no
significant difference among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability. This is an
indication that the quality of the soap’ cleansing ability has been consistent throughout
all the treatments and trials.
The cleansing ability of soap is due to the chemical structure of soap molecules,
where one end is lipophilic and the other is hydrophilic. This dual polarity enables the
soap to exhibit its cleaning ability (Sibanda, N. R., Nyathi, J. A., & Ndlovu, L. N., 2022).
The cleansing process will contribute to removing fat from the skin because the
impurities are embedded in the skin. This position has led to the assumption that soap’s
cleansing ability and ability to dissolve fats and remove them from the skin must be
closely correlated. Consequently, methods for evaluating the cleansing ability of soaps
are mainly based on the study of their ability to remove fat. (Klimaszewska, E.,
Wieczorek, D., et al. 2022).
cleansing ability is accepted.

Among the Treatments in Terms of Lasting Rate
soap among the treatments in terms of lasting rate. The ANOVA result reveals that there
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the treatments in terms of lasting rate (F = 2.320, p = 0.127).
Table 31

ANOVA
Initial Trial Lasting Rate Between Groups .500 3 .167 .800 .517
Total 3.000 15
1st Trial Lasting Rate Between Groups .750 3 .250 3.000 .073
Total 1.750 15
2nd Trial Lasting Rate Between Groups .250 3 .083 .182 .907
Total 5.750 15
3rd Trial Lasting Rate Between Groups 1.250 3 .417 2.000 .168
Total 3.750 15
Over-All Lasting Rate Between Groups .453 3 .151 2.320 .127
Total 1.234 15
Levels of Lasting Rate Mean
Minus 1 cm or less (2.51 – 3.00) 2.6667
Minus 2 to 3 cm (1.76 – 2.50) 2.4444
Minus 5 cm or more (1.00 – 1.75) 1.75
Total 2.2870
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The results imply that the homemade aromatic deodorizing soap has no
significant difference among the treatments in terms of lasting rate. This is an indication
that the ratios of oils, lye, and water used were the correct amount that made the soap
last well as it produced enough lather for cleansing ability while being used throughout
the whole process.
Many artisanal soap producers employ cold saponification along with
combinations of different vegetable oils, essential oils, and plant extracts to produce
various herbal soaps. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is a paucity of
information in the scientific literature concerning how antioxidants from different
botanical sources may be effective in enhancing the lasting rate and overall quality of
natural soaps. (Adigun, O., Manful, C., et al. 2019). The lasting rate of bar soap is based
on fragrance loss, color shift, or rancidity. Our standard shelf life for all bar soaps is 30
months. While bars will lose some weight, fragrance, and slightly discolor over time, in
theory, soaps will be safe to use and functional for their entire existence (David Rose,
2020).
lasting rate is accepted.
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Chapter 5
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation
This chapter is composed of three parts, namely: (1) Summary of the Problem,
Methods, and Findings, (2) Conclusions, (3) Recommendations.
Part One, Summary of the Problem, Methods, and Findings, provides the
summary of problem, methods used, and findings of the study.
Part Two, Conclusions, presents the generalizations formulated from the analysis
and interpretation of the results and the findings of the study.
Part Three, Recommendations, presents suggestions on the application of the
findings of the study and possible areas for future research that they may be undergone
by interested researchers.
Summary of the Problem, Methods, and Findings
This scientific experimental research was conducted to determine the
acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder
as aromatic deodorizing soap.
More specifically, it sought to provide answers to the following questions:
1. What is the degree of acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin
orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap in terms
of:
a. Lather,
b. Color,
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c. Fragrance,
d. Hardness,
f. Lasting
2. What is the evaluation of the product in terms of:
a. Lather,
b. Color,
c. Fragrance,
d. Hardness,
f. Lasting Rate
3. Is there a significant difference between the homemade aromatic deodorizing
soap among the treatments in terms of:
a. Lather,
b. Color,
c. Fragrance,
d. Hardness,
f. Lasting Rate
Considering the specific problems to be answered in the study, the following
hypotheses were tested:
1. There is no significant difference between the homemade aromatic
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of lather.
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deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of color.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of fragrance.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of hardness.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of lasting rate.
7. There is a significant difference between the homemade aromatic
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of lather.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of color.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of fragrance.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of hardness.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of cleansing ability.
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of lasting rate.
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The respondents of this study were the Grade 12 STEM students of Garcia
College of Technology Inc., for the school year 2022 – 2023. A total of 16 voluntary
respondents were chosen through purposive sampling method to randomly test the
acceptability of the product.
The data needed for the study were gathered using a researcher-made
questionnaire for the level of acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange
(citrus reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather, color,
fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate. For the product testing, the
researchers used the user testing approach and created an observation checklist that
will help determine the particular level of acceptability and evaluation in terms of lather,
color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability and lasting rate of the said soap and this will
be also used to determine if there is a significant difference between the product among
the treatments in terms of the aforementioned variables.
Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistical tool. Moreover,
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for inferential data analysis. The alpha level of
significance was set at 0.05.
The major findings of the study were:
1. The degree of acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (citrus
reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather, color,
fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate was found to be highly
accepted by the respondents.
2. The evaluation of the product was found to have a foamy lather in terms of
lather, opalescent (having a milky iridescence) in terms of color, aromatic in
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terms of fragrance, less dense in terms of hardness, cleansing but a faint odor
remains in terms of cleansing ability, and minus 2 to 3 cm in size in terms of
lasting rate.
3. There was no significant difference between the homemade aromatic
deodorizing soap among the treatments in terms of lather, color, fragrance,
hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate.
Conclusions
Based on the aforementioned findings in the study, the following conclusions
were drawn:
1. The developed aromatic deodorizing soap using activated charcoal and
mandarin orange (citrus reticulata) peel powder were highly accepted in the level of
acceptability. By way of conclusion, the ingredients used to make the soap were efficient
in garnering the likeness of the respondents on each variable, as no variable had a
dislike response.
In terms of lather quality, respondents highly rated the ample amount of foam
formed when applied to the hand with water. The respondents preferred plenty of foam
since it requires less time and effort to clean seamlessly. The oils employed, notably
coconut oil, contributed significantly to the quantity of lather that was balanced with the
hydrating qualities of olive oil, with no chemical foam boosters used, giving the
consumers a natural advantage. The concentration of fatty acids or oil, as well as the
alkaline solution, contributed to the pace of foam formation and the long-term
effectiveness of aromatic deodorizing soap.
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In terms of color, it has sought to be noted but is not particularly captivating
owing to the color's lack of vibrancy. The unusual visual of the soap on its two-toned
color received the highest rating for likeness, indicating that anything new in the eyes of
customers captures their likeability. It was determined that the manner in which the soap
is exhibited influences the consumer's perception of its aroma since the fragrance
findings aligned with the color results. Because the color received a "Liked A Lot"
response, the fragrance received an identical response. As a result, it is possible for one
to speculate that the visual look of the soap might elicit expectations and connections in
the minds of individuals using it, which greatly influence their decisions and form product
experience.
The hardness quality of the soap corresponds to the soap's lasting rate
capability. As a result, the harder the soap, the greater the duration it is likely to last. The
saponification procedure of the soap is primarily responsible for its hardness and lasting
rate quality. Saponification will only succeed if the ratio of oils, water, and lye employed
is correct and the soap has cured properly. Because of the fatty acids in coconut oil, it
helped generate the necessary degree of hardness for the soap. Given the less dense
hardness of the soap as well as the amount of lather produced, the lasting rate tends to
be in the center of the range of lasting long. The greater amount of lather there is, the
smaller it becomes, however, everything regarding this is very much well-crafted.
Finally, the cleansing ability of the soap had an exceptional response, indicating
that the balance of the components utilized resulted in a remarkable cleansing power as
well as a good moisture capacity. A good soap should clean thoroughly but not
excessively, because excessive washing of the underlying skin surface oil promotes dry
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skin. In summary, handcrafted natural soap is much more efficient and safer than
synthetically produced soap.
2. The evaluation using the observation checklist resulted in great results in
regard to the variables inclined with the soap. n terms of lather, the evaluation of the
product is found to have a foamy lather. This is due to the fact that the aromatic
deodorizing soap is primarily made of coconut oil and olive oil which is the main
component to create a rich, creamy, and bubbly lather. Lather is one of the main
characteristics that people look for in a soap and it is expected to be consistent from the
first use to the last. People absolutely love bubbly lather. Although we have come to
associate the cleansing properties of soap with the amount of lather it produces, this is a
misconception. A properly formulated and cured bar of natural soap needs no synthetic
additives to create a lather or to clean because natural soap is a natural surfactant.
Finally, it is not only enjoyable to use, but it also helps the cleansing agent to spread
easily and it also gives the respondents the satisfaction that the product is doing its
cleaning job alright.
The product is found to have opalescent (having a milky iridescence) in terms of
color. The colors of the soap additionally coordinate well with the supposed aroma. Two-
toned color combinations are a fantastic example of this, as they are popular due to the
elaborate patterns they can produce.
In terms of fragrance, the product is found to be aromatic. The first thing
consumers notice in a block of soap is the fragrance. It is an essential factor for
consumers in order to pick a soap that they will use and it is also expected to last to its
very end. One of the benefits of having an aromatic soap is the scent of the soap which
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is mild and citrusy due to the mandarin orange peel that was used in the soap. Many
consumers also preferred when they use a scented soap with a mild fragrance.
In addition, the aromatic deodorizing soap has natural scents that can help
soothe your mind and body through aromatherapy.
In terms of hardness, the aromatic deodorizing soap is found to be less dense.
Due to the fact that it affects how long it lasts, soap's hardness is a crucial component. If
soap is overly soft, it may not last as long, requiring consumers to replace it frequently.
Having a dense bar soap is generally better because of the reason that it last longer. A
decent bar of soap has a firm exterior and a soft interior. The type of soap that can last
the longest and remain in the water is hard soap.
The product is found to be cleansing but has a faint odor in terms of cleansing
ability. Since most individuals use soap to clean their bodies, cleansing is its most
important quality. The cleansing ability of soap must be able to wash away oil and grime
from the skin. However, if it contains too much of a cleansing component, the oil-
grabbing component might irritate the skin by washing away both the protective layer of
surface oils on the skin and the top unclean layer. It's advantageous that the aromatic
deodorizing soap can eliminate oils, grease, and other undesirable substances without
forcefully removing skin cells or leaving behind any residue.
In terms of lasting rate, the soap is found to be minus 2 to 3 cm in size. Natural
products created without preservatives, artificial components, or additives have a shorter
shelf life than commercial products; however, appropriate storage and handling will help
keep freshness. As mentioned before, the lasting rate also corresponds to the hardness
of the soap.
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3. We concluded that activated charcoal and mandarin orange (citrus reticulata)
peel powder is highly accepted as aromatic deodorizing soap. The developed natural
soap could be used as an alternative to commercial soap as it has been found that all
the variables and qualities between the aromatic deodorizing soap and commercial have
no significant difference. All the tests done on this product showed great results
regarding the variables that were taken into consideration, which include the lather,
color, fragrance, hardness, cleansing ability, and lasting rate.
Recommendations
1. We recommend the students studying at Garcia College of Technology, Inc.
to further find out the other variables that could be tested on this product.
They can replicate this research and find the research gap that we were not
able to include in our scope and limitations. We highly recommend the
students explore whether there is a significant difference between the
developed aromatic deodorizing soap and the commercial soap that has
similar qualities with it.
2. We recommend future researchers to try out making similar soap on the
same process with different key ingredients. If in our case, we used activated
charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder, we recommend they try different
fruits and other ingredients that are novel or new to the world of soapmaking
that could eventually bring out many benefits when added to soap.
3. Additionally, for future researchers, we would also want to recommend trying
out different types of oils to use when making the base of the soap. They
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could conduct a study to find out the difference between the soaps that have
different oils as their base. Wherein like for example, they can study the
difference between coconut oil-based soap to canola oil-based soap in terms
of lather, color, fragrance, cleansing ability, and lasting rate. This could
provide the researchers with what type of oil is best to use when making
soap.
4. We would also recommend to future researchers replicate this study and find
out the allergic reactions this soap has to those people or potential
respondents that have sensitive skin and find out what are the qualities that
irritated and triggered one’s allergies. The results would enable them to look
for alternatives to make the soap more friendly to everyone with all types of
skin.
5. For the consumers, we recommend they to further analyze the benefits of the
soap, know its ingredients, and analyze how it was made. Knowing this
information would aid them on what soap is fit for their skin and what soap is
fit for their needs, whether it should be fragrant or very cleansing.
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Beckam, M., & Beckam, M. (2017). Good quality handcrafted natural soap properties.
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Appendix A
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April 20, 2023
MARIA RUELLA P. LACHICA, LPT, MAEd

Principal
Estancia, Kalibo, Aklan
Ma’am:
Greetings!
We are presently proposing a Research Project entitled “Acceptability Of Activated

Charcoal And Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peel Powder as Aromatic
Deodorizing Soap” as requirement for the fulfilment of the requirements for the subject
Research / Capstone Project.
In connection to this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to conduct a
survey to the Grade 12 students enrolled in the school year 2022-2023 who will be our
respondents in the said study.
Your preferential attention and assistance upon this academic endeavor is profoundly
appreciated and valued.
Thank you for your positive response.
Very truly yours,
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Velasquez, Chen S.
Researchers
Endorsed:
VELMOR JAN N. ORTEGA, LPT

Research / Capstone Project Teacher
Approved:
MARIA RUELLA P. LACHICA, LPT, MAEd

Principal
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LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS
Dear Respondents,
Greetings!
The undersigned researchers who are Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM) students of Garcia College of Technology, Inc. are presently
conducting their research project entitled “Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and
Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peel Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing Soap” in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research / Capstone Project.
In the connection with the above, they are requesting your utmost cooperation and
support by answering the herein attached questionnaire.
Rest assured that your answer will be treated with strict confidentiality.
Very truly yours,

Velasquez, Chen S.
Mr. Velmor Jan N. Ortega, LPT

Practical Research 2 Teacher
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Informed Consent
Title of Research: Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin Orange

(Citrus Reticulata) Peel Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing
Soap
Principle Researcher: Tadia, Niña Anrish Joy G.
Additional Researchers: Dahilan, Margarete Clyde I.
Velasquez, Chen S.
School: Garcia College of Technology, Inc.
Senior High School Department
Kalibo, Aklan
1. Introduction and Purpose of the Study

In an effort to determine its feasibility and to satisfy consumer demand for an
aromatic and effective deodorizing soap, researchers explored the possibility of
manufacturing soap with an odor neutralizer and long-lasting fragrance characteristic
using activated charcoal and powdered mandarin orange (Citrus Reticulata) peel as the
key ingredients for this soap.
2. Description of the Research

When you participate as a respondent in this research, you will be given an aromatic
deodorizing soap that is developed by the researchers and you will evaluate it using the
survey questionnaire given to you. You will be tasked to follow the instructions given on
using the soap as different trials are needed to test the product.
3. Subject Participation
We estimate that 16 respondents from Garcia College of Technology, Inc. S.Y. 2022-
2023 will participate in this study. Respondents must be enrolled in Grade 12 STEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) strand to be more efficient as
they have the knowledge and background on their Capstone subject. Your participation
will involve 4 trials with 10-minute interval between each trial.
4. Potential Risks and Discomforts
The potential risk and discomfort will only be available if you have allergies with
orange and/or activated charcoal or if you have sensitive skin that sometimes react with
soap. Other than that, there are no more known risks.
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5. Potential Benefits
People who participate in this study may have better understanding about the
benefits of using activated charcoal and mandarin orange peel powder when added into
soap. This will also help them to overcome the problem with unpleasant odor in the body
and replacing it with the tangy and sweet orange smell that will encourage them more to
participate socially.
6. Confidentiality
All information taken from the study will be coded using a random control number to
protect each of the respondent’s name. No names or other identifying information will be
used when discussing or reporting the data. The researchers will safely keep all the data
confidential.
Authorization
By signing this form, you authorize the use and disclosure of the following
information for this research:
I authorize the use of my records, any observations, and findings found during
the course of this study for education, publication and/or presentation.
7. Voluntary Participation and Authorization

Your decision to participate in this study is complete voluntary. If you decide not to
participate in this study, it will not affect the care, services or benefits to which you are
entitled.
8. Withdrawal from the Study and/or Withdrawal of Authorization
If you decide to participate in this study, you may withdraw from your participation at
anytime without penalty but you have to inform the researchers ahead.
I voluntarily agree to participate in this research program

 Yes
 No
I understand that I will be given a copy of this Consent Form.

Name of Respondent (print):
__________________________________________
Signature: _______________ Date:
Person Obtaining Consent:
__________________________________________
Signature: _______________ Date:
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Approval Sheet
This research paper entitled Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin
Ornage (Citrus Reticulata) Peel Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing Soap, prepared and
submitted by Niña Anrish Joy G. Tadia, Margarete Clyde I. Dahilan, Ken Lester C.
Dejucos, Janilie Dane N. Doroteo, Andrea Bianca I. Dugang, Danelle Anne R. Jebulan,
Mikaela Lei C. Pastrana, Alessandra Lorenz R. Samson, and Chen S. Velasquez, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject Research / Capstone Project is
hereby recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.
Adviser
Approved by the Research Committee on Oral Examination on _______ 2023.
Chairman
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Velasquez, Chen S.
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject
Research / Capstone Project.
_________ MARIA RUELLA P. LACHICA, LPT, MAEd
Date Principal
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Appendix B
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ACCEPTABILITY OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL AND MANDARIN

ORANGE (CITRUS RETICULATA) PEEL POWDER AS
AROMATIC DEODORIZING SOAP
Part I.
Name (optional):
Control Number:
Section:
Part II.
Instructions: The level of acceptability of activated charcoal and mandarin orange (Citrus
Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap will be identified using your evaluation.
You are given a product and is tasked to use it with four (4) trials with a 10-minute interval
between each use. Between each trial, you are also tasked to choose by checking your level of
likeness towards the dependent variables of this soap.
5 – Like A Lot
4 – Like A Little
3 – Neither Like nor Dislike
2 – Dislike A Little
1 – Dislike A Lot
Easy to
Overall Bubble
Lather Creaminess Foaminess Wash w/
Lather Ability
Water
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Appeal of Color Two-toned

Color Overall Color Vibrancy
Appearance Combination Idea
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Natural &
Overall Smell Tangy
Fragrance Aromatic Pungent
Fragrance Intensity Aroma
Quality
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Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Ability to
Overall Smooth Hold & Doesn’t Get
Hardness Compactness
Hardness Texture Retain Soft Easily
Shape
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Overall Smell of the Cleansing of

Cleansing Removal of Oiliness is
Cleansing Hand After Filth and
Ability Odor Cleared
Ability Use Stains
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Multiple
Overall Size After Long Shelf- Doesn’t
Lasting Rate Times of
Lasting Rate Use life Smelt Easily
Usage
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:

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Observation Checklist
LATHER:
3 – Bubbly Lather (Higher amount of foam)
2 – Foamy Lather
1 – Creamy Lather (Lesser amount of foam)
Treatment A - 1 3 2 1
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
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Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Treatment B - 1 3 2 1
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
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Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Treatment C - 1 3 2 1
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
132
Kalibo, Aklan
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Treatment D - 1 3 2 1
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
133
Kalibo, Aklan
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
134
Kalibo, Aklan

COLOR:
3 – Vibrant
2 – Opalescent (Having a milky iridescence)
1 – Washed-out
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
135
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
136
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
137
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
138
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
139
Kalibo, Aklan

FRAGRANCE:
3 – Overpowering
2 – Aromatic
1 – Scentless
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
140
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
141
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
142
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
143
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
144
Kalibo, Aklan

HARDNESS:
3 – Hard
2 – Less Dense
1 – Soft
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
145
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
146
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
147
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
148
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
149
Kalibo, Aklan

CLEANSING ABILITY:
3 – Very cleansing and no odor remains
2 – Cleanses but a faint odor remains
1 – Doesn’t cleans and doesn’t remove odor
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
150
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
151
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
152
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
153
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
154
Kalibo, Aklan

LASTING RATE:
3 – Minus 1 cm or less
2 – Minus 2 to 3 cm
1 – minus 5 cm or more
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
155
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
156
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
157
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
158
Kalibo, Aklan
Initial Trial
Date:
1st Trial
Date:
2nd Trial
Date:
3rd Trial
Date:
159
Kalibo, Aklan
Appendix C
160
Kalibo, Aklan
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Lather Over-All
Treatment Mean
Bubble Easy to (Lather)
Overall Creaminess Foaminess
Ability Wash
Treatment A
Rep 1 4.75 5 4.75 4.75 5 4.85
Treatment A
Rep 2 4.75 5 5 4.75 5 4.9
Treatment A
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment A
Rep 4 3 3.5 4 4 5 3.9
Treatment B
Rep 1 4 4.25 4 4 5 4.25
Treatment B
Rep 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment B
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment B
Rep 4 4.5 4.75 4.75 4.75 5 4.75
Treatment C
Rep 1 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 5 4.8
Treatment C
Rep 2 5 4.75 5 4.75 5 4.9
Treatment C
Rep 3 4.75 4.75 5 5 5 4.9
Treatment C
Rep 4 4 4 5 4.75 5 4.55
Treatment D
Rep 1 3.5 2 3 3 2.5 2.8
Treatment D
Rep 2 3.25 3.25 3.75 3.25 4 3.5
Treatment D
Rep 3 3.75 5 5 5 5 4.75
Treatment D
Rep 4 5 4.75 5 5 5 4.95
Mean Per
Variable 4.375 4.421875 4.625 4.546875 4.78125 4.55
Standard 0.00608552 0.00476973
Deviation 0.006578947 6 0.003947368 7 0.002302632 0.004736842
161
Kalibo, Aklan
Color Over-All
Treatment Mean
Two-toned (Color)
Overall Vibrancy Appearance Color Combi
Idea
Treatment A
Rep 1 4 4 4 5 5 4.4
Treatment A
Rep 2 4 3 4 2 5 3.6
Treatment A
Rep 3 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75
Treatment A
Rep 4 3 2 4 4 5 3.6
Treatment B
Rep 1 3.25 3.5 3.25 4.25 5 3.85
Treatment B
Rep 2 4 4 4.5 4.5 4 4.2
Treatment B
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment B
Rep 4 4 4.25 4 4 4.75 4.2
Treatment C
Rep 1 3.25 3.25 4 3.25 4.25 3.6
Treatment C
Rep 2 3.75 3.5 4.25 5 5 4.3
Treatment C
Rep 3 4.75 4.75 5 5 5 4.9
Treatment C
Rep 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment D
Rep 1 3 3 3 3 3 3
Treatment D
Rep 2 4 4.25 3.75 3 3 3.6
Treatment D
Rep 3 3.5 4 3 3 4 3.5
Treatment D
Rep 4 5 4.75 5 4.75 2 4.3
Mean Per
Variable 4.375 4.421875 4.625 4.546875 4.78125 4.55
Standard 0.00608552 0.00476973
Deviation 0.006578947 6 0.003947368 7 0.002302632 0.004736842
162
Kalibo, Aklan
Fragrance Over-All
Treatment Mean
Overall Aromatic Intensity Tangy Quality (Fragrance)
Treatment A
Rep 1 3 3.5 3.75 3.75 4 3.6
Treatment A
Rep 2 4.75 4 4.5 4 4 4.25
Treatment A
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment A
Rep 4 2 2.75 2 1 4 2.35
Treatment B
Rep 1 3 3 4 3 3 3.2
Treatment B
Rep 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
Treatment B
Rep 3 3 4 4 4 5 4
Treatment B
Rep 4 4.5 4.5 4.5 3.25 4.5 4.25
Treatment C
Rep 1 5 5 4.75 4 3.75 4.5
Treatment C
Rep 2 5 5 5 4.5 3.75 4.65
Treatment C
Rep 3 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.5 4.75 4.7
Treatment C
Rep 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment D
Rep 1 3 2.25 1 1 2 1.85
Treatment D
Rep 2 3.5 2.75 2.75 2.25 2 2.65
Treatment D
Rep 3 4 3.25 2.75 3 2.75 3.15
Treatment D
Rep 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean Per
Variable 4.03125 3.984375 3.921875 3.578125 3.90625 3.884375
Standard 0.01069078 0.01496710
Deviation 0.010197368 9 0.011348684 5 0.011513158 0.011743421
163
Kalibo, Aklan
Hardness Over-All
Treatment Mean
Doesn’t Get (Hardness)
Overall Smooth Compactness Retain Shape
Soft
Treatment A
Rep 1 4 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8
Treatment A
Rep 2 5 5 5 5 4.25 4.85
Treatment A
Rep 3 5 5 5 4.75 5 4.95
Treatment A
Rep 4 5 4 3 4 5 4.2
Treatment B
Rep 1 5 5 5 4 5 4.8
Treatment B
Rep 2 4 3 3 3 5 3.6
Treatment B
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 4.75 4.95
Treatment B
Rep 4 5 4.75 4 4 4.5 4.45
Treatment C
Rep 1 4.5 3.5 5 5 5 4.6
Treatment C
Rep 2 4.5 4.5 5 5 5 4.8
Treatment C
Rep 3 5 4.5 5 5 5 4.9
Treatment C
Rep 4 4.25 5 4.75 4.75 5 4.75
Treatment D
Rep 1 2.5 4 1 1 2 2.1
Treatment D
Rep 2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.75 3.75 3.6
Treatment D
Rep 3 4.75 5 4.75 4 4.75 4.65
Treatment D
Rep 4 5 5 5 4.5 4.75 4.85
Mean Per
Variable 4.5 4.453125 4.21875 4.140625 4.515625 4.365625
Standard 0.00575657
Deviation 0.005263158 9 0.008223684 0.009046053 0.005098684 0.006677632
164
Kalibo, Aklan
Cleansing Ability Over-All

Mean
Treatment
Smell of (Cleansing
Overall Removal Oiliness Cleansing Ability)
Hand
Treatment A
Rep 1 4 3 3 4 4 3.6
Treatment A
Rep 2 5 4.75 5 5 5 4.95
Treatment A
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment A
Rep 4 3 3.5 4 4 4.75 3.85
Treatment B
Rep 1 4 4 4 4 4 4
Treatment B
Rep 2 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment B
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment B
Rep 4 4 5 4.75 4.75 4.5 4.6
Treatment C
Rep 1 4.25 4.75 4.5 5 4.5 4.6
Treatment C
Rep 2 4.25 4.75 4.75 5 4.5 4.65
Treatment C
Rep 3 4.5 5 4.75 5 5 4.85
Treatment C
Rep 4 5 4.75 5 5 5 4.95
Treatment D
Rep 1 3 3 3.25 2 3 2.85
Treatment D
Rep 2 3.25 3 3.5 4 3.25 3.4
Treatment D
Rep 3 5 4 4 5 4 4.4
Treatment D
Rep 4 4.5 5 5 4.75 5 4.85
Mean Per
Variable 4.296875 4.34375 4.40625 4.53125 4.46875 4.409375
Standard 0.00690789 0.00493421
Deviation 0.007401316 5 0.006248947 1 0.005592105 0.006217105
165
Kalibo, Aklan
Lasting Rate Over-All

Mean
Treatment
Size After Long Shelf- Doesn’t (Lasting
Overall Usage Rate)
Use life Smelt
Treatment A
Rep 1 4 4 4 3 3 3.6
Treatment A
Rep 2 4.75 5 4.5 4.5 5 4.75
Treatment A
Rep 3 5 5 5 5 5 5
Treatment A
Rep 4 4 5 5 5 4.25 4.65
Treatment B
Rep 1 5 5 4.25 4.25 5 4.7
Treatment B
Rep 2 3 3 3 2 4 3
Treatment B
Rep 3 5 4.75 4.25 5 5 4.8
Treatment B
Rep 4 4 4 5 5 4 4.4
Treatment C
Rep 1 4.75 4.5 5 5 5 4.85
Treatment C
Rep 2 4.75 4.5 4.5 5 4.75 4.7
Treatment C
Rep 3 5 4.5 4.5 5 5 4.8
Treatment C
Rep 4 4.5 4.75 4.75 5 4.75 4.75
Treatment D
Rep 1 2 2 2 2 1 1.8
Treatment D
Rep 2 3.5 2.5 3.75 3.5 3.5 3.35
Treatment D
Rep 3 4.5 4 4.5 4 4 4.2
Treatment D
Rep 4 5 5 5 5 5 5
Mean Per
Variable 4.296875 4.21875 4.3125 4.265625 4.265625 4.271875
Standard 0.00822368 0.00773026
Deviation 0.007401316 4 0.007236842 3 0.007730263 0.007664474
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST
166
Kalibo, Aklan
Lather Over-All
Treatment Mean
Initial Trial 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial
(Lather)
A 2 2 3 2 2.25
A 2 3 3 3 2.75
A 1 2 2 3 2
A 1 2 3 3 2.25
B 2 3 3 3 2.75
B 3 2 2 2 2.25
B 2 2 2 2 2
B 2 2 2 3 2.25
C 2 2 2 1 1.75
C 3 2 3 3 2.75
C 2 2 2 2 2
C 3 2 2 2 2.25
D (Commercial) 2 3 2 3 2.5
D (Commercial) 2 2 2 2 2
Mean Per Trial 2.1875 2.1875 2.3125 2.375 2.265625
Standard 0.00855263 0.00723684 0.00657894
Deviation 0.008552632 2 2 7 0.007730263
Lather Mean
3 Bubbly Lather (Higher Amount of Foam) 2.75
2 Foamy Lather 2.1875
1 Creamy Lather (Lower Amount of Foam) 1.75
Total Mean 2.229166667
167
Kalibo, Aklan
Color Over-All
Treatment
Initial Trial 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial Mean (Color)
A 2 3 2 2 2.25
A 3 2 2 2 2.25
A 3 3 3 2 2.75
A 2 2 2 1 1.75
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
C 3 3 2 2 2.5
C 2 3 2 2 2.25
C 2 2 2 2 2
C 2 2 2 2 2
Mean Per Trial 2.4375 2.5 2 1.9375 2.21875
Standard 0.00526315 0.01052631 0.01118421
Deviation 0.005921053 8 6 1 0.008223684
Color Mean
3 Vibrant 2.75
2 Opalescent (Having a milky iridescence) 2.291666667
1 Washed-out 1.75
168
Kalibo, Aklan
Fragrance Over-All
Treatment Mean
(Fragrance)
A 2 3 2 3 2.5
A 2 2 2 2 2
A 1 1 2 2 1.5
A 1 1 2 2 1.5
B 2 2 2 2 2
B 3 3 1 1 2
B 1 1 1 1 1
B 2 2 1 2 1.75
C 3 2 1 1 1.75
C 2 3 2 2 2.25
C 1 1 1 1 1
C 1 1 1 1 1
Mean Per Trial 1.8125 1.8125 1.5625 1.6875 1.71875
Standard
Deviation 0.0125 0.0125 0.015131579 0.013815789 0.013486842
Fragrance Mean
3 Overpowering 0
2 Aromatic 2.178571429
1 Scentless 1.361111111
169
Kalibo, Aklan
Hardness Over-All
Treatment Mean
(Hardness)
A 2 3 2 3 2.5
A 3 2 2 3 2.5
A 3 3 2 2 2.5
A 3 2 3 3 2.75
B 3 2 2 3 2.5
B 3 3 2 1 2.25
B 3 3 3 2 2.75
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
C 3 3 2 1 2.25
C 3 2 3 3 2.75
C 3 3 2 2 2.5
C 3 2 2 2 2.25
Mean Per Trial 2.8125 2.5625 2.25 2.25 2.46875
Standard 0.00460526 0.00789473 0.00789473
Deviation 0.001973684 3 7 7 0.005592105
Hardness Mean
3 Hard 2.75
2 Less Dense 2.431818182
1 Soft 1.75
170
Kalibo, Aklan
Cleansing Ability Over-All
Mean
Treatment
Initial Trial 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial (Cleansing
Ability)
A 2 1 2 3 2
A 2 3 3 3 2.75
A 2 2 2 3 2.25
A 1 2 2 3 2
B 2 3 3 3 2.75
B 2 2 2 2 2
B 3 3 3 3 3
B 1 1 3 3 2
C 2 2 2 2 2
C 3 2 3 3 2.75
C 3 3 3 3 3
C 3 3 3 3 3
Mean Per Trial 2.125 2.1875 2.5625 2.6875 2.390625
Standard 0.00855263 0.00460526 0.00328947
Deviation 0.009210526 2 3 4 0.006414474
Cleansing Ability Mean
3 Very cleansing and no odor remains 2.892857143
2 Cleanses but a faint odor remains 2.0625
1 Doesn't cleanses and doesn't remove odor 1.5
171
Kalibo, Aklan
Lasting Rate Over-All
Treatment Mean
Intial Trial 1st Trial 2nd Trial 3rd Trial
(Lasting Rate)
A 2 3 2 3 2.5
A 3 3 3 2 2.75
A 3 3 2 2 2.5
A 3 3 3 2 2.75
B 3 3 3 2 2.75
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
B 3 3 2 2 2.5
C 3 3 2 2 2.5
C 2 3 2 3 2.5
C 3 3 3 2 2.75
C 3 3 3 3 3
Mean Per Trial 2.75 2.6875 2.375 2.125 2.484375
Standard 0.00328947 0.00657894 0.00921052
Deviation 0.002631579 4 7 6 0.005427632
Lasting Rate Mean
3 Minus 1 cm or less 2.666666667
2 Minus 2 to 3 cm 2.444444444
1 Minus 5 cm or more 1.75
172
Kalibo, Aklan
Appendix D
173
Kalibo, Aklan
I. PERSONAL DATA
Name: Niña Anrish Joy G. Tadia
Address: Tamalagon, Tangalan, Aklan
Place of Birth: Dr. Rafael S. Tumbukon Memorial
Hospital, Kalibo, Aklan
Father’s Name: Arnold U. Tadia
Mother’s Name: Felca G. Tadia
Civil Status: Single
Citizenship: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language Spoken: Filipino, English
II. EDUCATION
SECONDARY: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand

Osmeña Ave., Estancia, Kalibo, Aklan
ELEMENTARY: St. Anne Montessori School, Kalibo, Aklan Inc.

Parkhomes 3, Calachuchi Road, Andagao, Kalibo, Aklan
Tangalan Elementary School
Poblacion, Tangalan, Aklan
III. AWARDS
1st Place in Promosyonal na Bidyo, Buwan ng Wika, Garcia College of

Technology, Inc., 2022
With High Honors, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2022
2nd Runner Up in Jingle Making Contest, Christmas Program, Garcia College of

174
Kalibo, Aklan
One of the Top 20 in Create, Show, & Tell – Division Science Congress, Garcia
College of Technology, Inc., 2019
1st Place in Cheer Dance Competition, Intramurals, Garcia College of

1st Place in Cheer Dance Competition, Intramurals, Garcia College of

With Honors, Garcia College of Technology Inc., 2018
2nd Place in Cheer Dance Competition, Intramurals, Garcia College of

IV. AFFILIATION IN HIGH SCHOOL ORGANIZATION:
Assistant Secretary Treasurer, Classroom Officer, Garcia College of

Technology, Inc., 2017-2018
Treasurer, Classroom Officer, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2018-2019
175
Kalibo, Aklan
Assistant Head Secretariat, SSG Committee, Garcia College of Technology, Inc.,

2022-2023
V. TRAININGS & SEMINARS ATTENDED:
Mental Health Awareness Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2023
Career Guidance Orientation, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2022
Mental Health Awareness, Municipality of Tangalan, 2022
Advocacy on the Effects of Excessive Use of Gadgets and the Likes, Municipality
of Tangalan, 2022
Mental Health Resilience in the New Normal – A Virtual Seminar, Garcia
College of Technology, Inc., 2021
VAWC and Safe Spaces Act Virtual Seminar, Garcia College of

NCoV 2019 Awareness Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2020
Science Division Congress, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2019
First Aid Training & Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2019
Guidance Counseling Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2019
Career Guidance Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2019
Teenage Early Pregnancy Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2019
VAWC Seminar, Garcia College of Technology, Inc., 2018
176
Kalibo, Aklan

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GARCIA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata) Peel

Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing Soap

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of

Garcia College of Technology, Inc.

Senior High School Department

of the Requirement for the Course

Research / Capstone Project

The researchers want to take this opportunity to express their heartfelt

courage, and protection for everyone involved in this research project.

for the research/capstone project, for his unwavering support, recommendations,

encouragement, opportunities, and patience in editing, modifying, and correcting this

To the Grade 12 STEM students at Garcia College Technology, Inc., the

uplifted all of the researchers.

We would also want to express heartfelt thanks to the librarians, research

and God bless you for being so kind to us.

2023 The Researchers

This scientific experimental research aimed to determine the acceptability of

Reticulata) peel powder as aromatic deodorizing soap in terms of lather, color,

opalescent (having a milky iridescence) in terms of color, aromatic in terms of fragrance,

Table Title Page

1 Saponification Values for Making Soap with Lye 5

deodorizing soap in terms of lather

Soap in Terms of Hardness

Deodorizing Soap Among the Treatments

1 Paradigm of the Study 7

2 Base-drive hydrolysis of triglycerides (saponification) 22

4 The action and movement of soap molecule in removing 24

Appendix Title Page

A Communication Letters 119

B Data Gathering Instruments 127

C Data Analysis 160

D Curriculum Vitae 173

Acceptability of Activated Charcoal and Mandarin Orange (Citrus Reticulata)

Peel Powder as Aromatic Deodorizing Soap

Niña Anrish Joy G. Tadia

Margarete Clyde I. Dahilan

Ken Lester C. Dejucos

Janilie Dane N. Doroteo

Andrea Bianca I. Dugang

Danelle Anne R. Jebulan

Mikaela Lei C. Pastrana

Alessandra Lorenz R. Samson

Introduction to the Study

Definition of Terms, and (5) Scope & Delimitation of the Study.

connections, and conceptual framework, in which illustrates the important correlation

specific problems as well as the hypotheses tested.

Part Four, Definition of Terms, defines conceptually and operationally the

important terms and the key variables used in the study.

terms of the respondents, research design, variables, research instrument, and

Background of the Study

health and sanity.

Soap, according to Jay (2013), may be identified as a chemical compound or

mixture of chemical compounds produced by the interaction of saturated fats or fatty

available for personal, commercial, and industrial use.

Moreover, saponification is a fundamental step in the procedure of developing