"community" to refer to

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01.

a). Community health is a medical specialty that focuses on the physical and mental well-being
of the people in a specific geographic region. Because public health and community health share
the same ultimate goal, some of their efforts are similar. For example, professionals in both fields
may be involved in developing health education programs or health plans. However, the greatest
difference between the two fields lies in their respective focuses: Public health focuses on the
scientific process of preventing infectious diseases, while community health focuses more on the
overall contributors to a population’s physical and mental health.
Another major difference between public health and community health is where these
professionals tend to work. In the United States, most public health initiatives fall under the
jurisdiction of federal departments of public health, such as the CDC or the Food and Drug
Administration. Many public health professionals work in offices and laboratories with local or
state health departments, hospitals, and colleges and universities. By contrast, community health
professionals often work on a more localized scale, from state and county jobs to local hospitals
(Understanding the Difference Between Public Health and Community Health, 2020).
b) Community health is a medical specialty that focuses on the physical and mental well-being
of the people in a specific geographic region (Brooks, 2019).
c) Public health, the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting
physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infectious diseases, and
organization of health services. From the normal human interactions involved in dealing with the
"community" to refer to
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many problems of social life, there has emerged a recognition of the importance
of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease, and
this is expressed in the concept of public health (Philip Rhodes, 2017).

d) Public health and community health are both essential disciplines for overall wellness and
disease prevention in communities. Community health might be limited to a neighborhood or
district, whereas public health typically refers to a wider geographical area, such as a city, state
or entire country. Both public and community health are vital because healthcare issues can
affect everyone. Over the past few decades, major medical events ranging from the AIDS
epidemic to the COVID-19 pandemic placed public and community health in the spotlight.
Though public and community health are both concerned with effective healthcare, disease
prevention and community outreach, their level of approach involves distinctions that are
important for individuals who want to work in either sector. The primary difference between
community and public health is scope. Public health has a much broader focus — both in terms
of the number of factors it considers and the size of the target populations. As mentioned, public
health efforts, such as disease prevention, involve an entire state, region or country. Community
health, as its name suggests, typically focuses on concentrated areas, with many efforts occurring
at the city or neighborhood level. In other words, community health is a non-clinical, localized
subspecialty within the wider field of public health.
"community" to refer to
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2.

a) Systems Perspective
From a systems perspective, a community is similar to a living creature, comprising different
parts that represent specialized functions, activities, or interests, each operating within specific
boundaries to meet community needs. For example, schools focus on education, the
transportation sector focuses on moving people and products, economic entities focus on
enterprise and employment, faith organizations focus on the spiritual and physical well-being of
people, and health care agencies focus on the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries

Social Perspective

A community can also be defined by describing the social and political networks that link
individuals, community organizations, and leaders. Understanding these networks is critical to
planning efforts in engagement. For example, tracing social ties among individuals may help
engagement leaders to identify a community’s leadership, understand its behavior patterns,
identify its high-risk groups, and strengthen its networks

Virtual Perspective

Some communities map onto geographically defined areas, but today, individuals rely more and
more on computer-mediated communications to access information, meet people, and make
decisions that affect their lives Examples of computer-mediated forms of communication include
"community" to refer to
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email, instant or text messaging, e-chat rooms, and social networking sites such as Facebook,
YouTube, and Twitter

Individual Perspective

Individuals have their own sense of community membership that is beyond the definitions of
community applied by researchers and engagement leaders. Moreover, they may have a sense of
belonging to more than one community. In addition, their sense of membership can change over
time and may affect their participation in community activities

b)

"community" to refer to
the unity of people's
"community" to refer to
the unity of people's
shared experience of
life, and it
has since become
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shared experience of
life, and it
has since become
widely used
"community" to refer to
the unity of people's
shared experience of
life, and it
has since become
widely used
"community" to refer to
the unity of people's
shared experience of
life, and it
"community" to refer to
the unity of people's
shared experience of
life, and it
has since become
widely used
has since become
widely
c)

1. Physical activity

2. Overweight and obesity

3. Tobacco use

4. Substance use

5. Responsible sexual behavior

"community" to refer to
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6. Mental health

7. Injury and violence

8. Environmental quality

9. Immunization

10. Access to health care

d) Rural community, urban community, suburban community

Rural communities are placed where the houses are spread very far apart. Many people think of
rural communities as farmland. This is because ,in the most rural communities, people have quite
a bit of properly, and they can have many plants and animals on their property. Rural
communities still have towns, but they are generally smaller and don’t have as many buildings or
workplaces. People who live in rural area also need to think about schools and their distance to
travel to get there. Rural community will be a good choice for open spaces, lots of nature and no
neighbors peering in windows.
"community" to refer to
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03.a)

 A diverse, vital and innovative economy

 The encouragement of connectedness with the past, with the cultural and biologic
heritage of city dwellers, and with other groups and individuals.

 A form that is compatible with the enhances the preceding characteristics

 An optimal level of appropriate public health and sickness care services, accessible to all
band high health status

 A clean, safe physical environment of a high quality(including housing quality)

 An ecosystem that is stable now and sustainable in the long term

 A strong mutually supportive and no exploitative community

 A high degree of participation in and control by the citizens over the decision affecting
their lives, health, and well-being
"community" to refer to
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 The meeting of basic needs ( food, water, shelter, income, safety, and work) for all the
city’s people

 Access by the people to a wide variety of experiences and resources, with the chance for
a wide variety of contact, interaction, and communication

b) Health involves both subjective and objective dimensions that is, it involves both hoe people
feel (subjective) and how well they can function in their environment (objective). The subjective
dimension (feeling well or ill) and the objective dimension (functioning) together provide a
clearer picture of people’s health. When they feel well and demon state functional ability, they
are close to the wellness end of the health continuum.

c) Prevention includes a wide range of activities — known as “interventions” — aimed at

reducing risks or threats to health. You may have heard researchers and health experts talk about
three categories of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary.

Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by
preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe
behaviors that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should
exposure occur.
"community" to refer to
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Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred.
This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its
progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjure or recurrence, and implementing
programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.

Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting
effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and
injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible
their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy (Boonen A, 2015).
"community" to refer to
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d)

Level 1-
primary
prevention
activities

Level 2- secondary prevention

activities

Level 3-Tertiary prevention activities

"community" to refer to
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04
a) 1. The early home care nursing stage
2.The district nursing stage
3.The public health nursing stage
4.The community health nursing stage

Public health nursing-

(1900 to 1970)- By the beginning of the 20th century district nursing had broadened its
focus to include the health and welfare of the general public, not just the poor. This new
emphasis was part of a broader consciousness about public health.
Koch’s demonstration that tuberculosis was communicable led the johns Hopkins
hospital to hire a nurse, Reba Thelin, in1903, to visit the homes of tuberculosis patients.
Her job was to ensure that patients followed prescribed regiments of rest, fresh air, and
proper diet and to prevent possible infection.
Jessie sleet credited as the first black public health nurse. She was a pioneer in early
community health nursing practice and forged the way for many.
Lillianv D wald (1867-1940) ,a leading figure in this expansion, first used the term
“public health nursing “ to describe this specialty ( Bullough & Bulliugh,1978)

b) A number of models of disease causation have been proposed. Among the simplest of these is
the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. The triad consists
"community" to refer to
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of an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent
together. In this model, disease results from the interaction between the agent and the susceptible
host in an environment that supports transmission of the agent from a source to that host. Two
ways of depicting this model are shown in Figure 1

Agent, host, and environmental factors interrelate in a variety of complex ways to produce
disease. Different diseases require different balances and interactions of these three components.
Development of appropriate, practical, and effective public health measures to control or prevent
disease usually requires assessment of all three components and their interactions.

Figure 1

Agent originally referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen: a virus, bacterium,

parasite, or other microbe. Generally, the agent must be present for disease to occur; however,
"community" to refer to
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has since become
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presence of that agent alone is not always sufficient to cause disease. A variety of factors
influence whether exposure to an organism will result in disease, including the organism’s
pathogenicity (ability to cause disease) and dose.

Over time, the concept of agent has been broadened to include chemical and physical causes of
disease or injury. These include chemical contaminants (such as the L-tryptophan contaminant
responsible for eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome), as well as physical forces (such as repetitive
mechanical forces associated with carpal tunnel syndrome). While the epidemiologic triad serves
as a useful model for many diseases, it has proven inadequate for cardiovascular disease, cancer,
and other diseases that appear to have multiple contributing causes without a single necessary
one.

Host refers to the human who can get the disease. A variety of factors intrinsic to the host,
sometimes called risk factors, can influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility, or response
to a causative agent. Opportunities for exposure are often influenced by behaviors such as sexual
practices, hygiene, and other personal choices as well as by age and sex. Susceptibility and
response to an agent are influenced by factors such as genetic composition, nutritional and
immunologic status, anatomic structure, presence of disease or medications, and psychological
makeup.

Environment refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for exposure.
Environmental factors include physical factors such as geology and climate, biologic factors
"community" to refer to
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such as insects that transmit the agent, and socioeconomic factors such as crowding, sanitation,
and the availability of health services (K, 2012).

c)

1.Ask the burning clinical question

2.Collect the most relevant and best evidence

3.Critically appraise the evidence

4.Integrate all evidence with one’s clinical expertise, patient preferences, and values in
marking a practice, decision or change.

5.Evaluate the practice decision or change.

d) 1. Passive immunity

2. Active immunity

3. Cross immunity

4. Herd immunity
"community" to refer to
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Active immunity- is long term and sometimes lifelong resistance that is acquired either
naturally or artificially. (Naturally acquired active immunity comes through host infection,
vaccine inoculation- prepared from killed (inactivated) or live attenuated (weakened)
organisms)
"community" to refer to
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References
Boonen A, W. C. (2015). Institute for Work & Health.

Brooks, A. (2019, 04 13). health and wellness. Retrieved from www.rasmussen.edu/degrees

K, R. (2012, may 18). Concepts of Disease Occurrence, pp. 92-104.

KJ., R. (2018). disease contron and prevention. pp. 92-104.

Philip Rhodes, J. H. (2017). Public Health. Britannica.

Understanding the Difference Between Public Health and Community Health. (2020). Advent health.
"community" to refer to
the unity of people's
shared experience of
life, and it
has since become
widely used