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S.4 Mole (2) + Titration
S.4 Mole (2) + Titration
ACID BASE
Q1. 250.0 cm3 of potassium chloride solution contains 0.50 mol of potassium chloride. Calculate
(a) the molarity of the solution;
(b) the concentration of the solution in g dm–3.
(Relative atomic masses: Cl = 35.5, K = 39.1)
0.50 mol
(a) Molarity of the solution = = 2.0 mol dm−3
250.0 3
dm
1000
(b) Concentration of solution in g dm−3
= 2.0 mol dm−3 × (39.1 + 35.5) g mol−1 = 149.2 g dm−3
Q2. 100.0 cm3 of ammonium nitrate solution contains 8.0 g of ammonium nitrate. Calculate the
molarity of the solution.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
80 g dm −3
Molarity of the solution = = 1.0 mol dm−3
80.0 g mol −1
Q3. A sample of 1.0 dm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid has a density of 1.83 g cm–3. If the sample
contains 98.0% of sulphuric acid, calculate the molarity of the acid.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.0)
18 .3 mol
Molarity of the concentrated sulphuric acid = = 18.3 mol dm−3
1.0 dm 3
(ions)
Q7. What is the molarity of the constituent ions in a 0.5 M sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) solution?
1 mol of Na3PO4 contains 3 mol of Na+ ions and 1 mol of PO43− ions.
∴molarity of Na+ ions = 0.5 M × 3 = 1.5 M ; molarity of PO43− ions = 0.5 M × 1 = 0.5 M
Q8. 100.0 cm3 of 0.50 M KCl(aq) is mixed with 200.0 cm3 of 0.25 M CaCl2(aq). Calculate the
molar concentration of Cl– (aq) ions in the resultant mixture.
Number of moles of KCl = 0.05mol ; Number of moles of Cl– = 0.05mol
Number of moles of CaCl2 = 0.05mol ; ; Number of moles of Cl– = 0.1mol
Molarity of Cl– = (0.05+0.1) / (100+200)÷1000 = 0.5M
(0.0100 mol of Cu V.S. 0.025 mol of Ag+ after 1:1 fair comparison)
Hence, Cu is the limiting reactant.
MC107,108,109,111,115,122,123,126
Q8. 50.0 cm3 of 5.0 M hydrochloric acid is diluted to 500.0 cm3 . Calculate the molarity of the
diluted acid.
Number of moles of HCl (before dilution) = Number of moles of HCl (after dilution)
M1V1 = M2V2
50 .0 500 .0
5.0 × = M2 ×
1000 1000
M2 = 0.5
∴the molarity of the diluted acid is 0.5 M.
(Add water)
Q9. Calculate the volume of water that requires to dilute 100.0 cm3 of 3.0 M copper(II) sulphate
solution to 0.5 M.
Number of moles of CuSO4 (before dilution) = Number of moles of CuSO4 (after dilution)
M1V1 = M2V2
100 .0
3.0 × = 0.5 × V2
1000
V2 = 0.6
Volume of diluted CuSO4(aq) obtained = 0.6 dm3 (or 600.0 cm3)
∴volume of water to be added = (600.0 − 100.0) cm3 = 500.0 cm3
Hence, based on concentration of HCl in (a) and (d), student estimated that their difference in pH
is 1000 times. Do you agree? Why or Why not?
No. 3 times by a factor of 10 (TB p.77)
Q3. A sample of sulphuric acid has a pH of 1.2. If this sample is diluted by 100 times, calculate the
pH of the diluted sample.
[H+] = 0.063M in the original sample ; diluted 100 times [H+] = 0.00063M
pH of diluted sample = 3.2
WB MC 130,133,138,139,141,150,151
Titration
PbSO4(s)
PbSO4(s)
Filter paper
(Filter)
Wash bottle containing
funnel
deionized water
Excess Zn(s)
Zn(s) left
Funnel
H2SO4(aq) Steam
bath
_________
ZnSO4(s)
Procedure:
(1) (if ay) Dilute NaOH(aq) by 250 cm3 volumetric flask.
(2) Transfer 25.0 cm3 of NaOH(aq) into a conical flask by a pipette and add a few drops of methyl orange
as an indicator.
(3) Titrate it against standard HCl(aq) until the colour changes from yellow to persistent orange. Record
the volume of HCl(aq) used.
(4) Remove the indicator by adding a little activated charcoal (活性炭) and filter the mixture.
Or
(5) Repeat the experiment with exactly the same volumes of acid and alkali, without adding the indicator
this time.
(6) Separating and purifying the salt
B. Standard Solutions
Standard solution is a solution of accurately known molarity.
✓ Highly pure
✓ Stable in air over long period of time (not decompose/not volatile/no reaction with CO 2)
HCl : gas
Glass
rod
100 cm3 Glass
Distilled water rod
Funnel
Na2CO3(aq)
Volumetric
Na2CO3
flask
dropper
Graduation
mark
Pipette filler
Distilled water;
0.1M Na2CO3(aq)
0.1M
Na2CO3(aq)
dropper
Distilled water
Graduation
Mark
- Solution A is contained in the conical flask (with indicator) and its concentration is unknown
- Solution B is delivered from a burette and its concentration is known, i.e. it is a standard solution
- Otherwise, solution A remained in the flask requires more solution B to complete the reaction)
- Otherwise, water remained in the apparatus dilutes the solution and affects the concentration)
(Precaution : rinse more times and even wash the apparatus with cleanser)
Step 2 : Weigh the given amount of sample A (s) into a beaker and Add known volume of distilled/deionized water to
(rinse the beaker with distilled/deionized water several time to ensure all sample is rinsed into volumetric flask)
(stopper the volumetric flask and invert several times to ensure the solution is completely mixed)
Step 5 : Pipette 25cm3 of the diluted sample A solution into the conical flask
(conical flask is used instead of beaker to prevent splashing out the solution when stirring)
Step 7 : Pour the known molarity of standard solution B into the burette with a funnel
(make sure no air bubbles inside the jet, and the whole burette is filled completely with solution, especially the opening)
(make sure the funnel is taken away, to avoid the solution remained in funnel falls back into the burette)
Step 10 : Repeat the titration three times to calculate the average volume of standard solution B added
(Possible errors : incomplete stirring / some solution left on the inner wall of the conical flask)
Equivalence point: an acid and an alkali have just completely reacted with each other
End point : the acid-base indicator changes its colour
The graph below shows the variation of pH when 40 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a monobasic acid HA is
titrated against 0.100 M NaOH(aq)
(c) The table lists the pH range for colour change of three acid-base indicators:
Indicator pH range
Methyl orange 3.2 to 4.4
Bromothymol blue 6.0 to 7.6
Phenolphthalelin 8.2 to 10.0
(i) Name the pH range for colour change of indicators
End point
(ii) Choose from the above table, a suitable indicator for the titration. Explain your answer.
phenolphthalein (1), pH range of phenolphthalein is within the vertical part of pH curve
(d) Is HA strong or weak acid ? Hence, if NaOH is replaced by ammonia, can the titration be used?
Weak acid (1), The equivalent point is not sharp enough to choose a suitable indicator.
CHEM / S.4 Mole(2) + Titration /P.18
Strong Acid + Strong Alkali
Choice of indicator
HCl(aq) NaOH(aq)
burette burette
HCl(aq)
NH3(aq)
burette burette
White tile
White tile
CH3COOH(aq) KOH(aq)
burette burette
CH3COOH(aq) +Indicator
KOH(aq) +Indicator
Normal titration
Q1. 2.65 g of sodium carbonate were dissolved in water and made up to a 250.0 cm3 solution. 25.0
cm3 of the solution required 20.00 cm3 of a hydrochloric acid for complete reaction. Find the molarity
of the hydrochloric acid.
(Relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0)
B
Original Sample A Diluted A A
15cm3 250cm3 25cm3
Mole of B
Step 5 : Find mole of another chemicals by mole ratio (balanced chemical equation)
Mole of A in 25cm3
Mole of A in 250cm3
Step 7 : Find ______ of the original sample (A) (See the last sentence of the question)
25.0 cm3 of a 0.10 M solution of barium hydroxide were placed in a beaker. The electrical conductivity of the
solution was measured. Sulphuric acid was then added to the beaker, 5.0 cm3 at a time. The conductivity was
measured after each addition. A precipitate formed during the titration and the reaction was represented by the
equation: Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
(b) What is the volume of acid required to reach the equivalence point of the titration?
WB LQ 83
Excess C B
A C left
EXERCISE 5 + WB (back titration)
Back titration
A brand of antacid tablet contains magnesium hydroxide as the only ingredient. An experiment was
performed to determine the amount of magnesium hydroxide contained in the antacid tablet. An
antacid tablet was dissolved in 150.0 cm+ of 1.00 mol dm–3 HCl(aq) to form a solution. The solution
was then diluted to 250.0 cm3 with distilled water. 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution was titrated with
0.16 mol dm–3 KOH(aq), using a suitable indicator. 26.30 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution was
needed to reach the end point. Calculate the mass of magnesium hydroxide in the antacid tablet.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3)
Excess C B
Mole of B
Mole of excess C
Mole of A
Step 9 : Find ______ of the original sample (A) (See the last sentence of the question)
Back titration
Q91 (metal ion + OH-) Q107(metal + H+) / 82, 95, 110*, 114*, 119, 122
Exp steps
Q98, 99, 102, 106, 118, 123