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TABLE OF CONTENTS
WHY IS ANSWER WRITING CRUCIAL FOR UPSC?............................................................................... 3
WHY SHOULD ANSWER WRITING BE PRACTISED REGULARLY?..................................................3
PAPER-WISE PATTERN OF MAINS EXAMINATION………………………………………………….. 4
HOW TO WRITE AN ANSWER……………………………………………………………………………..4
UNDERSTANDING THE DEMAND ..................................................................................................................................4
STRUCTURING THE ANSWER ........................................................................................................................................6
COMPONENTS OF AN ANSWER .....................................................................................................................................6
COVERING DIMENSIONS HOLISTICALLY .......................................................................................................................9
VALUE ADDITIONS IN AN ANSWER ...............................................................................................................................9
PRESENTATION OF AN ANSWER ................................................................................................................................. 10

TIME MANAGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………………... 10
TIME MANAGEMENT PER PAPER ................................................................................................................................. 10
TIME MANAGEMENT PER ANSWER ............................................................................................................................. 11

DIRECTIVES OF QUESTIONS……………………………………………………………………………. 11
ELUCIDATE ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
EVALUATE ............................................................................................................................................................ 14
EXAMINE............................................................................................................................................................... 15
CRITICALLY EXAMINE ....................................................................................................................................... 16
COMMENT............................................................................................................................................................. 18
CRITICALLY COMMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 19
DISCUSS ................................................................................................................................................................ 20
ANALYSE .............................................................................................................................................................. 21
SUBSTANTIATE .................................................................................................................................................... 23
CRITICALLY ANALYZE ....................................................................................................................................... 24
DESCRIBE .............................................................................................................................................................. 25
EXPLAIN ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………………………..29

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 WHY IS ANSWER WRITING CRUCIAL FOR UPSC?
UPSC civil services exam is conducted in 3 stages, Prelims, Mains, and Interviews. Total Marks obtained in the
Mains exam plus personality test decide a candidate's rank in the final selection. The weightage of the main
exam’s marks is 86.4% of the total marks for selection (1750 Marks out of 2025 Marks). Mains exam being a
subjective exam, the ability to write good answers becomes a necessity to crack the exam.

WHY SHOULD ANSWER WRITING BE PRACTISED REGULARLY?

Answer writing is an art that can be developed over time through practice. It is a medium for showcasing
knowledge and understanding of the topic. Regular practice develops critical thinking and analytical ability in
an aspirant; it also enhances time management, and clarity of thought, and helps develop a structured approach
and overall quality of content.
Demonstrating knowledge: Answer writing allows candidates to showcase their understanding of the subject
matter. It is not enough to possess knowledge; candidates must effectively communicate their ideas and
arguments through well-structured and concise answers. Answer writing helps in demonstrating a candidate's
depth of knowledge, analytical skills, and ability to articulate thoughts clearly.
Time management: In the UPSC exam, candidates have to showcase their preparation for the years in a small
window of 3 hours for each paper. Practising answer writing regularly helps candidates develop the skill of
managing time effectively. It is important to learn to allocate time wisely to each question, ensuring that they
complete the paper within the stipulated time frame.
Clarity of thought: Clarity of thought is essential for conveying ideas effectively and avoiding ambiguity or
confusion in the answers. Answer writing requires candidates to organise their thoughts and ideas coherently. It
helps in developing the skill of presenting complex information logically and concisely.
Structured approach: UPSC often involves questions that require a structured response. Answer writing
enables candidates to develop a systematic approach to address such questions. By practising answer writing,
candidates learn how to create an introduction, body, and conclusion for their answers, making their responses
more organised and coherent.
Practising under exam conditions: Regular practice in answer writing helps in building the stamina required
for long-duration writing, improving speed, and maintaining focus throughout the exam.
Mock tests or time-bound practice of answer writing allows candidates to simulate the exam environment and
practice writing within the time constraints and pressure similar to the actual UPSC exams.
Enhancing answer quality: UPSC exams demand comprehensive and holistic answers that cover various
dimensions of a given topic. Answer writing enables candidates to develop the skill of incorporating relevant
facts, examples, and perspectives to provide a well-rounded response. It helps in improving the quality of
answers by encouraging critical thinking and comprehensive coverage of the topic.
Feedback and improvement: Answer writing provides an opportunity for candidates to receive feedback on
their performance. By seeking feedback from mentors, teachers, or peers, candidates can identify their strengths
and weaknesses in writing answers. This feedback helps identify areas that need improvement, such as content,
structure, or presentation and enables candidates to refine their writing skills.

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In conclusion, answer writing plays a pivotal role in the preparation for UPSC exams. Regular practice and
feedback in answer writing are crucial for candidates aspiring to excel in the UPSC examinations.
In this booklet, we are going to understand the art of answer writing for the UPSC exam in detail through the
examples of Previous year's questions.
PAPER-WISE PATTERN OF MAINS EXAMINATION

Paper I: Essay Total Marks: 250

❖ The Essay Paper consists of two sections, Section A and Section B with four topics each of 125 marks
and a total of 250 (125×2) marks.
❖ The candidate has to select one topic from each section and write about it in 1,000 to 2,000 words within
the given time of three hours.

Paper II to Paper IV (GS1 – GS3): Total Marks: 250

❖ There are 20 compulsory questions.

❖ The word limit for 10 marker questions is 150 and for 15 marker questions is 250.

Paper V (GS4 – Ethics): Total Marks: 250

❖ All the questions are compulsory.

❖ The word limit for 10 marker questions is 150 and for 20 marker questions is 250.
❖ The questions are of two types:
➢ Direct concept-related questions: These test the candidate’s understanding of ethical issues and
concepts related to integrity and aptitude (125 marks)
➢ Case studies: These test the candidate’s application of those concepts to situations involving the
candidate and other stakeholders such as politicians, pressure groups, the public, and other people
(125 marks)

Paper VI and VII (Optional Papers): Total Marks: 250

❖ The candidate has to attempt five questions in total.

❖ Each question has sub-questions, which are further subdivided into three types- 10-mark questions, 15-
mark questions, and 20-mark questions.

HOW TO WRITE AN ANSWER

The art of answer-writing for the UPSC mains examination can be categorised into various sections:
1. Understanding the demand of the question
2. Structuring the answer
3. Developing components of an answer
4. Covering the dimensions holistically
5. Value Additions
6. Presentation of an answer
Let’s delve into the details of each section step-by-step:

Understanding the Demand

To create a good answer, you need to grasp a few fundamental techniques. Some points that can be considered
in this section are as follows:

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❖ Read the question asked carefully: It is important to read the question by dissecting it into smaller parts.
➢ Part of the question can be a premise for which there will be some directive.
➢ The directives in the questions such as “discuss/critically discuss,” must be precisely comprehended.
This part is covered in a later chapter holistically.

❖ Don’t deviate from the demand of the question: UPSC prefers complex thoughts to be simplified and
well-presented. Hence, the aspirant must write an answer without deviating from the point in question.

❖ Unambiguous and clear presentation: Opinion-based answers should be written in bullet points. Fact-
based answers can either be written in paragraphs or in bullets or in a combination of both. The keywords
should be underlined to emphasise them to the evaluator.
Let’s consider the question below:
Q. “Right of movement and residence throughout the territory of India are freely available to the Indian
Citizens, but these rights are not absolute.” Comment. (150 words, 10 Marks)

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 Structuring the Answer
❖ Develop the schema of an answer based on the Question asked.
❖ Consider the following question from GS paper I CSE Mains 2021:
Q. Account for the huge flooding of the millions of cities in India including the smart ones like
Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (250 Words , 15 Marks)
❖ Here Question asks two components.
1. Reasons for flooding of cities
2. Remedial measures for the same.
❖ While developing an answer to such a question, we can define a framework in mind. In this particular case,
We can start with a brief introduction stating the context of the questions or some examples, data or news
about urban flooding.
❖ In the body, We can write the heading Factors responsible for the urban flooding and enumerate the points
stating the reasons and factors
❖ Second part of the body would state the remedial measures
❖ We can also think about some committee recommendations, best practices regarding the same
❖ In the final part of an answer we conclude by summarising the points of the body, how multi-faceted
approach with short term and long term measure can develop future cities by balancing growth and
development.

Components of an Answer
Introduction

❖ Briefly describe the problem statement and introduce the answer. It should be short and to the point. The
introduction can be written in approximately 30 to 50 words.
❖ Begin by writing a properly fitting introduction to your answer.
❖ The candidate must first choose the crux of the problem/issue/idea/topic that the question is inquiring about.
❖ If the question has two or more parts, then all parts must be introduced briefly. Thus, it must briefly narrate
the central premise of the answer.
❖ The ideal length of the introduction is about 10% of the word limit. It should not be lengthier than 20% of
the word limit. (20-40 words for 200 words answer)
Types of Introduction
There are different possible approaches to writing the introduction part of an answer. Some of these are
explained as under
1. Background/ Context Based

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2. Data Based

3. Definition/Concept Based

4. Current/Contemporary/ Context Based

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Consider the following Question, We can write an introduction in multiple ways for the same Question.

Body

❖ It is the core part of your answer.

❖ Understand the core requirement and address it in the body of an answer. Stick to the demand of the
question. Divide the main body of the answer into paragraphs or bullets as required.
❖ The important points or the points that you have recalled fully should go first.
❖ Use diagrams, and flow charts to save space and enhance the presentation.
❖ If asked to discuss both positive and negative aspects of an issue, either list all the positives in one paragraph
and then list the negatives, Provide way forwards for the issue.
❖ Present your arguments logically in the body of your answer.
❖ Cover multiple dimensions such as – social, political, and economic dimensions – and also give different
examples to substantiate your view.
Conclusion

❖ This is the final summary of your answer.

❖ Wrap up your answer with a well-balanced conclusion and a healthy positive opinion.
❖ Never end the conclusion on a negative note or tone or by posing another question.
❖ Try to put forward a solution or a way forward in the conclusion because it shows a willingness to find
solutions
❖ The last sentence should be a general statement that brings together all the main elements/points/arguments
of the answer and reiterates the ‘verdict/ sentiment/judgement’ mentioned in the introduction.
❖ An optimistic, solution-oriented conclusion that can summarise the argument presented in the body can
leave a good impression on the evaluator

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❖ Adhere to the Word Limit:
➢ Each question in GS1 – GS3 is limited to 200 words which is a reasonable word limit for a response
to a question.
➢ Avoid using complex sentences.
➢ Try to conjugate statements with “and” to keep the word limit in check.
➢ Add a timeline at the start of each answer to create a systematic flow in the answer.

Covering Dimensions holistically

❖ The advanced section tests a candidate’s ability to remember the most intricate details, frame the optimally
refined answer, and present it in the most cogent manner possible. Some points that can be considered
under this section include:
❖ Use the PESTLE approach: The PESTLE approach entails assessing issues using various angles like
political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental.
❖ Directives to answer: Create templates for various types of question-answer combinations that you can
remember during the rush. Support your answers with the latest reports and data points taken from reliable
sources to underpin your statements.
❖ Understanding the multiple sub-questions being asked: Every aspirant should remember that the
conscientious evaluation of the UPSC is not based on quantity, but rather based on quality. Answers should
always provide a solution to the core issues presented by the question.

Value additions in an answer

❖ Substantiate your answers with facts and data to support your argument. E.g. In an argument for gender
parity below data can be used:
❖ “The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has said that if India were to reach gender parity i.e. raising
women's participation in the labour force to the same level as that of men, then it would boost India's GDP
by 27%.”
❖ Use Diagrams/ Maps to explain the concept or phenomena or geographical location

❖ Try to include recommendations from committees/ reports, and mention sustainable development goals to
consolidate your statements. Examples- Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State Relations, Madan B. Lokur
Committee on stubble burning, Rangarajan Committee on bank reforms.
❖ Keep definitions of important concepts ready to be used in answers. E.g., Self Help Groups, Corporate
Governance etc.
❖ Create persuasive arguments by invigorating your knowledge through diagrams, maps, and tables.
❖ Factual segments should be answered by constructing data enhancers such as the step diagram, hub spoke
diagram, circular diagram, vertical diagram, and tables to represent differences and similarities.

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Presentation of an Answer

The ABC of Answer Writing:

When answering these questions, always check for three elements to write
the ideal answer:
Accuracy means lacing the answer with relevant subheadings, Brevity
would consist of concise statements in your answer and ultimately,
maintaining Clarity overall.

❖ Write an all-encompassing introduction: A brief introduction establishes that the question and the topic
have been understood.
❖ Take a multi-dimensional approach: While answering questions, approach them from different angles
(political, economic, social, technological etc.) and write complete answers.
❖ Presentation matters: Facts, figures, court cases, articles etc. give a profound rational approach to the
body and add to the overall quality of the answer. The use of diagrams, maps, flowcharts, tables, and sub-
headings makes the presentation readable and easy to understand for the examiner.
❖ Use of Keywords: Highlighting (Underlining) the keywords and relevant information draws the attention
of the examiner. Use Key Phrases which convey the essence of the topic being discussed and add value to
the answer.
➢ E.g. Precision Agriculture, Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas, ROAD (Responsibility, Ownership,
Accountability and Discipline, a mantra for success)
❖ Substantiate your answers: Provide evidence to support your answers and use real-life examples and case
studies where necessary.
➢ E.g. Hiware Bazar, situated in the Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra is India's model village. The
village with the highest GDP in the country.
❖ Write in simple language: The language should be simple, easy to understand and free from jargon. Avoid
the use of complex language. Instead, use words that have a chance of being universally understood. Write
simple and easy-to-understand sentences,
❖ Give a balanced conclusion: A conclusion or a Way forward is necessary to depict the solution-based
approach of the aspirant.
❖ Stick to the word count: UPSC values content over length. So the answers must be within the word limit.
❖ Practice, practice, practice: Practise writing answers as much as possible. Answer writing practice helps
an aspirant write crisp answers in limited words.

TIME MANAGEMENT
Time management per paper
❖ In GS papers an aspirant needs to cover 20 Questions in 180 minutes. This means a candidate gets
approximately 7 to 9 minutes per question.
❖ The candidate should know how to allocate the right amount of time to each question in order to complete
all the questions within 3 hours.
❖ This time includes the time to read the question and brainstorm as well.
❖ Take a few minutes to read the question paper.
❖ Follow the 8-7-5 method:
➢ Split the entire time into 3 separate hours. Divide the question paper into 8 easy questions, 7 average
questions, and 5 difficult questions.

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 ➢ Answer the best-known 8 questions during the first hour of the examination. 7 in the next and the rest
5 in the last hour.
❖ The well-known questions answered in the first hour should be written with the maximum possible speed.
Never spend so much time only on the answers which you feel strong.
❖ There may be some questions where you do not have even an iota of knowledge. Try attempting those
questions towards the end.

Time management per Answer

❖ The 7-5-3 Rule of Answer Writing is based on many martial artists’ discipline codes. This rule is quite
simple to follow, as it consists of three numbers that provide a holistic 360-degree approach:
➢ SEVEN – Candidates should aim to answer questions within 7 minutes per question.
➢ FIVE – Write 5 points related to the keyword in their answers. It would be beneficial to break down
the answer into bullet points.
➢ THREE – Elaborate on each point in 3 dimensions as per the requirements listed in the question,
considering the following valuable pointers:
✓ Social, Economical, Political, and Geographical perspective
✓ For, against, and conclusion
✓ What/Why/How
DIRECTIVES OF QUESTIONS
ELUCIDATE
Elucidate: To elucidate is to make something clear by citing evidence, examples, facts etc.
❖ UPSC PYQ: The Self Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Program (SBLP), which is India’s own
innovation, has proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment
programmes. Elucidate. (UPSC 2015)
❖ Remark: In the answer below, the importance of Self-Help Groups is explained along with the examples
like Kudumbashree of Kerala. Such examples are essential for backing one’s opinion and justifying the
answer.

Q. The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP), which is India’s own innovation, has
proved to be one of the most effective poverty alleviation and women empowerment programmes.
Elucidate. (200 words, 12.5 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Begin with a brief explanation of what the Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage
Programme (SBLP) is and its objectives.
❖ Body: Discuss the effectiveness of the SBLP in achieving its objectives, providing examples.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude, emphasising its role as a powerful, inclusive, and community-led initiative in
addressing socio-economic challenges.

The Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP) is a unique initiative in India that aims to
enable SHGs, particularly those composed of women from marginalized sections of society, to access formal
banking services. Started in 1992 by NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development), the
program has proven to be one of the most effective tools for poverty alleviation and women empowerment in
India.

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Effectiveness of Self-Help Group (SHG) Bank Linkage Programme (SBLP):
❖ Financial Inclusion:
➢ The SBLP has significantly contributed to financial inclusion in India by enabling millions of women
from low-income groups to access formal banking services.
➢ For example, in the state of Kerala, the Kudumbashree project (which operates under the SBLP
model) has over 4 million women members, making it one of the largest women's empowerment
projects in the country.
➢ These women have access to credit, savings, and insurance services through their respective SHGs.
❖ Empowerment and Decision Making:
➢ The program has empowered women by giving them control over financial resources and decision-
making power.
➢ A study by the Indian School of Business on SHGs in rural Andhra Pradesh found that women
who participated in the program had increased bargaining power within their households and
improved status within their communities.
❖ Entrepreneurship and Skill Development:
➢ SHGs have also fostered entrepreneurship and skill development among women.
➢ For instance, in Tamil Nadu, the Mahalir Thittam program has helped women start their own
small-scale businesses, from poultry farming to handicrafts, by providing them with the necessary
skills training and credit facilities.
❖ Poverty Alleviation:
➢ The SBLP has also played a crucial role in poverty alleviation.
➢ As per a report by the World Bank, Bihar's JEEViKA program (which operates on the SHG
model) has lifted approximately 600,000 households out of poverty over a span of seven years.
❖ Social Impact:
➢ Beyond the economic benefits, SHGs have also had a profound social impact.
➢ In states like Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, women's SHGs have been at the forefront of social
campaigns like sanitation, education, and health awareness, contributing to the overall
development of their communities.
The SBLP, through its focus on microcredit and SHGs, has not only enabled financial inclusion but also
empowered women, promoted entrepreneurship, and alleviated poverty. It stands as a testament to the power
of innovative, inclusive, and community-led initiatives in addressing socio-economic challenges.

❖ PYQ: Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some
countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (200 words, 12.5
Marks) (UPSC 2016)
❖ Remark: In “Elucidate”, examples and evidence has been shown in the body- examples of countries like
Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, etc. sharing a porous border with India or the Land Boundary Agreement.
These examples add clarity to the answer.

Q. Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some
countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (200 words,
12.5 Marks)
Answer:

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 Approach:
❖ Introduction: Begin with a brief overview of the complexity of border management in India.
❖ Body:
➢ Discuss the key challenges in managing India's borders.
➢ Identify and mention the strategies to address these challenges.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude by emphasising that effective border management is a continuous process
that requires strategic planning, technological upgrades, infrastructural improvements,
diplomatic efforts, and inter-agency coordination.

Border management in India is a complex task due to its unique geographical diversity and strained
relations with certain neighbouring countries. Effective management is crucial for national security,
peaceful international relations, and curbing illicit activities.
Challenges in Border Management:
❖ Difficult Terrain:
➢ India shares its borders with countries across diverse landscapes - ranging from dense forests
with Bangladesh and Bhutan, deserts with Pakistan, to mountainous terrains with China and
Nepal.
➢ This geographical diversity presents logistical challenges.
❖ Hostile Relations:
➢ Strained relations with nations like Pakistan and China result in frequent border disputes and
tension, complicating management.
❖ Porosity:
➢ Porous borders, particularly with Nepal,
Bangladesh, and Myanmar, facilitate illegal
activities like smuggling, human trafficking, and
infiltration.
❖ Infrastructure Deficiencies:
➢ Lack of adequate infrastructure like roads, fencing,
and surveillance equipment hinders effective border
patrolling and monitoring.
Strategies for Effective Border Management:
❖ Technology Integration: Advanced surveillance technologies like drones, ground sensors, high-
resolution cameras, thermal imagers, aerostats, and satellite imagery can boost border security. For
instance, India is deploying a comprehensive integrated border management system (CIBMS) along
its borders.
❖ Infrastructure Development: Enhancing border infrastructure like roads, fencing, and border outposts
can improve patrolling and deter illicit activities.
❖ Improved Diplomacy: Resolving border disputes through diplomatic dialogues and agreements can
ease border management. For instance, the Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh in 2015
resolved long-standing border issues.
❖ Coordinated Efforts: The implementation of a coordinated border management (CBM) approach in
India involves multiple agencies like the Border Security Force (BSF), intelligence agencies, and
local administrations for effective border management.

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 Despite the challenges, effective border management is attainable through strategic planning, technological
advancement, infrastructural development, diplomatic efforts, and coordinated inter-agency operations. It
is a continuous process requiring regular reviews and updates to address emerging challenges.

EVALUATE
Evaluate: Give a verdict based on your evaluation of the issue. To what extent do you agree or disagree with
the findings or statement? Back your opinion with facts and justify how you made your choice.
❖ UPSC PYQ: Considering the threats cyberspace poses for the country, India needs a “Digital Armed
Force” to prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the
challenges perceived in its effective implementation. (UPSC, 2015)
❖ Remark: In the answer below in order to evaluate, after the necessary discussion on Nation Cyber Security
Policy, 2013 critical evaluation based on various dimensions is provided.

Q4. Considering the threats cyberspace poses for the country, India needs a “Digital Armed Force” to
prevent crimes. Critically evaluate the National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 outlining the challenges
perceived in its effective implementation. (200 words, 12.5 Marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Briefly mention India's National Cyber Security Policy, 2013 and its relevance to this
context.
❖ Body:
➢ Provide a brief overview of the policy's main objectives and measures.
➢ Discuss the key issues affecting the effective implementation of the policy.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude with a summary of the policy's significance and the need for improvements.

The proliferation of cyberspace, while enabling rapid development, also exposes India to new threats and
challenges. In response to these, the government of India rolled out the National Cyber Security Policy,
2013. However, this policy faces certain challenges that need to be addressed for effective implementation.
National Cyber Security Policy, 2013:
❖ The policy intended to establish a secure cyberspace ecosystem, ensure compliance with global
standards, improve the cybersecurity workforce, and encourage cybersecurity research and
development.
❖ Its vision revolved around five key strategies:
➢ creating a secure cyber ecosystem,
➢ creating mechanisms for security threats and responses,
➢ securing e-governance services,
➢ protecting critical information infrastructure,
➢ and creating a workforce of 500,000 professionals skilled in cybersecurity by 2018.
Key issues affecting the effective implementation of the policy: Critical Evaluation:
❖ Awareness and Compliance:
➢ Despite its comprehensive nature, awareness and adherence to the policy remain limited,
particularly among small and medium enterprises.
❖ Infrastructure and Technology:
➢ India's cybersecurity infrastructure has been slow to keep pace with the policy's aspirations.

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 ➢ According to a study by the Data Security Council of India, India needed an additional
investment of over 100 billion INR in cybersecurity technologies and infrastructure by 2025 to
effectively implement the policy.
❖ Cybersecurity Workforce:
➢ There's a significant shortage of trained personnel to implement cybersecurity measures.
➢ As per NASSCOM, India would need 1 million cybersecurity professionals by 2020, highlighting
a significant gap from the policy's target of 500,000 by 2018.
❖ Regulatory Framework:
➢ The policy's objective of compliance with global standards faces hurdles due to the absence of a
comprehensive data protection law.
➢ The existing Information Technology Act, 2000, is often seen as inadequate for addressing
modern cybersecurity threats.
The National Cyber Security Policy, 2013, was an important step in fortifying India's cyber defenses.
However, the policy's effective implementation necessitates an updated regulatory framework, significant
investment in infrastructure and technology, a larger trained workforce, and widespread compliance and
awareness. These improvements would pave the way for a more secure digital India.

EXAMINE
Examine: Look into the key details, facts and important issues relating to the topic. Give a critical evaluation
of the issue.
❖ UPSC PYQ: Examine the development of Airports in India through joint ventures under Public-Private
Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard? (2017)
❖ Remark: As given in the example below, the importance and challenges of the PPP models are given and
a thorough examination of the issue is presented.

Q. Examine the development of airports in India through joint ventures under Public – private
Partnership (PPP) model. What are the challenges faced by the authorities in this regard? (150 words,
10 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Define PPP.
❖ Body:
➢ Mention the development of airports under PPP.
➢ Mention the challenges in such projects.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude stating that a certain degree of flexibility would solve many of the problems
faced by such projects.

Public-private partnerships (PPPs) are formally established agreements between public and private parties
to share risks and benefits in the provision of public services and infrastructure. As per World Bank, India is
one of the leading countries in terms of readiness for PPPs with ~2000 PPP projects in various stages of
implementation.
India’s decision to involve private players such as GMR, GVK and Adani Group has improved the passenger
experience. It has led to better efficiency and capacity of airports. This has also resulted in a massive dividend
to the Airports Authority of India. Private airports are making large profits from increased traffic and other
non-aero revenue opportunities.

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 Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are preferred in airport projects because:
❖ Developing and maintaining airports is a costly affair: The development, modernization and
maintenance of airport infrastructure is costly while the funds with the public sector for aviation are
limited. PPPs can help by providing access to private-sector capital and technology.
❖ Time-bound and cost-effective: While public sector projects are often seen to be lagging on account of
inefficiencies, private sector collaboration ensures that the projects are completed on time and in a cost-
efficient manner.
❖ Better services: Airports would be equipped with high-quality services. This would act as a revenue
source for private players while people get the benefit of quality service.
❖ Increased competition: Entry of the private sector would introduce competition in a sector that would
otherwise be a monopoly of AAI. This would improve the service and allow for the modernization of
airport infrastructure.
But the PPP model in the development of airports is creating the following challenges for the authorities:
❖ There is an absence of a regulatory framework for the entire aviation sector.
❖ Fewer jobs: Private companies always look forward to acquiring more profit with a limited number of
employees, which results in job loss.
❖ There is a lack of clarity over the degree of risk transfer to the private players in areas such as asset
condition, construction cost, operation risk, non-insurable risk etc.
❖ Lack of clarity in concessional agreement, revenue sharing and tariff structure framework. Tariffs are
often based on the private player's discretion.
❖ Issues in Government’s role: The projects are delayed many times due to land acquisition issues on the
part of the government leading to cost overruns.
The understanding between public and private players should not be rigid but flexible to overcome all
problems that are currently being faced by this sector. The steps taken to address the various challenges in
this field would give results soon through a booming world-class aviation sector in India.

CRITICALLY EXAMINE
Critically Examine: State both pros and cons of the issue followed by a balanced conclusion.
❖ UPSC PYQ: India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the
Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions. What are the
main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine
critically. (UPSC 2017)
❖ Remark: In the case of critically examining, as given in the answer below, an optimistic conclusion has
been provided along with the major pros and cons of space Missions.

Q. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan
and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main
obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine
critically. (150 words, 10 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Begin by acknowledging India's success in unmanned space missions such as the Mars
Orbiter Mission and Chandrayaan.
❖ Body:

16
 ➢ Discuss the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology
and logistics.
➢ Substantiate with examples too.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude by noting India's ongoing efforts to overcome these challenges, with the
planned Gaganyaan mission as an example of progress towards a manned space mission.

India's success in unmanned space missions, such as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) and Chandrayaan,
has been commendable. Yet, it has not embarked on a manned space mission so far. The primary challenges
for launching a manned space mission are multi-faceted, ranging from technological to logistical.
Technological Challenges:
❖ Advanced Technology: Manned missions require more sophisticated technology than unmanned
missions.
➢ For example, the development of a safe and reliable crew module to support human life in space
is a complex task.
❖ Launch and Recovery Systems: It's essential to have reliable launch systems that can abort the mission
if required, ensuring the crew's safety. Similarly, recovery systems to bring astronauts safely back to
Earth are critical, with the return journey often being even more perilous than the outward trip.
Human Factor:
❖ Life Support Systems: Sustaining human life in the harsh environment of space, with issues like zero
gravity, radiation, and varying temperatures, requires robust life support systems. These systems need to
account for oxygen, food, waste management, and even psychological factors for the crew.
❖ Astronaut Training: Adequate astronaut training is a must. Training for space travel involves mastering
numerous skills, including piloting spacecraft, handling emergency situations, and coping with long
periods in a confined space.
Logistical and Financial Aspects:
❖ Logistical and Financial Constraints: Manned space missions are considerably more expensive than
unmanned missions, requiring significant financial investments. The logistical considerations, including
creating the infrastructure for such missions and ensuring long-term project continuity, are also vast.
India's futuristic approach to manned space missions:
❖ Gaganyaan Mission: ISRO's flagship project, Gaganyaan, aims to send a three-member crew to space
in 2023. This mission is a significant step towards enabling India's presence in manned space
exploration.
❖ Astronaut Training: The selected astronaut candidates are currently undergoing intensive training to
prepare for the demands and challenges of space travel.
❖ Advanced Technological Developments: ISRO is working on the development of advanced technologies
such as a heavy-lift launch vehicle (ISRO Orbital Vehicle) and systems for crew rescue during a mission
abort.
❖ Encouraging Private Participation: The establishment of IN-SPACe, an independent body, aims to
regulate and promote private sector participation in the space sector, thereby creating a more robust
and sustainable space ecosystem.
❖ Financial Commitment: The Indian government has allocated a budget of Rs. 10,000 crore for the
Gaganyaan mission, demonstrating its financial commitment to the growth and advancement of India's
space exploration capabilities.

17
 Despite these challenges, India has been making progress towards launching its first manned mission,
Gaganyaan, which could usher in a new era for the country's space exploration capabilities.

COMMENT
Comment: Present the main points on the topic. Give your opinion using logic and relevant evidence.
❖ UPSC PYQ: ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and
European Countries’. Comment with examples. (UPSC, 2020)
❖ Remark: In such questions, usually, a statement has been provided and it is asked to comment on it. As
given in the example below, the main points are mentioned. It is also required to give our opinions, which
should be optimistic, futuristic and welfare-oriented.

Q. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European
Countries’. Comment with examples.
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Start your answer by briefly discussing the significance of the Indian diaspora.
❖ Body: Discuss in what ways the Indian diaspora affects the politics and economy of America and
European Countries.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude your answer with a balanced approach.

According to a Ministry of External Affairs report, there are 32 million NRIs and PIOs (inc. OCIs) residing
outside India and overseas Indians comprise the world's largest overseas diaspora. Every year 2.5 million
(25 lakhs) Indians migrate overseas, which is the highest annual number of migrants in the world. India's
large diaspora is distributed across the United Arab Emirates (3.5 million), the United States of America (2.7
million) and Saudi Arabia (2.5 million). Other countries hosting large numbers of Indian migrants included
Australia, Canada, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar and the United Kingdom.

❖ Economic Contributions:
➢ Investment and Entrepreneurship: The Indian diaspora in Europe and America has made
substantial investments and established successful businesses, generating employment
opportunities. E.g, Indian entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley have contributed to the growth of the tech
industry.
➢ Remittances: The Indian diaspora constantly sends remittances back to India, providing a vital
source of foreign exchange and supporting the country's economic development. Remittances from
Europe and America contribute significantly to India's economy.
➢ Trade: The Indian diaspora in Europe and America has facilitated the expansion of trade between
India and these regions. They actively engage in promoting bilateral trade and attracting
investments.
❖ Political Contributions:
➢ Representation: Indian diaspora members have achieved political representation in Europe and
America. For instance, several Indian-origin politicians hold positions in the European Parliament
and various levels of government in the United States.
➢ Lobbying: The Indian diaspora in Europe and America actively engages in lobbying efforts to
promote their interests and concerns. They advocate for policies that benefit both India and the
diaspora community.

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 ➢ Influence: The Indian diaspora's political contributions have had a significant impact on the
politics of Europe and America. They leverage their influence to shape policies, especially
regarding immigration, diversity, and bilateral relations with India.
❖ Examples:
➢ In the United States, the Indian-American community played a pivotal role in the 2020 US
Presidential elections. They organized voter outreach campaigns, fundraising initiatives, and
mobilized support for candidate Joe Biden, who acknowledged and valued their contributions.
➢ During the Brexit referendum campaign in the UK, the Indian diaspora actively participated in
discussions, debates, and campaigns, expressing their perspectives on the impact of Brexit on trade,
immigration, and cultural exchanges between India and the UK.
➢ In Canada, the Indian diaspora has been vocal in advocating for immigrant rights and policies that
support diverse communities. They have successfully influenced government decisions and policies
that positively affect the Indian diaspora and other immigrant groups.
Conclusion:
The Indian diaspora has emerged as a powerful force, influencing the economic and political dimensions of
America and European countries. The diaspora's contributions have been instrumental in establishing India's
identity as a global player, thereby strengthening the country's relations with the world.

CRITICALLY COMMENT
Critically Comment: Show your reading and knowledge of the topic, both about pros-cons or positive-negative
aspects of the issue followed by your opinion.
❖ UPSC PYQ: Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as
attractive as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming
consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (UPSC, 2014)
❖ Remark: In such questions, both positive and negative points should be mentioned about the topic.
However, the conclusion followed by your opinion should be futuristic and optimistic.

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive
as are business professions, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming
consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (200 words, 12.5 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: The introduction would present the assertion of declining scientific research in Indian
universities and attribute it to the attraction towards business, engineering, and administration
professions.
❖ Body: The body of the answer would be divided into two main sections:
➢ Issues
➢ Consumer-Oriented Universities
➢ Way Forward
❖ Conclusion: The conclusion would encapsulate the discussion and underline the need for a
multifaceted approach to revitalize scientific research in Indian universities.

19
 The issue of declining scientific research in Indian universities is multifaceted and extends beyond the
attraction of alternative career paths. While it's true that professions in business, engineering, and
administration may offer immediate lucrative prospects, several other systemic issues contribute to the
situation.
Issues:
❖ Funding Constraints: Limited funding for scientific research often hampers the capacity of universities
to undertake extensive, high-quality research.
➢ For instance, the budget allocation for the Department of Science and Technology was around 0.8%
of GDP in the 2020-21 budget, significantly lower than that in developed countries.
❖ Inadequate Infrastructure: The lack of world-class laboratories, equipment, and research infrastructure
often discourages aspiring researchers.
❖ Administrative Hurdles: Bureaucratic red tape and administrative delays can significantly slow down
the progress of research projects.
❖ Lack of Collaboration: Limited industry-academia collaboration can restrict practical exposure and
applicability of research.
Consumer-Oriented Universities:
❖ The growing trend of universities becoming 'consumer-oriented' is another concern.
❖ Higher education institutions are increasingly focusing on job-oriented courses that provide immediate
employment, like engineering and management, rather than pure science disciplines.
❖ The popularity of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) for gaining job-oriented skills reflects this
trend.
Way Forward:
❖ Boost Funding:
➢ Currently, India's allocation for research and development is around 0.7% of its GDP, which is
significantly lower than countries like the USA and China that invest over 2% of their GDP.
➢ It's imperative that the government increase this allocation. We've seen successful instances where
ample funding, like in the case of ISRO, can lead to breakthroughs in technology and global
recognition.
❖ Upgrade Infrastructure: Investment in modern research facilities in universities can attract more
students towards research.
❖ Encourage Industry-Academia Collaboration: Partnerships between universities and industries,
similar to the collaboration between IIT Madras and Ather Energy, can provide practical exposure and
make research more application-oriented.
Conclusion:
While the attractiveness of alternative career paths plays a part in the decline of scientific research in Indian
universities, addressing systemic issues and changing the consumer-oriented focus of universities is essential
for revitalizing scientific research in India.

DISCUSS
Discuss: It is meant for written debate. Rational, evidence backed, detailed debate to make a case for and against
the topic. The aspirant should arrive at a conclusion.
❖ UPSC PYQ: Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase.
(UPSC, 2016)

20
❖ Remark: The answer below explains the role played by the women during the Gandhian phase of the
Indian Freedom Struggle. It not only talks about their valuable contribution but also concludes with a note
indicating that the role played by the women did the groundwork for gender equality and social reforms.

Q2. Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (200 words,
12.5 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Briefly introduce the role of women in the Indian freedom struggle, with a focus on
their involvement during the Gandhian phase.
❖ Body: Discuss the various aspects of women's participation. Substantiate your views with examples.
❖ Conclusion: Write a relevant conclusion.

Women played a vital role in the Indian freedom struggle, and their involvement became particularly
prominent during the Gandhian phase. Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and satyagraha
(passive resistance) resonated with women across India, inspiring them to actively participate in the struggle
for independence.
Listed below are some key aspects of women's involvement during the Gandhian phase:
❖ Mass mobilization: Women participated in large numbers in various protests, demonstrations, and non-
cooperation activities, contributing to the mass mobilization of the Indian population against British
rule.
❖ Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934): Women were actively involved in the Civil Disobedience
Movement, which included the famous Salt March or Dandi March. They participated in the production
and distribution of contraband salt, defying the British monopoly.
❖ Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): During the Non-Cooperation Movement, women played a
crucial role in promoting swadeshi (indigenous) products and boycotting British goods. They actively
spun khadi (handwoven cloth) on charkhas (spinning wheels), which became a symbol of self-reliance
and defiance against British rule.
❖ Leadership Roles: Women leaders like Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, Kamala Nehru,Annie Besant,
and Kasturba Gandhi emerged as prominent figures during the freedom struggle. They led protests,
organized meetings, and inspired other women to join themovement. Many women were also involved in
the Indian National Congress and other political organizations, advocating for women's rights and social
reforms.
❖ Revolutionary Activities: Some women, like Bhikaji Cama and Durga Devi Vohra, participated in
revolutionary activities and supported armed resistance against British rule.
❖ Social reforms and women's empowerment: Gandhi advocated for women's education, the abolition of
child marriage, and widow remarriage, emphasizing the importance of women's participation in the
struggle for both political and social emancipation.
❖ Quit India Movement (1942): Women played an active role in the Quit India Movement, organizing
processions, strikes, and acts of civil disobedience. They also filled leadership positions when many male
leaders were arrested, ensuring the continuity of the movement.
Conclusion
The Gandhian phase of the Indian freedom struggle saw significant participation from women, who made
valuable contributions in various capacities. Their involvement not only strengthened the movement but also
laid the groundwork for gender equality and social reforms in post-independence India.

ANALYSE
Analyse: Analysis of the question and its constituent parts is required. Break the topic into constituent parts.
Give supporting arguments and facts for both for and against the part. Also, show the inter-relation between the
constituent parts. It is not needed to take any stand on the issue.

21
❖ UPSC PYQ: Though Citizen’s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery
organizations, there is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens‟ satisfaction and quality of
services being provided. Analyse. (UPSC, 2013)
❖ Remark: In the answer below, the failure of the Citizen Charter to improve public service delivery has
been enumerated in the bullet points. It contains an analysis of the reasons which include lack of awareness,
non-inclusiveness, absence of penal provisions, etc. Though no stand has been taken on whether Citizen
Charters have failed as an instrument or not, yet an optimistic way forward and conclusion is given for a
proper ending.

Q. Though Citizen‟s charters have been formulated by many public service delivery organizations, there
is no corresponding improvement in the level of citizens‟ satisfaction and quality of services being
provided. Analyse. (200 words, 10 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Begin with a brief explanation of what Citizen's Charters are, their purpose, and their
introduction in the Indian context.
❖ Body: The body of the answer should be divided into two main parts.
➢ The first part should have an analysis of the current situation.
➢ Second, suggest improvements.
➢ Substantiate your views with appropriate examples.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude, expressing optimism that with the right changes, Citizen's Charters can play
a significant role in promoting good governance in India.

Introduced in India in 1997, Citizen's Charters aimed to enhance governance by stipulating service delivery
standards for public sector organizations. However, despite being in operation for over two decades, their
impact on augmenting citizen satisfaction and improving service quality hasn't been significantly substantial.
This could be attributed to several reasons:
❖ Absence of Penal Provisions: The charters
do not have any legal binding, and hence
there are no penalties or punishments for
non-compliance. This has led to a lack of
seriousness among the public servants
towards adhering to the charters.
❖ Poor Implementation: Even where the
charters are well-designed, the
implementation often falls short. For
example, the Citizen's Charter of the
Municipal Corporation of Delhi promises a
certain level of cleanliness, but the city continues to grapple with sanitation issues.
❖ Lack of Regular Review and Update: Many charters are outdated and have not been revised to reflect
the changes in service delivery or the expectations of the citizens. For instance, the Citizen's Charter of
the Postal Department has not been updated since its inception.
❖ Ineffective Grievance Redressal Mechanism: While most of the charters have a provision for grievance
redressal, the mechanism is often ineffective. For example, the Citizen's Charter of the Indian Railways
promises to address complaints within a certain timeframe, but in reality, many complaints remain
unresolved for extended periods.
❖ Lack of Awareness: A significant proportion of the population is unaware of the existence of such
charters, thus limiting their effectiveness. A study conducted by the Centre for Good Governance in 2015
showed that only 40% of citizens were aware of such charters.

22
 ❖ Non-Inclusive Process: Often, the charters are formulated without involving the citizens or
understanding their expectations. As a result, the charters often fail to reflect the actual needs and
expectations of the citizens.
To improve the effectiveness of Citizen's Charters, a few steps could be taken:
❖ The charters should be legally binding with penal provisions for non-compliance.
❖ Citizens should be involved in the formulation and revision of the charters.
❖ The grievance redressal mechanism should be made more effective.
❖ Regular audits and reviews of the charters should be conducted to ensure their relevance and
effectiveness.
❖ Efforts should be made to increase awareness about the charters among the citizens.
Conclusion
While Citizen's Charters have the potential to improve the quality of public services and enhance citizen
satisfaction, their effectiveness in the Indian context has been hampered by a number of challenges. However,
with the right reforms, these issues can be addressed, and Citizen's Charters can play a significant role in
promoting good governance in India.

SUBSTANTIATE
Substantiate: Give evidence in support of what is being said and cite reports, facts, events etc.
❖ UPSC PYQ: The growth of cities as I.T. hubs have opened up new avenues of employment, but has also
created new problems.” Substantiate this statement with examples. (UPSC, 2017)
❖ Remark: In the example given below, how the American Revolution was an economic revolt against
mercantilism has been provided by citing historical facts and events. The mention of these events and facts
has added substance to the answer.

Q. American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism. Substantiate. (200 words, 10
marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Briefly introduce the American Revolution and its multifaceted nature.
❖ Body:
➢ Mention the economic aspect, focusing on the revolt against mercantilism.
➢ Discuss the concept of mercantilism and how British colonial policies implemented this system.
➢ Explain the issue of taxation without representation and its connection to mercantilist policies.
➢ Describe the economic self-interest of American colonists and their desire for free trade.
➢ Address the economic impact of British policies on the American colonies.
❖ Conclusion: Acknowledge that while the revolution cannot be solely characterized as an economic
revolt, the desire for economic self-determination was a crucial factor in the struggle for
independence.

The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a multifaceted struggle for independence by the thirteen American
colonies against Great Britain. While it is true that economic factors, such as opposition to mercantilism,
played a significant role in the revolution, it is important to consider other contributing factors, such as
political and ideological motivations.
❖ Mercantilism and British colonial policies:
➢ Mercantilism was a dominant economic theory that linked a nation's wealth and power to gold and
silver accumulation.
➢ Colonies served to benefit the mother country, providing raw materials and markets for goods.

23
 ➢ British policies like the Navigation Acts enforced mercantilism, restricting American colonies' trade
and making them reliant on Britain for imports and exports.
❖ Taxation without representation:
➢ A key grievance leading to the American Revolution was taxation without representation.
➢ Acts such as the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, and Tea Act exemplify British efforts to raise revenue
from colonies, reflecting mercantilist policies that aimed to exploit the colonies for the mother
country's benefit.
❖ Economic self-interest and the desire for free trade:
➢ Many colonists, especially merchants and traders, were frustrated with British mercantilist
restrictions.
➢ They sought economic self-determination and free trade, believing it would lead to prosperity. This
desire fueled the revolutionary sentiment among the colonists.
❖ Economic impact of British policies:
➢ British mercantilist policies and taxation measures hindered the colonies' economic growth and
caused financial hardships for colonists, contributing to discontent with British rule and support
for the independence movement.
While the American Revolution encompassed various factors, the quest for economic self-determination
significantly contributed to the struggle for independence, demonstrating the importance of addressing
economic grievances in the pursuit of freedom and autonomy.

CRITICALLY ANALYZE
Critically Analyze: The only point of difference with the directive ‘analyse’ is that the aspirant needs to take a
stand based on his analysis in the question.
❖ UPSC PYQ: What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and at
state levels? Critically analyse the agricultural subsidy regime with reference to the distortions created by
it. (UPSC, 2013)
❖ Remark: The question given below contains two parts. While the first part is the static content on the WTO
mandate and its obligations, the second part deals with the Critically analysis on India’s stand on the issue
of food security. This part is based on the contemporary developments of that time. Hence, it is expected
that both pros and cons of India’s stand are presented and based on the mentioned points, an optimistic
stand should be taken.

Q. What are the different types of agriculture subsidies given to farmers at the national and at state levels?
Critically analyse the agricultural subsidy regime with reference to the distortions created by it. (200
words, 10 marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Define farm subsidy
❖ Body:
➢ Enlist the different types of agriculture subsidies
➢ Analyze how the agricultural subsidy regime creates distortions.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude saying that not all subsidies create distortions, some are really necessary.

Farm subsidy is a governmental subsidy paid to farmers to supplement farmer's income and enhance their
productivity. Farm subsidies act as a complementary income to farmers, which can be invested back in
agriculture in the form of good quality inputs, thereby boosting productivity and income. Major subsidies in
India are fertiliser, power, credit, output, seed, and export subsidies. In 2021 Agri-subsidies were around 5
lakh crores as per NITI Aayog ( including food and fertiliser subsidies).

24
 On the basis of the subsidy provided, farm subsidies can be categorized into direct and indirect Subsidies.
Direct farm subsidies are those subsidies that are directly provided to farmers and are generally paid in the
form of a direct cash subsidy. Example: PM Kisan Scheme, PAHAL in LPG, Farm Loan Waivers. Indirect
subsidies are those subsidies in which the cost of the product is set at a lower price than the market price.
Examples: Irrigation subsidy, Power subsidy, Fertiliser subsidy, Credit subsidy, MSP (Minimum Support
Price), etc.
Issues created by subsidy regime in India:
Diversion of money meant for boosting agriculture: There is a chance that farmers can use the money for
non-farm unproductive needs.
Increased inequality: As per Economic Survey-2018, rich farmers have benefitted more over small farmers
from the farm subsidies.
Issues like market reforms and innovation in agriculture remained unaddressed as subsidy is seen as way out
from the responsibilities of the government to do this.
A culture of subsidies promotes inefficiency and dependence on the government and also reduce the incentive
to improve. Also, the government in power can provide subsidies for mere political mileage.
Monoculture: Subsidies like MSP has led to cereal centric agriculture with distorted cropping patterns. This
has led to drop in prices for these cereals while we have to be dependent on imports for many other crops
earlier grown in India. Environmental damage: Most indirect subsidies on fertiliser, power and irrigation
water contribute to the degradation of natural resources (by excessive use of subsidised
resources)
Example: Rise in soil salinity, water contamination with heavy metals and stress on groundwater aquifers in
Punjab due to free power.
Trade Distortions: Policies of subsidies promote other countries to follow the same pursuit which may then
lead to trade wars and protectionist policies leading to trade distortions.
Capital Investment Decreased: From 1976 to 2003- subsidies increased but public investment in agriculture
declined. The Kelkar committee recommended the phased elimination of subsidies and converting them into
capital investments.
Conclusion:
The agriculture sector which provides more than 40% of employment, contributes only 16-17% of GDP. This
is because of the inefficiencies in agriculture and the various issues the farmers are facing. Hence farm
subsidies with an intention to improve the agriculture sector help to achieve the government's aim of doubling
the farmer's income by 2022. Thus, there is a need for better policy deliberations with all stakeholders to
reduce negative impacts, particularly on small and marginal farmers to realise an evergreen revolution with
sustainable agriculture in India.

DESCRIBE
Describe: Explain in detail the how and why aspects of any occurrence.
❖ UPSC PYQ: Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance
in building a national identity. (UPSC, 2015)
❖ Remark: The following answer while discussing types of organised crimes attempts to cover as many
dimensions as possible (within the permitted word limit) to show the linkages between organised crime
and terrorism. The answer addresses the national separate parts.

Q. Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in building
a national identity. (150 words, 10 Marks)
Answer:

25
 Approach:
❖ Introduction: Mention about India‟s diversity and list any four major areas of diversity.
❖ Body:
➢ Describe the four elements of cultural diversity with some elaboration.
➢ Then, as per your view, rank these cultural elements based on their significance in building a
national identity.
❖ Conclusion: Mention that maintenance of diversity in itself is one of the major reasons why India has
remained united as a nation.

India is a land of diversity. The diversity exists in every aspect, to name four of them – language, clothing,
food, style of living, customs, etc.
These can be seen as follows:
❖ Linguistic Diversity: India is one of the most linguistically diverse countries. India has 22 languages as
Scheduled languages in the Constitution with over 1100 distinct dialects. The dialects show a continuity
which makes it easier for people to understand and communicate with each other. Distinct language and
its vast literature acts as a source of pride among people.
➢ But the linguistic diversity has also been a source of conflict. For instance, Goans are divided on
the basis of Maratha and Konkani languages. In Belgaum there is a tug of war between Marathi
and Kannada speaking people. Assam is confronted with Bengali and Assamese.
❖ Traditions, Clothing, Food: India has a rich tradition of music, dance and cuisine, with each region
having its own unique style of cooking and flavour.
❖ Festivals: India has a plethora of festivals at local and regional levels. There are also festivals like
Diwali, Holi, Eid, etc that are celebrated throughout India.
❖ Religious Diversity in India: India is home to a diverse range of religious beliefs, with Hinduism, Islam,
Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism among the most widely practiced religions in the country.
Religious diversity in India has played a significant role in shaping the country's social fabric and
identity. The foreign religions have interacted with regional culture and formed a unique blend that is
not formed elsewhere.
➢ Example: Blend of Parsi culture with indigenous culture in Maharashtra.
This diversity in cultural elements has aided India to be seen as a country that respects all traditions and
beliefs. While the language differs across regions, people do communicate with each other by learning the
other language. Protection given to one‟s linguistic identity is what ensures that people of India remain
together as a nation. Similarly, the food from the Southern part of India is famous in the Northern part and
vice-versa because of the diversity in cuisine.
Thus, cultural diversity has an important role in shaping India‟s national identity that is not based on any
language or religion but instead on common hopes and aspirations. The different cultural elements have
reiterated India‟s commitment towards unity in diversity. The cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity in
India will continue to play a significant role in shaping the national identity of the country for generations to
come.

JUSTIFY
Justify: Make a case in favour of the statement with evidence. Create a balanced argument by considering
opinions for the contrary view.
❖ UPSC PYQ: Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer.
(UPSC, 2020)

26
❖ Remark: The following answer, in order to justify the statement in the above question, gives evidence as
to how globalisation is a threat to diversity and pluralism. Also, balance is created by putting the points
that show that globalisation is not all bad it has silver linings too.

Q4. Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalization? Justify your answer. (250 words,
15 Marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Define globalization. Mention how India is one of the most diverse nations.
❖ Body: Mention areas where cultural diversity is at threat due to globalization. Then mention some
areas where globalization aids diversity.
❖ Conclusion: Conclude by stating that globalization has both good and bad effects.

Pluralism and diversity can be enhanced by using the positive aspects. Globalization is the process of
expanding and accelerating the movement of ideas, people, capital and exchange of commodities (goods and
services) over vast distances. India is a diverse country and India‟s greatness lies in its unique culture. India
being part of the globalized world has faced a significant impact on its cultural diversity in both positive and
negative ways.
Areas where cultural diversity is at threat due to globalization:
❖ Linguistic Homogenisation: The influence of transnational corporations has resulted in a central
common language mainly English, which dominates regional dialects, and minority languages.
➢ This impacts the development of local languages, literature and in some cases complete wipe-out of
some local languages.
❖ Cultural Homogenization: There is increasing “McDonaldization‟ of Indian food habits. Global
market decides what's to be produced, resulting in low incentive for diverse products which means Loss
of local artifacts, promotion of western dressing, shift from local culinary habits etc.
➢ Unmonitored access to Western culture has led to increasing misrepresentation, stereotyping and
the risk of loss of culture.
❖ Individualisation of Relations: Community affiliation reduced due to globalization as the person is more
concerned with one‟s own interests rather than the communities.
❖ Nuclearization of Family: Joint family system broke down due to increase in economic migration and
choice for individual space as part of globalization.
❖ Marriage: As an institution, marriage has become more individualized and there is a greater acceptance
for ideas like live-in relationships which exist outside the domain of traditional Marriage. But there is a
silver lining too. Globalization has aided diversity in some aspects.
❖ Global Opportunities: English as a global language has led to opening up of job and education
opportunities throughout the world. Indians have been particularly benefited in the services sector.
❖ Globalization has aided interaction between people of different cultural backgrounds and helped people
learn about other cultures. This has contributed to the emergence of new cultural practices and identities.
❖ Wider Reach of Indian Culture: Technology has helped preserve some of the dying artifacts, document
local languages, made some Indian dishes and artifacts globally popular and also exposed Indians to
various global arts/movies etc.
➢ Example: Yoga has become famous globally and today we have 21st June as International Yoga
Day.
❖ Lesser Importance to Caste: Globalization has led to decreased emphasis on localized castes.
Globalization has led to the rise of lower castes by making them aware of their rights. People eat
together, and increased instances of inter-caste marriages are seen in the urban areas.

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 ❖ Women Empowerment: Globalization has attacked the discriminatory tendencies and patriarchal
mindset in India. It has helped in getting rid of practices derogatory to women and has helped in the rise
of women and exposure of women related issues.
India is a place where there is diversity and pluralism. The highly diverse nature of our culture is
the uniting strength of India. Globalization to an extent acted as a unifying force but monitored access would
help India preserve its multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-caste society as a means to preserve its
diversity and plurality.

EXPLAIN
Explain: Give clear reasons to show what/how/why something is happening or has happened.
❖ UPSC PYQ: To what extent has globalisation influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain.
(UPSC, 2016)
❖ Remark: In the following answer to the above question, as per the directive i.e. ‘explain’, the extent of the
influence of globalisation is explained by showing the positive and negative ways of influence. Also,
appropriate examples too are given.

Q. To what extent globalization has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain. (150
words, 10 Marks)
Answer:

Approach:
❖ Introduction: Define globalization. Elaborate on cultural diversity in India.
❖ Body:
➢ Mention how globalization has affected the core aspects of Indian cultural diversity by its
homogenizing tendency.
➢ Then mention how globalization has also led to more awareness about our cultural diversity.
❖ Conclusion: Mention that globalization has both positive and negative effects on our cultural diversity
and it is up to us to boost our culture by using globalization as an aiding tool rather than being
subdued by it.

Globalization means growing interdependence and integration of economies, societies and cultures from
across the world. It is brought about by cross border trade of goods, services and technology and flow of
investment and people.
India is a culturally diverse nation. At the core of Indian culture lies few elements like family, language,
cuisine, caste and religion.
Globalization has impacted India‟s cultural diversity in both positive and negative ways:
❖ Reduced interests in one‟s own culture: Due to globalization and media hype of western culture,
awareness about one‟s own culture reduced. People are blindly copying features of western culture and
giving less importance to their own culture. Example: Celebrating Christian New Year but neglecting
the traditional Indian New Year (around April)
❖ Linguistic Homogenisation: English has come to dominate over regional dialects and minority
languages. This has resulted in more opportunities for Indians to freely work across the globe. But at the
same time, it has impacted the development of local languages, literature and in some cases complete
wipe-out of some local languages.
❖ Cultural homogenization: There is increasing „McDonaldization‟ of Indian food habits and increasing
interest in Western consumption goods. This has resulted in the loss of local artifacts, promotion of
western dressing, shift from local culinary habits etc.

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 ❖ Caste: Globalization has led to decreased emphasis on localized castes. Globalization has led to the rise
of lower castes by making them aware of their rights. Caste is a less relevant factor in raising one‟s
status in the society today.
❖ Nuclearization of family: Community affiliation reduced due to globalization as the person is more
concerned with one‟s own interests rather than the communities. Joint family system broke down due to
increase in economic migration and choice for individual space as part of globalization.
❖ Women empowerment: Globalization has attacked the discriminatory tendencies and patriarchal
mindset in India. It has helped in getting rid of practices derogatory to women and has helped in the rise
of women and exposure of women related issues.
❖ Resurgence of Traditions: Globalization has also led to a renewed interest in India's traditional culture
and values in recent times. There is a greater awareness among people about our traditions than a few
generations back. For example, the popularity of yoga, Ayurveda, and other forms of traditional medicine
has increased globally, leading to a renewed interest in India‟s ancient knowledge systems.
Globalization has impacted the core of India culture in multiple ways. While Globalization shook many of its
traditional tenets, there is a sense of revival of traditions using the means provided by globalization itself.
This would help India preserve its multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-caste society while being an active
part of the globalized world.

CONCLUSION
Answer writing is essential to preparing for the UPSC IAS mains exam. To perform well in the UPSC IAS
mains exam, it is vital to have a good grasp of the subject matter and convey your ideas clearly, concisely, and
persuasively.
Answer writing skills can be improved by practising regularly and following the tips outlined in this booklet,
such as providing comprehensive answers, utilising keywords, and presenting your answers well. Using
straightforward language and staying within the word limit specified by UPSC is crucial.
With these skills, you can excel in mains answer writing and increase your chances of performing well in the
IAS mains exam.
Keep Writing….!!!!!

“Practice makes perfect. After a long time of practising, our work will
become natural, skilful, swift, and steady.”
— Bruce Lee.

❖❖❖

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