lieuntb@hcmute.edu.

vn
Keywords
 CONTENTS

1 Introduction/ Giới thiệu

2 External forces/ Ngoại lực

3 Internal Force/Nội lực

4 Stress/ Ứng suất

5 Strain/ Biến dạng

 I. Introduction
1.1. Research missions

a. Reliability: độ bền
 I. Introduction

a. Reliability: độ bền
 I. Introduction

b. Stiffness: độ cứng
 I. Introduction

c. Stability: độ ổn định
 I. Introduction

1.2. Research subjects

 I. Introduction

1.2. Research subjects

 I. Introduction

1.2. Research subjects

 I. Introduction

1.2. Research subjects

* Classification of the bar:

+Straight bar

+Curved bar

+Plane bar

+ Dimensional bar
 I. Introduction
1.2. Research subjects
 I. Introduction

1.2. Research subjects

 II. External force

All external factors

of the environment
or of other objects
subject on the
research object
Wind, air.
The change of
temperature ∆t.
LOAD External
force SUPPORT REACTIONS

The active force, in that The passive force, generate

position, the properties at place that there is the
and value are known contact of the research
object and around object

14
 II. External force

2.1 Classification of loading

• + Concentrated Force
 II. External force

2.1 Classification of loading

+ Distributed Force
Body

Distributed Force
Loading

Surface
Taûi troïng phaân
boá
Q
q (s) Linear
distributed
 II. External force

+ Linear distributed load


q, [ Force] / [ Length ]

A B
L
 II. External force

+ Surface force p, [ Force] / [ Length]
2


p
 II. External force

γ , [ Force] / [ Length]
3
+ Body force

EX: Gravity force, inertial force, electromagnetic force,…

 II. External force
2.2 Type of connections
2.2.1 Smooth support

Free-body diagram

P P
NA
NB NC
 II. External force
2.2 Type of connections
2.2.1 Smooth support
 II. External force
2.2.1 Smooth support (Liên kết tựa)

Free-body diagram

NA NB
 II. External force
2.2.2 Roller support (Liên kết gối di động)

One unknown. The reaction is a force which acts perpendicular to

the surface at the point of contact.
 II. External force
2.2.2 Roller support (Liên kết gối di động)
 II. External force
2.2.3. Pin connection (Liên kết gối cố định, liên kết chốt, khớp xoay)

X
Y

X
Y
 II. External force
2.2.3. Pin connection
 II. External force
2.2.4 Fixed support (Liên kết ngàm)

A B
L
 II. External force
2.2.5. Cable (Liên kết dây)
 II. External force
2.2.6. Weigthless link (Liên kết thanh cứng)

II. External force

 II. External force

2.2.6. Weigthless link (Liên kết thanh cứng) FCB

XA
YA

FCB

FCB
 II. External force

2.2.6. Weigthless link (Liên kết thanh cứng)

XC

YC

FBA
FBA

FBA
 II. External force

2.2.6. Weigthless link (Liên kết thanh cứng)

FBD XA
YA

FBD

FBD
 II. External force

Equations of Equilibrium

∑ X (F ) = 0
k

∑ Y (F ) = 0
k

∑ Z (F ) = 0
k

∑ m (F ) = 0
x k

∑ m (F ) = 0
y k

∑ m (F ) = 0
z k
 II. External force

Problem. Determine support reaction at A and C of the bar AB shown

 II. External force

Problem. Determine support reaction of two bars AB and CD

 II. External force

Problem. Determine support reaction of bars bellow

III. Internal force

3.1. Definition
III. Internal force

3.2. Method of section

Determine the internal force: Using the method of section
III. Internal force

3.2. Method of section

1. Internal force only appears in the section

2. Internal force depends on the location of the sections,
each point on sections and external forces which
subjected to body.
3. Internal force balances to the external force acting on
the body.
III. Internal force

3.2. Method of section

N z : Normal Force
Qx , Qy : Shear Force
M x , M y : Bending moment
M z : Torsional moment
III. Internal force

3.2. Method of section

For the plane problem: 3 components of internal force

(yz plane) (xz plane) (xy plane)

N z , Qy , M x N z , Qx , M y Qx , Qy , M z
III. Internal force

The equations of equilibrium

P1
P2
 N z + ∑ Z ( Pi ) = 0
 Mz
Qy + ∑ Y ( Pi ) = 0 Mx
 z
Qx + ∑ X ( Pi ) = 0
x Q Nz
 My
 M x + ∑ mx ( Pi ) = 0 x


 M y + ∑ m y ( Pi ) = 0 Qy
y
M + m ( P ) =
 z ∑ z i 0 P3
III. Internal force

3.3. Sign convention

- Normal force Nz
Nz > 0 Nz < 0

Nz > 0 Nz < 0

- Shear force Q

Q>0 Q<0

Q>0 Q<0
III. Internal force

3.3. Sign convention

- Bending moment Mx
Mx > 0 Mx < 0

- Torsional moment Mz

Mz > 0 Mz > 0
III. Internal force
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section z

P P
P P

q q
z q z

Nz q
Nz

The equations of equilibrium

∑Z = N z + qz + P = 0
⇒ Nz =−qz − P
III. Internal force
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section z

Mz M
M

z
M Mz M

z z

The equations of equilibrium

∑m z = Mz − M = 0
⇒ Mz =
M
III. Internal force
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section z

π
P
P
z
z

y x
z P O1 Mx
z1
Qy
y
The equations of equilibrium
∑ Y =Q + P =⇒
0 Q =
y −P y

∑m = M + Pz =
o1 0⇒ M = − Pz
x 1 x 1
III. Internal force
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section z

P z1
P
z z x

y x
P My
z1 z
x O1 Qx
The equations of equilibrium
∑ X =Q + P =⇒0 Q =
x −P x

∑m = o1 0⇒ M =
− M − Pz = y − Pz
1 y 1
III. Internal force
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section z1

P q

z1

P q
z Mx
O1
y Qy

The equations of equilibrium

∑ Y =Q + P + qz =0 ⇒ Q =− P − qz
y 1 y 1
z z12
∑m = M + Pz + qz . =
o1 x
2
0⇒ M =1 − Pz1
1
x 1 −q
2
III. Internal force
Example. Determine internal force acting in the section A-A
P

z
A A Nz M y
x

P P

The equations of equilibrium

∑ Z = N − P =0 ⇒ N = P
z z

∑m = M + P.0, 65 =
C y 0⇒ M y − P.0, 65
=
III. Internal force

Problem. The hook is subjected to the force of 400 N. Determine

internal force acting in the section a-a.

400 N

10 mm
30 mm

12 mm
III. Internal force
Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section a-a, b-b
III. Internal force

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section A-B

III. Internal force

Problem. The offset link supports the loading of P =180 N, determine

internal force acting in the section a-a

a a
15mm
III. Internal force

Problem. The joint is subjected to a force of P = 80 lb and F = 0.

Determine internal force acting in the section a-a

Problem. The joint is subjected to a force of P = 80 lb and F = 120 lb.

Determine internal force acting in the section a-a
III. Internal force

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section A

III. Internal force

Problem. Determine internal force acting in the section a-a

III. Internal force
Problem. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at point
C.

20kN
III. Internal force
Problem. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at point
A, B and C.
III. Internal force
Problem. Determine the normal force, shear force, and moment at point
C and D.
III. Internal force
Problem. If the engine weighs 800lb, determine the internal normal
force, shear force, and moment at points F and H in the floor crane.
III. Internal force
Problem. The hook supports the 4-kN load. Determine the internal
normal force, shear force, and moment at point A.
IV. Stress

∆F – very small internal force acting on ∆A

∆Fx, ∆Fy, ∆Fz – components of ∆F in coordinates x, y, z

IV. Stress

4.1. Normal stress: The intensity of the force acting normal ∆Fz to ∆A
defined as the normal stress (Ứng suất pháp)

∆Fz dFz
=σ z lim
=
∆A→0 ∆A dA

4.2. Shear stress: The intensity of force acting tangent ∆Fx , ∆Fy to ∆A is
called the shear stress (Ứng suất tiếp/ Ứng suất cắt)

∆Fx dFx ∆Fy dFy

τ zx lim
= = τ zy lim
=
∆A→ 0 ∆A dA ∆A→ 0 ∆A dA
IV. Stress

4.3. General state of stress/ Trạng thái ứng suất

3 normal stress: σx, σy, σz

6 shear stress: τxy, τyx, τxz, τzx, τyz, τzy

4.4. Units: [force]/[length]2

kN/cm2 or Pa or Mpa or Gpa

1Pa = 1N/m2 ; 1Mpa = 106Pa; 1Gpa = 109Pa

IV. Stress

4.5. Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar

P
σz =
A
P – internal resultant normal force

A – cross-sectional area of the bar where σave is determined

IV. Stress

4.5. Average normal stress in an axially loaded bar

P
σz =
A
IV. Stress

Problem: Determine the average normal stress developed in rod AB if

the load has a mass of 50 kg. The diameter of rod AB is 8 mm.
IV. Stress

Problem: If the turnbuckle is subjected to an axial force of P = 4000N,

determine the average normal stress developed in section a–a and in each
of the bolt shanks at B and C. Each bolt shank has a diameter of 12 mm.
IV. Stress

Problem: The built-up shaft consists of a pipe AB and solid rod BC. The
pipe has an inner diameter of 20 mm and outer diameter of 28 mm. The
rod has a diameter of 12 mm. Determine the average normal stress at
points D and E and represent the stress on a volume element located at
each of these points.
IV. Stress

Problem: Determine the average normal stress in each of the 20mm

diameter bars of the truss. Set P = 40kN.

Problem: Determine the average shear stress developed in pin A of the truss. A horizontal force
of P = 40kN is applied to joint C. Each pin has a diameter of 25 mm and is subjected to double
shear.
IV. Stress

Problem: The bars of the truss each have a cross-sectional area of 3cm2.
Determine the average normal stress in each member due to the loading.

120cm

160cm 160cm
IV. Stress

Problem: The 2-Mg concrete pipe has a center of mass at point G. If it is

suspended from cables AB and AC, determine the average normal stress
developed in the cables. The diameters of AB and AC are 12 mm and 10
mm, respectively.
IV. Stress

4.6. Average shear stress

IV. Stress

4.6. Average shear stress

τ ave

Q
Q

Q
τ ave =
A

Q – internal resultant shear force on the section determined from the equations of
equilibrium

A – area at the section

IV. Stress

4.6. Average shear stress

Single Shear
Q=F

Q
d

Q 4F 4F
τ= = τ=
A πd2 nπ d 2
IV. Stress

4.6. Average shear stress

Double Shear F
Q=
2

Q
Q

Q F 2F 2F
τ= = = τ=
A 2A π d 2 nπ d 2
IV. Stress

4.7. Allowable stress

The factor of safety (F.S)

Ffail
F .S =
Fallow

Here: Ffail − the failure load (found from experimental testing of the
material)
Fallow − the allowable load.
P Q
We have: σ z = τ=
A A
σ fail τ fail
F .S = F .S =
σ allow τ allow
IV. Stress

Problem: The beam is supported by a pin at A and a short link BC. If P

= 15kN, determine the average shear stress developed in the pins at A, B,
and C. All pins are in double shear as shown, and each has a diameter of
18 mm.
IV. Stress

Problem: The jib crane is pinned at A and supports a chain hoist that can
travel along the bottom flange of the beam, 0,3m ≤ x ≤ 3,6m. If the hoist
is rated to support a maximum of 7000 N, determine the maximum
average normal stress in the 18mm-diameter tie rod BC and the
maximum average shear stress in the 15mm-diameter pin at B.
IV. Stress

Problem: Determine the maximum vertical force P that can be applied to

the bell crank so that the average normal stress developed in the 10-mm
diameter rod CD, and the average shear stress developed in the 6-mm
diameter double sheared pin B not exceed 175MPa and 75MPa,
respectively.
IV. Stress

Problem: The circular punch B exerts a force of 2 kN on the lop of the

plate A. Determine the average shear stress in the plate due to this
loading.
IV. Stress

Problem: Determine the average punching shear stress the circular shaft
creates in the metal plate through section AC and BD. Also, what is the
bearing stress developed on the surface of the plate under the shaft?
IV. Stress

Problem: The yoke-and-rod connection is subjected to a tensile force of

5 kN. Determine the average normal stress in each rod and the average
shear stress in the pin A between the members
V. Strain

5.1. Deformation: Biến dạng

F2 F3

F1 F4
V. Strain

5.2. Strain: Biến dạngF2 F3

F1 F4

5.2.1. Normal strain: Biến dạng dài

AB − A′B′
ε AB =
AB
V. Strain

5.2.2. Shear Strain: Biến dạng góc

π
γ= −θ ′
2
V. Strain

5.2.3. Displacement/Deflection: Chuyển vị

THANK
YOU!