MODEL - 1

Q # 1: MCQ's -------------- Solved in papers.

Q # 2: What do we mean by positive and negative sense virus?

A: Positive and negative sense RNA viruses are the two types of single-stranded RNA viruses
classified based on the type of genome. Positive sense RNA is also known as plus-strand or sense
strand while negative sense RNA is also known as minus-strand or antisense strand. The main
difference between positive and negative sense RNA virus is that positive sense RNA virus
consists of viral mRNA that can be directly translated into proteins whereas negative sense RNA
virus consists of viral RNA that is complementary to the viral mRNA.

Q # 3: Name the groups of viruses from Baltimore classification.

A: Viruses can be placed in one of the seven following groups:

i. dsDNA viruses (e.g., Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)

ii. ssDNA viruses (+) sense DNA (e.g., Parvoviruses)
iii. dsRNA viruses (e.g., Reoviruses)
iv. (+) ssRNA viruses (+) sense RNA (e.g., Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
v. (−) ssRNA viruses (−) sense RNA (e.g., Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)
vi. ssRNA-RT viruses (+) sense RNA with DNA intermediate in life cycle (e.g., Retroviruses)
vii. dsDNA-RT viruses (e.g., Hepadnaviruses)

Q # 4: Explain the autotrophic mode of nutrition in bacteria?

A: Autotrophic bacteria synthesize their own food. They derive energy from light or chemical
reactions. They utilize simple inorganic compounds like carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide,
etc. and convert them into organic compounds like carbohydrates, proteins, etc. to supplement
their energy requirements.

Q # 5: Explain the bacterial diseases in Man with their signs, symptoms,

treatment, and prevention?

A: Bacterial Disease Symptoms

Following are the major symptoms of bacterial diseases:

• Bloody and painful urine

• Irritability
• Diarrhea
• Vomiting and nausea
• Weakness
• Stiffness in neck
• Flu-like symptoms
• Rashes and lesions

Treatment of Bacterial Diseases in Humans

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics. Bactericidal medicines kill bacteria, whereas
bacteriostatic medicines inhibit the further growth of bacteria. Bacteriophages are also used to treat
certain bacterial infections. It is known as phage therapy.

Prevention of Bacterial Diseases

Managing and preventing bacterial diseases is much easier compared to viral diseases. Bacterial
diseases in humans can be prevented by maintaining proper hygiene. Bacterial diseases can be
prevented by taking the following measures:

• Timely vaccination.
• Use of surface disinfectants of bleach to kill pathogenic bacteria.
• Cooking food properly.
• Consuming hygienically prepared food.
• Proper sterilization of needles and other surgical equipment.
• Washing and sanitizing hands at regular intervals.
• Avoiding unprotected sexual intercourse.
• Be mindful and avoid going out in public places if infected.
• Avoid sharing personal items like toothbrushes, razors, soap, utensils, etc.

Q # 6: How animals are classified?

A: The levels of classification are domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.
Except for domain, this system of classification was developed by Linnaeus based on the
morphology (physical appearance) of animals.

Q # 7: Why flatworms are named so?

A: Phylum Platyhelminthes belongs to the Kingdom Animalia. These creatures are known as
flatworms because their bodies are flattened dorsoventrally.

Q # 8: List out the stages in holozoic nutrition?

A: It is a process which consists of 5 stages,

• Ingestion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Assimilation
 • Egestion

Q # 9: What are the health risks involved in Obesity?

A:

• All-causes of death (mortality).

• High blood pressure (hypertension).
• High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides.
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Coronary heart disease.
• Stroke.
• Gallbladder disease.
• Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint).
• Sleep apnea and breathing problems.
• Many types of cancer.
• Low quality of life.
• Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders.
• Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning.

Q # 10: What is inflammation?

A: Inflammation is an essential part of your body's healing process. It occurs when inflammatory
cells travel to the place of an injury or foreign body like bacteria.

Q # 11: Outline the harmful effects of fever.

A:

• Death
• Seizure
• Brain damage
• Dehydration
• Unknown
• Respiratory difficulty
• Decreased appetite
• Paralysis / Stroke
• Other

Q #12: Draw a flow chart for the passage of air from external nares to alveoli.

A:
Q # 13: Explain the lytic cycle of bacteriophage with labelled diagram.

A: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Bacteriophages may have a lytic cycle or a
lysogenic cycle, and a few viruses can carry out both.

Lytic Cycle

With lytic phages, bacterial cells are broken open (lysed) and destroyed after immediate replication
of the virion. As soon as the cell is destroyed, the phage progeny can find new hosts to infect. An
example of a lytic bacteriophage is T4, which infects E. coli found in the human intestinal tract.
Lytic phages are more suitable for phage therapy.

Some lytic phages undergo a phenomenon known as lysis inhibition, where completed phage
progeny will not immediately lyse out of the cell if extracellular phage concentrations are high.
Q # 14: What are protobionts? Discuss their relationship with prokaryotes.

A: A protobiont is defined as an aggregate of abiotically produced organic molecules surrounded

by non-unit membrane.

The probionts were the first cell that transformed into the first prokaryotic organism through
gradual improvement in growth, reproduction, and metabolism.

Q # 15: Differentiate between invest bracts consoles and vertebrates.

A:

Q # 16: State and explain the process of digestion in Amoeba.

A: Amoeba shows holozoic nutrition. It means that the Amoeba consumes the whole food through
endocytosis and digests the food inside the cell within the food vacuole. The digestion process can
be described as:

1. Ingestion- Amoeba moves towards the food by making pseudopodia. The pseudopodia
surround the food particle and fuses to form the food vacuole, which is then taken inside the
cytoplasm.
2. Digestion- The food vacuole is combined with lysosomes that contain hydrolytic enzymes.
These enzymes perform the breakdown of food particles.
3. Absorption- The digested food is then absorbed directly into the cytoplasm from where it will
be distributed to the different organelles.
4. Assimilation- The absorbed food is used for the generation of energy. The excess amount is
stored in the form of glycogen and lipids in the cytoplasm.
5. Excretion- The undigested food in the food vacuole is excreted out of the cell as the food
vacuole fuses with the cell membrane and performs exocytosis.

Q # 17: What is inflammation? Why is it developed and how it is controlled?

A: Definition

Inflammation is an essential part of your body's healing process. It occurs when inflammatory cells
travel to the place of an injury or foreign body like bacteria.

Cause

Your immune system sends out its first responders: inflammatory cells and cytokines (substances
that stimulate more inflammatory cells).

These cells begin an inflammatory response to trap bacteria and other offending agents or start
healing injured tissue. The result can be pain, swelling, bruising or redness.

Control

Inflammation does not always require treatment. For acute inflammation, rest, ice and good wound
care often relieve the discomfort in a few days.

MODEL - 2

Q # 1: MCQ's -------------- Solved in papers.

Q # 2: What are the symptoms of AIDS?

A: Symptoms of AIDS can include:

• Rapid weight loss

• Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
• Extreme and unexplained tiredness
• Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
• Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
• Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
• Pneumonia
• Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth, nose, or eyelids
• Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders.

Q # 3: What are the prevention and control of AIDS?

A:

• Get tested for HIV.

• Choose less risky sexual behaviors.
• Use condoms every time you have sex.
• Limit your number of sexual partners.
• Get tested and treated for Sexually Transmitted Diseases.
• Talk to your health care provider about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
• Do not inject drugs.

Q # 4: What is the domain of classification?

A: In biology, a domain refers to the largest of all groups in the classification of life. There are
currently 3 agreed groups at this level, the Archaea domain, Bacteria domain, and Eukarya domain.
Each domain contains a collection of organisms with similar properties and evolutionary histories,
as scientists have organized them.

Q # 5: Differentiate between cartilaginous fishes and bony fishes.

A:

Q # 6: Why echinoderms are placed bilateral when adults are radially symmetrical?

A: Although the echinoderms show both radial and bilateral symmetry in their life cycle, they are
classified as bilaterally symmetric and not radially symmetric because they are evolved from
bilaterally symmetrical organisms.

Q # 7: What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A: Anorexia nervosa is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease but treatable eating
disorder. It's characterized by extreme food restriction and an intense fear of gaining weight.

Q # 8: What are LUB and DUB?

A: This sound comes from the valves shutting on the blood inside the heart. The first sound (the
lub) happens when the mitral and tricuspid valves close. The next sound (the dub) happens when
the aortic and pulmonary valves close after the blood has been squeezed out of the heart.

Q # 9: Why does blood flow faster in arteries?

A: The arteries have thicker smooth muscle and connective tissue than the veins to accommodate
the higher pressure and speed of freshly pumped blood.

Q # 10: List out the way of second line of defense.

A: The second line of defense is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect
the body. This is the immune system.

Neutrophils: These cells primarily attack bacteria.

T helper cells: These cells are like the bosses. They give instructions to other cells by producing
signals.

Cytotoxic (killer) T cells: These are killer cells.

Macrophages: Macrophage means ‘big eater’. These cells ‘eat’ (ingest) or clean up the mess of
dead cells.

Dendritic cells: These cells are like spies. They notice any invader.

B cells: These produce antibodies, which lock onto the antigen of invading bacteria and
immobilize them until the macrophage consumes them.

Suppressor T cells: When the infection is gone, the immune system needs to be calmed down.

Q # 11: What is inflammation?

A: Model-1 Q # 10.

Q # 12: Why does the rate of breathing increase in human beings?

A: When you exercise and your muscles work harder, your body uses more oxygen and produces
more carbon dioxide. To cope with this extra demand, your breathing must increase from about 15
times a minute (when you are resting), to about 40–60 times a minute during exercise.

Q # 13: Explain the life cycle of HIV with labelled diagram.

A: HIV attacks and destroys the CD4 cells (CD4 T lymphocyte) of the immune system. CD4 cells
are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in protecting the body from infection. HIV
uses the machinery of the CD4 cells to multiply and spread throughout the body. This process,
which is carried out in seven steps or stages, is called the HIV life cycle. Those processes are:

1. Binding
2. Fusion
3. Reverse transcription
4. Integration
5. Replication
6. Assembly
7. Budding

Q # 14: Explain the bacterial diseases in Man with their signs, symptoms,
treatment, and prevention?

A: Model-1 Q # 5.

Q # 15: What are the extreme conditions Archae called?

A: Archaea are a group of micro-organisms that are like, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria.

Many archaea have been found living in extreme environments, for example at high pressures, salt
concentrations or temperatures. These types of organisms are called extremophiles. Their cell wall
differs in structure from that of bacteria and is thought to be more stable in extreme conditions,
helping to explain why some archaea can live in many of the most hostile environments on Earth.

Examples of archaea habitats are boiling hot springs and geysers such as those found in Yellow
Stone Park, USA, and ice such as the Arctic and Antarctic oceans, which remain frozen for
most of the year.

Q # 16: Write down the evolutionary adaptation of phylum Annelida.

A: An important evolutionary development in annelids, that is not obvious when you see the
animal from the outside, is the presence of a well-developed coelom, or body cavity. Along with
mollusks, annelids are among the first animals to have a coelom. A coelom is a fluid-filled body
cavity that is lined with mesodermal tissue. The coelom provides a space within the organism for
internal organs to attach and develop. The fluid within the cavity acts as a type of shock absorber
to prevent damage to internal organs when the organism moves around.

Another important role for the coelom of invertebrates is to provide an internal support system.
This is called a hydrostatic skeleton. The pressure of the fluid inside of the cavity acts as a
counterforce for muscle contractions, allowing the animal to move efficiently without the help of
an internal bony skeleton. It also allows the animal to maintain its shape.

It was not until the evolution of the well-developed coelom, seen in most annelids, that the full
potential of this cavity was realized.

Q # 17: State and explain the role of accessory glands associated with our gut.

A: The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the digestive tract, but they have a role in
digestive activities and are considered accessory organs.

Liver

The liver is located primarily in the right hypochondriac and epigastric regions of the abdomen,
just beneath the diaphragm. It is the largest gland in the body. Liver functions include the
following:

• Secretion
• Synthesis of bile salts
• Synthesis of plasma protein
• Storage
• Detoxification
• Excretion
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Lipid metabolism
• Protein metabolism
• Filtering

Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac that is attached to the visceral surface of the liver by the cystic
duct. The principal function of the gallbladder is to serve as a storage reservoir for bile. Bile salts
act as emulsifying agents in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Pancreas

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine portion consists of the
scattered islets of Langerhans, which secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.
The exocrine portion is a major part of the gland. It consists of pancreatic acinar cells that secrete
digestive enzymes into tiny ducts interwoven between the cells.

MODEL - 3

Q # 1: MCQ's -------------- Solved in papers.

Q # 2: Discuss the living and nonliving status of virus.

A: Viruses are considered as something between living and non-living because they do not grow
or reproduce by themselves. This makes them non-living. However, when a virus enters a living
cell of an organism, it obtains energy from the host cell and starts reproducing. This makes them
a living organism.

Q # 3: Name the groups of viruses from Baltimore classification.

A: Model-1 Q # 3.

Q # 4: What are protobionts?

A: A protobiont is defined as an aggregate of abiotically produced organic molecules surrounded

by non-unit membrane.

Q # 5: Why Protostomes are named so?

A: The protostomes were so named because it used to be thought that in their embryos the dent
formed the mouth while the anus was formed later, at the opening made by the other end of the gut.

Q # 6: Why do higher animals need circulatory system?

A: Higher animals need circulatory system because complex organisms use the circulatory system
to carry gases, nutrients, and waste through the body.

Q # 7: Distinguish between single and double circulation.

A:

Q # 8: Draw labelled diagram of Human Respiratory system.

A:
Q # 9: What are the symptoms of AIDS?

A: Model-2 Q # 2.

Q # 10: Explain the economic importance of bacteria.

A: Bacteria are economically important in sewage treatment, the breakdown of oil spills, the
production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper,
and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology and in the manufacture of
antibiotics and other chemicals.

Q # 11: How bacteria increase soil fertility? Give an example.

A: Rhizobium is an example of a symbiotic bacterium that attaches to the roots of leguminous

plants, and it increases soil fertility by converting atmospheric nitrogen into organic compounds.

Q # 12: Why diploblastic animals are different from the triploblastic?

A: The key difference between diploblastic and triploblastic animals is that diploblastic animals
produce two germ layers excluding mesoderm and triploblastic animals produce all three germ
layers, i-e: endoderm, ectoderm, and the mesoderm.

Q # 13: Explain the Pathogenicity and economic losses caused by viruses to the humans.

A: Pathogenicity refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease (i.e., harm the host). This
ability represents a genetic component of the pathogen and the overt damage done to the host is a
property of the host-pathogen interactions.

Q # 14: Q: Why are sponges placed in animal kingdom when they lack tissue organization?
Q # 15: Write down the general characters of phylum Arthropoda.

A:
Q # 16: Describe the structure of blood vessels in man.

A: Blood vessels are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues.
The vessels make up two closed systems of tubes that begin and end at the heart. Based on their
structure and function, blood vessels are classified as either arteries, capillaries, or veins.

Arteries

Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low oxygen
content from the right ventricle to the lungs. Systemic arteries transport oxygenated blood from
the left ventricle to the body tissues. Blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries
that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries until the branching results in microscopic
arteries called arterioles.

Capillaries

Capillaries, the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the connection between the
vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the heart
(veins). The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and
tissue cells.

Veins

Veins carry blood toward the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the smallest
veins, called venules. From the venules, it flows into progressively larger and larger veins until it
reaches the heart.

Q # 17: Describe the three ways in which carbon dioxide can be transported?

A: Carbon-dioxide is transported in 3 processes:

1. About 5 to 8 percent of carbon dioxide is transported by dissolving in the blood plasma.

2. Carbon-dioxide binds to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a blood
pigment found in red blood cell that helps in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the
blood.
3. Most of the carbon-dioxide (70-75 percent) is transported in the form of bicarbonate ions.

MODEL - 4

Q # 1: MCQ's -------------- Solved in papers.

Q # 2: How does bacteriophage virus infect bacteria?

A: A phage attaches to a bacterium and injects its DNA into the bacterial cell. The bacterium then
turns into a phage factory, producing as many as 100 new phages before it bursts, releasing the
phages to attack more bacteria. This means that phages can grow much more quickly than bacteria.
Q # 3: What is reverse transcription?

A: The process in cells by which an enzyme makes a copy of DNA from RNA is called
reverse transcription.

Q # 4: Explain the photosynthetic mechanism in bacteria.

A:

Q # 5: Why echinoderms are placed bilateral when adults are radially symmetrical?

A: A: Model-2 Q # 6.

Q # 6: How stomach itself is protected against the strong HCl?

A: The mucus covers the stomach wall with a protective coating. Together with the bicarbonate,
this ensures that the stomach wall itself is not damaged by the hydrochloric acid.

Q # 7: Point out the ways through which the internal surface area of the small intestine is
increased?

A: The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is increased by plicae circulares,
villi, and microvilli.

Q # 8: Differentiate between NK cells and TC cells.

A:
 Q # 9: State and explain the sac like gut with suitable example.

A: The stomach is a sac-like organ with strong muscular walls. In addition to holding food, it
serves as the mixer and grinder of food. The stomach secretes acid and powerful enzymes that
continue the process of breaking the food down and changing it to a consistency of liquid or paste.

Q # 10: Why does blood flow faster in arteries?

A: Model-2 Q # 9.

Q # 11: List out any six biochemical barriers.

A:

i. Saliva
ii. Tears
iii. Mucous
iv. Gastric Juice
v. Sweat
vi. Breast milk

Q # 12: Explain the bacterial diseases in Man with their signs, symptoms,
treatment, and prevention?

A: Model-1 Q # 5.

Q # 13: What are mammals? Name its sub classes. Give the characters and example of each
sub class.

A: Mammal, any member of the group of vertebrate animals in which the young are nourished
with milk from special mammary glands of the mother.

Classification Of Mammals

Mammalia has the largest class in the animal kingdom. Based on their reproduction, they are
classified into three subclasses:

• Eutheria
• Metatheria
• Prototheria

Eutheria

Mammals under this subclass give birth to young ones. The young ones are developed inside the
mother and derive nutrition through the placenta from the mother. E.g.: Elephants, Rats, Cows etc.
Metatheria

Mammals belonging to this sub-class give birth to immature young ones, hence they stay in their
mother’s pouch until they mature. For e.g., Marsupials and Kangaroos, Microbiotheria, Colocolo,
New world opossum, Dasyurids, Bandicoots, South American rat opossum.

Prototheria

Also known as Monotremes, the sub-class Prototheria consists of egg-laying mammals. E.g.: Lion,
Tiger, Dog, Kangaroo, Koala, Womba, Chimpanzee, Gorilla, Monkey, Squirrel, Mouse,
Porcupine, Dolphins, Whales, Seal, Walrus, Sea-lion etc.

Q # 14: Explain the process of digestion and absorption of food in small intestine.

A:

Small intestine digestion:

1. The chyme formed within the stomach moves into the small intestine for the final stage of
digestion.
2. The chyme is treated with the bile juice released from the gall bladder which helps to emulsify
the fat and make it easier for the enzymes to break it down.
3. The glands around the small intestine pour their secretions within the small intestine where the
breakdown activity takes place.
4. The pancreas secretes the pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like lipase, trypsin, and
chymotrypsin.
5. Lipase breaks down the fat globules and trypsin and chymotrypsin work on polypeptides and
converts them to single units of amino acids.
6. Once all this digestion is complete the small intestine walls having villi help in the absorption
of this food.

Absorption of food in the small intestine:

1. The small intestine is divided into three sections: the duodenum (the shortest portion near the
stomach), the jejunum (the middle section), and the ileum (the end portion of the small intestine
which involves the absorption of remaining products).
2. The presence of small finger-like projections called villi in the duodenum aids in food
absorption.
3. Jejunum has an enterocyte cell lining that digest small nutrients with the help of digestive
enzymes.
4. The ileum aids in the absorption of bile salts, vitamin B12, and other byproducts.
5. The hormones cholecystokinin and secretin are produced in the small intestine, and together
with digestive enzymes and juices, they result in food absorption and digestion.
6. Three types of nutrients are digested in the small intestine: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Q # 15: Distinguish between single and double circulation.

A: Model-3 Q # 7.

Q # 16: Discuss the structural features of antibodies. How it is helpful in getting rid of
pathogenic organisms?

A: Following are some of the key structural features of antibody:

• Binds to pathogens.
• Activates the immune system in case of bacterial pathogens.
• Directly attacks viral pathogens.
• Assists in phagocytosis.
• Antibodies provide long-term protection against pathogens because it persists for years after
the presence of the antigen.
• It neutralizes the bacterial toxins and binds the antigen to enhance its efficiency.
• They also act as the first line of defense for mucosal surfaces.
• They ingest cells by phagocytosis.
• Few antibodies bind the antigen present on the pathogens. These aggregates the pathogen and
they remain in secretions. When the secretion is expelled out, the antigen is also expelled.

Antibodies are proteins made by the body's natural defense system (immune system) to fight
foreign substances, such as bacteria. Antibodies attach themselves to the foreign substance,
allowing other immune system cells to attack and destroy the substance.

• The first time a person is exposed to a type of bacteria, fungus, or virus, the immune system
makes antibodies to that specific organism.
• Some of these antibodies remain in the immune system after they have attacked and destroyed
the bacteria, fungus, or virus.
• If a person is exposed to the bacteria, fungus, or virus again, the immune system will
"remember" the first exposure. It will quickly reactivate its antibodies and destroy the organism
again.
• These antibodies often protect a person from becoming ill when exposed to bacteria, fungus,
or virus again. This is called immunity.

MODEL - 5

Q # 1: MCQ's -------------- Solved in papers.

Q # 2: List out the way of Second line of defense.

A: Model-2 Q # 10.

Q # 3: How does a virus survive without a host? Discuss.

A:

Q # 4: What are the symptoms of AIDS?

A: Model-2 Q # 2.

Q # 5: Explain the bacterial diseases in Man with their signs, symptoms,

treatment, and prevention?

A: Model-1 Q # 5.

Q # 6: Why N2 is included in mineral nutrient, although it is not mineral?

A: Nitrogen is included in minerals because it is the main constituent of plants because in plants
it is converted into amino acids and then amino acids are used for different metabolic activities.

Q # 7: How annual rings are formed?

A: BOTANY Model-2 Q # 9.

Q # 8: What are growth regulators? (BOTANY Model-2 Q # 16)

A: Plant growth regulators are the chemical substances which govern all the factors of
development and growth within plants.

Q # 9: List out four autoimmune disorders of man.

A:

• Dermatomyositis.
• Graves’ disease.
• Hashimoto thyroiditis.
• Multiple sclerosis.

Q # 10: Enlist the role of large intestine.

A: The large intestine has 3 primary functions:

• Absorbing water and electrolytes,
• Producing and absorbing vitamins, and
• Forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.

Q # 11: What are the health risks involved in Obesity?

A: Model-1 Q # 9.

Q # 12: What are LUB and DUB?

A: Model-2 Q # 8.

Q # 13: Give an account of exchange of gases in plants.

A: BOTANY Model-2 Q # 15.

Q # 14: State and explain the process of digestion in Amoeba.

A: Model-1 Q # 16.

Q # 15: Explain the unedifying mechanism of fever. State and explain protective role as well
as harmful effects.

A: Book Pg # 305

Q # 16: What is the mechanism of inspiration and expiration?

A:

Process of Inspiration

Inspiration is the phase of ventilation in which air enters the lungs. It is initiated by contraction of
the inspiratory muscles:

Diaphragm – flattens, extending the superior/inferior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

External intercostal muscles – elevates the ribs and sternum, extending the anterior/posterior
dimension of the thoracic cavity.

The action of the inspiratory muscles results in an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
As the lungs are held against the inner thoracic wall by the pleural seal, they also undergo an
increase in volume.

Process of Expiration

Expiration is the phase of ventilation in which air is expelled from the lungs. It is initiated by
relaxation of the inspiratory muscles:
Diaphragm – relaxes to return to its resting position, reducing the superior/inferior dimension of
the thoracic cavity.

External intercostal muscles – relax to depress the ribs and sternum, reducing the
anterior/posterior dimension of the thoracic cavity.

The relaxation of the inspiratory muscles results in a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
The elastic recoil of the previously expanded lung tissue allows them to return to their original size.

Q # 17: What are mammals? Name its sub classes. Give the characters and example of each
sub class.

A: Model-4 Q # 13.