Beray Edited For Printing

Republic of the Philippines
Philippine Public Safety College

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY
Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
POLICE DISCIPLINARY MEASURES

ON POLICE MISCONDUCT
A Thesis
Presented To the Faculty Of The
Philippine National Police Academy
In Partial Fulfillment Of The

Requirements For The Degree
Bachelor Of Science In Public Safety
by
Cdt 2C KIEFER DEAN D. BERAY

Cdt 2C KLARENZ D. CHAVEZ
Cdt 2C REDEN P. MALABANAN
March 2014
LAKANDULA CLASS 2015

Camp Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled, “POLICE DISCIPLINARY MEASURES ON POLICE

MISCONDUCT”, prepared and submitted by Cdt 2C KIEFER DEAN D. BERAY,
Cdt 2C KLARENZ D. CHAVEZ and Cdt 2C REDEN P. MALABANAN, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Public
Safety, is hereby recommended for oral examination.
MARINELIA TORREA
Adviser
Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Public Safety, with a grade of ______.
MINA R. IMPORTANTE, MPSA

Chairman
JUDE THADDEUS I. BARTOLOME JOSEFINA S. RESURRECCION

Member Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN PUBLIC SAFETY.
MINA R. IMPORTANTE, MPSA

Dean of Academics
March 2014
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to express their deepest appreciation and gratitude
to the following persons who had significantly contributed to this research
undertaking.
To PCSUPT NOEL GECANO CONSTANTINO, for giving an opportunity
to conduct this research.
To DR. EDILBERTO A. LAGUNDA for imparting his knowledge to improve
and develop the academics proficiency of the cadets of the Philippine National
Police Academy.
To Miss MINA R. IMPORTANTE for her support and guidance in the
conduct of the study.
To PSUPT MARVIN JOE CHIDAY SARO and the police personnel of
Calamba City Police Office for their generous support and cooperation for the
conduct of this study.
To the respondents for the patience and cooperation in giving their time
for the conduct of the study and to other people who helped us for the success of
the study.
Most of all, to the Almighty for giving us strength, guidance, protection,
knowledge and patience for the success of the study, thank you so much.
iii
ABSTRACT
Title : Police Disciplinary Measures on Police Misconduct
Researchers : Cdt 2c Kiefer Dean D. Beray

Cdt 2c Klarenz D. Chavez
Cdt 2c Reden P. Malabanan
Institution : Philippine National Police Academy
Adviser :
Police misconduct in the police organization has been a problem. Some
police officers are not observing the right way in the performance of their duty
and this often lead to misconducts. Hence, this study was conducted to assess
the factors resulting to police misconduct and its disciplinary measures.
Specifically, the study sought to determine the profile of the respondents, the
extent of the influence of the factors to public cooperation on police misconduct,
and significant difference among the respondents’ assessment on the influence
of the factors to addressing police misconduct.
A descriptive research design was used in the study. A stratified random
sampling was employed in the study. Ten police officers and 20 community
residents served as the respondents of the study. It was hypothesized that there
is no significant difference in the respondents’ assessment on the influence of the
factors to police misconduct. Data were generated from secondary sources and
through the conduct of a survey, using a structured questionnaire.
Results revealed that the police respondents disagreed with the
information about police misconduct and agreed to the law-abiding side of the
iv
police. The civilian respondents agreed to the information about the misconducts
of the policemen but some civilian respondents also disagree with the study on
police misconduct.
Furthermore, the findings of the study showed that the police respondents
were not convinced with the study and the civilian respondents were somehow
enlightened with the study of police misconduct.
In the light of the findings of the study, the conclusions are as follows:
1. The respondents have different assessment on police disciplinary
measures against police misconduct. In terms of activity type, the
civilian respondents agree on police involvement and protection of
illegal activities like accepting payment from operators of illegal
establishment such as brothels, casinos, or drug dealers to protect
them from law enforcement and keep them in operation. The police
respondents disagree on the use of excessive force usually
physical but potentially in forms of verbal attacks and psychological
intimidation. In terms of reason for involvement, the civilian
respondents moderately agree on the lack of proper training and
orientation on law enforcement to policemen while the police
respondents disagree on policemen getting more related
opportunities in being involved in illegal activities. In terms of effects
to community, the civilian respondents agree that conflicts between
the community and police will likely happen and cooperation of the
police and community will deteriorate. The police respondents
v
disagree that it will destroy the reputation of the police organization.
2. There is a significant difference in the respondent’s assessment on
police disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of
activity type, reasons for involvement and effects to the community.
3. The recommendations proposed to solve police disciplinary
measures against police misconduct gained the same assessment
from the respondents. In terms of activity type, the respondents
agreed on the recommendation that policemen should refrain from
receiving bribery from business operators involved in illegal
activities in exchange for protection. In terms of reason for
involvement, the respondents agreed on the recommendation that
the PNP should conduct seminars and training for their personnel
regarding proper law enforcement work and focus on community
related activities to build up the relationship of the police and the
community. In terms of effects to community, the respondents
agreed on the recommendation that there will be a great
cooperation between the police and the community in terms of
peace and order.
4. There is no significant difference on the respondent’s assessment
on the recommendations to improve police disciplinary measures
on police misconduct because both respondents agree on the
recommendations.
5. The action plan is to enhance knowledge and skills of policemen in
vi
the proper procedure of police investigation by conducting seminar
incorporated with drills to acquire knowledge and skills on proper
police procedure and investigation, build up police and community
relationship and promoting a clean community by conducting clean
up drives with the community to promote concerns to the
surroundings and to involve and utilize the community in promoting
peace and order.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1

Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 2
Conceptual Framework 11
Statement of the Problem 13
Statement of the Hypothesis 14
Significance of the Study 14
Scope and Delimitation 16
Definition of Terms 18
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 19

Foreign Literature and Related Studies 19
Local Literature and Related Studies 24
Relevance of Related Literature and Studies 40
Synthesis of the Study 41
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 43
Research Design 43
Sources of Data 44
Population and Sampling Procedure 45
Data Gathering Procedure 49
Instrumentation 50
Analysis of Data 50
4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF 53

DATA
Respondents’ Assessment on Topic 53

Test of Significant Difference in Respondents’ 63
Assessment on Topic
Proposed Recommendations to Enhance Topic 66
Test of Significant Difference in Proposed 74
Recommendations to Enhance Topic
Interview Results and Analysis 77
viii
Action Plan 78
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 81

Summary of Findings 81
Conclusions 82
Recommendations 85
BIBLIOGRAPHY 86
APPENDICES
Letter of Request To Conduct Survey 88
Letter of Request To The Respondents Of The Study 89
Survey Questionnaire Used In The Study 90
Interview Guide Utilized In The Study 95
Photographs Taken During The Survey And Interview 96
Proper
CURRICULUM VITAE 97
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
1 Distribution Of The Respondents 46
2 Profile Of The Respondents According To Age 47
3 Profile Of The Respondents According To Gender 48
4 Profile Of The Respondents According To Educational 48

Attainment
5 Respondents’ Assessment On Police Disciplinary 54

Measures On Police Misconduct, In Terms Of Activity
Type.

Measures On Police Misconduct, In Terms Of Reasons
For Involvement.

Measures On Police Misconduct, In Terms Of Effects To
Community.
8 The Summary Of Respondent’s Assessment On Police 62

Disciplinary MeasuresOn Police Misconduct
9 Test Of Significant Difference In The Assessment Of The 63

Two Groups Of Respondents On Police Disciplinary
Measures On Police Misconduct In Terms Of Activity Type

Measures On Police Misconduct In Terms Of Reasons For
x
Involvement
Measures On Police Misconduct In Terms Of Effects To
Community
12 Proposed Recommendations On Police Disciplinary 67
Measures On Police Misconduct In Terms Of Activity Type

Measures On Police Misconduct In Terms Of Reasons For
Involvement

Measures On Police Misconduct In Terms Of Effects To
Community
15 Summary Of Proposed Recommendations On Police 73

Disciplinary Measures On Police Misconduct
16 Test Of Significant Difference In The Proposed 75

Recommendations Of The Two Groups Of Respondents
On Police Disciplinary Measures On Police Misconduct In
Terms Of Activity Type

Terms Of Reasons For Involvement

Terms Of Effects To Community
19 The Action Plan Of The Study 80
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Conceptual Paradigm 12
xii
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
In police parlance, the ultimate duty of a policeman is to enforce the
law, to safeguard lives and property, to serve and protect the constitutional
rights of the people and most of all to fight crime and bring all lawbreakers to
justice. In the streets, if we see a policeman we are confident and the feeling
of security is with us because we are assured of his presence. Policemen are
expected to be honest, loyal, courageous, and peace loving. They are called
upon in times of security and emergency.
Today, the police organization is criticized because of abuses, illegal
activities and criminal acts done by some policemen. This resulted in the
deterioration of the relationship between the people and the police. The trust,
cooperation, and harmonious relationship disappeared. Crime rates also rose
because of the crimes done by some policemen. Instead of fighting crime, the
police are committing crime.
In the Philippines alone, crime rates are the result of crimes done by the
police. Policemen run organized crimes and protect criminals. An example of
these is the illegal drugs trade. Instead of arresting drug pushers, they make
money from them by setting them free and even providing security and
assurance for them. In return,drug pushers keep on selling illegal drugs to give
money to the policemen who depend on them. This illegal trade has long been
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE ACADEMY 2
an activity for the police. It is difficult to stop this problem because the
policemen who are responsible to stop it are the one who are responsible.
Most policemen who commit offenses are low ranked. Most of them are
rookie cops who are new to the organization. They are the most exposed and
sensitive to illegal business. High-ranking officials are also involved in graft
and corruption. Many senior police officials are already indicted for many
offenses mostly because of corruption. This affects the work performance of
their subordinates. The PNP has implemented changes and procedures to
change the quality of their policemen and to bring back the trust and
cooperation of the community. They considered screening and evaluating all
interested applicants who are interested in entering the police work. This made
the police organization more effective in fulfilling their duties and
responsibilities.
Theoretical Framework
The present study is anchored upon the following theories::
The self - control theory states that individuals with high self control will
be substantially less likely at all periods of life to engage in criminal acts, while
those with low self control are highly like to commit crime. Low self - control
can be counteracted by circumstances and therefore does not require crime.
Walter Reckless proposed the “containment theory” of delinquency and
crimes. His theory was built on the same concept of internal and external
control, which Reckless termed, “inner” and “outer” containment. Reckless

went beyond this, however, to include factors that motivate youth to commit
delinquent acts. The basic proposition will produce delinquent behavior unless
they are counteracted by inner and outer containment is weak, crime and
delinquency are to be expected.
Akers’ social learning theory posits that peer associations, attitudes,
reinforcement, and modeling are predictors of delinquency and crime in general.
With this article, we seek to determine if the theory can account for police
deviance. Data from a random sample of Philadelphia police officers are used to
examine how officer attitudes and perceptions of peer behavior are related to
citizen complaints of police misconduct. Findings suggest that social learning
theory provides a useful explanation of police misconduct. Police misconduct
rears its ugly head in American cities several times each decade when a high
profile case exposes the often hidden phenomenon. Certain forms of police
abuse are considered to be among the most serious human rights violations
(Human Rights Watch 1998). However, there is a lack of data on the extent of
police misconduct, brutality, and corruption. Although there are no national level
statistics on the extent of police deviance, it is likely that virtually every police
department has witnessed some type of police corruption or scandal (Kappeler et
al. 1998; McCafferty, Souryal, and McCafferty 1998).
Policing is a unique occupation with features that contribute to the
opportunity for deviant behavior (Barker 1977; Reiss 1971). Police officers enjoy
many freedoms that are not accorded to regular citizens, such as speeding,
using deadly force, and seizing property. Not only does the occupation provide

many opportunities for deviance, but it also provides justifications if the behavior
is questioned. More- over, deviant officers are unlikely to be detected because of
loose supervision and the fact that officers often work in isolation from public
observation.
Police misconduct has been defined in many ways and the term has been
used to describe many different actions, including drug using and selling,
brutality, and protection of illegal activity, insubordination, and neglect of duty. In
this study, we focus on accepting gifts and meals from the public, opportunistic
theft, and the use of excessive force.
According to Alpert and Dunham (1997), acceptance of meals and gifts is
the most common and most extensive form of police corruption (see Barker and
Roebuck 1973). Many cities actually allow officers to accept free or discount
meals. It is often accepted behavior when it is an act of gratitude toward the
police, but sometimes the motive is to buy protection from the police. In other
words, some businesses offer free items or services in expectation for quicker
response times and extra protection from the police (Alpert and Dunham
1997:134).
Alpert and Dunham (1997; but see Barker and Roebuck 1973) describe
‘‘opportunistic theft’’ as a result of situations that provide unusual opportunities
for theft. For example, the police are likely the first respondents to a burglary call.
When belongings or merchandise have already been taken illegally, the
opportunity presents itself to steal something and blame it on the burglary.

Another example is taking money or drugs from drug dealers and failing to report
it to the police department.
The term excessive force is used to describe ‘‘force that exceeds what is
objectively reasonable and necessary in the circumstances confronting the officer
to subdue a person’’ (Human Rights Watch, p4). Police officers are to use force
only when necessary and only to the extent required for the performance of their
duty. It includes, but is not limited to, unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal
chokings, and rough treatment (Human Rights Watch 1998; Article 3 of the U.N.
Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officers).
Although useful documentation of police deviance has occurred,
researchers and practitioners continue to struggle in developing a
comprehensive theoretical picture of police misconduct. Previous attempts have
viewed police misconduct as a product of the authoritarian personality (Adorno
1950; Niederhoffer 1967), individual deviance (i.e., the ‘‘bad apple approach’’)
(Sherman 1974), organizational or group deviance (Hickman et al. 2001;
Langworthy 1986; Lundman 1980; Wilson 1968), a social ecological
phenomenon (Kane 2002; Klinger 1997), the breakdown of deterrence and rise
of impulsivity (Pogarsky and Piquero 2003), and the larger police subculture and
occupational socialization (Bayley and Mendelsohn 1969; Herbert 1998;
Neiderhoffer 1967; Stoddard 1995; Van Maanen 1978).
This article analyzes police misconduct from a unique theoretical base.
We believe that the social psychological behaviorist approach of Akers’ social

learning theory provides a unique theoretical lens through which to view police
misconduct. Herein, we examine how officer attitudes and perceptions of peer
attitudes and ideas about the likelihood of punishment influence officially
documented citizen complaints.
Prior Research on Citizen Complaints
Little is known about the extent of police misconduct. This is largely due to
a lack of accurate reporting of police misconduct incidents, and to the fact that
misconduct, in general, is a relatively rare event. One of the ways it has been
measured is with citizen complaints (Lawton et al. 2001; Lersch 1998a, 1998b,
2002; Lersch and Mieczkowski 2000; Terrill and McCluskey 2002). This
approach is not without limitations. There are under and over-reporting problems;
only one thirdof people who believe they have been mistreated by the police
actually file a complaint (Walker and Bumphus 1992).
In general, there are at least three issues associated with citizen
complaints that must be recognized. First, citizen complaints have been used to
measure multiple concepts, including police misconduct, police-citizen relations,
and police productivity. It has been observed that police officers who are most
active are more likely to receive complaints, whether they are participating in
misconduct or not (Brandl et al. 2001; Lersch 2002; Terrill and McCluskey 2002).

A second problem lies in the validity of citizen complaints to measure police
misconduct. Lersch and Mieczkowski (2000) examined this issue by comparing
the occurrence of externally (citizen) generated complaints to internally
generated complaints filed with the internal affairs office of a large police agency
in the southeast. They found that officers identified by citizens as having
engaged in misconduct were significantly more likely to be accused of
misconduct by their peers. A third issue is that complaints are filed from the
perspective of the citizen. Previous research suggests that police officers tend to
define misconduct narrowly, while citizens define it more broadly (Adams 1996;
Lersch 1998b; Lersch and Mieczkowski 2000). There also is concern about the
method by which complaints are handled in an agency. If citizens are aware that
their department takes complaints seriously, this may affect their decision to file a
complaint.
Thus, departments with excellent community relations may actually have
higher rates of citizen complaints because people feel more comfortable
reporting misconduct to the agency (Lersch and Mieczkowski 2000).
Alternatively, complaint processes and procedures that are intimidating or
complicated can affect the decision to file a complaint. If the victim has a criminal
record, he or she may not want to draw attention to him or herself (Lersch
1998b). Finally, if officers perceive that their department does not investigate
complaints thoroughly, and then they may be less likely to modify their behavior
in response to complaints, thus affecting thenumber of future complaints filed.
Unfortunately although researchers have been successfulin documenting

police misconduct, extant research has been slow to provide a theoretical lens
through which to view police misconduct. In the next section, we highlight
onePolice Misconduct 93 criminological theory that we believe offers unique
insightinto the causes of police misconduct.
Social Learning Theory
Akers developed social learning theory as an extension of Sutherland’s
differential association theory to explain acts that violate social norms (Akers
1998, 2000). The basic assumption behind social learning theory is that the same
learning process can produce both conforming and deviant or delinquent
behavior. Akers posits that four variables function to instigate and strengthen
attitudes toward social behavior differential association, definitions,
reinforcement, and modeling. The balance of these influences determines
whether one will be prone to engage in conforming or deviant behavior. The
central variable in social learning theory is differential association, or the
influence of those with whom one associates frequently. Akers argues that
individuals develop favorable or unfavorable definitions to deviance in
interactions with their peers. These definitions are then reinforced, positively or
negatively, by the rewards or punishments (either real or perceived) that follow
their behavior. Additionally, peers provide models of behavior to follow.
Social learning theory has received considerable scholarly attention and
empirical support; however, its focus has tended to be on explaining crime and
delinquency more generally, and not police misconduct in particular. Next, we

provide a brief review of how social learning has been dealt with in the policing
literature.
Differential Association
As it applies to the police, the subculture is the primary peer group in
which officers learn definitions. According to Alpert and Dunham (1997), one of
the most profound pressures operating in police agencies is peer influence. In
this vein, most researchers and police officers acknowledge the existence of a
police subculture (Conser 1980). The subculture may facilitate deviant behavior
by transmitting the beliefs, values, definitions, and ‘‘manners of expression’’ that
depart from acceptable behavior. This happens because the subculture shared
value system allows them the opportunity to rationalize, excuse, and justify
deviance (Kappeler et al.94 A. T. Chappell and A. R. Piquero1998). Alpert and
Dunham (1997) maintain that since social isolation is a feature of the police
subculture, officers are likely to withdraw into the subculture for support and
approval. The result is that the police officer is ‘‘subjected to intense peer
influence and control,’’ and this can involve the acceptance of deviance
(Kappeler, Sluder, and Alpert 2001).
Due to the isolation that police officers often feel, they tend to spend more
time with other officers, especially for social purposes. Therefore, it becomes
more important for the officer to feel accepted by the peer group for the
development of a satisfactory self-concept (Conser 1980). Accordingly, Skolnick
(1966=1994) reported that the strength of the organizational culture in a police

department was so salient that regardless of personal differences, individuals
adopted the beliefs and definitions of the department.
The police subculture provides an opportunity to learn deviant activity
because attitudes, values, and beliefs are transmitted from one generation to
another in a learning process (Kappeler et al. 1998). Skolnick (1966-1994)
asserts that the police develop ‘‘cognitive lenses’’ through which to view the
world. Sherman (1978) further contends that police corruption may be explained
as the transmission of cultural values via the influence of reference groups.
Savitz (1970) looked at police recruits’ attitudes toward police deviance at
three different time periods. He found that as recruits advanced from the police
academy to the streets, exposure to the police subculture increased, and their
attitudes became more permissive regarding deviance. The officers began to
favor less severe punishments for various forms of misconduct, such as
accepting bribes and theft (Savitz 1970).
Differential Reinforcement
Police scholars often comment on the importance of peer acceptance and
approval regarding their own behavior and beliefs. According to Herbert (1998),
officers engage in certain behaviors to maintain good standing in a desirable
occupational environment. It is suggested that officers learn corrupt behavior
through the reinforcements obtained from the subcultural group (Aultman 1976).
According to Conser (1980), the subculture is a powerful reference group that
has a great capacity for the reinforcement of corrupt behavior. He suggests that

corruption arises through a process of interaction during which the individual
officer learns such behavior in accordance with the responses of others. Akers
(2000) notes that the selection and continuation of associations are functions of
differential reinforcement. However, in the special circumstance of the police
subculture, it would be more difficult to separate whether peers are deviant or
not. One study found that receiving free meals, services or discounts was viewed
by many police officers as a fringe benefit of the job and anticipated little risk of
punishment for these behaviors. In sum, it is likely that the police subculture
reinforces and encourages certain types of police misconduct.
Conceptual Framework
The focus of the framework was to determine the reasons of police
misconduct. Activity types pertained to the different activity by policemen that
result to police misconduct. Reasons for involvement pertained to why policemen
were involved in these activities. This could be the mental and physical aspect on
why policemen involve themselves into these activities. Effects to community are
the consequences that affect the community caused by police misconduct.

Reason for
Activity Type Involvement
Police Disciplinary Measures on Police

Misconduct

Effects on Community
Figure 1. Conceptual paradigm.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to assess police disciplinary measures on police
misconduct.
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:
1. How do the respondents assess the police disciplinary measures
on police misconduct in terms of:
1.1. Activity type
1.2. Reasons for involvement
1.3. Effects to the community
2. Is there a significant difference in the respondent’s assessment
of police disciplinary measures on police misconduct based on
the cited variables?

3. What recommendations may be proposed to solve police
disciplinary measures on police misconduct as to:
3.1. Activity type
3.2. Reasons for involvement
3.3. Effects to community
4. Is there a significant difference in the respondent’s
recommendation to solve the police disciplinary measures on
police misconduct in relation to the mentioned variables?
5. What action plan can be derived from the findings of the study?
Statement of the Hypothesis
1. There is no significant difference in the respondent’s assessment
on the police disciplinary measures on police misconduct relative
to activity type, reasons for involvement, and effects to
community.
2. There is no significant difference in the respondent’s
recommendations to solve the police disciplinary measures on
police misconduct in relation to activity type, reasons for
involvement and effects to community.
Significance of the Study
The relevance of the study stemmed from the fact that the Philippine

National Police has a big mistake to correct. As the national police
organization and the law enforcers of the land, the PNP should look into its
members who are violating the law and involving themselves in crimes such
as robbery, extortion, and human rights violation. The PNP should solve and
stop this problem, which is destroying the reputation of the organization.
Particularly, the results of the study would contribute to the following:
Institution and policy makers:
Philippine National Police. The findings of the study will provide
important information on the problem that the organization is facing. It will
enlighten the officers of the PNP of the issues in which police officers are not
doing their job to serve and protect, instead, they become part of the problem.
This will serve as a challenge to the PNP to impose strictly the law on its own
police officers.
Police commissioned officers of the PNP. The research will urge and
challenge all commissioned officers of the PNP to become models of change
to their subordinates who are possible of becoming violators. It will also guide
the commissioned officers to implement the criminal law and bring all violators
and police criminals to justice.
Police non commissioned officers of the PNP. The PNCO’s will be
guided and warned about the issue hovering around them. This will guide
them to abide by the law and to do their work as servants and protectors of the
people.
Implementers:

PNP high-ranking officials. High-ranking officials of the PNP will be
provided information about the misconducts of their men. Most of all it will give
them insights on how to solve this major problem that is becoming a
devastating effect on the PNP.
PNP chiefs of police. The study will show what policemen are doing
which violates the law. This will aid the chief’s of police to watch out for their
subordinates who are possible of committing misconduct.
Local Government Unit. The government officials will be provided with
evidence based from the study of the real situation about misconducts of
police officers in the community, which will significantly contribute to the
awareness of the real problems besetting in the law enforcement work. This
will help the local government to be aware of the results of abuse of authority
of some police officers that badly affects the community.
Current/Future Researchers:
Cadets. The cadets will have a rare opportunity to have a wider
knowledge on the current situation that affects the reputation of the police
organization due to misconducts and to express their recommendations
toward the possible solution to these problems.
Future Researchers. The results of the study can provide ideas and
knowledge that can serve as potential reference materials for their future
researches on area of investigation regarding police misconduct.
Scope and Delimitation

The research undertaking focused on police disciplinary measures on
police misconduct and its effects on the trust and confidence of the community
towards the police organization. The police organization was the concentration
of the study due to reports about police abuse, brutality, modus operandi and
injustice.
The research setting was the Calamba Police station in Calamba,
Laguna. It is located beside the Calamba Municipal Hall.The population that
was considered in the study was five hundred (500) police personnel who
have been based in Calamba police station for at least two (2) years and
civilian residence of Calamba. The sample size of thirty (30) was derived from
the population.
A stratified random sampling design was used in the selection of the
actual respondent’s of the study. Two (2) strata were designed to characterize
the two (2) respondent groups. The strata were composed of the police
personnel and government employees based in the Calamba police station for
two (2) years. To ensure representation of each stratum in the sample size,
the sampling method was applied. For the purpose of the study, the total
number of respondents per stratum will be composed of ten (10) police
personnel and twenty (20) civilian residence of Calamba.
In time and financial matters, it was limited because of the new
guidelines, rules, and regulations implemented by the Dean of Academics and
the Commandant of Cadets. But this problem did not affect our study to
pursue and finish the research.The survey and interview was conducted to be

sufficient enough to have accurate information and prone to unlawful
participation of police personnel. Calamba police station will be the setting of
the research.Due to limited time, ten (10) police personnel and twenty (20)
civilian residence of Calamba were chosen. The study was conducted from
June 2013 to March 2014.
Definition of Terms
Activity type means the different illegal activities of policemen.
Disciplinary means concerning or enforcing discipline.
Effects on community mean the result or consequence of the illegal
acts of the police.
Measures means to estimate or assess the extent, quality, value or
effect of something.
Misconduct means culpable neglect of duties.
Police means civil force of a local or national government responsible
for the prevention and detection of crimes.
Reason for involvement means the cause, justification or explanation

of police misconduct and illegal activity.
Acronyms
DILG – Department of Interior and Local Government
LGU – Local Government Unit
NAPOLCOM – National Police Commission
PNP – Philippine National Police
PDEA – Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Foreign Literature and Related Studies
Illegal Police Activities in Canada
As criminal offenders become more sophisticated, the police have
adopted new investigative tools in attempt to keep pace. This occurs in drug
investigation, for example when police conducts buy – and – bust operations
and reverse sting operation. The use of illegal police activity to combat crime
raises the issue of whether such conduct leads to an abuse of process such
that a stay of proceedings will be granted. The supreme court of Canada has
stated that illegal police activity does not automatically amount to an abuse of
process. The legality of police actions is but a factor to be considered, albeit
an important one. Although the issue of illegal police activity is important, it
has less of an impact on the enforcement of drug legislation. The reason is
that the drug legislation provides police immunity for activities such as buy –
and – bust operations and reverse sting operations.
Entrapment and illegal police activity are both abuses of process. In
some cases, police force use informers or undercover police agents to obtain
information about criminal offenses. With consensual offenses such as those
related drugs, infiltrating a group and acting as a consensual participant is
often the way for the police to obtain evidence of an offense. They are
generally there to observe the suspect and in some instance may afford the

suspect an opportunity to commit an offense. The police must ensure that the
actions of the informer or the undercover agent do not go far. When police
actions are excessive, the accused may attempt to rely on the doctrine of
entrapment. Although police tactics intended to provide a person with the
opportunity to commit an offense and illegal police activities are not limited to
drug offenses, it is fair to state that these tactics are probably much more
prevalent in investigation of these types of offenses.
The leading case in Canada on entrapment is the supreme court of
Canada’s decision in R.V. Mack. Lamer J. as then he was, delivered the
unanimous judgment of the supreme court of Canada. He explained that
entrapment is not a substantive defense and indicated that the rationale for
this defense is lack of culpability in the accused. Rather, the rationale is based
on the need for the court to preserve the purity of the administration of justice
and to prevent an abuse of the judicial process. Thus, entrapment is based on
the common law doctrine of abuse of process.
One of the forms of illegal police activity is police corruption. Police
corruption is a form of misconduct in which law enforcement officers seek
personal gain such as money or career advancement, through the abuse of
power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for not pursuing an
investigation or arrest. One common form is soliciting bribes in exchange for
not reporting organized drug or prostitution rings or other illegal activities.
Another example is police officers flouting the police code of conduct in order
to secure convictions of suspects for example through the use of falsified

evidence. More rarely, police officers may deliberately participate in organized
crime themselves. The sort of corrupt acts that have been committed by police
officers have been classified as corruption of authority, which is the act of
receiving free drinks, meals and gratuities, kickbacks, which is receiving
payment from referring people to other business.
Police brutality is the wanton use of excessive force, usually physical
but potentially in the form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation of a
police officer. Widespread police brutalities exist in many countries, even
those that persecute it. It is one of several forms of police misconduct, which
include false arrest, intimidation, racial profiling, political repression,
surveillance abuse, sexual abuse and police corruption. However, as
aforementioned, it may involve physical force but never reaching death under
police custody.
The word brutality has several meanings. The sense here was used in
1633. The first known use of the term police brutality was in the New York
Times in 1893 describing a police officer beating a civilian.Portions of the
population may perceive the police to be oppressors. In addition, there is a
perception that victims of police brutality often belong to relatively powerless
groups such as minorities, the disabled, the youth and the poor.
Some policemen are also involved in sex while on duty. Obviously, the
male officer comes in contact with a number of females during his routine
patrol duties. These contacts often occur under constant conditions that
provide opportunities for illicit sex. The women and the officer are frequently

alone and supervision of the officers on patrol is usually minimal. Officers
working late in the night shifts have the added cover of darkness and little
traffic on the road. The officer has also the opportunity to stop women coming
from a night of drinking. An intoxicated female may decide that her sexual
favors are a small price to pay in order to avoid an arrest for driving while
intoxicated. This in turn will let the policeman commit sex on duty.
Self - Control Theory
Individual differences in the tendency to commit criminal acts remain
reasonably stable with change in the social location or individuals and change
in their knowledge of the operation of sanction systems. The self control theory
states that individuals with high self control will be substantially less likely at all
periods of life to engage in criminal acts, while those with low self control are
highly like to commit crime. Low self - control can be counteracted by
circumstances and therefore does not require crime. This means that the
circumstances, does not require crime.
Reckless Containment Theory
Walter Reckless proposed the “containment theory” of delinquency and
crimes. His theory was built on the same concept of internal and external
control, which Reckless termed, “inner” and “outer” containment. Reckless
went beyond this, however, to include factors that motivate youth to commit
delinquent acts. The basic proposition will produce delinquent behavior unless
they are counteracted by inner and outer containment is weak, crime and
delinquency are to be expected.

Wincanton protection system – National advisory commission,
1976
Two basic principles were involved in the Wincanton protection system
pay top police personnel as much as necessary to keep them happy and quiet
and pay something to as many others as possible to implicate them in the
system and to keep them from talking. The range of pay offs thus went from a
weekly salary for some public officials to a Christmas turkey for the policeman
on the beat. Records from the numbers bank listed payment totaling $2400
each week to some local elected officials, state legislators, police chiefs,
captain in charge of detectives and persons mysteriously labeled county and
state. While the lists of persons to be paid remained fairly constant, the
amount paid varied according to the gambling activities in operation of time;
payoff dropped sharply when the FBI put the dice game out of business. When
the dice game was running, one official was receiving $750 per week, the chief
$100 and few captains, lieutenants and detectives lesser amount.
In practice, displacement has been studied almost exclusively in
relation to programs aimed at reducing the opportunity to commit crime in
specific geographical areas. Because such situational crime prevention efforts
do not aim to alter the root causes of crime researchers are faced with the
threat of displacement in which the offenders who are deflected simply shift to
other targets or places, severely limiting the net reduction in crime achieved.
Most authors view displacement as the result of the implementation of
effective measures against crime. Thus, displacement has been defined as a

change in offender behavior along illegitimate means or more general
conditions unfavorable to the offender’s usual mode of operating. Crime may
be displaced in any matter of ways.
Local Literature and Related Studies
Morally Corrupt Policemen
In order for a police to be truly policemen or women, one must know
how to police himself or herself, lest he or she will abuse the authority that is
granted to him or her; in short, a true police should be not only physically fit
and well but also spiritually or mentally fit and well in order to do his or her
duty well. But how come, according to the Philippine National Police (PNP)
that last year 2010, there are 2,165 cases of police brutality complained, if the
Philippine National Police (PNP) of the Philippines rightly recruits and train a
would-be police? Yes, actually the Philippine National Police (PNP) admitted
that they lack and lapsed in recruiting and training properly their cadets or
would-be police and a failure to discipline those abusive ranking policemen.
Yes, we are already there, but the question now, is why? This only means that
the training course they trained their policemen is still barbaric in style and not
yet intelligently advanced morally and spiritually. They might have an
advanced technology on policing activities but what about their spiritual
training how to handle the authority and power that will be given to them? Do
they have training on this matter? I bet none, because as we all know the
military and police training only concentrate on Physical strength and discipline

and only a “fear factor” submissive style to honor and respect those who are in
authority or higher rank.The “sin and punish” style of morally disciplining a
policemen is a barbaric and cruel style which the would be policemen do also
imposed to those whom they caught as criminals or law-breakers, thus police
brutality and cruelty arise because of the morally perverted concept of “once
sinned, one is a bad/evil person that should be punished” or “once sinned, one
should be punished”.
This moral and spiritual perversity not only lingers on the training camps
and minds of cadets and policemen and women but also on organized
religious sectors which influences people to buy and lived with this kind of
inhumane, barbaric and robotic moral concept. This concept took away the
“human-loving and understanding side” but replaces it with “hard-heartedness
discipline” which this “once sinned, one should be punished” concept. It is a
robotic and puppet like moral concept that took away the heart but replaces it
with machine heart manipulated by auto-mechanical run process, similar to a
robot.
The Philippine National Police (PNP) boasted that they have now
upgraded their leadership and police training course “ “A three-strike policy
shall be implemented against the immediate police supervisors or
commanders of erring police personnel who commit grave misconduct”; and
have vowed to do a complete background check of all police recruits (because
the major cases of police brutality were done by police rookies); the concept I
mention should be corrected for the sake that if they can’t find a

psychologically and morally fir recruits (because, truly it is hard to determine
such in the recruiting process, though there are many tests, for there are
current cases of police brutality that were done by rookies who have passed
such kind of test in the recruiting and training process) at least they could
control their acts by instilling a right mindset and concept for their policing
activity.Police in the Philippines has been on the seat of controversies
nowadays; from police brutality into police/military hazing into AFP’s alleged
graft and corruption, now recently, the Philippine National Police (PNP) have
discovered so-called ghost retirees in their department that receives retiree
pensions which consequently drain the police department of 1 billion funds
due to it, according to the report.Yes, the PNP have recently found that the
pensioners uploaded on their database were fake pensioners, which were
uploaded by a dismissed PNP policeman Marlon Reyes that the PNP police
are now on full alert on hunting this dismissed PNP policeman.
Senior Supt. RufinoManere, PRBS director, said that Marlon Reyes was
able to encode fake entries on their database when Marlon Reyes was assigned
then to the Directorate for Personnel and Records Management (DPRM) before
he was dismissed on service in 2008.They have tracked his handwriting on 530
suspected falsified index card records of pensioner’s accounts on their database
and have already deleted 1,000 fake entries encoded on their database.
Marlon Reyes alleged fake PNP pensioners syndicate was discovered last July
20, 2011 when 30 women were caught having a fake pensioner’s ID while
claiming a pension checks.

Police, military commit to protect human rights
According to Emmanuel L. B. (2012) the Philippine National Police (PNP)
and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) expressed commitment to protect
and promote humans rights amid allegations of abuses in the ranks of law
enforcers.The PNP and the AFP joined other government agencies in observing
the National Human Rights Consciousness Week, which started on Tuesday and
will conclude on December 10.On the other hand, the PNP said protecting
human rights are not only an institutional effort as it entails individual commitment
from policemen. The PNP has since admitted that there are some erring police
officers accused of unlawful activities but assured that the institution does not
tolerate such acts of misconduct.The group Karapatan assailed the promotion of
Brigadier General Eduardo Año, new chief of the Intelligence Service of the AFP,
and Brigadier General Aurelio Baladad, new deputy chief of staff for operations.
Año has been linked to the abduction of activist and farmer-leader Jonas Burgos
while Baladad is facing torture charges filed by the Morong 43 health workers.
PNP to implement 3-strike policy on erring cops
According to Karen B. (2011) the Philippine National Police (PNP) will be
implementing a three-strike policy in dealing with its erring police officers, PNP
chief Director General Raul Bacalzo told reporters Wednesday.Bacalzo said the
PNP is in the process of revisiting its policy on command responsibility because
of the eight recent cases of police officers? "Serious grave misconduct."
He said he "will not tolerate such criminal acts and serious violations of

public trust," adding that with the three-strike policy, police will be reminded "of
their accountabilities."The PNP is working on a policy that will immediately relieve
police commanders from their position if their men are involved three times in
criminal acts. The PNP chief explained that police commanders are expected to
act appropriately on their officers' violations and should put a stop to misconducts
by their officers.
Crimes by cops batter PNP image
According to Jeff C. (2011) the Philippine National Police (PNP)
leadership on Wednesday ordered changes in its recruitment policy and a
nationwide retraining of police officers after a string of crimes were linked to
policemen.PNP Chief Director General Raul Bacalzo said most of the offenses
committed by police officers in recent weeks, including kidnapping and rape,
involved rookie policemen with ranks mostly ranging from PO1 to PO3.Bacalzo
said new recruits would need to undergo an extensive background check as well
as neuro-psychiatric tests before they are allowed to join the police force.He said
retraining would be done in every police station across the country.A special
group will also investigate the root cause as to why policemen are resorting to
criminal and administrative offenses, the police chief said.Bacalzo said the rash
of crimes linked to cops are just isolated cases and should not reflect on the
PNP’s image. However, he admitted he is alarmed with the frequency and gravity
of the offenses over the past few weeks.Bacalzo has ordered a three-strike policy
against police supervisors and officials with erring police personnel. He said
leadership command has to be strengthened so he warns supervisors that if

there are reports of three incidents involving policemen under his or her watch,
he or she will be relieved from their post.
He also ordered regional police directors to detain all policemen involved
in grave misconduct cases in city or provincial jails instead of cop detention
facilities. He said detaining them in regular jails will "erase any suspicion we are
providing special treatment to them or whitewash the investigation."The PNP
chief appealed to the public to report erring officers and to help them police the
PNP.Interior Secretary Jessie Robredo, meanwhile, said erring police officers
should be immediately terminated from the service.Since Robredo assumed
office, the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) identified
hardline cases – illegal drugs, rape, illegal discharge of firearms, abuse of power,
homicide that automatically result in the police officer placed in preventive
suspension until the case is resolved.Robredo now aims for a zero backlog,
wherein cases that have remained unresolved for more than 5 years are now
being reviewed.
Philippines police dismisses cop in torture video
According to AsiaOne (2011) the Manila policeman who was caught on
video torturing a suspected robber inside a police station last year has been
dismissed from the service.Philippine National Police (PNP) spokesperson Chief
Superintendent Agrimero Cruz said PNP chief Director General Raul
Bacalzodenied last week a motion for reconsideration filed by Senior Inspector
JoselitoBinayug, former commander of the police precinct in Asuncion, Tondo.

In August, a television network aired a video of a man, believed to be
Binayug, torturing a suspected robber. It showed him hitting the naked suspect
and pulling a string tied to the latter's genitals. The video sparked outrage from
the Commission on Human Rights as well as local and international rights
groups. The dismissal of Binayug comes on the heels of criticism being thrown at
the PNP leadership for a series of crimes ranging from rape, murder and
kidnapping-reportedly perpetrated by men in uniform. The PNP leadership had
vowed to get tough on rogues in uniform. Meanwhile, a Napolcom official said the
agency would act as the complainant or representative of witnesses who were
reluctant to file charges against policemen. Napolcom vice chair Eduardo
Escueta said the move was meant to fast track the resolution of high profile
cases involving law enforcers.
Over 100 cops sacked for misconduct, crimes
According to Philippine Star (2013) The Philippine National Police (PNP)
dismissed from service 104 policemen who committed various offenses, a senior
police official said today.PNP Spokesman Senior Supt. Reuben Theodore Sindac
said these policemen were dismissed in the last six months and were found to
have committed grave misconduct and committed serious irregularities and other
criminal activities. Their dismissal, he said, is in line with the PNP's "keen resolve
to weed out misfits among the ranks."Sindac said six other policemen were also
dropped from rolls during the same period, while disciplinary sanctions were
imposed against 428 policemen committing administrative offenses and
involvement in irregularities. Penalties include demotion in rank, suspension,

forfeiture of salary, reprimand, restriction to quarters, and withholding of
privileges. Sindac said 797 pending cases against policemen are awaiting
resolution in summary hearing boards.This list does not include policemen who
figured in the July 15 killing of robbery gang leaders Ricky Cadavero and
WilfredoPanogalinga in San Pedro, Laguna while the suspects were being
transported to a police camp. Two police officers were charged with murder for
the planned killing while several were facing perjury and administrative cases.
Philippine police a“mess”
Management of the Philippine National Police (PNP) has been described
as "a mess" by the US embassy, according to a leaked diplomatic cable
published Thursday by WikiLeaks. Cable 05MANILA1506 (2011) one of the more
than 3,000 diplomatic cables on the Philippines released on the Internet by the
whistleblower group, said few police officials can deny the issue. "Cops are
among the most noticeable of public servants, and daily exposure to corrupt,
inefficient or badly managed police officials is a cancer upon the body politic,"
said the US embassy cable (2005) sent by then Deputy Chief of Mission Joseph
A. Mussomeli. However, top police officials and the government under then
President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo had "never been more willing to buy into
such an in-depth study."
The embassy warned that the Philippine government's failure to address
the problem "will further enfeeble the PNP, hamper the improvement of rule of
law, lead to greater crime and corruption, lessen the peace and order needed for

faster economic growth, and undermine public safety and internal security in the
face of existing terrorist activities and insurgencies."It said failure of law
enforcement, as well as popular belief that "nearly everyone in the PNP is corrupt
-- may also encourage more public support for elected officials, such as the
mayors of Davao and Cebu, who have openly supported the use of extra-judicial
killings, coordinated in concert with local police forces under their control, as a
means of controlling crime." Mussomeli cited a Transparency International report
that tagged the PNP as the most corrupt national institution in the Philippines. It
added that aside from corruption, "many cops undertake investigative short cuts
that often employ physical abuse, the planting of evidence, and sometimes --
allegedly under guidance from local elected officials -- the extra-judicial killing of
criminal suspects."
It said that then PNP Director General Edgardo Aglipay launched reforms
"to counter growing criticism of PNP incompetence under the tenure of
HermogenesEbdane." Aglipay submitted to Arroyo a report revealing bribery
even within police ranks. The cable (2011) criticized the state-controlled
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC) and the Philippine National Police
Academy (PNPA), which provide entry-level and senior-executive training for the
PNP.
The embassy cited PNP sources who claimed that "PPSC misconduct
continues with the siphoning off of funds for the six-month Public Safety Officer
Senior Executive Course (PSOSEC)," a requirement for all PNP officials at the

superintendent rank who want to be eligible for promotion to chief
superintendent.However, according to the embassy's PNP contacts, "PPSC
instructors often tell students that there are 'no funds available' for the trip and
the students must pay not only their own way, but also that of their instructors."
The US embassy described the police's Internal Affairs Service (IAS) as a
"paper tiger" because its officers are too close to those whom they investigate. It
said that previous police director generals have shown reluctant to spend
resources "to air dirty laundry on their watch and harm their chances of a
lucrative Cabinet slot after their brief tenure." It cited the case of Ebdane, who
was later appointed by Arroyo as public works secretary, and Leandro Mendoza,
who received the transportation portfolio. As an example, the embassy
mentioned a high-profile case involving Martin Soriano, who was dismissed by
the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) as a "confidential agent" in 1999 for a
series of illegal activities. The PNP's Police Anti-Crime and Emergency
Response (PACER) unit arrested Soriano on January 31, 2005.
The cable (2011) cited PNP comments to the press stating that Soriano's
extortion racket involved the cooperation of 18 PNP officials, including a station
commander, from the Western Police District that is partially responsible for
securing the US embassy. The US embassy said a lack of efficient internal
controls had also allowed unscrupulous PNP officials to pad salary rolls with
"ghost" (or "15-30") employees who do not work, but only appear on the 15th and
30th of each month to collect their salaries. A former chief of the PNP Records

Management Division told the embassy's political officer that it took the majority
of his two-year tenure to computerize the records of all 117,000 PNP members,
including purging the rolls of 'ghost cops.
While Aglipay announced a series of financial reforms before he retired,
the US embassy's sources in the PNP noted that the institution had fiscal and
personnel difficulties in implementing the reforms.Police corruption is also
highlighted in the procurement of equipment for law enforcers, according to the
leaked cable. It cited a procurement decision in 2003 to replace existing stocks of
9mm handguns with caliber .45 1911-A1 pistols that allegedly benefited a relative
of then First Gentleman Jose Miguel "Mike" Arroyo.Gun dealers later also
complained that in tests conducted by the PNP, the Armscor pistols' safety broke
during the drop test and jammed at 3,000 rounds, when the PNP's minimum for
an endurance test is 5,000 rounds. According to ABS-CBN News (2011) the US
embassy's sources, meanwhile, claimed that corrupt PNP officers "have many
tricks" to divert some of the funds intended to the police force's maintenance and
operations.
PNP Fires 3 Cops Found Positive of Drug Use
According to Maricar A. and Nilo A. (2004) the Regional Command of the
Philippine National Police (PNP) based in Cebu City ordered the dismissal of
three policemen assigned with the 705 th Provincial Mobile Group after laboratory

tests found them positive of drug use, ordered dismissed from the service
effective August 3, 2004 were PO3 Crisologo M Polancos and PO3 Gerry D. Kho
and SPO1 Alberto Biligan. Maricar A and Nilo A (2004) added that the three were
found positive of prohibited drugs use following the surprise drugs test the PNP
Regional Comman conducted a few months ago.
According to Maricar A. and Nilo A. (2004) the Provincial PNP director
Marciano del Mar Confirmed receiving the separate dismissal orders resulting
from the findings that the three men were liable of the administrative charges for
grave misconduct linked to the use of prohibited drugs. However, the three
policemen can still appeal their case for review before the Appellate court, added
Maricar A. and Nilo A. (2004). Del Mar hoped the fate of the three officers would
serve as a lesson for others and their dismissal showed that the PNP does not
tolerate misconduct among its ranks. He admitted the development would give
additional negative public impression on the image of the police. On the other
hand, del Mar believes the dismissal will send a strong message to the public
that the PNP is serious in its campaign against prohibited drugs. Meanwhile
Director Ruben Cabagnot, Deputy Inspector General of the PNP national
command in Camp Crame, challenged all policemen in Negros Oriental to
change the bad image of the members of the police force, Maricar A. and Nilo A.
(2004) further explained.
Maricar A. and Nilo A. (2004) stated that Cabagnot issued the challenge to
police chiefs at a briefing last week in Camp Fernandez during the formal

conclusion of the annual general inspection of police stations throughout the
province. The Deputy Inspector-General said policemen must deliver good
performances not only during each annual general inspection but every day. He
said his objective is to eliminate the public's perception of the so-called Abakada
image of the police. Abakada stands for abusado, bastos, kotongero and di
kanais-nais. Del Mar said he is 95 percent optimistic that the PNP provincial
command will maintain its honor as the Best PNP Provincial Office in Region 7.
11 PNP officers in rubber boat scam slapped with administrative

sanctions
Ombudsman ConchitaCarpio-Morales slapped administrative sanctions
against 11 officers of the Philippine National Police (PNP) in connection with the
questionable purchase of 75 defective rubber boats worth P131.5 million. In a
118-page decision released to the public Tuesday, Morales found Chief
Superintendent HeroldUbalde and Deputy Director General Benjamin Belarmino
Jr. liable for Gross Neglect of Duty and Grave Misconduct. They were meted the
penalty of dismissal from service with accessory penalties of forfeiture of
retirement benefits and perpetual disqualification to hold public office. Aside from
the two, the Ombudsman said Police Director George Piano, Chief Supt. Luis
Saligumba, Senior Supt. Job Nolan Antonio and Senior Supt. Edgar Paatan, all
members of the PNP’s Inspection and Acceptance Committee, were liable for
simple neglect of duty, and meted the penalty of suspension from the service for
a period of six months without pay. On the other hand, Joel CL Garcia also
known as Joel Crisostomo De Leon Garcia, Ronald Lee, Ma. Linda Padojinog,

and NUP Ruben Gongona, all members of the PNP National Headquarters Bids
and Awards Committee and Technical Working Group were ordered suspended
for one month without pay. While Morales warned National Police Commission
(Napolcom) Director ConradoSumanga Jr. to be more circumspect in the
performance of his duties. Morales said Sumanga failed “to take a more
proactive stance as a member of the Oversight Committee and Acting Service
Chief of the Installations and Logistic Service.” Records showed that the PNP
bought through negotiated procurement 75 rubber boats and 18 spare engines or
outboard motors intended for use by the PNP Maritime Group as part of the
PNP’s Annual Procurement Plan for 2008 under its Capability Enhancement
Program Funds. Upon delivery of the equipment, the PNP Maritime Group’s
Technical Inspection Committee on Watercrafts scrutinized the deal and found
out that there were deficiencies in the equipment and that they were dangerous
to use. The investigation also showed that the boats and engines were not
compatible and not functional.
Philippines police officers to undergo LGBT sensitization training
Ging Cristobal, Project Coordinator for the Asia Program of IGLHRC, has
called the initiative a "major breakthrough" as police officers in major provinces
all over the Philippines will undergo training that will include a LGBT community
dialogue, and gender and sexuality workshops with human rights regional

officers. The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission
(IGLHRC) and LADLAD LGBT Party launched a partnership with the Philippines
National Police (PNP) Human Rights Affairs Office to convene a national Gender
and Sexuality training program to sensitize police officers when engaging with
lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people.
Police Chief Supt. Fajura stressed that he is concerned with the consistent
complaints of police misconduct his office has heard from LGBT groups. Police
Chief Supt. Fajura indicated that he wants to address this concern by engaging
directly with LGBT people. The training series will include an LGBT community
dialogue with the PNP and six three-day gender and sexuality workshops with
human rights regional officers, police precinct officers, and women’s and
children’s desk officers in major provinces all over the Philippines in the coming
months.
The engagement was designed to address police extortion and the misuse
of grave scandal laws against LGBT communities. “The police force’s willingness
to work with us can be a seen as an effort from the Philippines government that
they are serious in adapting the recommendations of the UN Human Rights
Committee as noted in the concluding observations (PDF) from the Committee’s
fourth periodic review of the Philippines last November,” said Ging Cristobal
(2013).
The goal is that as a result of the interaction with LGBT groups and
activists, police will have a better understanding of LGBT issues and move
beyond prejudicial treatment of LGBT persons. In planning this engagement,

Police Chief Supt. Fajura said, “human rights are for humans and LGBT persons
are not to be excluded from the protection of the police when we apply the rule of
law.” With Police Chief Supt. Fajura’s support, activists are hopeful the PNP will
release a policy statement supporting LGBT rights and truly apply
indiscriminately the rule of law regardless of sexual orientation and gender
identity. The International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission will
conduct the gender and sexuality workshops in partnership with LADLAD LGBT
Party and other local LGBT advocacy groups using a module developed by Ging
Cristobal, designed specifically for local LGBT work. Police Chief Supt. Fajura
has approved the module to be included in the orientation of new police officers.
Police Officers Completed Paralegal Training
The conduct of the paralegal training reinforced the PNP’s Integrated
Transformation Program initiative, where human rights promotion and protection
is one of the 12 key result areas. The objectives of the training were: i) to
enhance knowledge and practical skills of police personnel in legal/judicial
processes and requirements in relation to law enforcement; and, ii) to educate
police personnel about paralegal work as a tool for improving police services and
increasing access to justice at the police station or field level.Considering the
total strength of the PNP at 125,000, the Paralegal Training will be conducted for
two more batches to build on the gains achieved in the initial phase according to
Nilo A. (2009). Given the success of the training program, plans are being
considered towards establishing a mechanism that will sustain and
institutionalize the project within the PNP.

Relevance of Related Literature and Studies
The selected studies and topics from the local literature were the
sample problems that our police personnel are now facing. These problems
were the result of the wrongdoings and anomaly of some policemen. Some
policemen were involved in engaging in corruption, abuse and brutality. In our
study, we have related this because these were the true events happening in
police parlance in the country. These were the recorded events that affected
the PNP and the government. Through this related topics we have connected
the contents of the study as well as the relevance of the local
literature.Through the local literature we have seen and analyzed the reason
of the growing rate of crimes and offenses of the police organization which in
turn casts a shadow of doubt over the PNP and the government whether they
can still protect the people.
Synthesis of Reviewed Literature and Studies
There were fewer studies that dealt in addressing police participation in
illegal activities and the causes why police officers got involve in such illegal
activities. Majority of the studies dealt with the common misconduct of police
officers that highly affected their job to do public safety work and not on how

these problems should be properly addressed. This condition has strengthen
more the urgent need to conduct an in-depth evaluation of the actual way of
addressing the involvement of police officers in illegal activities, especially in
local areas, to fully improve the services given by police officers to the
community.
These related literatures have shown some important faces to the
improvement of the law enforcement. It gave idea to the people directly involve
in policing on how to handle people that have been engaged in criminal
activities. These related studies included misconducts that law enforcers have
been involved for the past several years. The police organization has been in
bad reputation because of these activities and these studies have discussed
some helpful tips in in improving police force, especially in handling their
responsibility as law enforcers.To reduce police corruption, recommendation
of creating external oversight over the police with a special focus on integrity,
improving recruitment and training, leaderships from supervisors of all ranks
about integrity, holding all commanders responsible for the misbehavior of
subordinates, and changing the organization’s culture to tolerate misbehavior
less is highly useful, the remedies proposed by some of these studies,
however rely on a set of relative conditions not commonly found in countries
emerging from conflict or facing serious threats to their security.

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
The descriptive design was the research design used to obtain
information concerning the current status of the phenomena to describe what
exists with respect to variables or conditions in a situation. Investigators in
gathering information about present conditions used this design. Its goal was
to describe the nature of the situation.
The descriptive research design has been adopted in the study. This
design was appropriate to the study because it stated the police misconduct,
whichis a current issue in the society. Our study also focused on the effects of
police misconduct and the reaction of the community towards the police
organization.
According to Calmorin – Paler,Laurentiana and Melchor A., in
descriptive design, the study focuses at the present condition. Its purpose is to
find the truth and provide essential knowledge about the nature of objects and
persons. Likewise, Catane and Juliet A. stated that the descriptive research
design is convinced with describing the characteristics of populations. Through
the use of descriptive design, the assessment of the plan against police illegal
activities has been documented. Particularly the protection and security of the
people have been focused. It increasedinsight towards the protection and
security of the people against illegal police activities.

Sources of Data
The study utilized two sets of data namely, the primary and secondary
data. The primary data came from the senior and junior police officers, non
commissioned officers, police reports, and public records. On the other hand,
the secondary data will be obtained from the civilian part of the community to
include former victims of illegal police activities. A survey has been conducted
for the victims that have been generated thoroughly.
The primary data has contained the assessment, opinion, and answers
of senior police officers, non commissioned officers and facts from police
reports and public records. They have been interviewed for their opinions
regarding the topic. The secondary data has contained the part of the research
of locals, civilians, and victims of illegal police activities and their effects to the
society.In the primary data, the senior and junior police officers were those
whose rank is from inspector to director general, the non commissioned
officers are those ranked from P01 to SP04, police reports, and public records
of police misconduct. The secondary data pertained to the local community. It
pertained to the condition of the locals during the presence of policemen. The
victims were abused and victimized by the police. The locals have been
interviewed about their knowledge of any illegal police activities in the area.

Population and Sampling Procedure
In this study, the Police Personnelwho have been based in Calamba
Police Station for at least two (2) years and Civilian residence of
Calambaserved as the population of interest. The population size of thirty (30)
police personnel who have been based in Calamba Police Station for at least
two (2) years and Civilian residence of Calamba has been derived from the
population.Using the Stratified Random Sampling design, the recommended
sample size was thirty (30) respondents. This sample size has ensured the
stratified validity of the results. The study has utilizedthirty (30) police
personnelwho have been based in Calamba Police Station for at least two (2)
years and Civilian residence of Calamba was the target respondent.
Table 1 shows the distribution of the respondents of the study. Based
from the table, there was an estimated five hundred (500) population size of
Police Personne that were based in Calamba Police Station for at least two
yearsand Civilian residence of Calamba. The five hundred (500) was
composed of two hundred eighty (280) Police Personnel and two hundred
twenty (220) Civilian residence of Calamba. The recommended sample size
was composed of thirty (30) respondents, ten (10) from the Police personnel
and twenty (20) from Civilian residence of Calamba.

Table 1. Distribution of the respondents.
Respondent Group Population Sample Size
Police Personnel 280 20
Government Employee 220 10
Total 500 30
Age Profile of the Respondents.From the Civilian Resident group, eight
(8) respondents are aging from 21 – 25 years old resulting to 40%, five (5)
respondents are aging from 26 – 30 years old resulting to 25%, two (2)
respondents are aging from 31 – 35 years old resulting to 10%, four (4)
respondents are aging from 36 – 40 years old resulting to 20%, and one (1)
respondent is aging from 41 – 45 years old resulting to 5%, participated in the
survey interview. While in the Police Personnel group, three (3) respondents are
aging from 21 -25 years old resulting to 30%, one (1) respondent is aging from
26 -30 years old resulting to 10%, five (5) respondents are aging from 31 – 35
years old resulting to 50%, and one (1) respondent is aging from 46 – 50 years
old resulting to 10%, participated in the survey interview. To sum it up, eleven
(11) respondents are aging from 21 – 25 years old resulting 36.67%, six (6)
respondents are aging from 26 -30years old resulting to 20%, seven (7)
respondents are aging from 31 – 35 years old resulting to 23.33%, four (4)
respondents are aging from 36 – 40years old resulting to 13.33%, one (1)
respondent is aging from 41 – 45years old resulting to 3.33%, and one (1)
respondent is aging from 46 – 50 years old resulting to 3.33%, participated in the

conduct of survey.
Table 2. Profile of the respondents according to age.
Age Civilian Resident Police Personnel Grand Total

f p f p f P
21 – 25 8 40 3 30 11 36.67
26 – 30 5 25 1 10 6 20
31 – 35 2 10 5 50 7 23.33
36– 40 4 20 0 0 4 13.33
41 – 45 1 5 0 0 1 3.33
46 – 50 0 0 1 10 1 3.33
51 – 55 0 0 0 0 0 0
56 – 60 0 0 0 0 0 0
61 and Above
Total 20 100 10 100.00 30 99.99
Legend: f - frequency p - percentage
Gender Profile of the Respondents. The gender profile of the
respondents is presented in Table 3. Table 3 shows the gender profile of the
respondents. From the Civilian Resident group, twelve (12), out of twenty (20)
respondents resulting 60% of all the respondents, are Males and eight (8), out of
twenty (20) respondents resulting to 40% of all the respondents, are Females
participated in the survey interview. From the Police Personnel group, six (6),
out of ten (10) respondents resulting to 60% of all respondents, are Males and
four (4), out of ten (10) respondents resulting to 40% of all respondents, are
females participated in the survey. To sum up, eighteen (18) Males out of thirty
(30), resulting to 60% of all respondents, and twelve (12) Females out of thirty
(30), resulting to 40% of all respondents, participated in the survey interview.
Table 3. Profile of the respondents according to gender.

Civilian Resident Police Personnel Grand Total

Gender f p f p f p
Male 12 60 6 60 18 60
Female 8 40 4 40 12 40
Total 20 100 10 100 30 100
Educational Attainment of the Respondents.
Table 4 displays the educational attainment of the respondents. The
survey shows that from the Civilian Resident group, eight (8) respondents who
were high school graduates, resulting to 40%, eleven (11) respondents who were
College graduates, resulting to 55%, and one (1) respondent who has a Master’s
Degree, resulting to 5%, participated in the survey interview. While in the Police
Personnel group that participated in the survey interview, all ten (10) respondents
were college graduates, resulting to 100. Overall, eight (8) respondents who
were high school graduates, resulting to 26.67%, twenty- one (21) respondents
who were college graduates, resulting to 70%, and one (1) respondent who has a
Master’s Degree, resulting to 3.33%, participated in the survey interview.
Table 4. Profile of the respondents according to educational attainment
Civilian Police Officer Grand Total

Highest Educational Resident
Attainment f p f p f p
Elementary 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
High School 8 40.00 0 0 8 26.67
College 11 55.00 10 100.00 21 70.00
Master’s 1 5.00 0 0 1 3.33
Doctorate 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
Total 20 100.00 10 100.00 30 106.93
Data Gathering Procedure

In regards with the activity, a letter of request for the conduct of the
study was sent to the Chief of Police of Calamba City Police Station before to
the actual data gathering activity. Additional letters of request have been
forwarded to the respondents of the study to solicit their participation in the
survey regarding the topic of our study, Police Disciplinary Measures on Police
Misconduct.Letters of request has been sent to the key informants, who were
directly knowledgeable of the topic of the study. The one-on-one personal
interview was involved the gathering of data using direct verbal interaction
between the researcher and the respondent. This interview setting has
permitted the researcher to adapt to the situation, worked on follow-up leads,
and obtained more data in greater clarity. The interview notes has then been
encoded and used as basis of the study.
Due to the unavailability of the target respondents, selection of
substitutes was done through random sampling from the list of police
personnel and civilian residence. This substitution scheme was observed in
order to ensure comprehensive collection of information from the targeted
number of the study respondents and not to compromise the study.The study
has utilized two sets of data namely, the Primary and Secondary data. The
Primary data has come from senior and junior police officers. Non-
commissioned officers, police reports and public records. On the other hand,
the secondary data has been obtained from the civilian part of the community.
Instrumentation

A researcher-made structured questionnaire and interview guide was
been formulated based on the statement of the problem. The structured
questionnaire, as one of the research instrument embodied a set of questions
that has been asked mostly in standardized manner to each respondent who
filled out the questionnaire.
Analysis of Data
Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in the research work.
This has further determined the relationships that existed among the variable
in the study. The statistical tool in the Microsoft Excel was used to facilitate the
computational aspects of the statistical analyses, particularly the Analysis Tool
Software.
Percentage (P) was used to know the ratio of the rate of responses (f)
to the total number of respondents (N) particularly in the analysis of the
respondent’s profile. It was expressed in percent with the following formula:
P, % = x 100
Where:
P = percentage of responses
F = number of responses falling under a given category
N = total number of responses for the given category
A five-point scale has been adopted to describe the relevance of the

respondent’s answers with regards to the dilemma encountered in addressing
police participation outside lawful responsibilities and the respondent’s
subsequent recommendations. The five-point scale was shown below:
Scale Verbal interpretation Interval range
5 Strongly agree/ highly recommend 4.20 – 5.00
4 Agree/ recommends 3.40 – 4.19
3 Moderately agree/ moderately recommend 2.60 – 3.39
2 Disagree/ less recommend 1.80 – 2.59
1 Strongly disagree/ not recommend 1.00 – 1.79
The weighted mean (WM) is the sum of the product of the frequency
and the unit weight (Σ f w) divided by the number of respondent’s (N). The
following formula was used in the computation of the respondent’s responses
related to the dilemma factors and recommendations for addressing police
participation in illegal activities.
Formula:
Σ fxi
X =
Where:

X = weighted mean score
f = number of responses falling under a gicen category
xi = the ithnumerical value of the variable
n = total number of responses in the set
t- test was used to determine whether there wasa significant difference
in the respondent’s responses and recommendations with regards to
addressing the participation of police personnel in illegal activities.
Formula:
x1 – x2
t =
SS1+ SS2 1 1
n1 + n 2 ------ + -----
n1 n2
Where:
t = computed t-value
x1 = mean group 1
x2 = mean group 2
SS1 = sum of squares of group 1
SS2 = sum of squares of group 2
n1 = no. of observations in group 1
n2 = no. of observation in group 2
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Respondents’ Assessment On Police Disciplinary Measures On Police
Misconduct
Activity Type
Table 5 indicates the different misconducts done by policemen. This also
shows the illegal activities of the policemen. According to the data gathered from
the civilian respondents, police officers becoming opportunistic theft from
arrestees, crime victims or in corpses during crime investigation have the highest
weighted mean of 3.45 with a verbal interpretation of agree. Police officers
receiving free drinks, meals and other gratuities have the least weighted mean of
3.30 and a verbal interpretation of moderately agree.
In the part of the police respondents, use of excessive force, usually
physical, but potentially in form of verbal attacks and psychological intimidation
by a police officer has the highest weighted mean of 2.10 with a verbal
interpretation of disagree. Police officers becoming opportunistic theft from
arrestees, crime victims or corpses during crime investigation have the lowest
weighted mean of 1.40 with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree.In the
overall weighted mean, civilian respondents have the overall weighted mean of
3.40 with a verbal interpretation of agree. The police respondents weighted mean
have the overall weighted mean of 1.68 and a verbal interpretation of strongly
disagree.
Table 5. Respondents’ assessment on police disciplinary measures on

police misconduct, in terms of activity type.
Civilian Police Grand Mean

Indicators Resident Personnel

WM VI WM VI AWM VI
1 Police officers are receiving 3.30 MA 1.60 SD 2.45 D
free drinks, meals, and other
gratuities.
2 Police officers become 3.45 A 1.40 SD 2.425 D
opportunistic theft from
arrestees, crime victims or in
corpses during crime
investigator.
3 Use if excessive force, usually 3.40 A 2.10 D 2.75 D
physical, but potentially in form
of verbal attacks and
psychological intimidation, by
a police officer.
4 Police involvement and 3.45 A 1.60 SD 2.53 D
protection of illegal activity:
accepting payment from the
operators of illegal
establishments such as
brothels, casinos, or drug
dealers to protect them from
law enforcement and keep
them in operation,
5 Police officers commit crimes 3.40 A 1.70 SD 2.55 D
themselves.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.40 A 1.68 SD 2.54 D
Legend:
WM - weighted mean VI - verbal interpretation

AWM - average weighted mean
4.20 – 5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

3.40 – 4.19 Agree (A)
2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Agree (MA)
1.80 – 2.59 Disagree (D)
1.00 – 1.79 Strongly Disagree (SD)
This Table interprets that police officers becoming opportunistic theft from
arrestees, crime victims or in corpses during crime investigation and police
involvement and protection of illegal activity, accepting payment from the
operators of illegal establishment such as brothels, casinos, or drug dealers to

protect them from law enforcement and keep them in operation, are the most
activities in term of police misconduct done by police. Table 5 presents the
respondents assessment on police disciplinary measures on police misconduct.
For the civilian respondents, results show that they moderately agree on
the indicators with a weighted mean of 3.40. The overall weighted mean is 3.40
with a verbal instruction of agree.For the police respondents, most of them
disagreed and strongly disagree on the indicators of police misconduct. Those
who have strongly disagreed have an overall weighted mean of 1.68.
Taking into account the overall weighted mean in terms of activity type, it
was found out that the civilian respondents had the highest weighted mean of
3.45 equivalent to an agree indication in terms of activity type. The lowest overall
weighted mean is 1.40 which indicates strongly disagree for the police
respondents in terms of activity type.
Reasons For Involvement
The reason for involvement of police involved in misconduct is shown in
Table 6. For the civilian respondents, police officers lacking proper training and
orientation on law enforcement work have the highest weighted mean of 3.25

with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree. Police officers tending to abuse
their authority have the least weighted mean of 3.00 with a verbal interpretation
of moderately agree.
For the police respondents, police officers getting career related
opportunities in involving in illegal business activities have the highest weighted
mean of 1.90 with a verbal interpretation of disagree. Police officers tending to
abuse their authority towards the community have the least weighted mean of
1.30 with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree.In the overall weighted
mean, the civilian respondents have an overall weighted mean of 3.14 or a verbal
interpretation of moderately agree. For the police respondents, the overall
weighted mean are 1.58 with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree.
Table 6. Respondents’ assessment on police measures on police

misconduct in terms of reason for involvement.

WM VI WM VI AWM VI
1 Police officers get extra 3.30 MA 1.60 SD 2.45 D
income from being involve in
illegal activities,

2 Police officers lack proper 3.25 MA 1.70 SD 2.48 D

training and orientation on law
enforcement work,
3 Police officers get more 3.10 MA 1.90 D 2.50 D
career-related opportunities
from being involved in illegal
activities
4 Police officers get more 3.05 MA 1.40 SD 2.23 D
career-related opportunities
from being involved in illegal
activities.
5 Police officers tend to abuse 3.00 MA 1.30 SD 2.15 D
their authority towards the
community.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.14 MA 1.58 SD 2.36 D
Legend:


3.40 – 4.19 Agree (A)
1.80 – 2.59 Disagree (D)
This table interprets that police officers lacking training and orientation on
law enforcement work has the most effective and applicable reason for
involvement in police misconduct. Table 6 shows the respondents assessment
on police disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of reason for
involvement. The civilian respondents have moderately agreed on the indicators
with the highest weighted mean of 3.25. The lowest weighted mean is 3.00 which
means that the civilian respondents have disagreed on police officers abusing
their authority towards the community. The overall weighted mean is 3.14 with a
verbal interpretation of moderately agree in terms of reason for involvement.
The police respondents have all disagreed on the indicators in terms of

reason for involvement with the highest average weighted mean of 1.90 with a
verbal interpretation of disagree.The overall weighted mean is 1.58 with a verbal
interpretation of strongly disagree in terms of reason for involvement. Taking into
account the overall weighted mean, the civilian respondents have an overall
weighted mean 3.14 with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree in terms of
reason for involvement. The police respondents have an overall weighted mean
of 1.58 with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree in terms of reason for
involvement.
Effects To Community
Effects to the community in terms of police misconduct are shown in table
7. This is the effect of misconduct to the community. The highest weighted mean
for the civilian respondents is 3.95 and the lowest is 3.80. The highest weighted
mean for the police respondent is 2.30 and the lowest is 1.70.
For the civilian respondents, cooperation of the police and community
deteriorates has the highest weighted mean and also the conflicts between the
police and community happening has the highest weighted mean of 3.95 with a
verbal interpretation of agree. The lowest weighted mean is it will cause mistrust
and fear to the community having a weighted mean of 3.80 having a verbal
interpretation of agree. It means that they agree to the effects of police
misconduct to the community.For the police respondents, it destroys the
reputation of the police organization has the highest weighted mean of 2.30 with
a verbal interpretation of disagree. Casting a shadow of doubt on the people

whether they can still be protected from crime has the lowest weighted mean of
1.70 with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree. This means that they do not
agree with the effects of police misconduct towards the community.
For the overall weighted mean, the civilian respondents overall weighted
mean is 3.84 with a verbal interpretation of agree. It means that they agree to the
indicators of effects to community by police misconduct. For the police
respondents, the overall weighted mean is 2.10 with a verbal interpretation of
disagree. It means that the police respondents do not agree to the indicators of
police misconducts effect to the community.Table 7 shows the respondents
assessment on police disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of
effects to the community.The civilian respondents weighted mean has a verbal
interpretation of agree with 3.95 as the highest and 3.80 being the lowest
weighted mean.The police respondents on the other hand have a weighted mean
verbally interpreted as disagree. The highest weighted mean is 2.30 and the
lowest being 1.70 in terms of effect to the community.
Taking into account the overall weighted mean, the civilian respondents
overall weighted mean is 3.84 with a verbal interpretation of agree in terms of
effects of police misconduct to the community. The police respondents overall
weighted mean is 2.10 with a verbal interpretation of disagree in terms of the
effects of police misconduct to the community. The police respondent does not
agree on the terms that are presented to them regarding the effects of police
misconduct to the community.
Table 7. Respondents’ assessment on police measures on police

misconduct in terms of effects to the community.


WM VI WM VI AWM VI
1 It cast a shadow of doubt on 3.85 A 1.70 SD 2.78 MA
the people whether they can
still protect them from crime.
2 It will cause mistrust and fear 3.80 A 2.10 D 2.95 MA
to the community.
3 It destroys the reputation of 3.65 A 2.30 D 2.98 MA
the police organization.
4 Cooperation of the police and 3.95 A 2.20 D 3.08 MA
community deteriorates.
5 Conflicts between the police 3.95 A 2.20 D 3.08 MA
and the community will likely
happen.
Overall Weighted Mean 3.84 A 2.10 D 2.97 MA
Legend:


3.40 – 4.19 Agree (A)
1.80 – 2.59 Disagree (D)
Summary of Respondents’ Assessment
Table 8 presents the summary of respondents’ assessment on police
disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of activity type, reasons for
involvement and effects to community.Taking into account the summary of
respondent’s assessment on police disciplinary measures on police misconduct

in terms of activity type, reasons for involvement and effects to the community.
The civilian respondents overall weighted mean for the activity type is 3.40
with a verbal interpretation of agree. The overall weighted mean for reason for
involvement is 3.14 with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree. The effect to
community has a weighted mean of 3.84 with a verbal interpretation of agree.
The grand mean for the activity type are 2.54 with a verbal interpretation of
disagreeing. Reasons for involvement has a grand mean of 2.36 with a verbal
interpretation of disagree and effects to the community has a grand mean of 2.97
with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree.
The police respondents overall weighted mean for the activity type is 1.68
with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree. Reasons for involvement has an
overall weighted mean of 1.58 with a verbal interpretation of strongly disagree.
Effects to the community have an overall weighted mean of 2.10 with a verbal
interpretation of disagree.
The grand mean for the police respondents on activity type are 2.54 with a
verbal interpretation of disagreeing. Reason for involvement has a 2.36 grand
mean with a verbal interpretation of disagree and effects to community has a
grand mean of 2.97 with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree. This
interprets that the civilian respondents have all agree to the activity type, effects
to the community, reasons for involvement of police misconduct. For the police
respondents, they all disagreed to the activity type, effects to community, and
reasons for involvement by police misconduct.
Table 8. The summary of respondent’s assessment on police disciplinary

measures on police misconduct.

Variables Resident Personnel
OWM VI OWM VI Mean VI
1 Types of activity 3.40 A 1.68 SD 2.54 D
2 Reasons for involvement 3.14 MA 1.58 SD 2.36 D
3 Effects to community 3.84 A 2.10 D 2.97 MA
Group Weighted Mean
Legend:
OWM - overall weighted mean VI - verbal interpretation

3.40 – 4.19 Agree (A)
1.80 – 2.59 Disagree (D)
Test Of Significant Difference In Respondents’ Assessment On Police
Disciplinary Measures On Police Misconduct
Activity Type Statistical Analysis
Table 9 shows the test of significant difference in respondents’
assessment on topic, in terms of activity type. Activity type pertains to the
misconducts done by the policemen. In table 9, the civilian respondents have a

mean of 3.40 and a variance of 1.51, for the police respondents, they have a
mean of 1.68 and a variance of 0.71.
The statistical analysis interpret that there is a significant difference since
the computed t-value of 4.49 is higher than 2.06 critical value. Therefore the null
hypothesis is rejected.There is a significant difference as a result of the
assessment from the two respondents since the two respondents have different
or contrasting idea in terms of activity type in police misconduct.
Table 9. Test of significant difference in the assessment of the two groups of

respondents on police disciplinary measures on police misconduct.
Respondent Mean Variance t – value Decision Interpretation

Group Computed Critical
Civilian 3.40 1.51 4.49 2.06 Reject Null With
Resident Hypothesi Significant
Police 1.68 0.71 s Differences
Personnel
Level of significance – 0.05 Degrees of freedom – 25
Reasons For Involvement Statistical Analysis
Table 10 shows the significant difference in the assessment of the two
groups in terms of reason for involvement. Reasons for involvement pertains to
the reasons on why policemen are being involved in misconduct. In table 10, the
civilian respondents have a mean of 3.14 and a variance of 1.68. For the police
respondents, the mean is 1.58 and the variance is 0.88.

The statistical analysis interprets that there is a significant difference since
the computed t-value of 3.77 is higher than the critical value of 2.06. Therefore
the null hypothesis is rejected. There is a significant difference since the two
respondents have different or contrasting ideas in terms of the reason for
involvement by police in misconducts.

Personnel
Effects To Community Statistical Analysis
Table 11 shows the significant difference in the assessment in terms of
the effects to the community by police misconduct. Effects to the community
pertain to the consequences brought by police misconduct to the community. For
the civilian respondents, the mean is 3.84 and the variance is 1.09, for the police
respondents, the mean is 2.10 and the variance is 1.08667.

The statistical analysis interprets that there is a significant difference since
the computed t-value of 4.31 is higher than the critical value of 2.10. Therefore
the null hypothesis is rejected.There is a significant difference between the two
respondents because they have different or contrasting ideas on the effects of
police misconduct to the community.

Personnel
Proposed Recommendations to Enhance Police Disciplinary Measures on
Police Misconduct
Activity Type Recommendations
Table 12 shows the proposed recommendations to enhance police
disciplinary measures against police misconduct in terms of activity type. For the
civilian respondents, investigating officers of criminal incidents turning over
inventory items or properties of the victim found in the crime scene has the

highest weighted mean of 4.35 with a verbal interpretation of highly
recommended.
On the part of the police respondent, investigating officers turning over the
properties of victims found in the crime scene and police officers fulfilling their
tasks as trusted law enforcers to preserve their reputation has the same
weighted mean of 4.80 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended. In the
grand mean, the average weighted mean is 4.17 with a verbal interpretation of
recommended. The overall weighted mean for the civilian respondent is 4.14 with
a verbal interpretation of recommended. For the police respondent, the overall
weighted mean is 4.20 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended.
Table 12. Proposed recommendations on police disciplinary measures on

police misconduct in terms of activity type.

WM VI WM VI AWM VI
1 Police officers should refrain in 3.90 R 3.30 MR 3.60 R
receiving free drinks, meals,
and other gratuities.
2 Police officers should extend 4.30 HR 4.40 HR 4.35 HR
their patience in dealing with
difficult and harsh situations.
3 Investigating officers of 4.35 HR 4.80 HR 4.58 HR
criminal incidents should turn
over or conduct proper

inventory of items or
properties of the victim found
in the crime scene.
4 Police officers should refrain 3.90 R 3.70 R 3.80 R
from receiving “padulas” from
business operators involve in
illegal activities in exchange
for their protection.
5 Police officers should fulfill 4.25 HR 4.80 HR 4.51 HR
their task as trusted law
enforcers and preserve their
reputation.
Overall Weighted Mean 4.14 R 4.20 HR 4.17 R
Legend:

4.20 – 5.00 Highly Recommended (HR)

3.40 – 4.19 Recommended (R)
2.60 – 3.39 Moderately Recommended (MR)
1.80 – 2.59 Less Recommended (LR)
1.00 – 1.79 Not Recommended (NR)
Reasons For Involvement Recommendations
Table 13 shows the recommendations on the reasons for involvement by
policemen involved in misconduct in terms of reasons for involvement. For the
civilian respondents, the PNP should provide the equipment needed by every
policeman to function well in their jobs, has the highest weighted mean of 4.25
with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended.
For the police respondents, PNP should conduct seminars and trainings to
their personnel regarding proper law enforcement work have the highest

weighted mean of 4.90 and a verbal interpretation of highly recommended. In the
grand mean, the highest average weighted mean is 4.47 and verbal
interpretation of highly recommended. The overall weighted mean for the civilian
respondents is 4.26 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended. For the
police respondents, the overall weighted mean is 4.68 and a verbal interpretation
of highly recommended.

police misconduct in terms of reasons for involvement.

WM VI WM VI AWM VI
1 PNP organization should 4.20 HR 4.60 HR 4.40 HR
conduct income-generating
activities to help those police
officers that are in need of
financial assistance.
conduct seminars and
trainings to their personnel
regarding proper law
enforcement work.
3 PNP organization should give 4.15 R 4.60 HR 4.38 HR

equal opportunities to all

police officers for them to
excel in their field.
provide the equipment needed
by every police officer to
function well in their jobs.
5 PNP organization should focus 4.40 HR 4.80 HR 4.60 HR
on community-related
activities to build-up the
relationshop between police
offciers and the community.
Overall Weighted Mean 4.26 HR 4.68 HR 4.47 HR
Legend:


Effects To Community Recommendations
Table 14 shows the recommendations on police disciplinary measures on
police misconduct in terms of effects to community. For the civilian respondents,
a great cooperation between the police and community in terms of peace and
order and the community will depend on the police and trust them for protection
has the highest weighted mean of 4.35 with a verbal interpretation of highly
recommended.
For the police respondents, a great cooperation between the police and
community in terms of peace and order and the two groups will help each other

in combatting crimes that exist in the community has the highest weighted mean
of 4.80 and a verbal interpretation of highly recommended.
In the grand mean, the average weighted mean is 4.51 with a verbal
interpretation of highly recommended. The civilian respondents overall weighted
mean is 4.31 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended. For the police
respondents, the overall weighted mean is 4.70 with a verbal interpretation of
highly recommended.

police misconduct in terms of effects to community.

WM VI WM VI AWM VI
1 There is a great cooperation 4.35 HR 4.80 HR 4.58 HR
between the police personnel
and the community in terms of
peace and order.
2 The two groups will help each 4.20 HR 4.80 HR 4.50 HR
other to combat crimes that
exist in the community.
3 There s peace and harmony 4.25 HR 4.60 HR 4.43 HR
between the two groups.
4 The community will depend on 4.35 HR 4.60 HR 4.48 HR
the police and trust them for
their protection.
5 The public will support all 4.40 HR 4.70 HR 4.55 HR

programs for the police

organization that are beneficial
in keeping peace and order in
the community.
Overall Weighted Mean 4.31 HR 4.70 HR 4.51 HR
Legend:


Summary of Proposed Recommendations
Table 15 presents the summary of proposed recommendations for police
disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of activity type, reasons for
involvement and effects to the community. For the activity type, the overall
weighted mean for the civilian respondents is 4.14 with a verbal interpretation of
recommended. The police respondents overall weighted mean is 4.20 with a
verbal interpretation of highly recommended. The grand mean is 4.17 with a
verbal interpretation of recommended.
For the reasons of involvement, the overall weighted mean is 4.26 with a
verbal interpretation of highly recommended. The police respondents overall

weighted mean is 4.68 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended. The
grand mean is 4.47 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended.
For the effects to the community, the civilian respondents overall weighted
mean is 4.31 with a verbal interpretation of highly recommended. The police
respondents overall weighted mean is 4.70 with a verbal interpretation of highly
recommended. The grand mean is 4.51 with a verbal interpretation of highly
recommended.Table 15 shows that the respondents have similar ideas on the
recommendations for the disciplinary measures on police misconduct. It is
represented by the verbal interpretations that they have agreed or recommended
on the proposed recommendations.
Table 15. Summary of proposed recommendations on police disciplinary

measures on police misconduct.

Variables Resident Personnel
OWM VI OWM VI Mean VI
1 Activity type 4.14 R 4.20 HR 4.17 R
2 Reasons for involvement 4.26 HR 4.68 HR 4.47 HR
3 Effects to community 4.31 HR 4.70 HR 4.51 HR
Group Weighted Mean
Legend:



Test of Significant Difference in Proposed Recommendations to Enhance
Police Disciplinary Measures on Police Misconduct
Recommendations Statistical Analysis in terms of Activity type
Table 16 presents theTable 16 presents the results of the test significant
difference between the recommendation of the Police personnel based in
Calamba Police station and civilian residents of Calamba on the disciplinary
measures on police misconduct, in terms of activity types. Statistical analysis
revealed that the computed t – value of 0.16 is lower than the critical t – value of
2.06, indicating the acceptance of the null hypothesis. This means that there is
no significant difference in the respondents’ recommendation on the disciplinary
measures on police misconduct in terms of the activity types.
The statistical results implied that the police personnel based in Calamba

and the civilian residents of Calamba had similarities in their recommendation on
the police disciplinary measures on police misconduct, in terms of activity types.
These results were reflected in the overall weighted means of the two groups of
respondents. Hence, all groups of respondents favored thatinvestigating officers
of criminal incidents should turn over or conduct proper inventory of items or
properties of the victim found in crime scene.
Table 16. Test of significant difference in the proposed recommendations of

the two groups of respondents on police disciplinary measures on
police misconduct in terms of activity type.
Respondent Mean Variance t - value Decision Interpretation

Civilian 4.14 1.32 0.16 2.06 Accept No
Resident Null Significant
Police 4.20 0.68 Hypothesi Differences
Personnel s
Recommendations Statistical Analysis in terms of reasons for
involvement
Table 17 presents the results of the test significant difference between the
recommendation of the Police personnel based in Calamba Police station and
civilian residents of Calamba on the disciplinary measures on police misconduct,
in terms of reasons for involvement. Statistical analysis revealed that the
computed t – value of 1.45 is lower than the critical t – value of 2.05, indicating

the acceptance of the null hypothesis. This means that there is no significant
difference in the respondents’ recommendation on the disciplinary measures on
police misconduct in terms of the reasons of involvement.
the police disciplinary measures on police misconduct, in terms of reasons of
involvement. These results were reflected in the overall weighted means of the
two groups of respondents. Hence, all groups of respondents favored thatPNP
organization should conduct seminars and trainings to their personnel regarding
proper law enforcement work and at the same time focus on community-related
activities to build-up the relationship between police officers and the community.

police misconduct in terms of reasons for involvement.

Personnel s
Recommendations Statistical Analysis in terms of effects to
community
Table 18 presents the results of the test significant difference between the
recommendation of the Police personnel based in Calamba Police station and
civilian residents of Calamba on the disciplinary measures on police misconduct,

in terms of effects to community. Statistical analysis revealed that the computed t
– value of 1.51 is lower than the critical t – value of 2.05, indicating the
acceptance of the null hypothesis. This means that there is no significant
difference in the respondents’ recommendation on the disciplinary measures on
police misconduct in terms of the effects to the community
the police disciplinary measures on police misconduct, in terms of the effects to
the community. These results were reflected in the overall weighted means of the
two groups of respondents. Hence, all groups of respondents favored thatthere
must be a great cooperation between the police and community.

police misconduct in terms of effects to community.

Personnel s
Interview Results and Analysis
The key informants interviewed in the study were the Chief of Police, non-
commissioned police officers and civilians. For the assessment on police
disciplinary measures against police misconduct relative to activity type, the
informants differed in their assessment on the indicators. For the civilians, the

indicator with the highest weighted mean is police officers become opportunistic
thief to arrestees, crime victims and corpses during crime investigation and police
involvement and protection of illegal activity, accepting payment from the
operators of illegal establishment such as brothels, casinos, gambling dens and
drug dealers and ensuring their protection from law enforcement to keep them on
operating.For the police assessment, they all strongly disagree with the
indicators. The use of excessive force, usually physical but potentially in forms of
verbal attacks and psychological intimidation by a police officer has the highest
weighted mean.
For the assessment on police disciplinary measures against police
misconduct in terms of reason for involvement, the informants have differ in their
assessment of the indicators. The civilian group has moderately agreed on the
indicators with police officers lacking proper training and orientation on law
enforcement work having the highest weighted mean. As for the police
respondents, they all strongly disagreed on the indicators with police officers
getting more career related opportunities from getting involved in illegal activities
having the highest weighted mean.
The assessment on police disciplinary measures on police misconduct in
terms of effects to community resulted to a different assessment. The civilian
group all agreed on the indicators with cooperation between the police and
community will deteriorate and conflicts between the police and the community
will likely happen having the highest weighted mean. For the police respondents,
they all disagreed. The indicator that it will destroy the reputation of the police

organization has the highest weighted mean and all police respondents
disagreed on it.
Action Plan
Table 19 shows the action plan of the study regarding disciplinary
measures on police misconduct. The Calamba Police Station will conduct
seminar regarding standard operating procedure on Police investigation. The
Seminar will enhance the knowledge and skills of police officers of Calamba in
the proper procedures of police investigation. For the efficiency of the seminar it
should be incorporated with drills for the participants to acquire actual knowledge
and skills needed on the proper procedure of police investigation. The Chief of
Police of Calamba Police Station will lead in the said seminar. The Seminar will
be conducted on February 3 – 10, 2014 with a budgetary requirement of Php
10,000.00.
The Calamba Police Station will have a Community Clean – up Drive to
build – up the relationship between police personnel and the community and
promote a clean community. This will enhance the relationship between the
police officers of Calamba and the community and will also promote concern to
the surrounding. The Chief of police of Calamba Police Station will work hand in
hand with the community officials for the activity to materialize. Target date of the
Clean – up Drive will be on March 24 – 31, 2014 with a budgetary requirement of
Php. 10,000.00.
To further enhance the involvement of the community in maintaining

peace and order in the society, the PNP will conduct a Civilian awareness
program. Its propose is to involve and fully utilize the community in the advocacy
of fighting crime. In this program the PNP will train and use assets in the
community to serve as agents of peace and order. This program is a 2 year
program with a budgetary requirement of Php 10,000.00.
Table 19. The action plan of the study.
Program Specific Implementation Responsible Time Budgetary

Component Objective Strategy Unit/Person Frame Requirement,
PhP
To enhance Conduct a Chief of February 15,000.00

the seminar Police 3 – 10,
Seminar on knowledge incorporated 2014
Standard and skills of with drills to
Operating police acquire
procedure personnel in knowledge and
on Criminal the proper skills on the
Investigatio procedure proper
n of police procedure of
investigation police
. investigation
To build-up Conduct Chief of March 10,000.00
Community the cleanup drive Police and 24 – 31,
Clean up relationship together with the community 2014
Drive between community to officials
police promote
personnel concern to the
and the surroundings
community and enhance
and community
promote relationship.
clean

community
To involve Train and Chief of 2 year 10,000.00
Civilian and utilize utilized assets in Police and program
awareness the the community Community
program community to help in Relations
in promoting maintaining Officer
peace and peace and order
order. in the
community

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
The main problem of this study is to evaluate and provide solutions to the
different misconducts being involved in or being done by policemen. This is to
shade light and solve the problem brought by police misconduct.
Based on the findings of the study, these are the profile of the
respondents of the Calamba City Police Office and the community. Among the 30
respondents interviewed, 11 respondents belong to the group of 21-25 years of
age. 6 respondents belong to the group of 26-30 years of age. 7 respondents
belong to the group of 31-35 years of age. 4 respondents belong to the group of
36-40 years of age. 1 respondent belong to the group of 41-45 years of age and
another 1 respondent belong to the group of 46-50 years of age.
A greater part of the respondents came from the male gender, which
composed of 18 respondents. The female gender is composed of 12
respondents. Among the 30 respondents, 8 or 40% were high school graduates
and they belong to the civilian respondents. 11 respondents or 55% college
graduates belong to the civilian group. 1 respondent or 5% from the civilian group
had a master’s degree. Among the police respondents, 100% percent or all of
them are college graduates.Analysis of the status in terms of enhancing the
police disciplinary measures against police misconduct revealed that there was
no significant difference since the computed t-values are lower than the critical
values therefore the null hypothesis is accepted. This interprets that both group

of respondents agree to enhance police disciplinary measures against police
misconduct.
The respondent’s assessment showed that the two groups of respondents
have contradictory comments on the indicators in terms of activity type, reason
for involvement and effects to community. It shows that there is a significant
difference between the two groups of respondents.
Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant difference since the
two groups of respondents have the same objective in terms of enhancing the
disciplinary measures against police misconduct. In terms of the effectiveness of
the proposed recommendations, the variables for the study in terms of reasons
for involvement has the highest rating in the survey with a grand mean of 4.47
and a verbal interpretation of highly recommended.
Conclusions
In the light of the research findings, the conclusions are as follows:
1. The respondents have different assessment on police disciplinary
measures against police misconduct. In terms of activity type, the
civilian respondents agree on police involvement and protection of
illegal activities like accepting payment from operators of illegal
establishment such as brothels, casinos, or drug dealers to protect
them from law enforcement and keep them in operation. The police
respondents disagree on the use of excessive force usually
physical but potentially in forms of verbal attacks and psychological

intimidation. In terms of reason for involvement, the civilian
respondents moderately agree on the lack of proper training and
orientation on law enforcement to policemen while the police
respondents disagree on policemen getting more related
opportunities in being involved in illegal activities. In terms of effects
to community, the civilian respondents agree that conflicts between
the community and police will likely happen and cooperation of the
police and community will deteriorate. The police respondents
disagree that it will destroy the reputation of the police organization.
2. There is a significant difference in the respondent’s assessment on
police disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of
activity type, reasons for involvement and effects to the community.
3. The recommendations proposed to solve police disciplinary
measures against police misconduct gained the same assessment
from the respondents. In terms of activity type, the respondents
agreed on the recommendation that policemen should refrain from
receiving bribery from business operators involved in illegal
activities in exchange for protection. In terms of reason for
involvement, the respondents agreed on the recommendation that
the PNP should conduct seminars and training for their personnel
regarding proper law enforcement work and focus on community
related activities to build up the relationship of the police and the
community. In terms of effects to community, the respondents

agreed on the recommendation that there will be a great
cooperation between the police and the community in terms of
peace and order.
4. There is no significant difference on the respondent’s assessment
on the recommendations to improve police disciplinary measures
on police misconduct because both respondents agree on the
recommendations.
5. The action plan is to enhance knowledge and skills of policemen in
the proper procedure of police investigation by conducting seminar
incorporated with drills to acquire knowledge and skills on proper
police procedure and investigation, build up police and community
relationship and promoting a clean community by conducting clean
up drives with the community to promote concerns to the
surroundings and to involve and utilize the community in promoting
peace and order.

Recommendations
Based from the findings of the study, the recommendations are as follows:
1. Emphasize more on discipline for a better police organization.
2. Police community relations should be strengthened.
3. This study shall serve as a reference for future studies.
4. Training program for the police should be improved and well
equipped.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Hirschi, T.Gottfredson, M. R. (1983). Age and the explanation of

crime. American Journal of Sociology.pp 552–584.
HasanBuker (2011). Formation of self-control:Gottfredson and Hirschi's general

theory of crime and beyond. pp. 265–276.
Vazsonyi, A. T. Belliston, L. M. (2007). The Family - Low Self-Control - Deviance:

A Cross-Cultural and Cross-National Test of Self-Control Theory. Criminal
Justice and Behavior.pp. 505–530.
Shavell, Steven and A. Mitchell Polinsky (2000). The Economic Theory of Public
Enforcement of Law. Economic Literature. 45-76.
Homestead (2005). Containment Theory-Walter Reckless. Control Theory. pp

223-228.
Hay, C. (2001). Parenting, self-control, and delinquency: A test of self-control

theory. Criminology.pp707–734
LaGrange, T. C.; Silverman, R. A. (1999). Low Self-control and Opportunity:

Testing the General Theory of Crime as an Explanation for Gender
Differences in Delinquency. Criminology. pp 41–72.
Electronic Sources
Emmanuel Louis Bacani (2012). Police, military commit to protect human rights.
Retrieved August 28, 2013 from http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-
news/2012/12/05/police-military-commit-protect-human-rights-256780
Karen Boncocan (2011). PNP to implement 3-strike policy on erring cops.

Retrieved August 28, 2013, from
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20110105-312680/
PNP-to-implement-3-strike-policy-on-erring-cops.
Jeff Canoy, ABS-CBN New (2011). Crimes by cops batter PNP image.
http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/01/05/11/crimes-cops-batter-pnp-
image

The Philippine Daily Inquirer (2011).Philippines police dismisses cop in torture

video. Retrieved August 28, 2013 from
http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Asia/Story/A1Story20110114-
258232.html
The Philippine Star (2013).Over 100 cops sacked for misconduct-crimes.

http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/07/30/1031911/over-100-cops-
sacked-misconduct-crimes
JojoMalig, abs-cbnNEWS (2011).WikiLeaks cable: Philippine police 'a mess.

http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/08/25/11/wikileaks-cable-philippine-
police-mess.
Maricar, A. and Nilo, A., Sunstar Philippines (2004). PNP FIRES 3 COPS
FOUND POSITIVE OF DRUG USE. Retrieved August 28, 2013, from
http://www.sunstar.com.ph/dumaguete/.
Bistado( 2013 ). 11 PNP officers in rubber boat scam slapped with administrative
sanctions. Retrieved August 28, 2013, from http://bistado.com/news/scam/11-
pnp-officers-in-rubber-boat-scam-slapped-with-administrative-sanctions/
attachment/ombudsman-conchita-carpio-morales/.
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (2013). Philippines

police officers to undergo LGBT sensitization training. Retrieved August 28,
2013, from
http://www.fridae.asia/newsfeatures/2013/03/01/12248.philippines-police-
officers-to-undergo-lgbt-sensitisation-training#sthash.OUBXRHm7.dpuf
(2009). Police Officers Completed Paralegal Training. Retrieved August 28,

2013, from
http://www.hss.de/southeastasia/en/philippines/news-events/2009/police-officers-
completed-paralegal-training.html

Appendix A. Letter ofrequest to conduct the survey.

PSUPT MARVIN JOE C. SARO

Chief of Police, Calamba Police Station
Camp General Mariano N. Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
Dear Sir:
Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently

conducting their undergraduate thesis title entitled, “Police Disciplinary
Measures on Police Misconduct”. This study aims to determine the causes
and problems of police officers that are involved in crimes and illegal activities.
In view of this, we would like to respectfully request for your approval

with regards to the conduct of the survey in your respective area of
responsibility. Rest assured that all information gathered will be treated with
utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much.
Very truly yours,
CDT 2C KIEFER DEAN D. BERAY

CDT 2C KLARENZ D. CHAVEZ
CDT 2C REDEN P. MALABANAN

Appendix B. Letter of request to the respondents of the study.

Philippine National Police Academy

Camp General Mariano N Castañeda, Silang, Cavite
Dear Respondent:
Please be informed that the undersigned cadets are currently

conducting their undergraduate thesis entitled, “Police Disciplinary
Measures On Police Misconduct”. This study aims to determine the causes
and problems of police officers that are involved in illegal activities.
In view of this, we would like to solicit your participation with regards to

the collection of information required in the study. Rest assured that all
information gathered will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you very much.
Very truly yours,
CDT 2C KIEFER DEAN D. BERAY

CDT 2C KLARENZ D. CHAVEZ
CDT 2C REDEN P. MALABANAN

Appendix C. The survey questionnaire used in the study.
Part I. Profile of the Respondents
Direction: Kindly indicate your answer by placing a check (√) mark in the
space provided in each of the items below:
1. Category:
___Police Officer
___Civilian Residence
2. Age:
___20 years and below

___21-25
___26-30
___31-35
___36-40
___41-45
___46-50
___51-55
___56-60
___61 years and above
3. Gender:
___Male
___Female
4. Highest Educational Attainment:
___Elementary
___High School
___College
___Master’s
___Doctorate
Part II. Respondents’ Assessment on police disciplinary measures on

police misconduct.
Direction: Please indicate your answer by placing a check mark (√) in the
appropriate box, using the scale below:
Scale Verbal Interpretation

5 - Strongly Agree (SA)
4 - Agree (A)
3 - Moderately Agree (MA)
2 - Disagree (D)
1 - Strongly Disagree (SD)
A. Activity Type
Indicators SA A MA D SD
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 Police officers receiving free drinks, meals,
and other gratuities.
2 Use of excessive force, usually physical, but

potentially in the form of verbal attacks and
psychological intimidation, by a police officer.
3 Opportunistic theft from arrestees and crime

victims or their corpses of police investigators.
4 Police involvement and protection of illegal

activity: accepting payment from the operators
of illegal establishments such
as brothels, casinos, or drug dealers to protect
them from law enforcement and keep them in
operation.
5 Law enforcement officers themselves commit

crimes.
B. Reasons For Involvement

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 Police officers get extra income from being
involved in illegal activities.
2 Police officers lack proper training and
orientation on law enforcement work.
3 Police officers are obliged to follow their
superior’s orders without hesitation even if it’s
illegal.
4 Police officers get more career-related
opportunities from being involved in illegal
activities.
5 Police officers tend to abuse their authority
towards the community.
C. Effects to Community
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 It casts a shadow of doubt on the people

whether they can still protect them from crime.
2 It will cause mistrust and fear to the
community.
3 It destroys the reputation of the police
organization.
4 Cooperation of the police and community will
deteriorate.
5 Conflict between the police and the community
will likely happen.
Part III. Proposed Recommendations to Enhance The Plans in Police

Disciplinary Measures on Police Misconduct.
Direction: Please indicate your answer by placing a check mark (√) in the
appropriate box, using the scale below:
Scale Verbal Interpretation

5 - Highly Recommended (HR)
4 - Recommended (R)
3 - Moderately Recommended (MR)
2 - Less Recommended (LR)
1 - Not Recommended (NR)
A. Activity Type
Indicators HR R MR LR NR
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 Police officers should refrain in receiving free
drinks, meals, and other gratuities.
2 An officer should extend his patience in
dealing with difficult and harsh situations.
3 Investigating officers of criminal incidents
should turn over or conduct proper inventory of
items or properties of the victim found in crime
scene.
4 Police officers should refrain from receiving
“padulas” from business operators involve in
illegal activities in exchange for their
protection.
5 Police Officers should fulfill their task as
trusted law enforcers and preserve their
reputation.
B. Reason for Involvement

(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 PNP organization should conduct income-
generating activities to help those police
officers that are in need.
2 PNP organization should conduct seminars
and trainings to their personnel regarding
proper law enforcement work.
3 PNP organization should give equal
opportunities to all police officers to excel in
their field.
4 PNP organization should provide the
equipment needed by every police officer to
function well in their jobs.
5 PNP organization should focus on community-
related activities to build-up the relationship
between police officers and the community.
C. Effects to Community
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1 There is a great cooperation between the
police and community.
2 The two groups will help each other to combat
crime.
3 There is peace and harmony between the two
groups.
4 The community will depend on the police for
protection.
5 The community will support all programs of the

police organization.

Appendix D. The interview guide utilized in the study.
INTERVIEW GUIDE
1. Based from your experience, what is your assessment on Police

Disciplinary Measures on Police Misconduct in terms of:
1.1 Police officers get involve in illegal activities outside their obligation.
1.2 Police Officers benefit more from being involved in illegal activities.
1.3 Police Officers destroy the reputation of the whole Police

Organization from the community by getting involved in illegal
activities.
2. In your opinion, what can you recommend to enhance actions in Police

Disciplinary Measures on Police Misconduct relative to:
2.1 The Police Organization should strictly monitor their personnel and
their daily routine including off duty works.
2.2 The Police Organization should conduct seminars and trainings to

their police officers regarding the proper implementation of law
enforcement.
2.3 The Police Organization should create harmonious relation with the
community to fight against crime and disorder in the community.

Appendix E. Photographs taken during the survey and interview proper.

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Kiefer Dean Dacsig Beray
Birthdate : January 30, 1993
Address :Poblacion, Bokod, Benguet
Educational Qualification
Elementary :Karao Elementary School
Secondary : Immaculate Conception School of Bokod
College : Cordillera Career Development College
Course : BS Criminology
Seminars/Trainings Attended:
Special Counter Insurgency Operation Unit Training (SCOUT)
Air to Ground Operations Seminar (AGOS)
Police Intervention Course (PIC)

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name :KlarenzDimaano Chavez
Birthdate : December 05, 1989
Address : 3rd St., Gimenez Park Subd., Naga City, Camarines Sur
Elementary :Naga Cental School II
Secondary :Ateneo de Naga University
College :Ateneo de Naga University
Course : BS Education

CURRICULUM VITAE
Name :RedenPiamonteMalabanan
Birthdate : April 30, 1993
Address :Calamba City
Elementary :Maunong Elementary School
Secondary :Liceo de Calamba
College : Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Course : BS Industrial and Organizational Psychology

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Republic of the Philippines

Philippine Public Safety College

POLICE DISCIPLINARY MEASURES

In Partial Fulfillment Of The

Cdt 2C KIEFER DEAN D. BERAY

LAKANDULA CLASS 2015

This thesis entitled, “POLICE DISCIPLINARY MEASURES ON POLICE

Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MINA R. IMPORTANTE, MPSA

JUDE THADDEUS I. BARTOLOME JOSEFINA S. RESURRECCION

Accepted as partial fulfillment for the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

MINA R. IMPORTANTE, MPSA

to the following persons who had significantly contributed to this research

To PCSUPT NOEL GECANO CONSTANTINO, for giving an opportunity

to conduct this research.

To DR. EDILBERTO A. LAGUNDA for imparting his knowledge to improve

To Miss MINA R. IMPORTANTE for her support and guidance in the

conduct of the study.

To PSUPT MARVIN JOE CHIDAY SARO and the police personnel of

conduct of this study.

Most of all, to the Almighty for giving us strength, guidance, protection,

Title : Police Disciplinary Measures on Police Misconduct

Researchers : Cdt 2c Kiefer Dean D. Beray

Institution : Philippine National Police Academy

Police misconduct in the police organization has been a problem. Some

the factors resulting to police misconduct and its disciplinary measures.

extent of the influence of the factors to public cooperation on police misconduct,

and significant difference among the respondents’ assessment on the influence

of the factors to addressing police misconduct.

A descriptive research design was used in the study. A stratified random

is no significant difference in the respondents’ assessment on the influence of the

through the conduct of a survey, using a structured questionnaire.

Results revealed that the police respondents disagreed with the

enlightened with the study of police misconduct.

1. The respondents have different assessment on police disciplinary

measures against police misconduct. In terms of activity type, the

civilian respondents agree on police involvement and protection of

illegal activities like accepting payment from operators of illegal

establishment such as brothels, casinos, or drug dealers to protect

respondents disagree on the use of excessive force usually

physical but potentially in forms of verbal attacks and psychological

intimidation. In terms of reason for involvement, the civilian

respondents moderately agree on the lack of proper training and

orientation on law enforcement to policemen while the police

respondents disagree on policemen getting more related

opportunities in being involved in illegal activities. In terms of effects

to community, the civilian respondents agree that conflicts between

police and community will deteriorate. The police respondents

disagree that it will destroy the reputation of the police organization.

2. There is a significant difference in the respondent’s assessment on

police disciplinary measures on police misconduct in terms of

activity type, reasons for involvement and effects to the community.

3. The recommendations proposed to solve police disciplinary

measures against police misconduct gained the same assessment

from the respondents. In terms of activity type, the respondents

agreed on the recommendation that policemen should refrain from

receiving bribery from business operators involved in illegal

activities in exchange for protection. In terms of reason for

involvement, the respondents agreed on the recommendation that

regarding proper law enforcement work and focus on community

related activities to build up the relationship of the police and the

community. In terms of effects to community, the respondents