Proyecto en Factibilidad Pienta en Ingles - 1

FORMULATION OF THE MACROPROJECT OF SOCIAL INTEREST OF THE VALLEY OF GUATIGUARÁ IN PIEDECUESTA, SANTANDER,
METROPOLITAN AREA OF BUCARAMANGA.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF GRAPHICS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF GRAPHICS
LIST OF PHOTOS
TITLE I: THE NATIONAL SOCIAL INTEREST MACROPROJECTS………..………….1

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND OF THE PIENTA MACROPROJECT PIENTA .......................... 3
TITLE II: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL……………. . 6
CHAPTER I: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN ............................................................ 6

1 ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE AREA IN THE MUNICIPALITY AND REGION
............................................................................................................ 6
1.1 The metropolitan area in the sub-region ................................................ 6
1.2 Geostrategic context of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga ........... 7
1.3 regional analysis of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga ................. 8
1.4 Territorial impact of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga ................. 9
1.5 Analysis of the municipality of Piedecuesta……………………………….9
CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS OF PIEDECUESTA MUNICIPAL AREA

METROPOLITAN .................................................................................................. 18
2 population analysis .................................................................................. 18
2.1 Demo Graphics. population census and its variables. ......................... 18
2.2 Piedecuesta population growth in the AMB ......................................... 20
2.3 Population analysis.............................................................................. 25
2.4 Evolution of forced displacement ......................................................... 28
2.5 Stratification ......................................................................................... 33
2.6 Property distribution ............................................................................. 33
2.7 economic levels and income ............................................................... 34
2.8 Economic activity (agricultural, industrial, tertiary) ............................... 37
2.9 Employment levels .............................................................................. 40
2.10 Current residential park ....................................................................... 41

____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2.11 Project construction needs VIS............................................................ 43
2.12 The VIS housing in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga ................ 44
2.13 The social housing in Piedecuesta ...................................................... 48
CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL PIEDECUESTA ................................52

3 ANALYSIS URBAN PIEDECUESTA ..........................................................52
3.1 Urban structure Piedecuesta ............................................................... 52
3.2 Utility networks .................................................................................... 70
3.3 Middle socioeconomic ......................................................................... 84
3.4 municipal resources............................................................................. 85
3.5 tourism resources .............................................................................. 103
3.6 Projects in urban and suburban areas and its impact ........................ 106
3.7 urban structure and environment ....................................................... 111
3.8 Repercussions on the scope of the project ........................................ 112
3.9 Contrast to the model system, POT ................................................... 113
3.10 General guidelines for Scheme Urbanistic ........................................ 115
3.11 Standards for Housing, Equipment and Public Space ....................... 118
3.12 Real Availability of Public Services. ................................................... 148
TITLE III: FORMULATION OF THE ANGLIA ....................................................... 159
CHAPTER I: STRUCTURE OF THE PLANNING AREA ...................................... 159

4 STRUCTURE OF THE PLANNING AREA ................................................ 159
CHAPTER II: DEFINITION OF THE AREA OF THE ANGLIA ............................. 165

5 OBJECT OF THE PREMISES ANGLIA .................................................... 165
5.1 Geographical Coordinates ................................................................. 166
CHAPTER III: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM OF THE ANGLIA ........................... 171

6 INFLUENCE OF THE AREA ANGLIA ....................................................... 171
6.1 Criteria for Identification and Delineation ........................................... 171
6.2 Determination of the Direct Influence Area ........................................ 172
6.3 Location Space georeferenced .......................................................... 173
6.4 Determination of Indirect Influence Area ........................................... 174
6.5 Environmental diagnosis ................................................................... 175
7 ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE HOME........................................................ 176
7.1 Objectives of the National Ecological Network .................................. 177
7.2 Components National Ecological ....................................................... 178
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7.3 Environmental characterization ......................................................... 184
7.4 Biotic component ............................................................................... 196
7.5 Renewable Natural Resources Mandated Macroproyecto. 200 7.6
Evaluation Environmental aspects..................................................... 201
7.7 Threats and Risks.............................................................................. 205
7.8 Environmental guidelines .................................................................. 209
7.9 Monitoring and Monitoring Programs ................................................. 212
7.10 Contingency Plan .............................................................................. 213
7.11 POWPA system and WWTP.............................................................. 213
CHAPTER IV: THE SYSTEM VIAL ANGLIA ...................................................... 214

8 STRUCTURE VIAL. .................................................................................. 214
8.1 Affectations by Arterial Road Plan and Zonal. .................................... 214
8.2 Proposal equipment ........................................................................... 217
8.3 Mobility .............................................................................................. 219
8.4 Traffic Study ...................................................................................... 228
8.5 Mobility System the Macroproyecto ................................................... 247
CHAPTER V: PUBLIC SERVICES SYSTEM ...................................................... 256

9 ENERGY ................................................................................................... 256
9.1 mains and low voltage ....................................................................... 256
9.2 Public lighting network ....................................................................... 259
9.3 Communications network .................................................................. 260
9.4 Calculations of the Power Grid ........................................................... 260
10 AQUEDUCT NETWORK ....................................................................... 268
10.1 Overview ........................................................................................... 268
10.2 Source of supply ................................................................................ 269
10.3 Hydraulic design parameters ............................................................. 269
11 SEWER SYSTEM AND SANITARY PLUVIAL ..................................... 275
11.1 Overview ........................................................................................... 275
11.2 Specific criteria Design ...................................................................... 276
11.3 Energy losses .................................................................................... 278
11.4 Union collectors ................................................................................. 278
11.5 Subcritical regime .............................................................................. 279
11.6 Supercritical regime ........................................................................... 279
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
11.7 Complementary structures ................................................................ 282
11.8 Manholes ........................................................................................... 282
11.9 Concrete structure ............................................................................. 282
11.10 Brick structure ................................................................................ 283
11.11 Sanitary Sewer System .................................................................. 286
11.12 Storm Sewer System ..................................................................... 292
CHAPTER VI: PUBLIC SPACE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT ......................... 298

12 SYSTEM OF PUBLIC SPACE OF THE ANGLIA.................................. 298
12.1 Linear parks Big Creek; Suratoque Creek………………….…………..299
12.2 Park linear South ............................................................................... 300
12.3 Park Central Pienta ........................................................................... 300
13 SYSTEM FEATURES THE ANGLIA ..................................................... 300
CHAPTER VII: RULES OF THE ANGLIA URBANISTICAS ............................... 304

14 URBANISTICAS RULES OF THE ANGLIA .......................................... 304
14.1 urban treatments ............................................................................... 305
14.2 Soil Protection ................................................................................... 305
14.3 Expansion Floor................................................................................. 305
14.4 Treatment Environmental Protection ................................................. 306
14.5 Treatment Development .................................................................... 307
Chapter VIII: EXECUTION STEPS ..................................................................... 308

15 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STAGES ANGLIA .................................. 308
CHAPTER IX: STRUCTURING SYSTEMS ......................................................... 313

16 STRUCTURING SYSTEMS .................................................................. 313
16.1 Standards for the National Ecological Network.................................. 314
16.2 Standards for Mobility System ........................................................... 315
16.3 Standards for Public Space System .................................................. 315
16.4 Standards for Equipment System ...................................................... 317
CHAPTER X: AREAS OF ACTIVITY .................................................................. 318

17 MACROPROJECT ACTIVITY AREAS ................................................ 318
17.1 Green areas Private ........................................................................... 318
17.2 sheets Regulations ............................................................................ 319
17.3 General areas of the Project .............................................................. 322
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER XI: MANAGEMENT STRATEGY....................................................... 329
18 MACROPROJECT MANAGEMENT SCHEME ......................................... 329
18.1 Concerned parties ............................................................................. 329
18.2 Management Scheme ....................................................................... 333
CHAPTER XII: FINANCIAL STRUCTURE .......................................................... 336

19 FINANCIAL STRUCTURE .................................................................... 336
19.1 Soil involved in the distribution .......................................................... 336
19.2 Value of the soil ................................................................................. 337
19.3 urbanistic and obligations loads......................................................... 338
19.4 Budget ............................................................................................... 340
19.5 Uses and buildable for useful Areas .................................................. 343
19.6 exploitations Town planning .............................................................. 351
19.7 Equitable sharing system of burdens and benefits ............................ 351
19.8 Implementation Schedule .................................................................. 353
19.9 Sources and Uses ............................................................................. 354
19.10 financial flow .................................................................................. 355
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIST OF GRAPHICS
Graphic 1. Location Graphic metropolitan area of Bucaramanga ............................ 9

Graphic 2. Relations nationwide. ............................................................................. 9
Graphic 3. multipolar model of the AMB ................................................................ 12
Graphic 4. Functional areas - POT of the AMB ..................................................... 14
Graphic 5. Functional area Guatiguará POT AMB ................................................ 15
Graphic 6. Location at municipal level. .................................................................. 17
Graphic 7. Population growth in Piedecuesta 1938 -2015..................................... 19
Graphic 8. Structure of the population by sex and age groups - 2005................... 20
Graphic 9. Population growth and increased the area developable, 2009-2038 (%)
.............................................................................................................................. 24
Graphic 10. Households by number of persons. ................................................... 25
Graphic 11. Piedecuesta population growth from 2003 to 2009 ............................ 26
Graphic 12. Change of residence in the municipality of Piedecuesta .................... 27

Graphic 13. People received Piedecuesta and AMB ............................................. 29
Graphic 14. Households and people leaving Piedecuesta .................................... 31
Graphic 15. Households and people who come to Piedecuesta ........................... 32

Graphic 16. Facilities according activity - 2005 ..................................................... 38
Graphic 17. Facilities staff according scale economic activity - 2005 .................... 38
Graphic 18. Types of crops in the census units - 2005.......................................... 39
Graphic 19. Graphic agriculture, livestock and fisheries related activities - 2005 .. 39
Graphic 20. Licenses granted by type of housing.................................................. 49
Graphic 21. Number of new homes. ...................................................................... 50

Graphic 22. Urban expansion area destined for housing ...................................... 51
Graphic 23. Map of urban uses. ............................................................................ 56
Graphic 24. Uses of the Urban Land PBOT of Piedecuesta .................................. 58
Graphic 25. Mesh Environmental Graphic PBOT of Piedecuesta ......................... 60
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Graphic 26. Graphic Equipment PBOT of Piedecuesta ......................................... 61
Graphic 27. Current Equipment for Piedecuesta - 2010 ........................................ 62
Graphic 28. Scheme Piedecuesta aqueduct network: Network Diagnostics
Technical Aqueduct, Sewer and Grooming Piedecuesta ...................................... 74
Graphic 29. Attracting River Lato .......................................................................... 78
Graphic 30. Natural streams and effluents. ........................................................... 81
Graphic 31. Location Pipeline Gibraltar. ................................................................ 82
Graphic 32. Operating expenses / current revenues, municipalities 2009 ............. 87

Graphic 33. Current income Operating expenses for 2008 ................................... 89
Graphic 34. Percentage of income transfers 2008 ................................................ 89
Graphic 35. Capacity savings 2008 ....................................................................... 90

Graphic 36. Fiscal Performance Indicator 2008 .................................................... 90
Graphic 37. Road projects in urban land PBOT of Piedecuesta .......................... 109
Graphic 38. Urban structure and environment..................................................... 111

Graphic 39. Classification (zoning) rural soil Piedecuesta ................................... 114
Graphic 40. Soil sub-urban .................................................................................. 115
Graphic 41. Functional Areas Metropolitan POT ................................................. 120

Graphic 42. Metropolitan Parks ........................................................................... 123
Graphic 43. Graph Diagram ombroclimatic ......................................................... 133
Graphic 44. Location WTP El Santuario .............................................................. 150
Graphic 45. Location of drainage systems wastewater….………..................... 153
Graphic 46. Areas of Environmental Conservation of the Macroproyecto ........... 179
Graphic 47. Chart of the National Ecological Macroproyecto .............................. 183

Graphic 48. Graph Diagram ombroclimatic ......................................................... 186
Graphic 49. Location of points and sampling stations used for the characterization
of the streams affected by the project ................................................................. 191
Graphic 50. Comparison and integration of the results of sampling in February
2012 to August 2011. Water Quality Index .......................................................... 192
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Graphic 51. Uses of the soil identified. ................................................................ 196
Graphic 52. Metropolitan Road System ............................................................... 214
Graphic 53. Location External Metropolitan Ring Road ....................................... 216
Graphic 54. Cargo Logistics Centers and care and service vehicles.…………....218
Graphic 55. Western Piedecuesta road projects Sector ...................................... 219
Graphic 56. Distribution of trips by mode of transport ......................................... 220
Graphic 57. Graph Settings Metrolínea in Phase 1 ............................................. 225
Graphic 58. IMTS in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga .............................. 226
Graphic 59. Location Portal Metrolínea in the municipality of Piedecuesta ......... 227
Graphic 60. Graphic Design Portal Metrolínea Town - Piedecuesta ................... 227
Graphic 61. Analysis of intersections involved in the macroproject ..................... 247
Graphic 62. M06 Plano Road System of the Macroproyecto Pienta .................... 250
Graphic 63. Ratio Curves medium and maximum flow rates ............................... 290
Graphic 64. graph curves intensity-duration-frequency for the Metropolitan Area of
Bucaramanga ...................................................................................................... 294
Graphic 65. Public Space System ....................................................................... 298
Graphic 66. Graphic System of Public Facilities .................................................. 301
Graphic 67. Demands approximate Graphic system public facilities. .................. 303
Graphic 68. Treatments Towns. .......................................................................... 306
Graphic 69. Implementation Unit 1: Stages of Development ............................... 308
Graphic 70. Structuring Systems ........................................................................ 313
Graphic 71. Structure and Urban Areas Activity .................................................. 320
10
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Aspects of the Territorial Model of the AMB ............................................ 11

Table 2. Centralities of the AMB ............................................................................ 11
Table 3. Population and projections Piedecuesta.................................................. 19
Table 4. Estimated Population and Piedecuesta adjusted from 2005 to 2007 ...... 20
Table 5. Projections of urban population by municipalities 2009-2038 .................. 21
Table 6. Population Piedecuesta 1993-2009 ......................................................... 25
Table 7. population Reality Piedecuesta 2008-2009 ............................................. 26
Table 8. Housing deficit Piedecuesta BFA ............................................................ 28
Table 9. Shift Piedecuesta 1995 -2005 ................................................................. 29

Table 10. Population Displaced by age ................................................................. 30
Table 11. Participation resident population displaced population in 2004 ............. 30
Table 12. IDP Piedecuesta 2006-2008.................................................................. 30

Table 13. Distribution of population, housing and population density .................... 32
Table 14. Distribution of the displaced .................................................................. 33
Table 15. built urban property (housing). ............................................................... 33
Table 16. Agricultural and Livestock System 2007 ................................................ 36
Table 17. Solutions VIS in 2006 at the AMB.......................................................... 45
Table 18. Municipalities of the AMB 2005 housing deficit ..................................... 46
Table 19. Hypotheses demand for urban housing by municipality 2005-2038 ...... 46
Table 20. Licenses for housing.............................................................................. 49
Table 21. Number of new homes. ......................................................................... 49

Table 22. Urban, suburban and adopted expansion Area Housing ....................... 50
Table 23. Units Piedecuesta property taxes from 2004 to 2009 ............................ 53
Table 24. Units Piedecuesta property taxes from 2005 to 2008 ............................ 53
Table 25. Private educational establishments. ...................................................... 65
Table 26. Public educational establishments......................................................... 67
11
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 27. Public educational establishments......................................................... 68
Table 28. Municipal Wastewater December 2008 ................................................. 71
Table 29. municipal revenues................................................................................ 91
Table 30. Income Piedecuesta .............................................................................. 92

Table 31. tax revenue. ........................................................................................... 94
Table 32. Non-tax revenues. ................................................................................. 95
Table 33. Municipal spending. ............................................................................... 96

Table 34. Sources of resources............................................................................. 96
Table 35. Destination of resources by sector. ....................................................... 97
Table 36. Own resources of the municipality ......................................................... 99
Table 37. Balance Financial Piedecuesta ............................................................. 99
Table 38. Fiscal indicators of Piedecuesta .......................................................... 100
Table 39. Compliance with Law 617 .................................................................... 100
Table 40. Borrowing Capacity ............................................................................. 101
Table 41. Financial Statements Piedecuesta 2007-2010 .................................... 102
Table 42. Overview of the impact on the gross area ........................................... 123
Table 43. Overview of the impact. ....................................................................... 124
Table 44. Annual hours comfort. ......................................................................... 134
Table 45. Current population according to DANE densities. ............................... 152
Table 46. Population saturation future urban area .............................................. 154
Table 47. Table of areas of the National Ecological Network. ............................. 181
Table 48. Pluviometric and thermal data. ............................................................ 187
Table 49. Extension for use categories soil in the area of the PIENTA ............... 196
Table 50. Impact Rating Matrix............................................................................ 204
Table 51. Risk Assessment area the Macroproject ............................................. 208
Table 52. Ratio Sheets Environmental Management Programs Middle Abiotic or
physical. .............................................................................................................. 211
12
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 53. Ratio Sheets Environmental Management Programs of the Biotic
Environment. ....................................................................................................... 211
Table 54. Ratio Sheets Programs Middle Socioeconomic ................................... 212
Table 55. Summary of projected track profiles .................................................... 217
Table 56. Infrastructure required in Phase 1 ....................................................... 226
Table 57. Accrued cars and inhabitants of the relationship AMB 1990- 2009 ..... 230
Table 58. Distribution of metropolitan travel associated with the municipality of
Piedecuesta......................................................................................................... 232
Table 59. Vehicle Fleet percentage share ........................................................... 236
Table 60. Fleet vehicle for companies operating in Piedecuesta......................... 236
Table 61. Hierarchy of the road network macroproject ........................................ 243
Table 62. Profiles adopted vials .......................................................................... 243

Table 63. Results of the process of micro-simulation .......................................... 246
Table 64. Elements and areas Mobility System................................................... 251
Table 65. Determination of Claims Maxims of each sector. ................................ 261

Table 66. Load Allocation to the Circuit # 1 MT ................................................... 262
Table 71. Definition Capacity Distribution Substations ........................................ 265
Table 72. Definition of Longitudes Average BT Circuits ...................................... 267
Table 73. Determination of BT Network Lengths. ................................................ 268
Table 74. Dimensioning of protections BT. .......................................................... 268

Table 75. Period design secondary distribution network or local network ........... 270
Table 76. Net allocation by level of complexity of the system ............................. 270
Table 77. Maximum daily consumption coefficient K1 depending on the level of
complexity of the system ..................................................................................... 271
13
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 78. Coefficient of maximum hourly consumption, K2, depending on the level
of complexity of the system and the type of distribution network ......................... 272
Table 79. minimum pressure allowed in the distribution network ........................ 274
Table 80. Minimum Diameters allowed in the distribution network ...................... 274
Table 81. Coefficients Manning ........................................................................... 277
Table 82. Maximum angle of intersection between main collectors. .................... 280
Table 83. Diameter well structure ........................................................................ 283
Table 84. Degree of compaction of the filler psi. ................................................. 286
Table 85. Description of the different soil types. .................................................. 286
Table 86. Values of coefficients return to the level of complexity ........................ 288
Table 87. Contributions rainwater depending on the level of complexity ............. 290
Table 88. Categorization infiltration by level of complexity .................................. 291
Table 89. Maximum speed allowed in the ducts by material ............................... 292
Table 90. Return periods ..................................................................................... 295

Table 91. Runoff coefficient ................................................................................. 295
Table 92. Maximum allowable speeds ................................................................ 297
Table 93. Elements and areas Public Space System .......................................... 299
Table 94. Elements and balloons of land areas for equipment. ........................... 302
Table 95. Treatment Areas in Environmental Protection ..................................... 307
General Table 96. Table of areas. ....................................................................... 309
Table 97. Execution Unit 1 - Development Stage (uploads stages) .................... 310
Table 98. Soil object of distribution (SOR) and protected areas. ......................... 311
Table 99. Box standings areas. ........................................................................... 312
Table 100. General areas of the project .............................................................. 322
Table 101. Summary reference appraisals .......................................................... 337
Table 102. Calculation of the initial reference value of the floor. ......................... 338
Table 103. Definition of burdens and obligations................................................. 340
Table 104. General Budget. ................................................................................ 340
14
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 105. Detailed budget ................................................................................. 343
Table 106. Schema place of real estate products. .............................................. 350
Table 107. Indexes of the maximum floor Macroproject ...................................... 350
Table 108. Summary of real estate products in the Macroproject ....................... 351
Table 109. Execution timetable ........................................................................... 354
Table 110. Sources and uses of the Macroproject .............................................. 355
Table 111. Consolidated cash flow of the Macroproject ...................................... 356

Table 112. Cash flow of the developer. ............................................................... 357
Table 113. Cash flow from the VIP developer ..................................................... 358
Table 114. Cash flows from developer VIS ......................................................... 359
Table 115. Cash flow Non-VIS developer ........................................................... 360
15
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIST OF ILUSTRATIONS
Illustration 1. Criteria relationship between the management and

the environment ............................................................................. 128
Illustration 2. Cycle water .................................................................................... 129
Illustration 3. passive mechanisms savings ......................................................... 130
Illustration 4. Scheme cycle of urban solid waste. ............................................... 131
Illustration 5. Examples of reused in buildings..................................................... 132
Illustration 6. Reuse of plant residues. ................................................................ 132
Illustration 7. Scheme of location of blocks.......................................................... 134
Illustration 8. Scheme urban morphology ............................................................ 135
Illustration 9. Example of open spaces and green areas. .................................... 135

Illustration 10. Scheme of air conditioning living spaces. .................................... 136
Illustration 11. bioclimatic Architecture: scheme openings. ................................. 137
Illustration 12. bioclimatic architecture: facades scheme. .................................... 138

Illustration 13. Habitat. ......................................................................................... 142
Illustration 14. Scheme of relationship of society ................................................. 143
Illustration 15. Scheme of variation according to households. ............................. 144
Illustration 16. Alternative housing expansion ..................................................... 145
Illustration 17. Direct Influence Area.................................................................... 172
Illustration 18. Area of Indirect Influence ............................................................. 175

Illustration 19. Scheme management .................................................................. 334
16
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
PHOTO LIST
Photography 1. Settlement New Colombia on Ladera table Ruitoque ................... 32

Photography 2. Park Photography Presentation ................................................... 42
Photography 3. Urban Area Piedecuesta .............................................................. 52

Photography 4. Network aqueduct. Coaptation point network aqueduct ............... 75
Photography 5. Network aqueduct. Adduction water ............................................. 76
Photography 6. Purification treatment of water...................................................... 77

Photography 7. La Cantera Hill. .......................................................................... 105
Photography 8. Bioclimatic architecture: spaces and materials........................... 137
Photography 9. Bioclimatic architecture: example of terraces and exterior. ........ 138
Photography 10. Bioclimatic architecture: example of landscape integration……139
Photography 11. Bioclimatic Architecture: example solar panels ........................ 140
Photography 12. Bioclimatic Architecture: example of photovoltaic panels. ........ 141

Photography 13. Inner Patio: variant expansion in housing ................................ 144
Photography 14. Modular architecture photography. ........................................... 145
Photography 15. Geometry of architecture adapted to the environment. ............ 146

Photography 16. Building materials: reuse and insulators. .................................. 147
Photography 17. Single family Home ................................................................. 148
Photography 18. Road Infrastructure. ................................................................. 160
Photography 19. River of gold ............................................................................. 161
Photography 20. Educational facilities................................................................. 163
Photography 21. Educational facilities. ................................................................ 163
Photography 22. Recreational Equipment ........................................................... 164
Photography 23. Transverse Guatiguará. ........................................................... 234
17
FORMULATION DHE MACROPROYECTO DAND INTEREST SOCIAL DHE VALLE DAND GUATIGUARÁ ANDN PIEDECUESTA,
SANTANDER, TOREA METROPOLITANA DAND BUCARAMANGA.
TITLE I: THE MACROPROJECTS OF NATIONAL SOCIAL INTEREST

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Macroprojects program comes as part of the national strategy to address the problem of social
housing in Colombia, within the framework of the objectives and programs defined in Chapter
Cities Kind of the "National Development Plan 2010-2014. Prosperity for All "(PND) which
considered as one of its main objectives enabling ground for VIS, by providing adequate public
services residential, road networks primary and secondary, public space and social facilities
and recreational, in order to face the low level of formal product supply shortage of developable
land, the rigidity of some urban and local operational rules, legal difficulties, techniques to
develop new areas of expansion and the difficulty of builders to obtain financing.
Macroprojects were conceived as "...a set of actions aimed at the implementation of integrated
urban operations, capable of generating impacts on the whole of urban and regional spatial
structure and refocus the overall growth of the same. Macroproyectos ensure the
comprehensive performance of the State together with the participation of the private sector
for generating ground for VIS and construction and incorporation of equipment and
infrastructure in regional or national land use planning "
To this effect, the PND - Law 1151 of 2007, set a target of Macroproyectos national social
interest generating land for VIS, for which "The national government priority will promote the
design and implementation of urban projects for enabling soil VIS, by adequate provision of
public services residential, primary and secondary road networks, public space and social and
recreational facilities ... "
In this context, Macroproyectos of Interest National Social are structured as interventions
promoted with the participation of the national government, municipalities and departments
looking to increase as temporary and quick supply of land urbanized for the development of
housing programs of social interest, with emphasis Interest in housing Priority in the
municipalities, districts and metropolitan areas of the country where the housing deficit is
concentrated and there are difficulties in obtaining land for the VIS program.
The National Development Plan 2007 and the goals and objectives of the Vision Document
COLOMBIA II CENTENARY: 2019 (DNP, 2005), defined the following long-term purposes to
2019:
 Facilitate access to the formal market of the land and housing to low-income population.
 Boost social housing production and large-scale priority interest in cities and regions where the
housing deficit is concentrated.
 Encourage the growth of GDP of buildings and construction.
 Contribute to the employment strategy and overcoming poverty of the national government with the
increase in the number of employed in the construction sector.
 Articulate resources the family housing subsidy of the national government with housing subsidies of
local authorities, international cooperation resources and external credit offer in promoting VIS.
 Link to the private sector and owners of the soil in generating land for housing of social interest and
priority through the National Social Interest Macroproyectos.
18
 Support prevention strategy slum formation and increased housing deficit in line with the Millennium
Development Millennium.
 Build technical capacity in local authorities for identification, formulation and implementation of
integrated projects, of supra-municipal or regional impact.
In Judgment C-149 of the March 5, 2010, the Constitutional Court declared unconstitutional
Article 79 of Law 1151 of 2007, through which the Graphic of the National Social Interest
Macroproyectos is created; however ongoing leave those who were at some stage. The
macroproject Pienta for the date was declared unconstitutional the norm, was at
formulation stage, in accordance with Article 4 of Decree 4260 of 2007 as amended by
Decree 3671 of 2009, which articles 79 are regulated and 82 of Law 1151 of 2007.
BACKGROUND OF THE PIENTA MACROPROJECT
By Resolution No. 1227 of the June 26, 2009 issued by the Ministry of Environment, Housing
and Territorial Development announced for reasons of public utility and social interest,
Macroproyecto of Interest National Social “PIENTA - Community Tribute the Bicentennial of
Independence” located in the Guatiguará sector - Piedecuesta of the Department of
Santander”, for the reasons that we will develop in this title.
Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area (AMB), maintains a social and economic crisis that is
reflected, among others, poverty rates when its population is. According to the results of the
2005 Census, the percentage of people who reported unmet basic needs in the AMB is 12.6%.
According to Graphics from DANE, close to the 63.61% of the population of the metropolitan
area, live in households whose income depends on underemployment or inadequate
employment by competition or income, receiving less than three minimum monthly wages.
According to studies by the WBA, shortage of urban land in the city of Bucaramanga for social
housing, he has forced new homes to look for alternative housing in neighboring populations,
such as Giron and Piedecuesta. These municipalities, formerly populations with small urban
centers, have seen their population exponentially. This population phenomenon has produced
a conurbation between Bucaramanga, Girón, Floridablanca and Piedecuesta.
According to data from the Branch assist the displaced population attached to the Presidential
Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation - SOCIAL ACTION, to May 2008, the
Department of Santander housed 144,356 displaced, equivalent to 8.2% of the displaced
population in the country.
The Macroproyecto of Interest National Social of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga
industry Guatiguará-Piedecuesta of the Department of Santander, is a response to social and
housing needs facing the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, and identifies with programs to
combat extreme poverty institutions have initiated local, regional and national attention to the
vulnerable population. Aims to develop an urban large-scale operation to promote balanced
housing construction, urban services and productive activities, by generating urbanized land
with price conditions that guarantee access to housing for households with the lowest incomes.
The proposal of the macroproject of public initiative is in accordance with the principles
established in Article 4 of the Metropolitan Agreement 13 of 2011, which states “The quality of
19
life as the foundation of the habitat: so that the Metropolitan Area offers its citizens fair
conditions, access to the benefits of development and opportunities for socialization and
coexistence, from the right to decent housing, to a sufficient, accessible, safe public space, to
effective and efficient public and social services, to timely, rapid mobility and accessibility and
safe already a cultural, educational and recreational enough to allow the full development of
the potential of its people. "
Its location and area allows a comprehensive urban planning, you can expect land for housing
projects of social interest with projections in the short, medium and long term, for the
municipalities of the metropolitan area and especially for Bucaramanga, akin to the functional
area 13, 2011 Agreement established for the Guatiguará-Piedecuesta valley.
The Government of Santander prepared technical support document, which after checking the
announced area determined formulate part of Guatiguará properties in Piedecuesta,
evaluating the number of possible properties, availability of water and sewage, using of the
ground in the respective Plan of land Planning, connectivity Road, threats (geological faults,
threatened by landslides, floods and so on), you affectations and environmental impacts,
availability of studies, the area and the cost of the ground.
This analysis was finally possible to determine the area to formulate whose technical, legal,
financial and urban content is contained herein.
Benefits of the proposed area:
 By his count location with mass transit system that is spreading to the municipality of Piedecuesta,
allowing the incorporation of the Macroproyecto to the system feeders.
 Currently it has access roads.
It is the area where infrastructure costs are lower.
20
PART II: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL

CHAPTER I: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN
1 ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF THE AREA IN THE MUNICIPALITY AND REGION
As a fundamental principle for the territorial analysis, it is necessary to initiate any approach to
the planning area from a larger scale to properly analyzed, ie at regional level, in the case of
the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga - AMB, at the municipal level in the case of the
Piedecuesta, and zonal scale for Guatiguará Valley.
1.1 THE METROPOLITAN AREA IN THE SUBREGION
Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area is an administrative entity as set out in the Constitution,

consists of "four of the municipalities in the province of Soto (Bucaramanga, Floridablanca,
Girón and Piedecuesta). By ordinance No. 020 of December 15, 1981, it is operated
Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, comprising the municipalities of Bucaramanga,
Floridablanca and Giron whose nucleus is Bucaramanga. In the year 1984, the Assembly of
Santander Ordinance No. 048 issued so authorizing the Governor to formalize the annexation
of the municipality of Piedecuesta to the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga. Thus the March
2, 1985 the municipality of Piedecuesta is integrated.
Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area is known for being the hub of manufacturing space of the
Department of Santander; It has the highest degree of specialization in the tertiary sector
(especially in educational, health, trade, hotel and financial); It is recognized as the largest
business center in northeastern Colombia; It has the most important scientific knowledge
generating platform technology with subregional, regional and international influence, in
addition to a capital city (Bucaramanga) which has an important public infrastructure and good
image services nationwide.
Current conditions offered by the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga with the prospects for
implementation of road projects "Bucaramanga - Alto Escorial Cúcuta" and "Bucaramanga-
Backbone of the Magdalena Medio", to visualize the medium term condition closer to the
metropolitan area both Venezuela as the Magdalena Medio and therefore to Barrancabermeja
where has the largest refining center and petrochemical national level, as well as the interior
and west of the country, potentiating the possibility of consolidating the Corridor Transversal
International Business and competitiveness, now it is known as the future development axis or
axis of interoceanic dry canal communication or communicated to the Atlantic Ocean from
Maracaibo, Venezuela with the Pacific Ocean in the port an area of approximately 13,827 km2.
Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, is part of the regional context in the upper basin of the Lebrija
River, where its relations depend environmental, and their unique physical characteristics land.
1.2 GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA BUCARAMANGA
Gulf of Maracaibo in Venezuela - Cúcuta - Bucaramanga - Medellin - Port of Tribugá in the

Colombian Pacific, favors entry into the international economic circuits and allows you to
become articulator center integration between Colombia and Venezuela through the provision
21
of specialized services.
AMB historically was "definite" from the center of the country to the Atlantic coast which
generated opportunities for progress and development, the entry into operation of the
Backbone of Magdalena Medio, brought the AMB of the economic corridor; However, the
economic potential and its great regional influence place it as the main center for development
of northeastern Colombia. Is the articulator point and support services for the Big 4 corridors
defined by the department:
 The tourist corridor Barbosa - Socorro - San Gil - Charalá - Barichara - Girón
 Agroindustry and petrochemical corridor Magdalena Medio
 Corridor environmental sustainability and food
 transversal corridor international business and competitiveness
It maintains a direct relationship of interdependence with thirteen (13) municipalities in their
immediate environment because of socioeconomic relations that have determined the growth
of the region. This interdependence turns manifests itself in a wider territorial level, forming a
functional region which includes about 60 municipalities of an important portion of northeastern
Colombia.
1.3 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA BUCARAMANGA
The metropolitan area has an area of 1,426.47 km2 representing approximately 5% of the total
of the Department of Santander. Here 50% of the population of the Department of Santander
concentrated. Of the total of the WBA Giron extension corresponds to 48%, followed by
Piedecuesta with 35.1%, 10.3% Bucaramanga Floridablanca and 6.6%.
The Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga is one of the most important centers of development
of the northeastern region of the country, given its location within the national road system that
was forced route of land transportation between North Shore and downtown condition was
diminished to the entering operation of the Core Middle Magdalena; However, the AMB is
considered as a strategic center for economic activities in the northeastern region as a result
of its fast connection to the Venezuelan border, highlighting the lines of food production,
clothing, manufactured goods and services Regarding sectors production, food production is
the main industry of the WBA.
22
Graphic 1. Location metropolitan area of Bucaramanga.

Source: POT AMB. own calculations.
Graphic 2. Relations nationwide.

1.4 TERRITORIAL IMPACT OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA BUCARAMANGA
Bucaramanga Metropolitan territory has formed an important pole of urban development in the
east of the country, which has led to an attraction of population to settle in the city of
Bucaramanga and, over of time, it expanded to municipalities Giron, Piedecuesta and
Floridablanca through the road axes that marked further growth; and it is from this premise that
the Development Bucaramanga Plan Metropolitan, proposed a decentralization of the territory
where the center and the periphery should be reorganized into units urban complex where
urban work activities, culture, relaxation and room intermingle, forming various "urban centers"
23
that break up notions of center and periphery.
Central Centrality
Decentralization of the
Territory Peripheral Centralities
New Centralities
Orographic sub-system
Green Environmental
Water sub-system
System
Sub-system of metropolitan parks
Regional and / or national routes
Road System
Metropolitan roads
I- V stages
Urban Structure Transport system Productive
Recreation
Technological
Cultural
Equipment System
Educational and research
Public services
Western Gold River
West-central
South Gold River
Residential Urban Complex South West
Ruitoque High and low
Northern Piedecuesta
Eastern Palogordo
Integral Urban Complex
Guatiguará North
Business and Services
Territorial Sectorization Cold river
Complex
- Expansion
Urban Industrial and Western Palogordo
(Functional Areas -
Land Occupation Form Technology Complex Guatiguará South
Vocation)
Urban Complex of
Mensulí
Metropolitan Equipment
Urban Departmental Link

Piedecuesta South
Complex
Eastern river gold
Área Urbana por Desarrollar
Beautiful view
Urban Residential and Guatiguará Western
Services Complex Large flat
Urban Development UAU Partial Plans

Table 1. Aspects of the Territorial Model of the AMB.
24
Centrality Municipality Vocation

Urban renewal - university sector.
Urban-Center renovation.
Central Bucaramanga Renewal Urbana-PP / UAU
tourist potential (heritage) at regional
and national level.
urban vocation of tourist services.
Peripheral Girón
Manufacturing specialization.
Endowments Provision of urban

Peripheral Floridablanca services on a metropolitan scale.
uses specialized in the health sector.
Urban calling services regional

integration. Research centers
Peripheral Piedecuesta
specializing in Technological
Innovation.
Table 2. Centralities of the AMB.

Source: POT of the AMB.
This proposed model involves a pattern of functional decentralization of the territory through
the creation of "peripheral Centralities" in the municipalities of Girón, Piedecuesta and
Floridablanca, recovering its original urban functions by integrating residential, commercial,
industrial, cultural and recreational.
The center of Bucaramanga concentrating the highest intensity of service activities and existing
employment within the urban area of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, becomes the
"Centrality Central" and the current urban centers of the municipalities of Girón, Piedecuesta
and Floridablanca, become the "Outlying Centralities" in order to recover its original urban
functions by integrating activities.
1 Planning area of the Macroproject.
25
Graphic 3. Multipolar model of the AMB.

Source: Territorial Physical Unit - AMB 2001.
Likewise, Development Plan Metropolitan of Bucaramanga proposes the creation of new

"peripheral urban centers" in the areas of urban expansion, represented morphologically by
the valleys of Rio Frio, Rio Gold, Menzuly, Palogordo and Guatiguará, the latter with the largest
tracts of land at the regional level.
Thus Valley Guatiguará and therefore the planning area of the Macroproyecto, to be
26
considered the largest metropolitan areas with recovery to filing a scenic beauty, excellent
climate, high road connectivity, low affectations and environmental impacts; and presenting
high possibilities of articulation with the metropolitan road system, the mass transit system,
and the valleys of Menzuly and Palogordo, make a "peripheral urban centers" greatest
potential development of Metropolitan Area Bucaramanga.
From a territorial functionally Valley Guatiguará is the opportunity to continue the technology
corridor that has been generated in the Valley Menzuly and Rio Hato, through building a
sustainable development model that combines sustainably residential, institutional, equipment,
commercial and industrial, that support innovation processes and technology.
Graphic 4. Functional areas - POT of the AMB.

27
Graphic 5. Functional area Guatiguará POT AMB.

28
1.5 ANALYSIS OF THE MUNICIPALITY PIEDECUESTA.
Piedecuesta territory lies within the northern Andean Area comprising the slopes and valleys
mountain ranges interscholastic interior enclosed by northern sectors of the range, has
approximate area of 48,655 hectares, is characterized by a topographic rolling plateaus
between 800 and 1200 m and broken lands with steep slopes, making part of the barrel of the
Chicamocha 600 m and moor Berlin 3600 m.
The municipality limits the north with Tona and Floridablanca. To the South Guaca, Cepitá,
Aratoca and The Saints. The east Saint Barbara. By the West with Girón. Limits which in turn
demarcate the fragmentations of the municipal highlighted by the failure of Bucaramanga to
the east, the seismic node and the failure of the Saints to the south, the failure of the Suárez
River to the west and failures Ruitoque and River of gold in the north. All this has meant that
the inhabitants adapt to theenvironmental conditions partner of life fostered by thermal Andean
floors and seismic dynamics of the region. Because of its location in the Eastern Cordillera, it
is a producer Piedecuesta municipality of water. Here are born three rivers: Oro, Hato and
Manco and 12 you broken.
A metropolitan scale the municipality of Piedecuesta, is 17 km from Bucaramanga, And it is
strategically located at the south gate of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, operatively
connected to the main towns of the Department of Santander through the Highway
Bucaramanga - Bogotá. This situation has allowed Piedecuesta develop an urban vocation
endowments services and uses regional integration of research centers of technological
innovation, which gives it a vocation of expertise in the research area.
According to the POT of Piedecuesta, "The municipality of Piedecuesta is at the extreme
southern point of a metropolitan oval comprising the municipalities of Bucaramanga, Girón,
Floridablanca and the same, taking as functional center in the last five decades to
Bucaramanga, but in the last decade, the metropolitan social dynamics will bet Piedecuesta
as the excellent housing alternative, a fact that has led the expansion of urban land and
inducing an immediate expanding its perimeter”.
At the urban level, Piedecuesta presents an old town settled over the valley of the Rio de Oro,
which has generated a radial growth around its nucleus, and has established itself as an
epicenter for the development of new expansions, as are, Guatiguará Valleys and Menzuly.
Between the town of Piedecuesta and the Valley of Guatiguará, is the metropolitan park "Cerro
de la Cantera" which has served as a physical barrier to urban growth in Piedecuesta, which
allows for us that any functional articulation with the center traditional of the municipal head
with the new expansion areas like the Valley of Guatiguará, it must be done through the road
system, transport and public space.
29
Graphic 6. Location at municipal level.

Source: Individual Development.
30
CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL METROPOLITAN AREA PIEDECUESTA

2 POPULATION ANALYSIS
2.1 DEMOGRAPHICS. POPULATION CENSUS AND ITS VARIABLES.
According to the census of the DANE of 1.9932 the Municipality of Piedecuesta (Santander)
had a total population of 72,631 inhabitants, of whom 60,057 lived in the municipal seat and
the remaining 12,574 the rest of the municipality.
Population and demographic analyzes in the social component of the PBOT, population data
are based on projected 2000 with 93,797 inhabitants, of whom 77,539 are members of the
urban area and 16,263 correspond to the rural sector.
Projected population3 Total Urban Rural

Census Population 1938 17.926 6.974 10.952
Projected population 1997 90,935 76,848 14,087
Projected population 2000 93.797 77.539 16.263
2
DANE: XVI Census National Population and Housing V. 1993 Census Colombia - Santander
3 Source: Population data for the years 1938 and 1951 were extracted from the official document of the "Census of buildings and
dwellings 1951 for the Department of Santander", data for 1993 were extracted from the "Census DANE-1.993". Data from the years
1997 to 2003 were obtained from the TEP Metropolitan and the social component of the PBOT of Piedecuesta, based on population
projections that were made. The population data of 2005 to 2009 were extracted from the "Census DANE 2005" Statistical Information
and municipal population projections by area DANE 2005-2009 (June 30).
31
Graph 7. Population growth of Piedecuesta 1938-2015.

Source. Own elaboration.
For the year 2005, five years after the PBOT of Piedecuesta was formulated and two years
after it was adopted, and according to the DANE census; The municipality had a population
of 117,364 inhabitants, that is, it increased by 23,567 inhabitants in the five years (2000-
2005).
Población ajustada y estimada 4 Habitantes Fuente
Población ajustada (A junio 30 de 2014) 144.742 DANE Mayo 2014

Población estimada (A junio 30 de 2015) 147.784 DANE Mayo 2015
Población estimada (A junio 30 de 2016) 151.200 DANE Mayo 2016
 The 2005 CENSO Population Reconciled as of June 30 2015 is 147.784 habitants.

 The projected population for 2016 is 151.200 inhabitants
 According to the 2005 Census the population of the municipality is 116,914 inhabitants
 51% of the population are women and 49% men
 21% of the population lives in rural areas and 79% in urban areas
 In the municipality there is an average of 244.00 inhabitants per km2
32
85 and
80 - 84
75 - 79
65 - 69 Women
60 - 64
55 - 59 Mens
50 - 54
45 - 49
35 - 39
30 - 34
25 - 29
20 - 24
15 - 19
10 - 14
05 - 09
00 - 04
Figure 8. Population structure by sex and age groups - 2005.

Source: DANE Census - 2005.
Evidence: Effect of migration by sex and age and on male mortality.
2.2 DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH OF PIEDECUESTA IN THE AMB.

The classification of urban, suburban and urban expansion land in Piedecuesta has important
economic and social repercussions; economically, the offer of urbanized land is defined with
the delimitation of urban, suburban and urban expansion land, which in normal conditions
determines the behavior of the real estate market. In social terms, the impact has to do with
the supply of land for Social Interest Housing.
Piedecuesta maintains a density of a city of second or third order; However, the expected
demographic dynamics will cause the Metropolitan Area to be fully integrated in the next twenty
years and change its hierarchy. It is estimated that these processes will be supported by a
densification of 20%, supported in the extension of their areas of expansion and development.
Although the statistics on population growth and the housing deficit are not complete or up to
date, the “Urban Macroproject for the first phase of Metrolínea” picks up information from
different sources to reconstruct a hypothetical overview, as an input for the formulation of
general objectives against the management of urban expansion, as will be seen below.
4 Source: DANE: Population estimates 2006-2007 (Municipal population adjustment 2005 and estimates by area 2006 and
2007)
33
The following table presents the population projections of the municipality of Piedecuesta, in
relation to the other municipalities of the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area (AMB), for the year
20385.
Population Population % Total Rate Population % Total

Municipalities
2009 2011 AMB 2011-2038 2038 AMB
Bucaramanga 516.005 525.722 48,3% 0.5 1% 584.993 40,5
Floridablanca 249.753 262.323 24,1% 0,64% 299.930 20,8
Girón 134.567 163.631 15,0% 3,19% 316.413 21,9
Piedecuesta 104.047 137.260 12,6% 2,71% 240.663 16,8
Total AMB 1.004.372 1.088.936 100% 1,15% 1.441.999 100
Table 5. Urban population projections by municipalities 2009 - 2038.
Source: DANE 2005 census and municipal population projections 2005-2009.
Based on these projections, the following can be concluded:
 The growth of the urban population of the Metropolitan Area will be 437,627 inhabitants,
which correspond to 43.6% of the current population (about 50% absolute).
 The population growth in Bucaramanga will be 13.3%, and that of Floridablanca, 20%,
while in Girón and Piedecuesta they will be 135% and 131%, respectively. The significant
difference is due to the high growth rates expected for these two municipalities and to
which they apply for a period of almost 20 years.
 Girón and Piedecuesta will present the greatest relative population effects, and will
generate demands for new equipment and services much greater than Bucaramanga and
Floridablanca; This expected growth in demand is an important argument for carrying out
the decentralization of tertiary activities proposed in the Metropolitan POT.
 In the next twenty years Girón will go from being the third municipality of the Metropolitan
Area in terms of population to occupy the second place, above Floridablanca. The relative
importance of Bucaramanga will diminish, although maintaining the first place.
 The demand for housing will become a central issue (by 2038 more than 120,000 homes
will be required if there is no decided action)
5 To calculate the population in 2038 the following methodology was applied: 1. The population estimated by DANE in 2011
for the four cities was taken, 2. The average annual growth rate of the population used by DANE was calculated to the 2005-
2011 period for each population, 3. The rate mentioned in the previous point was applied to calculate the population growth in
the 2011-2038 period and the total population in 2038.
34
The expected population growth for the four cities has different implications in each one in
relation to the issue of urban expansion. The current offer of expansion land of the
municipalities of the Metropolitan Area is distributed as follows: 6
 Bucaramanga: 570 Hectares (29% of the total)

 Floridablanca: 595 Hectares (31%)
 Girón: 476 Hectares (24%)
 Piedecuesta: 333 Hectares (17%)
 Total AMB: 1,974 Hectares
As can be seen in the following graph7, and according to calculations of the consultancy of the
“Urban Macroproject for the first phase of Metrolínea”, the increase in Urban population of the
Metropolitan Area will be of the order of 43.6%, while the supply of land will increase by 35%.
These figures indicate that moderate densification will have to occur in the Metropolitan Area
as a whole (approximately 6%), as a result of the joint dynamics of the four cities.
However, the projections indicate that the issue cannot be handled independently by the
municipalities, because the imbalance in the supply of land will occur in parallel with a
significant imbalance in the growth of demand. Indeed, when analyzing the relationship
between the projected population growth at 2038 and the growth of urban areas for the same
period, the following is concluded:
 Bucaramanga and Floridablanca (which will be analyzed jointly as a result of the merger
of their urban centers) have a population growth of 15%, proportionally lower than the
growth of their urban areas (28%).
 The urban areas of Girón and Piedecuesta will grow by 71% and 42%, respectively, but
their populations will increase by more than 130%. This means that over time the supply
of land in these municipalities, which currently appears to be abundant, will gradually be
restricted until a shortage situation is set up that will press the price increase as is currently
the case with Floridablanca.
7 Major centers are called Bucaramanga and Floridablanca; The calculations for both cities are integrated due to the complete
fusion of their urban areas and the consequent integration of real estate markets.
35
Figure 9. Population growth and increased the area developable, 2009-2038 (%).
Source: Consulting urban Macroproyecto for the first phase of Metrolínea .
If the intention is to absorb the population growth in each municipality independently,

Bucaramanga and Floridablanca could do it smoothly, and even the gross density of the two
cities would decrease (over 6% in Bucaramanga and about 15% in Floridablanca), indicating
that in the future they will have more supply than they need; however, Giron and Piedecuesta
would endure an increase in urban densities 38% and 62%, respectively, which could hardly
be accomplished given the slow Colombian cities are transformed.
The proposed scenario shows that the problem of supply of land which has already been
presented in Bucaramanga in the past tends to move to the rest of the metropolitan area and
worsen significantly in the medium term. On the other hand, supply and housing demand of
the four municipalities and they tend to set up a single market, and therefore the future
distribution of the population obeys the same characteristics as unit8.
2.3 POPULATION ANALYSIS

Noting the above information in the following tables, we can reveal that the municipality of
Piedecuesta until 2009, has presented a gradual population growth of about 3,000 people per
year.
And projected population census Population Source
1993 population census 17.926 DANE 1993 Census
2005 population census 117.364 DANE 2005
Projected Population 2006 120.364 DANE 2005
Table 6. Population Piedecuesta 1993-2009.
Source: DANE, Statistical Information: Municipal Population Projections 2005 - 2009 (June 30)
36
Figure 10. Households by number of persons.

Source: DANE 2005.
The number of people per household in Piedecuesta is 3.9, and approximately 66.3% of
households in Piedecuesta has four or fewer people.
Figure 11. Piedecuesta population growth from 2003 to 2009.

Source: self-made.
The next tab contains basic information about the reality of the municipality, and collects data
available from official sources from the national level with respect to the main responsibilities
of the municipal government.
8 Source: Macroproyect urban for the first phase of Metrolínea operational diagnosis, Consulting Agreement No. 531 of
2008 ∙ Francisco Jacome Liévano, Consultant. Bucaramanga 2009
37
2009 2016
Extension of the Municipality (Km2) 481
Projected Population 129.532 156.600
Projected Urban Population 104.047 125.797
Projected Rest Population 25.485 30.803
Demographic Density 269 326
% NBI 14,36%
% NBI Headboard 8,38%
% NBI Rest 36,95%
Table 7. population Reality Piedecuesta 2008-2009.
Source: IGAC and DANE.
Population According to Census 2005 Piedecuesta reconciled to June 30, 2005, is 117,364
inhabitants, and the projected population for 2007 is 124,015 inhabitants, now according to
the same census of 2005 the population of the municipality is of 116,914 inhabitants, where
51% of the population are women and 49% men; 21% of the population lives in rural areas
and 79% in urban areas and in the municipality they inhabit on average 244,00 inhabitants
per square km.
As for quality of life, in 1993, 23.50% of the population had unsatisfied basic needs or was in
poverty, a figure which decreased significantly to 14.23% in 2005. The population in greatest
need is in rural (36.94%).
According Bulletin DANE - 2005, 45.2% of the population of Piedecuesta who changed
residence in the last five years did so for family reasons. 33.1% other reason; 13.4% by
difficulty getting a job and 2.3% for life threatening.
Other reason 33,10
Family reasons 45,20
Health reasons 2,20
Education Needs 2,70
Threat to your life 2,30
Natural disaster risk 1,10
Difficulty getting a job 13,40
Figure 12. Change of residence in the municipality of Piedecuesta.
Source: DANE 2005.
According to the study conducted by the Housing Deficit DANE, the municipality of
Piedecuesta presents a totality of 29,487 households; after the city of Bucaramanga,
Piedecuesta is the municipality of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga with more homes
in qualitative deficit, and the municipality with fewer households with quantitative deficit.
38
household’s Households in
City homes
deficit deficit
quantitative qualitative
Bucaramanga 137.978 17,759 7,173
Floridablanca 65.185 6,783 3,841
Girón 33.545 4,409 3,893
Piedecuesta 29.487 3,551 4,548
Quantitative Homes qualitative
City Homes
deficit deficit
households
Total 266.195 32,502 19,455
Table 8. Housing deficit Piedecuesta BFA.
Source: DANE.
Similarly, according to figures from DANE, close to the 63.61% of the population of the
metropolitan area, live in households whose income depends on underemployment or
employment unsuitable for competition or income, receiving less than three minimum monthly
wages; Added to this, and according to studies by the WBA, shortage of urban land in the city
of Bucaramanga for social housing construction has forced new homes to look for alternative
housing in neighboring populations, such as in Girón and in Piedecuesta. These
municipalities, formerly populations with small urban centers, have seen their population
exponentially. This population phenomenon has produced a conurbation between
Bucaramanga, Girón, Floridablanca and Piedecuesta9.
2.4 EVOLUTION OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT.

According to the Unified Registration System SUR, the municipality of Piedecuesta from 1995
to 2005, he has been the recipient of 3,081 displaced persons, presenting a greater receipt
of persons displaced during the first three years of the beginning of the decade of the 2000.
Year statement Piedecuesta

1995 0
1996 0
1997 37
1998 406
1999 292
2000 415
2001 675
2002 777
2003 327
2004 148
2005 4
Grand Total 3.081 3,081
Table 9. Shift Piedecuesta 1995 -2005
Source: Record Accumulated AMB and Lebrija People received until 31 January 2005.
9
Source: Resolution 1227 of 2009 (June 26) of the MAVDT "Through which advertised for reasons of public utility and social interest,
Macroproyecto of Interest National Social" Pienta - Homenaje Comunero the Bicentennial of Independence "link at the Guatiguará industry
- Piedecuesta of the Department of Santander.
39
Currently the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga and Lebrija has 8,543 families identified as
displaced, corresponding to 39,406 people, 60% of the displaced population received in
Santander 66,191 equivalent to 14,740 families, according to data from the Registry System
(SUR) to January of the 2,005, thus creating pressure on economic activity, natural resources
and the provision of basic, social and housing services throughout the metropolitan area. This
population comes from regions like Bolivar, Antioquia, Norte de Santander and Cesar.
Figure 13. People Received Piedecuesta and AMB.

Source: DANE figures
Reviewing the location of the displaced population in the municipalities in the metropolitan
area of Bucaramanga and Lebrija, it is that 58% of the population is located in Bucaramanga,
17% in Floridablanca, 13% in Girón, 8% Piedecuesta and 4% in Lebrija.
Reviewing records of the SUR displaced population in terms of age and gender composition
observed:
Female Male
Municipality
Older Minority Older minority
Bucaramanga Four. Five% 49% 40% fifty%
Floridablanca 48% 48% 41% 47%
Girón 47% 49% 41% 49%
Piedecuesta Four. Five% 46% 38% 46%
Lebrija 42% 52% 42% 54%
Total Four. Five% 49% 40% 49%
Table 10. Population Displaced by age.
Source: DANE figures.
You can generalize that 43% of the displaced population has come of age and 49% are
minors, demanding health services, education and housing. To see how much is the
participation of the displaced population in the resident population in each of the Municipalities
of the AMB and Lebrija, we have:
40
2,004
Municipality
Population P.S. %
Bucaramanga 568.136 22.923 4
Floridablanca 253.568 6,549 3
Girón 117.661 5.25 5
Piedecuesta 103.014 3,077 3
Lebrija 23.308 1,482 6
Total AMB and Lebrija 1065687 39.281 4
Table 11. Participation resident population displaced population in 2004.
Source: DANE figures.
Due to factors of public policy, between 1999 and 2007 they left the municipality of
Piedecuesta 448 people, in total corresponding to 101 households. In the same period the
city received 4,855 people in total, corresponding to 1,151 homes.
2006 2007 2008
People Received 590 754 377

Households Received 149 190 109
Expelled Persons 62 78 97
Homes Expelled 14 23 24
Expelled Women 21 42 51
Expelled Men 41 36 46
Women Received 294 398 199
Men Received 296 356 178
Minors expelled 32 36 49
Minors received 274 342 171
Table 12. Population displaced Piedecuesta 2006-2008.
Source: Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation .
Importantly, Piedecuesta is regarded as the receiving municipality of population displacement

condition; him migrate mostly families and / or people from the Middle Magdalena, southern
Bolivar, Cesar and south of some of North Santander and oriental plains10.
Its geographical position puts Piedecuesta a strategic node to address the roads leading to
the province of Garcia Rovira, the Mesa de lost Santos, and Ruitoque Guatiguará Valley with
the best soil and best water sources.
According to study "Diagnosis healthy housing for the displaced community of Guatiguará
and New Colombia villages in the municipality of Piedecuesta" prepared by a UIS determined
that the paths of Guatiguará and New Colombia located to the north-west of the municipality
of Piedecuesta have a population approximately 4970 people and about 994 homes.
41
Figure 14. Households and people leaving Piedecuesta.

Source. Unique Registration of Displaced Population, Branch Attention displaced population, Presidential Agency for Social Action and International
Cooperation.
Figure 15. Households and people arriving at Piedecuesta.

Source. Single Registry of Displaced Population, Deputy Directorate for Displaced Population, Presidential Agency for Social Action and
International Cooperation.
Figure 15. Households and people who come to Piedecuesta.

Source. Unique Registration of Displaced Population, Branch Attention displaced population, Presidential Agency for Social Action and
International Cooperation.
10
Special Bulletin Pastoral Social Colombia.org, Case Study 18: Bucaramanga, Girón, Floridablanca, Piedecuesta and Lebrija, an
approach to the current situation of forced displacement. November 2007.
42
Picture 1. Settlement New Colombia on Ladera table Ruitoque.

Source: private archive.
The previous administration advanced a housing project for families affected by the rainy
season in this area, built a total of 94 houses that are partially inhabited.
Number of
Number of Population Number of displaced
Veredas11 housing
houses
displaced
Guatiguará 470 2.350 approx. 82 approx. 23 houses
New Colombia 430 2.150 approx. 178 approx. 50 houses
Table 13. Distribution of population, housing and population density
No No. of
No. No 18
12 No. of No. of No. of children less than
Vereda minors and
people women men under 10 one year
55
years
Guatiguará 82 hab. 43 39 16 55 1 66
new
178 hab. 73 105 15 46 4 128
Colombia
Table 14. Distribution of the displaced
11 Source:
Diagnosis healthy housing the displaced community of Nueva Colombia Guatiguará and villages in the municipality of
Piedecuesta.
12 Ibid.
43
2.5 STRATIFICATION
Social stratification is determined by both the quality of housing as residential properties in
the neighborhood where these homes are located, quality of construction and the facilities of
the sector. These criteria, rather than the income of its inhabitants are taken to define the
socioeconomic status of urbanized areas. For purposes of organization, urban planning and
development, Piedecuesta has been divided into six strata: stratum 1 or under low, layer 2 or
lower, layer 3 or medium low, stratum 4 or medium layer 5 or medium high, and layer 6 or
higher.
Annual rate (per thousand)

Stratum
1 8.5
2 9.0
3 9.5
4 10.0
5 11.0
6 12.0
Table 15. built urban property (housing).
Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta - 2010.
2.6 DISTRIBUTION OF THE PROPERTY

According survey Plan Zonal Sanctuary, 110 rural properties in Guatiguará path 17 plots
present type housing predominant plot 57%, followed by house 31% and other (usually farm)
12 %.
Regarding housing tenure, 28% has its own housing; property paying 7%, at least 19% and
in other conditions, such as being administrators or "caretakers" is 46% of respondents.
It was also possible to identify the relationship existing between the type and tenure of
housing, in which 31% of the population surveyed who say they live in their own home is
represented by 28% which has already paid and 7% that it's paying. On the other hand, 19%
of the population pays rent and 46% who claims to be "caretaker" or administrator (for a total
of 65%) appears to correspond to 57% of the plots and 12% of farms.
2.7 ECONOMIC LEVELS AND INCOME

Three (3) sectors of the economy in the municipality of Piedecuesta, are comprised as follows:
The primary sector meets most of the economic activities of the municipality as agriculture,
livestock and fisheries. The secondary sector comprises all handicrafts and small industries,
as well as the fate of production. Finally, the tertiary sector corresponds to the complementary
activities and services such as restaurants, drugstores, trade, hotels, banking, transport and
services in general.
Piedecuesta essentially it marked a relative importance at the metropolitan level by the
booming construction industry, which was based on geopolitical and economic decisions. The
supply of relatively inexpensive developable land within the metropolitan context, its proximity
44
to a center of highly specialized regional services (Bucaramanga), and some institutional

incentives to builders by the local government to attract investment, made the performance
outshine The exercise of planning counter to conceive a joyful city of the goodness of his
territory 13.
Urban scale, Piedecuesta presented as localization pattern of activities mesh commercial
channels extending all residential areas. Such a structure actually corresponds to a network
of mixed-use way, as the size and extent of urban development in Piedecuesta are not able
to withstand the intensity of commercial use as at first glance suggests the proposal of the
PBOT. O Center, the specialization of part of the territory for the localization of innovation and
technology centers, supported on high standards of public green areas and space to ensure
the spatial and urban quality.
Piedecuesta lacks industrial development in the short or medium term, few economic
activities are handmade, derived from old structures of production. This is problematic
because the industry requires daily greater accumulation of capital for their development and
strengthening within the system; which inevitably generates the displacement of the
handicraft production, more companies (60) and the largest contribution of the use of the
sector (15.7%) supplied by the manufacture of snuff.
The industrial sector of the city today causes negative environmental impact and urban. This
sector starts at the top of the entrance to the village center and race 6th where tannery factory,
gas station and GASAN distribution plant is located. A sector is misplaced, causing a strong
negative environmental impact on its surroundings.
Agriculture is the main line of the Piedecuestana economy; due to the variety of the relief
there are a variety of products such as corn, wheat, onion, pea arracacha, vegetables, sugar
cane protruding, snuff and blackberry. Most crops sugarcane found in alluvial soils, slightly
clayey and thanks to the work of the farmer panela production starts. Panela is the result of
an arduous process that takes place in the mills, which today the vast majority, if not all, are
preserved in a traditional way, ie without the use of technology; so it is not uncommon to see
the paths to the farmer and his mule carrying the cane cuts to bring the mill.
45
System Cultivation Area (Ha)

Vegetables (coriander, celery, tomatoes, beans) 117
Coffee 198
Vetch 14
Blackberry 653
Agricultural
Banana 10
Corn 11
Bean 32
Tobacco 55
System Species Quantity
Poultry farming
Race: Brawn Isa (Layers) Ross and Cock (broiler chicken) 6.582.500
quails 150
Cattle raising
Breed: Brown Swiss, Holstein, Beef Master, Cebu, Normandy and 12,787
Creole, Cebu - Pardo, Miscegenation
11,550
Race: Race: Landrace, Pietran and Cork Durok
Livestock
590
Goats Race: Alpina, Nubiana
Table 16. Agricultural and Livestock 2007 System.
Source: Diagnosis of the Rural Development Plan - Environmental and Ecoturístico of Piedecuesta, January 2007.
Due to the high quality and production panela was acquiring an important level in the
economic sector in the region, is why they settle around the year 1939 panelera cooperative
Santander (COOPANELAS), becoming the main focus of marketing said product. Panela
currently marketed nationally and internationally, giving the world the pleasure of savoring the
sweet land that produces santandereana.
As for livestock activity specifically the municipality has great dynamism in specialized poultry
breeding; in this activity for 81% of employment generated by the sector and has the highest
rate of use of labor per company 42.3, well above the overall average 1.67 employees per
firm.
Another product that has achieved great importance in the economy of the department is the
snuff; Planting, trading and processing of snuff is the oldest representative office of
Piedecuesta, before being municipality the sheet produced was famous for its high quality
and that is why cigars are exported to countries like Venezuela and Germany.
The development of the snuff since its inception with the cultivation, drying process in Caney,
the workmanship that is done by hand, to completion for consumption is the support of a large
majority of families from the father to the youngest child engaged in processing factories in
their large amounts of this product; It is very common to find in any sector of the city from one
to three plants per block.
At present there are many companies and micro-enterprises Piedecuestana who have
dedicated themselves fully to the marketing of the product reaching a deserved recognition
in international markets.
13
Source: Universidad Pontifical Bolivarian, Faculty of Social Communication Public Opinion.
46
La Mora has now acquired significant importance in our economy, it is one of the products
that has the greatest technification and great support at the level of scientific and economic
research; It is cultivated in a varied number of paths in the upper part of the rural area of the
municipality, where a great variety of crops and species is presented14
2.8 ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (AGRICULTURAL, INDUSTRIAL, TERTIARY)
2.8.1 Industry trade, services and industry
Figure 16. Facilities according activity - 2005.

Source: Bulletin DANE General Census 2005 Profile Piedecuesta Santander.
According to the General Census DANE 2005, 26.8% of establishments engaged in the
industry; 50.7% to trade; 21.6% to 0.9% and services to other activity.
Other activities 50,0

> a 200
Services 50,0
Commerce -
Industry -
51 a 200
Services 55,6
Commerce 33,3
Industry -
10 a 50
Services 47,9
Commerce 19,2
Industry 30,1
1 a 10
Services 20,3
Commerce 51,7
Industry 27,2
10 20 30 40 50
Figure 17. Facilities staff according scale economic activity - 2005.
Source: Bulletin DANE General Census 2005 Profile Piedecuesta Santander.
14
Source: Research Diego Suarez and Aldemar Sarmiento. http://www.gobernaciondesantander.gov.co.Copyright © 2004. All rights
reserved. byPiedecuestanos.Com
47
In establishments with the highest number (0 to 10 jobs) trade (51.7%) is the most common
and group activity 10 to 50 people main activity is Services (47.9%).
2.8.2 AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
Figure 18. Types of crops in the census units - 2005.

Source: Bulletin DANE General Census 2005 Profile Piedecuesta
Importantly, Piedecuesta not register sacrifice of pigs, plus most of sacrifices, both cattle and
hogs are concentrated in the city of Bucaramanga (75.80%) and Barrancabermeja (10.8%)
15.
19. Graphic agriculture, livestock and fisheries related activities - 2005.

Source: Bulletin DANE General Census 2005 Profile Piedecuesta.
Of the total crop associated rural housing corresponds to 35.0% transient alone, 9.0%
transients associated, permanent 41.9% and 14.2% alone permanent partners. According to
48
Santander Development Plan 2008 - 2011, the municipality of Piedecuesta listed as the
second product of blackberry, planted 1,500 ha and 1,779 producers and 1,099 traditional
Technified. Also in the municipality of Piedecuesta it has the best technology and
performance, achieving yields in some units of approximately 15 ton / ha year.
The percentage of rural households was occupied with people present on the day of the
census, and had farming activity, it is 71.0% Agricultural, livestock 85.6%, fish 5.6%. Most
homes have simultaneously 2 or 3 types of activities.
2.9 LEVELS JOB
According to the report of the National Administrative Department of Statistics, DANE,
unemployment in the Santander capital stood at 9.5% in the moving quarter (November 2008
- January 2009), in which, of 990,803 inhabitants, 80.25% (795,122) is the working-age
population with a population of 488,107 economically active (61.39%) people, an occupancy
rate of 90.06% (439,585), an unemployment rate of 9.94% (48,522) and one
underemployment rate of 26.65% (117,140).
Activities created new jobs year to year were: trade with 4,935, industry with 19,154 new jobs,
real estate activities with 12,629 new jobs, services with 8,540 new jobs, construction 4,705
and the other branches with 2,357 new jobs; On the contrary, in financial intermediation 973
jobs were lost, compared with the same quarter of 2007. In general, the WBA had a positive
balance of 52,021 additional jobs compared to the same period of the previous year.
The activities in which employment is concentrated in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga

are in order: Trade, hotels and restaurants (30.5%), manufacturing industry (21.8%) and
social and personal services (20.8%).
In the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, most of the employed population worked as
employer or employer (45.3%) and self-employed (38.95%). Occupational positions in which
the number of employed increased were:
Domestic employee (106.07%), government employee (38.1%), owner or employer (25.3%)

and unpaid family (18.68%). By contrast, in occupational positions, employee particular own
and another, the number of persons employed in 6.7%, 1.05%, and 100% respectively.16
decreased.
For DANE, Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area are maintained with the lowest indicator
of unemployment in the country during that period, the figure is below the unemployment for
the 13 urban areas, which reached 12.1% in the first month of 2009. the unemployment
indicator of the city for 2009 was at the opposite end of the data recorded by cities like Ibagué,
which had an unemployment rate of 19%, followed by 15.4% and Manizales to Pasto 15%.
The unemployment data in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, shows the importance of
civil works and construction as important facilitators of employment in the city, within which
are the Integrated Mass Transit System, Metrolínea, and Hidrosogamoso this last projects
generating 3,500 jobs.
11
Source: Santander Economy 2002-2007.
49
2.10 CURRENT RESIDENTIAL PARK
The park is the green environmental structuring element mesh generator public space and
meeting place for passive recreation of the urban community. The PBOT of Piedecuesta
classifies them as:
 Liabilities parks dedicated to recreation and meeting, walks, stays and scenarios for presentations
and folk artists, and all kinds of recreation that does not include sporting activities.
 Assets parks dedicated to recreation and / or sport competitions.
 The plaza as a public space smaller scale where closer relations are established between the
building, public space and users.
Within existing parks in urban areas, include: Park Mariano Ospina Pérez (Parque La
Libertad) with an area of 6400 m2 approximately and 161 trees, the park posing with an area
of 2700 m2 and 90 trees, and Olaya Herrera square.
The environment of the main park is characterized by high intensity commercial, institutional
uses, high property taxes subdivision with significant changes in buildings, high degree of
visual pollution, especially in the north and south sides; wide sidewalks and driveways and
deficiency platform on the western road.
Photograph 2. Presentation Park.

Source: private archive
16
Source: Bulletin January - March quarter 2008 labor market indicators of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga economy
50
Presentation park is one of the two existing parks in the area, located on shaft 6 being a
constitutive element of the environmental axis. It is a true node, which houses a portion of the
community Piedecuestana passive recreation activities.
2.11 NEEDS VIS PROJECT CONSTRUCTION
The classification of the urban and rural land has important economic and social impact;
economically, the supply of serviced land is defined by the delimitation of urban land, which
normally determines the behavior of the housing market. In social impact it has to do with the
supply of land for Affordable Housing; in this regard if the offer is defined solely by the free
market, in conditions of scarcity the lower income groups are excluded as demand and are
forced to seek solutions in the informal sector, either through illegal settlements or by
overcrowding estate damaged areas.
The Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga and especially the Bucaramanga Plateau is facing a
problem of shortage of land to provide housing solution strata 1 and 2 and to meet the demand
of the layers 3, 4, 5 and 6.
Proliferates informality arising from the location of housing in unsuitable soil on the
escarpment and the river banks are affected mainly threatened by floods and landslides in
the vicinity of intermunicipal borders. In Bucaramanga to equal what usually happens,
informal neighborhoods origin is established in areas of high risk cannot be mitigated, such
as landslides and floods.
In the city of Bucaramanga, it has identified a high demand for housing solutions priced at
less than 50 SMMLV. 17
The average value of the soil in the area is approximately $ 250,000 per m2, according to
data supplied by the Lonja Real Estate Division of the Colombian Society of Architects,
regional Santander18.
2.12 THE VIS HOUSING IN THE METROPOLITAN AREA OF BUCARAMANGA

2.12.1 VIS and value of the soil
Until Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area was characterized by low values of the soil and
competitive price and relatively low housing. This was due to lower demand real estate and
crises of the decades of 80 and 90. But from 2000 there is a real demand for this region, with
the increase in investment in real estate and came monies from other parts (including money
of the drug). Prices rose substantially soil, so that today no one can say that cities such as
Bucaramanga is a cheap city. It also means home values can be compared with cities like
Medellin and Cali both the upper stratum as a means; therefore, the VIS has seen its price
increase as a result of demand and the shortage of land for these revenues.
The builders of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga indicate that there are ground for VIS,
much less for VIP (less than 70 minimum monthly wages). Bucaramanga was characterized
in the decades of the 70s and 80s as a city that industrialized construction getting very low
costs for the VIS and middle income housing. Prefabricated systems were developed in this
city and then taken to Bogota and Cali, and large construction companies in the country were
51
born in Bucaramanga carrying their industrial systems. But demand for the 90 and 2000
raised the costs of soil offsetting efficiencies obtained in the cost of construction.
Consequently, today Bucaramanga is just a cheap city in terms of housing supply or
construction costs. For these reasons it has been difficult massively build low-income
housing, especially VIP.
necessary to take measures in the POT of the AMB for priority development areas, legal entity
established by Law 388/97 and currently applied in Bogotá. Only then they would obtain land
for VIS and VIP and effective control of the floor price would be achieved.
figure
Municipality No. VIS Promoter Start State
developing
Urbanism license
Floridablanca 240 Municipality 2006 Finished
Performance Unit
534 Municipality 2006 Approved
Municipality
Partial plan 150 In process
Piedecuesta and private
Zonal plan 97 Municipality In process
Urbanism license
fifty Municipality. Approved
Municipality
Girón Partial plan 2200 2006 Approved
and Gob.
Nat.
Total rest AMB 3271
Table 17. Solutions VIS in 2006 at the AMB.
Source: CEDE November 2006, Housing Informality.
2.12.2 DEMAND HOUSING AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Supported data from the 2005 Census DANE can outline a scenario on which to structure
broadly prospective hypotheses on the subject of housing demand. The following table
presents demand figures corresponding to the deficit recorded in 2005 plus the increase of
population growth between 2009 and 2038. Based on the available data can be established
that:
a. The current qualitative deficit of Floridablanca and Girón seems oversized compare it to
the population; however, aware of the problem of illegal settlements and neighborhoods
incomplete development, that of Bucaramanga seems to have displaced the other
municipalities in the metropolitan area.
b. The increase in the number of households in Girón and Piedecuesta (80,388) represents
about 71% of the total increase expected for the entire metropolitan area of Bucaramanga;
This means that the hierarchy of these two urban centers will be closer to that currently
has Floridablanca against Bucaramanga, which translates into demands not only housing
but also employment and services.
17 Agreement No. 006 of June 11, 2008, Economic Development Plan, Social and Public Works from 2008 to 2011, "all Bucaramanga
company" page 56.
18Presentation Urban Renewal San Rafael
52
c. In the next twenty years will be constructed throughout the metropolitan area of
Bucaramanga between 150,000 and 165,000 homes, if they are to address the current
deficit and growing demand for demográfico19, and depending on the scenario that is
present in reality. It is required to generate an average range of between 7,500 and 8,500
units annually.
d. The demand distribution will be concentrated in portions very similar in Giron and
Piedecuesta; Bucaramanga participation linked to Floridablanca be much higher. This
distribution is unrelated to the current population of the cities but with its current
accumulated deficit (higher in Bucaramanga) and population growth expected (in Girón
and Piedecuesta greater).
Municipality Housing Deficit

Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Bucaramanga 5,960 24,339 30299
Floridablanca 8,274 2,632 10,906
Girón 1,522 4,890 6,412
Piedecuesta 995 3,274 4,269
Total deficit by type 16,751 35,135 51,886
Table 18. Municipalities of the AMB 2005 housing deficit.
Source: DANE 2005 census.
Municipality deficit Bucaramanga Girón Piedecuesta Total

Floridablanca
qualitative 2005 8,592 1,522 995 11,109
quantitative 2005 32,613 4,890 3,724 41,227
Total 2005 41,205 6,412 4,719 52,336
Households increase 86054 16,966 18,489 121509
2009-203820
Total Demand 2009- 127259 23,378 23,208 173845
2038
Table 19. Hypothesis demand for urban housing by municipality 2005-2038
Source: Urban Macroproject Consulting for the first phase of Metrolínea - operational diagnosis.
19 The total figure of 165,000 incorporates statistics for 2005 (52,300 units); There is no information to establish in what proportion this
deficit has grown or decreased in the last four years.
20 Calculated from the projected population growth as a population redistribution hypothesis, with
base in an average household of 3.6 people established by the DANE for the city of Bucaramanga (2005 Census)
53
Urban population growth is normally absorbed by new areas in a variable proportion, ranging
from 30 to 50%, or even more, if there is abundant land availability. In the case of the
Metropolitan Area, this proportion will vary according to the particular characteristics of each
municipality.
Based on the conditions offered by the four cities, the following hypothesis of demand
distribution is proposed:
 Bucaramanga and Floridablanca have soils for new developments sufficient to absorb their
population growth; however, they concentrate more than 70% of the demand due to its high
accumulated deficit. On the other hand, the expansion areas of the two municipalities are
affected by topography problems and geological faults that will restrict their capacity; To have
an accurate estimate of the degree of restriction, detailed studies are required. The
consultancy, the first phase of Metrolínea, estimates that the two largest centers will be able
to house a maximum of 40% of their demand in expansion and development soils (about
51,000 homes in twenty years)
 Girón has a high density for the context of the Metropolitan Area; This density is due to the
presence of housing developments of low and lower middle strata that make intensive use of
the land, as well as the low participation of tertiary activities in the urban area. Due to these
circumstances, its densification capacity in developed areas is quite low; For this reason, it is
estimated that the demand for new homes will be covered by about 90% through new areas
(around 21,000 homes between 2009 and 2038).
Piedecuesta has a significantly low density in its old areas; however, it is likely that the
densification process will continue for several years at a slow pace, as the pressure for urban
land scarcity has not yet been evidenced for citizenship and therefore the offer has not yet
been redirected; the consultancy, the first phase of Metrolínea estimates that the city will be
able to absorb approximately 50% of new homes in areas of expansion (a cumulative total
close to 12,000 homes in 2038), to the side of a significant increase in the supply of land and
buildings for job placement and services.
2.13 THE SOCIAL HOUSING IN PIEDECUESTA
The evaluation of the PBOT of Piedecuesta in housing, allows us to observe the behavior of
the dynamic development of the VIS in the territory and the actions and processes that have
affected them; at the same we can be clear about progress in this area. Here are some
conclusions related to the needs of VIS.
 The proposed areas of expansion in the PBOT are not consistent with the need for
housing and the current deficit presented by the municipality, nor strata 2 and 3 are
present; Thus we see that 90% of the expansion floor is dedicated to low density porcelain.
 Only 10% of the soil of urban sprawl (South Zone Rio Valle de Oro) in the municipality of
Piedecuesta, is proposed for development of social housing - VIS.
 In the program run the PBOT of Piedecuesta (Article 223 of the Agreement 028 2003),
no housing projects of social interest to urban land were made, but in the rural component
is proposed for the short and medium term, the only project of the PBOT oriented housing
construction, called "Improvement and construction of rural housing," which does not set
the goal or number of VIS to be constructed; no clutch in 2008 the municipality of
Piedecuesta built 94 homes in rural land for the relocation of victims of the cold wave of
2005.
 Unlike other municipalities in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, the municipality of
Piedecuesta presents more dynamic constructive development in suburban soil, reflected
in the increasing number of new licenses and amendment designed for low density
housing, which in mostly they belong to subdivisions of rural housing, some of which its
urbanism is not yet licensed.
 The municipality of Piedecuesta is giving priority to the development of strata 5 and 6 on
popular housing solutions, defining models occupancy for expansion and improvement
areas at the margin of the AMB guidelines.
Licenses issued for housing Year 2004 -2009

Property type Total %
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
VIS 0 0 1 6 4 1 12 4
VIV 11 41 43 54 85 27 261 96
Total 11 41 44 60 89 28 273 100
Table 20. Licenses for housing.
Chart 20. Licenses granted by type of housing.
 Of the 273 new housing intended modification licenses they were expended only 12 for social
housing, which constitute only 4% of the total licenses granted for housing.
Chart 21. Number of new homes.

Source: DANE - 2009.
 According to records of DANE (National Administrative Department of Statistics), 273 new

licenses and amendment granted for homes, were intended for the construction of 2.017
new housing units, of only which 337 were destined for social housing and 1,680 for other
types of housing.
Area No. Housing
Usually Partial Plan and Zonal Property type
Net (Ha) (Proposed)
Partial Plan Pinares (Private Low Density (Allotment)
0,48 131
Initiative)
Partial Plan " VIS
Urban Barroblanco "(Public 49.751 2,415
Initiative)
VIS and VIV Low Density
Partial Plan "Southern 35.89 2,153
(Allotment)
District"
Partial Plan "of the Rio Hato" VIV Low Density (Allotment)
51.276 512
expansio (Private Initiative)
n ng Urbanism license Swans -
VIS
Urban Monjas 7.82 300
(No presents partial plan)
Valle de Oro River South
Suburban New Zonal Plan Colombia in VIS (Relocating
13,059 547
Guatiguará affected population -2005)
Total 158.276 6058 (approx.) Note: Approximate data
Table 22. Urban, suburban expansion and Housing Area adopted.
Source: Ministry of Planning Piedecuesta 2008 to 2009.
Within five zonal and partial plans adopted and license planning (urban sprawl) in the period
between 2003 and 2009, only 67.81 Ha (Approx.) are proposed for the location of 3,268 social
housing, intended mostly for the relocation of the affected population (they have built 94
homes in suburban Guatiguará floor).
Expansion Area Type of Housing Area (Ha)*
Low density
North Zone Mensulí Valley 309,67
parcelation
Southern Zone Río de Oro VIS and Social 21,17

Valley Interest Housing
Total Expansion Areas 330,84
* Gross Area
Chart 22. Urban expansion area destined for housing.
CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL PIEDECUESTA

3 ANALYSIS URBAN PIEDECUESTA
3.1 URBAN STRUCTURE PIEDECUESTA
The spatial and functional urban structure of the municipality of Piedecuesta, evolved from the
historic center, that premium and concentrated urban space services, trade, and financial and
decision of great referential and connotative value center. Acts urban and the transfer of the
old national road (Carrera 6) crossing the center of the urban area of Piedecuesta, to the
present site of the Highway Bucaramanga Bogotá in the direction North-South, and activities
such as rural housing, agro-industrial production, development of metropolitan services and
specialized activities in science and technology; have established urban growth trends into the
valleys of Menzuly and Guatiguará, and to the suburban areas located close to the South to
Highway Bucaramanga Bogotá.
Photography 3. Urban Area Piedecuesta.

Source: private archive. overview of the urban area of Piedecuesta.
The following is a characterization of the elements of the present urban structure is:
3.1.1 CONFORMATION URBAN FARM AND RURAL PIEDECUESTA
IGAC (Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute) in his cartography recognized for the municipality
of Piedecuesta 40 trails, however the PBOT defines 57 trails, information supported by
workshops with the Sidewalks communities identified 73 boards communal actions, which are
recognized by the Management Boards Santander communal actions, some of them
territorially coincide with a boundary Sidewalks, others share the same territory which
eventually established a total of 57 villages.
According to the Register I of the Geographic Institute Agustín Codazzi - IGAC, since 2006,
Piedecuesta is presenting about an increase in 1,500 farm units per year, being the year 2008
recorded highest increase in subdivision property taxes:
Farm units x year

Ground 21
2004 * 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Urban 0 21.369 22.100 23.251 24.413 25.231
Rural 0 7.872 2.089 8.509 8.949 9.009
Total 0 29.241 24.189 31.760 33.362 34.240
Table 23. Units Piedecuesta property taxes from 2004 to 2009.
farm units
I Usually Sector First name Year 2008
Year 2005
1 Urban Area 19.713 22.618

Urban Ruitoque
6 417 687
Condominium
0 Rural - Rural 7.872 8.938
Rural
2 Menzuly / Tablanca 46 46
Buenos Aires - La
3 963 964
Esperanza
Suburban population centers 4 Umpalá 47 47
5 Fishmonger 43 43
7 Seville 19 19
Total farm units 29.120 33.362
Table 24. Units Piedecuesta property taxes from 2005 to 2008.

Source: IGAC 2005- 2008.
According to PBOT of Piedecuesta, rural population centers represented by Umpalá,

Pescadero, Seville and La Esperanza, a function of providing basic services to the villages that
make up these sectors. There are other settlements lesser but no less important are La Vega,
Buenos Aires, and the Netherlands, located in sector one, and a number of sets which combine
housing in suburban areas that are Ruitoque Golf, Menzuly, Tablanca, Barroblanquito and Los
cocoas, which predominate on sectors One and the Middle Valley of the River gold.
21
Source: Revenue Control and collection Municipal Finance -Secretary 2009. * No data were provided in 2014. The urban land
Piedecuesta Municipality consists of 65 areas, including sectors subnormales22:
a. Developments oldest (over 10 years): The Hill, Albania, Candelaria III Stage, Castellana II
Stage, Candelaria II Stage, San Carlos, Candelaria I Stage, capital of El Llano I, Header
Llano II Stage, La Cantera, Candelaria Ancient, Castellana I Stage, San Luis, Villaluz,
Argentina Antigua, Suratoque, La Feria, Hoyo Grande, El Trapiche, Villa Nueva, Hoyo
Chiquito, Monserrate, La Tachuela, Centro, El Molino and San Rafael.
b. Developed ago 6 to 10 years: San Francisco, San Telmo I Stage, Paradise, swans, San
Silvestre, Green Field, New Candelaria, Villas de San Juan, Villas De Rosario, Argentina,
El Refugio and Condominium Campestre Santillana.
c. Developed over the past 5 years: Altos de Granada, Villa Lina, Bellavista, Balcones de La
Castellana, habitations of La Macarena, La Rioja, Divine Child, Callejuelas, Villas Rio,
Road Park, San Marcos, Quinta Granada, Pinares de Granada, Paysandú, San Telmo II
Stage, Bariloche and Chacarita.
d. Progressive development and Subnormal’s: Swans, Hills in the Mediterranean, San

Silvestre, Granadillo, El Mirador and Villas San Juan.
e. Invasions: Villa Amar, Nueva Colombia, Altos de Guatiguará, the latter two located in the
Guatiguará sidewalk.
3.1.2 URBAN LAND USES
Urban land is organized into three homogeneous areas: the developed, future development
and incomplete or subnormal development, within which uses, residential, commercial,
institutional and environmental develop.
Residential use is characterized by three types of construction: old house located in the old
town, housing progressive around the old town, and comprehensive housing developed
through recent urbanization processes.
Commercial use presents a development trend from the main roads, in small towns like
Piedecuesta, has emerged as an entity that brings together traders from the neighborhood or
sector, with the specific goal but multiple delimiting land to farm and spontaneously create a
commercial hub of local coverage or sale of goods and services for domestic consumption,
which covers the business needs of a community of residents of a sector. This commercial use
of local coverage, presents development mode in areas or spaces of homes without significant
physical adjustments inside.
Meanwhile trade area coverage, is developed on the structural axes urban, designated by the
PBOT as V-1, V-2 and V-3, within which highlights the racing 6, 7 and 8, and lanes 8, 9, 10 and
11; in these commercial areas Zonal exchange of goods and services that address demands
specialized generated in the zonal community, usually present in total adjustments or partial
original buildings residential, and specialized for commercial use located on first floors of
residential buildings are made.
Trade in metropolitan coverage does not make a strong presence in the urban area of
Piedecuesta, as demand for goods and services generated is not perceived by the
concentrated supply of a variety of goods, an example is the non-presence of large shopping
centers or hotels.
Institutional use makes presence through institutional, educational facilities and health culture,
concentrated in the old town and some on the road axis Highway Bucaramanga - Bogotá.
Environmental use is represented by the water protection rounds of the Rio de Oro, Palmira,
Diamond creek, and the Cantera Hill.
Graph 23. Map of urban uses.

Source: PBOT Piedecuesta - 2013.
3.1.3 URBAN MORPHOLOGY
The trend of locating the urban area of Piedecuesta was influenced significantly by the
primary spatiality made physiographically by the foothills of the eastern hills, the escarpment
Ruitoque and the escarpment of Mesa de Los Santos, Cerro de La Cantera, and water
currents main as the Rio de Oro and Rio Hato; elements according to their shape and
arrangement, have become shapers of urban and road frame, which gives the special identity
to the image, functionality and dynamics of the city. As other defining events that have a
particular conformation and established trends of evolution and organization are the road axis
Highway Bucaramanga - Bogotá, equipment specialized in education, science and
technology.
The city center, from which the city has evolved, a monocentric structure model from which
radial developments have gradually established, to which has been associated, through the
Highway Bucaramanga - Bogotá, uses a linear structure for education, science, technology,
and housing. Thus urban form is defined by a center of gravity in the Historic Area and
structuring road axis as the Highway Bucaramanga - Bogota in a north - south, which has
generated residential developments into its sides. These two elements of the urban structure
functional articulated through streets as 4 and 10.
In conclusion, the most significant key points of the current urban structure can be summarized
as follows:
 Conformation monocentric, with elements of interest on the road axis Highway

Bucaramanga - Bogota
 urban form strongly conditioned by natural elements, such as Cerro of the stone quarry,
East Hills and River of gold.
 Dispersion of the peripheral urban fabric, to areas less likely to urbanization, like Ruitoque
escarpment and Cantera Hill.
 Conflict of uses in some areas and main roads for inadequate employment trends to the
potential of the ground.
 Weak supply of public space within the urban fabric, and little coordination and
accessibility to abundant natural supply.
 Trend occupation of environmental value areas with little harmonic and unplanned
developments.
 Nodes and corridors with growing traffic conflicts.
3.1.4 STRUCTURE URBAN USES

Nowadays urban functional structure is given by areas defining uses. All they revolve around
the municipal administrative center, relegating perimetrically the residential sector. The PBOT
of Piedecuesta the following uses are collected:
 RESIDENTIAL: located on both sides of the highway Bucaramanga - Piedecuesta, tending

as a natural barrier to the West Hill of the Quarry. These residential uses are complemented
by COMMERCIAL USES on both sides of the main road.
 Institutional use: the larger bag is concentrated in the Western edge of urban land, where
poses a Citadel Technology Park and Education. The remaining areas are defined religious
institutions, political-administrative and educational promptly located throughout the town.
 RESIDENTIAL / environmental and institutional / ENVIRONMENT: Located on the eastern

edge of the Cerro de la Cantera. Deriving its inclusion in this use, the risk in which they
find themselves, to be located in the areas affected by some kind of natural hazard. On the
other hand, the residential expansion in North, South and East is collected; and a second
use of Technology Park on the northern edge of the village, on Guatiguará Valley.
Graphic 24. Uses of the Urban Land PBOT of Piedecuesta.

Source: self-made.
3.1.5 ESTRUCTURE GREEN SPACES
The current urban area presents problems of environmental type including a notorious
deficiency of public space.
The PBOT Piedecuesta, plans to add a mesh formed by a system of parks, squares, green
areas and urban ciclorutas.
Parks on one side are classified according to the level of coverage in metropolitan, zonal and
local. Among the former are: Cerro Cantera park, recreation and religious passive type linear
parks supported on Oro and Hato Lato or rivers. Zonal are mostly sports, recreational and
ecological corridors supported units in the ravines running through the town from east to west.
And local, mostly they correspond to passive recreation within the village.
The squares have a basic function of passive and contemplative encounter, in some cases for
cultural encounters.
Both green areas to protect the pedestrian and bicycle paths are based on the layout of the
platforms, allowing in the first case the protection of any risk entailed by vehicles and secondly,
the exclusive use of bicycles for transport and recreation.
25. Mall Environmental Graphic PBOT of Piedecuesta.

Source: self-made. Structure of equipment
26. Graphic Equipment PBOT of Piedecuesta.

Source: self-made.
Chart 27. Current facilities of Piedecuesta - 2010.

Source: Ministry of Planning Piedecuesta - 2010.
Existing facilities in the town are outlined below:
SOCIAL WELFARE
 ELDER
The only center for the care of elderly people is among the races 5 and 6th streets 4 and 5.
 CULTURE
Neighborhood libraries and cultural centers. A library and a cultural center are located around
the City Hall, located in the two blocks between races 8 and 9.
 Places of worship
Within this group are the various churches that focus more on the city center.
 SPORTS
The town is basically equipped with two centers Sports: Villa Concha and the soccer field
located in the La Tachuela. It also has an athletic track is not in operation.
In the City Center Park is located in Liberty and Plazuela Uribe Uribe, serving as a meeting
place and recreation.
 EDUCATION
You are a number of public and private institutions, concentrated more in the city center.
Basic primary education is limited to 12 establishments, basic education establishments 11 and
secondary vocational middle to 8 also features a sports training school.
Schools are larger College of Social Promotion located on Guatiguará Transversal and Normal
Superior School, located on the eastern side of the Highway Bucaramanga-Piedecuesta.
Table 25. Private educational establishments.

Source: Ministry of Municipal Education - 2016.
Headquarters Property name Location
A College header Llano Street 7 No. 16-20

B Large Plateau Rural School
C Rural School Yellow
A College Carlos Humberto Gómez Nigrinis Sreet 6 No. 13-42
A College Balbino García Street 9 No.9-01 race 9 No 8-81
B School Balbino García Race 4 No.10-62
C Mary Help of Christians School Race 13 No.12-90
A Normal Superior School Street 15 No. 4-43 San Cristobal
A Trade Center Race 8 No.9-25
B The presentation Street 10 No. 10-05
C Kinder garden Race.8 No.12-48 La Candelaria
A Social Promotion Institute adjacent to the neighborhood Refuge
B Rural School El Diamante Sidewalk Vega Rita
C Rural school Guatiguará Sidewalk Guatiguará
D Guatiguará Rural High School Sidewalk Guatiguará
A Victor Félix Gómez Nova Race 3A No.1B-16 Green Field
B Francisco De Paula School Lane 2 N No.3C-11 Shelter
A Luis Carlos Galán Institute Diagonal 14 No.11-72 New Candelaria
B Swans Alpha and Omega Sidewalk Swans
C Urban school Barroblanco Carrera 4 No.20-17
D Rural school Barroblanco Sidewalk Barroblanco
A Carlos Vicente Rey Carrera 19 No. 2-30
B Saint Charles Street 1NC No.16A- 44
C San Cristobal Street 16 No.2-30
D Villanueva Street 10 No.1a-35 Pre-school
A Institute. River of Gold Sidewalk Union Pajonal
B Sidewalk La Union Pajonal Sidewalk Union Pajonal
A Rural school Tres Esquinas Sidewalk Los Monos
B Rural school Blanquiscal Sidewalk La Palmita
C School Rural El Mansito Sidewalk El Volador
D Rural School San Francisco Sidewalk San Francisco Ballesteros
E Rural school Guamo Large Sidewalk Barroblanco
F Rural school Guamo Sidewalk Barroblanco
G Rural School the Flying Sidewalk El Guamo
A Pouch Sidewalk Faltriquera
B granadillo Sidewalk el Granadillo
C The Palm Sidewalk la Palma
D The roses Sidewalk la Palma
E Mensulí Alto Sidewalk Mensulí high
F Mensulí Chiquito Sidewalk Mensulí Chiquito
G The Aurora Sidewalk La Mata
H the Cubin Sidewalk El Cubin
I Limonal Sidewalk El Limonal
A Planadas Sidewalk Planadas
B Seville Sidewalk Sevilla
C The pole Sidewalk Polo

D Pinchote Sidewalk Pinchote
E Crystals Sidewalk Crystals
F Cocoas Sevilla Sidewalk the Loma
G The cinnamon Sidewalk the Canelo
H The fridge Sidewalk Fridge
I Saragossa Sidewalk Zaragoza
J Santa Rita Kilometer 43 via Pamplona
K Miraflores Sidewalk Miraflores
L San Pedro Sidewalk San Pedro
A The Vega Sidewalk la Vega
B The knife Sidewalk Alto Blade
E Cartagena Sidewalk Cartagena
D San Isidro Sidewalk San Isidro
E Chucuri Sidewalk Chucuri
F ruffle Sidewalk the Ruffle
G High of the cows Sidewalk High of the cows
A Our Lord of Good Hope Sidewalk Hope
B Buenos Aires Sidewalk Buenos Aires
C The hills Sidewalk Las Colinas
A Holland Sidewalk Netherlands
B San Miguel Sidewalk San Miguel
C The hope Sidewalk La Esperanza
D The Cocoas Sidewalk The Cocoas
E El Duende Sidewalk El Duende
F San Javier tables tables Sidewalk San Javier
G Navarre Sidewalk La Navarra
A Curos Sidewalk the Curos
B Fical Sidewalk San Pio
C Pescadero Cabrera Sidewalk Pescadero
Table 26. Public educational establishments.
Source: Municipal Education Secretary – 2010
HEALTH
This sector is vulnerable because of the high population under 15 years and minimum
displacement capacity that is inside the city. Also, new developments and sectors located
on the east side of the highway are lacking in this sense, existing only 6 health posts
throughout the town.
Name Provider Name Headquarters Direction Neighborhood

FAMILY COMPENSATION CASE COMFENALCO SOCIAL SERVICE UNIT INTEGRAL
Race 8 # Oct. 32 CENTER
SANTANDER PIEDECUESTA
COMPANY OF THE STATE SOCIAL Francisco de Paula OUTPATIENT CARE CENTER
Street 6 No 8 - 75 Milling building
Santander PIEDECUESTA
SOCIAL HEALTH IPS SA SOCIAL HEALTH IPS SA Street 3 No, 8-40 ARGENTINA
FAMILY HOUSING SUBSIDY SANTANDER Cajasan IPS Cajasan PIEDECUESTA Street 11 No. 6-34 CENTER
CORPORACION IPS SALUDCOOP SANTANDER IPS PIEDECUESTA Street 7 N. 10-45 CENTER
RVG SPECIALIZED CLINICAL

LTDA RVGIPS SPECIALIZED CLINICAL LABORATORY Street 5 No.5 - 98 CENTER
LABORATORY IPS LTDA,
GESTIONARBIENESTAR
GESTIONARBIENESTAR 7 Do not KR 6-93 CENTER
PIEDECUESTA
OUTPATIENT HEADQUARTERS
Protection Foundation Health Recovery Clinic Santa Teresa Street 10 No. 9 - 6 CENTER
PIEDECUESTA
EU VIDASER EU VIDASER Street 7 No. 9 - 86 SAN RAFAEL
LOCAL HOSPITAL THAT The

LOCAL HOSPITAL THAT PIEDECUESTA Race 5 No. 5-59
PIEDECUESTA Presentation
COBISALUD IPS LTDA COBISALUD IPS LTDA CRA 8 # 10-20 CENTER
MEDICAL COMPANY LIMITED
PIEDECUESTA CLINIC SA KR June 10, 61 SAN RAFAEL
PEIDECUESTA
CARE FOUNDATION FOUNDATION FOR KM 14
Table 27. public educational establishments.
Source: Ministry of Social Protection - 2010.
BASIC SERVICES
 Town
It is located in the city center between races 7 and 8, and lanes 9 and 10, against Perez
Park.
 Cementery
Located between races 3 and 4th and streets 14 and 12. There is a project for relocation.
 Firefighters
The only fire station is situated on the eastern side of the Highway Bucaramanga-
Piedecuesta, next to the Barrio San Francisco.
 Police Inspectorate
The only fire station is located on the east side of the highway Bucaramanga-Piedecuesta.
Additional provisions
 Marketplace
Main Market Square is located in the block located between the races 5 and 6 and streets 14
and 15.
The farmer's market is located next to the Villa Concha. A second car market is in the
neighborhood of the Level I Header Stage.
The PBOT of Piedecuesta, includes a project that can integrate the central market square with
the peasant market, allowing the operation and functionality of a business in one space.
 Colosseum and Livestock Fair

It is located next to the State de Villa Concha, on the west side of Highway Bucaramanga
Piedecuesta. From the PBOT of Piedecuesta two projects that will allow one hand to move
the activities of the Livestock Show to a more suitable area (suburban Quebradagrande)
are contemplated, and the other forming a large Central Park on several grounds on which
it is the current Square Trade.
 Colombian Institute of Petroleum
Located north of the town, on the eastern side of the Highway Bucaramanga-Piedecuesta.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
 Transport terminal
There is no installation Transport Terminal itself, but the location of transport agencies on the
Bucaramanga Piedecuesta motorway. However, the PBOT of Piedecuesta proposes a project
for the design and construction of a Bus Terminal smaller scale located in the suburban area
of Tres Esquinas.
3.2 NETWORKING UTILITY
3.2.1 System sewage
The sewerage system of the city is made up of a combined sewer system, whose location is
mainly focused on the old town, about 150 hectares and the rest separately, sanitary and
storm sewers, which corresponds mainly to recent developments, established after to
1990.
According to the company Piedecuestana Utilities sewerage coverage is 95%. To date there
is no detailed register of networks, which will be developed within the proposed plans of
decontamination to be developed within the context of the PSMV commitments.
 Sewage storm: The current system is basically supported by the natural currents through
the town to which discharge the combined sewage which are not yet connected to the
general system outfalls to the WWTP. There has been significant progress in resolving the
problem of storm water originating the general topography of the town in the sector of the
Race 4 with Street 6 wherein the concentration of water over the area and the difficulty of
evacuating them because to buildings made, it caused flooding of some importance in high
rainfall events. As a result of the works carried out the channel of the pipe Sorzano was
restored through closed pipeline to dumping at the Mateguadua broken.
 Sewerage: The Piedecuesta sewer system consists of two (2) large sectors according to
the immediate natural drainage that receives wastewater: The Rio de Oro and the
Quebrada Soratoque.
A Gold River drains an area of approximately 215 hectares, of which 144 has not been
urbanized. The afferent urban area of the gorge is Soratoque 429 172 ha of which has not
been developed. The interceptor receivers Soratoque downloads interceptors Villanueva I,
Argentina, Diamante, Palmira, El Refugio and Mata de Guadua. Approximately 86% of the
urban water sector Piedecuesta this dumping drain.
According to the "Plan of Reorganization and management Shedding of the municipality of

Piedecuesta - 2009" at the end of 2008 (December) they were treated on average in the water
treatment plant 257 liters / second. If this value will deduct technical losses estimated by the
Company's 42.78%, with coverage of sewerage 95% and a coefficient of return of 90% water
to the sewer system, a flow of sewage at the municipal level of approximately obtained 126
lps.
Concept m3 / month Lps
Treated water aqueduct 689.476 257
42.78% aqueduct water billed 394.551 147
95% sewerage coverage 140
water returned to the sewer 90% 126
Table 28. Municipal Wastewater December 2008.
Source: Company Piedecuestana Public Service.
 Existing Infrastructure: The component base on which is seated the wastewater collection
in the old town is the combined sewer system from EMPOSAN, which should be partially
replaced due to the combined effect of lifetime already fulfilled and hydraulic failure.
For new developments since 1997 have built housing estates separate sewerage networks,
with sanitary sewage pouring into the combined system of the city and dumping rain in the
creeks that cross it. These sewers were received satisfaction at the time by the Company
Piedecuestana CMDB or utility and require their replacement medium term.
Of all the 328 hectares currently developed urbanistically, 240 Ha are available in 88 combined
sewer and sewer Ha have separated.
The city currently has a sewer comprising approximately 17,000 meters of pipe formed by pipe
from the 6-122 inches in diameter, not including existing outfalls to treatment plant.
It is currently under construction plant wastewater treatment WWTP Sanctuary with a final
capacity of 672 treatment design with a lps expected removals of 92% in terms of BOD5 and
suspended solids.
3.2.2 SYSTEMS AQUEDUCT

Urban aqueduct of the municipality of Piedecuesta is supplied from the source the Gold River.
The minimum flow of the river is 411,15m³ Gold / s, the general state of the power supply is
good.
The source of supply Rio de Oro has a concession by the environmental authority flow is 647L
/ s whose effective date is 2016; uptake is which side takes hydraulically operated, with a
design flow inferred from 219lt / s, the actual flow is unknown. His age is 30 years and life
expectancy is unknown.
In conclusion, the city currently has an intake structure, whose capacity is not enough to meet
the needs of the population, as required for 2020 is 341.17 L / s the installed flow is less than
this value (total installed capacity = 219 L / s). The acquisition will not offset the needs of the
population in design, so you need to make investment in this estructura 23.
 Drivetrain POWPA - Storage Tanks: In the municipality of Piedecuesta driving because

there are no storage tanks are located within the facility Treatment Plant Drinking Water.
Currently the plant Drinking Water Treatment Plant in the municipality of Piedecuesta has
an installed capacity (530 L / s) than required (341.17 / s), so it is concluded that should
not be done increased capacity also is in good state.
The aqueduct of the municipality of Piedecuesta has four storage tanks, these tanks are
constructed specifically, the total usable storage capacity is approximately 5600m3,
currently storage tanks are in good condition. In conclusion, the storage tanks not will
supply the needs of the population for the year of the design period, as the installed
capacity of this is 5600m3, less than the capacity required by the population for that period
9826m3 therefore should be make an extension of the storage capacity.
 Drivetrain (Storage Tank - Distribution network): The pipeline leading from the storage tank
to the distribution network is in steady state is built on 8 "pipe PVC. The municipality has a
conduit system with an inferred design flow 129.72 l / s.
Conclusion: The installed capacity currently in the pipeline is lower than required by the
population for the design period, since the required = 511.76 L / s installed = 129.72 L / s.
Therefore, it required to invest in this structure.
Distribution Network: Currently the distribution network is in fair condition and caters to
21370 users. Distribution to the urban network is performed through pipes 8 ", 6", 4 "2"
PVC. The valves allow Sectorization system leaks. the age of the networks and their
lifespan is unknown. Installation flow distribution networks It cannot be estimated since no
certified documents containing this information.
 Domiciliary and micrometers rush: There are 20257 and 538 single-family house
connections Institutional, for a total of 98.17% of the coverage. Rush are ½. " The state of
the rush is regular, age and rush material is unknown.
 The municipality of Piedecuesta not have macrometering system, the system has
Volumetric micrometers type 20632 in good condition, for a 99% coverage in providing
Micrometering system.
NETWORKS WATER UPTAKE AND REGULATION
 Actual state
23
Source: Diagnosis technical and institutional levels in their legal, operational, commercial, financial and organizational components, the
provision of water services, sewerage and sanitation in the municipalities of the departments of Santander and Norte de Santander, UNDP
- Ponce de León y Asociados SA, August 2008
Aqueduct network Piedecuesta, managed by the company Piedecuestana Public Service

responds to the following scheme:
Chart 28. Scheme Piedecuesta aqueduct network: Network Diagnostics Technical Aqueduct, Sewer and Grooming
Piedecuesta.
Currently there is only one water catchment located in the Gold River. The minimum flow of the Gold
River is 411.15 l / s and the awarded 647 l / s, with a validity period until 2016. The uptake is an intake
side arrangement constructed in concrete with a design capacity estimated at approximately 219 l / s.
Photography 4. Network aqueduct. Collection point aqueduct network.

This pick out lines adduction fiber cement, Ø450 and Ø400 diameter, with a length of 900
meters and a capacity of 147 l / s, which will stop three sand traps. These sand trappers have
a useful volume of 144.8 m³, 85.18 and 74.08 m³ at a flow rate of 72.41 design l / s, 42.58 l / s
and 37 l / s respectively.
Photography 5. Network aqueduct. Adduction of water.

After passing the screening of grit chambers, the water is conducted to the PTAP of Hill, with
a flow treatment design 530 l / s. The Pow PA has flocculation, sedimentation 5 Units of 5 cubic
meters each, four filters and disinfection chlorine gas. On premises water maker silver are
storage facilities and regulation, consisting of four storage tanks of concrete, two semi buried
3500 m³ and 800 m³ respectively, one buried 600 m³ and finally one high of 700 m³ capacity.
Photography 6. Processing facilities purification of water.

Source: private archive. Purification treatment plant.
From tanks leaves the conveying line, consisting of a PVC pipe Ø200. The distribution network
is executed in PVC with diameters of 8 ", 6", 4 "2", with connections ½ "also in PVC.
Diagnosis
The aqueduct network of the municipality of Piedecuesta, although it is enough for current
needs, needs an expansion and renovation to meet future population increases. Is necessary
a renewal of adduction lines, currently built in cement, to replace them with higher capacity and
other material. He also will need to increase storage capacity and regulation by extending
existing tanks or construction of new ones. Likewise, the need to expand the capacity of
existing desarenadores is made. The conveying and distribution also requires expansion and
renewal, both transport capacity to reduce leakage and losses that occur along it, especially in
valves Sectorization.
Chart 29. Attracting the Lato River.

Source: Executive Report System Lato River Aqueduct
Currently being studied executing a second feedback, this of the River Lato precisely to
address consumption derived from the development of the Macroproyecto. This second
feedback would also have accompanied by all associated pipeline infrastructure: a line
adduction, desander, tank, transport and distribution.
The area of the macro is crossed by a pipe carrying water exiting from current deposits and is
directed to the prison Palogordo. If developed before the execution Macroproyecto uptake
Lato River, consideration could supply the same through this pipe.
RETICULATION AND TREATMENT
 Current situation
The sewerage system of the city, managed by the Piedecuestana utility company, consists of
a unitary sewer, whose location is mainly focused on the old town, about 150 hectares and the
rest separately, waste and storm sewer, which mainly recent developments corresponds to
established after 1990. the network unit consists of ceramic tubes with diameters ranging from
the Ø200 and Ø900, with slopes between 0.5% and 30%.
There are currently two major collectors (the Suratoque of Ø900 and Ø600 of Barroblanco of)
collecting all sanitation and transport it to the WWTP of El Santuario, currently under
construction, raised in stages. Today it is only executed the first stage of the same, with a
treatment capacity of 224 l / s, but it is expected that a completed time, has a treatment capacity
of 672 l / s. This wastewater treatment plant effluent poured into the Gold River.
 Diagnosis
The sewerage network is in a poor state of repair so would require a renewal of the same. an
expansion of the capacity it also be necessary. The rush home also need a renovation.
Sanitation network should consider the Macroproyecto so separative. The two large manifolds
transporting the water to the WWTP Sanctuary cross area but the Macroproyecto surface levels
thereby preventing the connection of the sewage Macroproyecto this system.
For the current population (110,000 inhabitants), more connections erroneous current, more
current infiltration peak flow passing through the outfalls may actually be 645 lps, requiring at
this time the construction of three stages for treating a total flow 672 mgd. Sanctuary WWTP
treat the product flow vegetative growth of the population of Piedecuesta until 2043
STORM WATER NETWORKS
The present system is basically supported by the natural currents through the town to which
discharge the combined sewer systems are not yet connected to the general system outfalls
to the WWTP.
There has been significant progress in resolving the problem of storm water originating the
general topography of the town in the sector of the Carrera 4 with Street 6 wherein the
concentration of water over the area and the difficulty of evacuating them because to buildings
made, it caused flooding of some importance in high rainfall events. As a result of the works
carried out the channel of the pipe Sorzano it was restored through a pipeline to dumping at
the Mateguadua broken.
Figure 30. natural streams and effluents.

Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta.
Studies flood levels of existing channels within the macroproject were performed assuming the
effect caused by the enormous project planning Pienta. Therefore, these levels are calculated
with the dumping of the storm sewer to these channels.
3.2.3 NET TELEPHONY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Fixed telephony coverage in the areas of municipal capital is 82.40%, 41.67% population
center and rural area 21.70%. There is no information of the telephone network and existing
telecommunications
3.2.4 NET OF GAS
There is a gas line running parallel to the highway to Bucaramanga. its condition and its
diameter is unknown, and the possibility of connecting to the future of the gas network
Macroproyecto.
Chart 31. Location Pipeline Gibraltar.

Source: Transoriente SA ESP
There is a project to transport gas from the fields of Gibraltar (Gibraltar Gas Pipeline -
Bucaramanga). You will have a preliminary 190 km length. The project will benefit in Cucuta
Norte de Santander and the municipalities of Toledo, La Bateca, Chitagá and Silos and
Santander to Bucaramanga, Tona, Piedecuesta, Floridablanca and Girón.
3.2.5 HARVEST WASTE
In the municipality of Piedecuesta has a (2) harvesting equipment open box VOLQUETA type
of 8 m3 (cubic meters) (1) equipment collector type compactor whose current status is good
and it is rented, has sufficient capacity to provide the service waste collection for the
municipality, but this team is not the most suitable for collecting and transporting solid waste,
however it should be noted that Decree 1713 of 2002 refers to a smaller municipalities to 8,000
can be used harvesting equipment box tipper open type.
As for the frequency of provision of collection service of solid waste generated by municipalities
is two (2) times a week. The shift operation is appropriate as the topography of the city, its road
structure and final disposal site is solid waste should be performed at daytime.
The toilet in the village consists of four components: wiping streets, garbage collection
Domiciliary, transportation and disposal; These activities are currently carried out by three
operators Urban Cleaning, Cara clean, and the company Piedecuestana Services.
Piedecuestana company, is responsible for servicing residential solid waste collection. Material
moves to the landfill located in Bucaramanga "Carrasco" which is operated by the EMAB,
decentralized company last this municipality.
As for hazardous waste, the ICP is the only one generating such waste, it is mostly catalysts
are re- introduced into possible processes and traces are treated at the plant of the same
institution before to be discharged into the natural system, for unrecoverable material in volume
can say is little, it has a storage protocol, transport Barrancabermeja and return to refinery
processes or ultimately carried to the cells security ECOPETROL built for this purpose.
In the municipality of Piedecuesta are generated both organic and inorganic residues, these
residues come from family homes, educational and state institutions and shopping centers,
etc.
The people of the urban solid waste present in combination in plastic bags and sacks of
polyethylene; These bags are placed beside roads, places which makes its route the collection
vehicle. Harvesting is done by two models compactors 2007 with a capacity of 14 tons and a
truck model 1995 has capacity of 10 tons, which are typical of the city and is in good condition.
The operators of the collection and transportation system are: three conductors, a collector and
an administrator. The frequency with which the collection is solid waste of the urban area of
the municipality of Piedecuesta is 3 times a week through 3 routes macro distributed Monday
through Friday. The municipality of Piedecuesta has a landfill.
The urban population produces, according to the office of the public service assigned to the
mayor of the municipality of Piedecuesta in 2007, 1322 tons of waste and scrap a month,
including trash generated inside family homes, shops, etc.
3.3 MIDDLE SOCIOECONOMIC
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy Piedecuestana. Because of the variety of relief and
therefore the thermal floors, there is diversity of products. Topographical situation has
highlands, where corn, peas, wheat, onion, vegetables, celeriac, different grasses, vegetables
and some fruit is grown. The lower part rich in sugar cane, corn, snuff and banana. In the
temperate part grown cassava, tomato, sugarcane and snuff. Commodities of Piedecuestana
economy are sugar cane and snuff.
Sugarcane: Most of the sugar cane crops are found in alluvial soils, slightly clayey. The system
planting is to prepare the ground can be the plow or tractor and a few days the bud cane,
slightly inclined, whose size is 25 centimeters long is planted. After four or five months is
planted check chemical fertilizer; Water should not be lacking, and the like weeding. At fifteen
months the cane is ready to grind. One hectare of land produces paid 120 to 160 loads of
panela.
Snuff: The farm is located in the plains of the valley of the Rio de Oro The climate and terrain
are suitable for this crop. It also requires seed selection, preparation of the soil and fertilizers.
Pests that attack the snuff are "Bayou" and "Aphid" that destroy the roots and leaves of plants,
being necessary to quickly attack them with insecticides.
The industry is based on the following items:
 Preparation of tobacco and cigarettes.

 Panela.
 Sisal industry.
 Pottery industry.
 Food industry.
 Leather industry
 Large producer of blackberry
Studies show the existence of: limestone, fluorite, lead, mercury and granite, not exploited. The
only minerals that have been exploited albeit scarce are lime and clay. Beaches that form the
river rubble and sand is used for construction.
3.4 MUNICIPAL RESOURCES

Territorial finances in the nineties were characterized by a risky scenario in its prospective and
deficient in its reality. In this sense, the rapid decentralization driven by the 1991 Constitution
generated a strong and rapid growth of local spending that led to obvious difficulties for regional
and national fiscal sustainability.
The Constitution of 1991 chose to give exclusive property to municipalities and departments
on intergovernmental transfers, as its own instrument of fiscal decentralization. These transfers
were behaving according to the current revenues of the nation with a growing share of them.
To avoid a heterogeneous fiscal policy diminished in their incentives and held incommunicado
in purpose, it was determined that the only creative source of tax would be the law, leaving
local competition to determine tariffs according to national criteria.
The relative importance of transfers in municipal budgets made amid management, territorial
order is highly dependent on the central turns made (even in the period of economic boom
1992-1997), with little local tax effort (laziness tax) incentives and disorderly growth of spending
and debt overhang.
In addition to the limitations in departments and municipalities to use their instrumental tax
(countercyclical policy), because your income and expenses behaved with high correlation with
national income, insufficient regulation of the State was presented on itself at subnational
levels, since neither the creation of municipalities, debt, credit, accountability, among others,
acting under clear national rules, so the territorial level ended by activating the "fiscal pump" at
the expense compromise and debt not sympathized with their income.
In this period the trend of the deficit was growing as current operating expenses increased
faster than current income. Other components of the budget structure also behaved with
solvency, which made territorial debt will turn threatening.
According to the "10 years of fiscal transformation in Colombia" of the MHCP, between 1990
and 1999 tax revenues of the national government rose from 7.8% to 10.6% of GDP, while the
territorial governments such income increased from 1.8% to 2.9% of GDP. In addition, the
growth of regional taxes was lower than growth in transfers (fiscal support and participation in
the current revenues of the Nation) and current revenues were being used almost exclusively
to cover operating costs.
Chart 32. Operating expenses / current revenues, municipalities 2009.

Source: MHCP, 10 years of fiscal transformation in Colombia
The picture presented forced to nationwide a number of strategies were implemented in order
to achieve fiscal sustainability territorial24:
 Revenue collection and strengthen itself: unification and increased gasoline surcharge, adoption
rate to the ACPM, creating motor vehicle tax, expanding the tax base record.
24
Ministry of Finance and Public Credit. Fiscal Sustainability 10 years in Colombia, 1998-2008. 2009
 Territorial control Debt: The codes created since 1986 were insufficient. Law 358 of 1997 was
aimed at controlling debt and was supplemented later. This law created the concept of operational
savings (the only source to analyze the borrowing capacity is not earning capacity, but also the
costs) is prohibited contract to finance operating expenses, defined semaphores debt.
 Identification and provision of pension liabilities. It was created by Law 549 of 1999, the National
Pension Fund Territorial (Fonpet); it is powered by resources from different levels of government.
 Restructuring current liabilities: legal exception mechanisms for restructuring all current liabilities.
 Transfers reform and redefinition of competencies and resources: a bag group transfers and it was
detached from the growth of current revenues of the Nation was created.
 Standards of accountability and fiscal transparency: Laws 617 of 2000 and 819 of 2003. These
regulations set targets for operating costs based on own resources.
The result of the implementation of these measures was a sustained improvement in key fiscal
indicators in this context most of the municipalities of the country were strengthening their
finances.
3.4.1 PIEDECUESTA FRONT TO THE CONTEXT

The municipality of Piedecuesta was not immune to fiscal transformations of the decade, today
its main indicators look healthy in their majority and their chances are remarkable. One way to
see the above is resorting to comparisons with other municipalities in the country, for this you
can see the report of the DNP25 fiscal performance.
180,00
160,00
140,00
120,00
100.00
80,00
60,00 AVERAGE
40,00
20,00
PIEDECUESTA
0,00
M unicipalit ies
33.Current income figure for 2008 operating expenses.

Source: DNP.
25
Report available for 2008
As can be seen, the percentage of current revenue for operating expenses in 2008 in
Piedecuesta is lower than the national average was 59.9%, while this town was in 45.6%.
120,00
100.00
80,00
60,00
40,00 AVERAGE
20,00
0,00
PIEDECUESTA
M unicip alit ies
Chart 34. Percentage of income transfers 2008.

Source: DNP
On the other hand, as regards the indicator of the percentage of income that corresponded to
transfers in 2008, shows that the city was well below the average for the percentage was
36.8%, while the average of all municipalities in the country was 72.28%. This situation would
change in 2009 significantly in 2009 as will be seen later.
100
80
60
40
PIEDECUESTA
20
0 AVERAGE
- 20
- 40
- 60
- 80
- 100
M unicipalit ies
Chart 35. Capacity savings 2008.
Source: DPN
100
90
80
70
60
50 AVERAGE
40
30
20
10
0
Munic ipios
Chart 35. Capacity savings 2008.
Source: DPN
Saving capacity in 2008 of the municipality of Piedecuesta was very similar to the national average
because while it stood at 32.91%, the municipality stood at 34.95%.
100
90
80
70
60
50 AVERAGE
40
30
20
10
0
Munic ipios
Graph 36. Fiscal Performance Indicator 2008.
Source: DNP.
In line with other indicators, fiscal performance also within the municipality with good results,
as the national average was 62.10 (which shows the positive result of the measures explained
in the previous section), while the town was in 71.24. Among the 87 municipalities of the
department, Piedecuesta was ranked 6 in terms of fiscal performance.
Despite maintaining its positive results in 2009 Piedecuesta municipal finances suffered a
major change, given the large increase in transfers from the central level.
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATIONS
CONCEPT
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
INCOME 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00% 100,00%
CURRENT INCOME 98,30% 98% 99,30% 99,40% 99,50% 98,06% 81,85%
TAXES 40,80% 38% 36,10% 36,90% 37,30% 35,29% 21,88%
NON TAXES +
59,20% 62% 63,90% 63,10% 69,80% 62,76% 59,96%
TRANSFERS
CAPITAL INCOME 1,70% 1,80% 0,70% 0,60% 0,50% 1,94% 18,15%
Table 29. municipal revenues.
Source: DNP; Bank of the Republic, Municipality of Piedecuesta-Santander.
As shown in the table, the income structure of the municipality in 2009 differs from the trend of
the rest of municipalities of the country in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Note the
importance of capital inflows, especially given resources by the balance sheet as will be seen
later.
Dependence on transfers relative to other municipalities, was low in 2008, and remained in
2009, year in which, despite the increase thereof, the company did not reach the historical
participation of other municipalities.
3.4.2 INCOME
The analysis of municipal revenue Piedecuesta must be marked by the increase of current
revenues in 2009, as shown in the following table:
2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr
INCOME IN USD 33.799.499 35.868.431 37.736.345 41.101.928
Current Income 27.039.599 28.694.745 30.189.076 32.881.543
Taxes 10.139.850 10.760.529 11.320.904 12.330.579
Non Taxes + Transfers 16.899.750 17.934.216 18.868.173 20.550.964
Capital Income 6.759.900 7.173.686 7.547.269 8.220.386
VARIATION %
INCOME IN USD 6,12% 5,21% 8,92%
Current Income 80% 80% 80% 80%
Taxes 30% 30% 30% 30%
Non Taxes + Transfers 50% 50% 50% 50%
Capital Income 20% 20% 20% 20%
Table 30. Income Piedecuesta.
Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta
The difference is mainly attributable to transfers and a brief increase in capital inflows,
generated the latter, by the resources of the balance, equivalent to resources not executed in
the previous period, either increase revenue or decrease expenses.
As for the participation of the different categories of income, it is clear the impact it had on it
the sharp increase in transfers, as the share of non-tax revenues plus transfers went from
being 26% in 2007 to 60% in 2009 and a projected 73% in 2013.
Increased dependence on transfers for superior relative share is not in itself grounds for
immediate threat because it was not made at the expense of own resources, but by increasing
the central turns; Notwithstanding the foregoing should be warned about the need to preserve
fiscal discipline, dynamism income and expenses wisely if you want to have room for maneuver
for future projects.
TAX REVENUES
The most important Piedecuesta tax is the property tax, which also reported a significant
dynamism in 2009, registering a growth of 40%.
USD AMERICAN DOLLARS 2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

TAXES 10.139.850 10.760.529 11.320.904 12.330.579
Unified property tax (Includes compensation for property tax of
4.055.940 4.304.212 4.528.361 4.932.231
Indigenous Shelters
Environmental surtax (O participation property taxes for CAR 0 0 0 0
Tax and Public Transit Service 0 0 0 0

Tax of Industry and Commerce 1.115.383 1.183.658 1.245.299 1.356.364
Gasoline Surcharge 1.216.782 1.291.264 1.358.508 1.479.669
Public Entertainment Tax 0 0 0 0
Lotteries and Gambling Tax 0 0 0 0
Sings and Boards Tax 253.496 269.013 283.023 308.264
Minor cattle sacrifice tax 0 0 0 0
Urban Delineation Tax 304.195 322.816 339.627 369.917
Public Lighting Service Tax 2.636.361 2.797.738 2.943.435 3.205.950
Hydrocarbon Transportation Tax 0 0 0 0
Stamps 101.398 107.605 113.209 123.306
Surcharge of the Fire Department 152.098 161.408 169.814 184.959
Other Tax Income 304.195 322.816 339.627 369.917
PATICIPATION
TAXES 100% 100% 100% 100%
Unified Property Tax (Includes Compensation for Indigenous
40,00% 40,00% 40,00% 40,00%
Protections property)
Environmental Surcharge (O Participation of the property for the
0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
CAR)
Traffic and Transit Tax Public Service 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Tax of industry and commerce 11,00% 11,00% 11,00% 11,00%
Gasoline Surcharge 12,00% 12,00% 12,00% 12,00%
Public Entertainment Tax 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Raffles and Betting Tax 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Notices and Boards Tax 2,50% 2,50% 2,50% 2,50%
Minor cattle sacrifice tax 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Urban Delineation Tax 3,00% 3,00% 3,00% 3,00%
Public Lighting Service Tax 26,00% 26,00% 26,00% 26,00%
Hydrocarbon Transportation Tax 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
Stamps 1,00% 1,00% 1,00% 1,00%
Surcharge of the Fire Department 1,50% 1,50% 1,50% 1,50%
Otros Ingresos Tributarios 3,00% 3,00% 3,00% 3,00%
Table 31. tax revenue.

NON-TAX REVENUES + TRANSFERS

Non-tax revenues, including transfers, are those who have had a greater dynamism. The
specific transfers for education increased from USD 764.000 to USD 12.405.000 in 2009 SGP
case for health, while Fosyga resources rose from USD 927.000 to USD 1.635.000.
As can be seen the most important taxes are, other than the property tax, industry and trade,
gasoline surcharge and the tax on public lighting service. For 2009, tax revenues accounted
for 22% of total revenue. Other taxes combined reach only 9% of revenue.
2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

Non Tax 16.899.750 17.934.216 18.868.173 20.550.964
Taxes and Fines 506.992 538.026 566.045 616.529
leases 168.997 179.342 188.682 205.510
Valuing contribution 31.793 32.121 28.479 33.659
transfers 15.547.770 16.499.478 17.358.719 18.906.887
Capital transfers (for investment) 13.857.795 14.706.057 15.471.902 16.851.791
General System of Units –Education 6.928.897 7.353.028 7.735.951 8.425.895
General System of Units – Health 3.379.950 3.586.843 3.773.635 4.110.193
General Purpose General System of Units (Forced Investment) 3.379.950 3.586.843 3.773.635 4.110.193
General system Units-Food School 168.997 179.342 188.682 205.510
Other Transfers of the Central National Level 1.858.972 1.972.764 2.075.499 2.260.606
Health Company - ETESA- 168.997 179.342 188.682 205.510
Solidarity and Guarantees Fund -FOSYGA- 1.689.975 1.793.422 1.886.817 2.055.096
Other Transfers of the Nacional level 0 0 0 0
Level of Departmental 168.997 179.342 188.682 205.510
Special funds 506.992 538.026 566.045 616.529
Non Tax 100% 100% 100% 100%
Taxes and Fines 3% 3% 3% 3%
leases 1% 1% 1% 1%
Valuing contribution 0% 0% 0% 0%
transfers 92% 92% 92% 92%
Capital transfers (for investment) 82% 82% 82% 82%
General System of Units -Educación- 41% 41% 41% 41%
General System of Units - Health 20% 20% 20% 20%
General Purpose General System of Units (Forced Investment) 20% 20% 20% 20%
General System of Units-Food School 1% 1% 1% 1%
Other Transfers of the Central National Level 11% 11% 11% 11%
Health Company - ETESA- 1% 1% 1% 1%
Solidarity and Guarantees Fund -FOSYGA- 10% 10% 10% 10%
Other Transfers of the National Level 0% 0% 0% 0%
Level of Departmental 1% 1% 1% 1%
Special funds 3% 3% 3% 3%
Table 32. Non-tax revenues.
Within non-tax revenues, transfers were already important enough, only rose from 91% to 96%
of such revenues despite the sharp increase in these transfers.
3.4.3 EXPENSES
This section outlines expenditures for 2018 89% of the expenses were for investment, while
9.52% were for operation.
USD $ 2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

Expenses 32.946.062 34.962.753 36.783.503 40.064.105
Operating Expenditure 3.135.850 3.327.801 3.501.102 3.813.354
Investment Expenses 29.251.241 31.041.765 32.658.322 35.571.013
Debt Service 0 0 0 0
Watchdogs 558.540 592.729 623.596 679.213
EXPENSES 100% 100% 100% 100%
Operating Expenditure 9,52% 9,52% 9,52% 9,52%
Investment Expenses 88,79% 88,79% 88,79% 88,79%
Debt Service 0% 0% 0% 0%
Watchdogs 1,70% 1,70% 1,70% 1,70%
Table 33. Municipal spending.
However, given the importance of investment expenses worth looking at it from various
angles, the first is by source of funds:
2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr
INVESTMENT EXPENSES IN USD 29.251.241 31.041.765 32.658.322 35.571.013
Resource of the SGP 19.535.502 19.535.502 19.535.502 19.535.502

Resource Royalties and co-financing Funds 4.022.002 4.022.002 4.022.002 4.022.002
With Equity and Other 5.693.736 5.693.736 5.693.736 5.693.736
Fiscal Deficit (Reverse) 0 0 0 0
INVESTMENT EXPENSES 100% 100% 100% 100%
Resource of the SGP 67% 67% 67% 67%
Resource Royalties and co-financing Funds 14% 14% 14% 14%
With Equity and Other 19% 19% 19% 19%
Fiscal Deficit (Reverse) 0% 0% 0% 0%
Table 34. Sources of resources.
67% of the investment is financed with funds from the SGP, however it is worth noting that 19%
of it is financed by own resources. However, how these resources are allocated by sector?
Answering this question is important given the nature of this study.
2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

INVESTMENT EXPENSES USD 29.251.241 31.041.765 32.658.322 35.571.013
Education 14.592.384 15.485.612 16.292.054 17.745.089
Health 6.364.070 6.753.627 7.105.334 7.739.036
Basic Water and Sanitation 2.142.219 2.273.349 2.391.737 2.605.049
Road infrastructure 1.906.113 2.022.790 2.128.131 2.317.932
living place 157.979 167.650 176.380 192.111
Physical Education, Sport and Recreation 119.995 127.340 133.972 145.921
Culture 279.701 296.822 312.280 340.131
Energy sector 1.585.838 1.682.910 1.770.551 1.928.460
Agricultural Development and Mining 101.003 107.186 112.768 122.825
Urban infrastructure 359.554 381.563 401.434 437.237
Community development 421.710 447.524 470.830 512.821
Justice, Defense and Security 408.330 433.324 455.890 496.550
Institutional development 584.869 620.670 652.993 711.231
other sectors 227.473 241.397 253.968 276.619
INVESTMENT EXPENSES 100% 100% 100% 100%
Education 50% 50% 50% 50%
Health 22% 22% 22% 22%
Basic Water and Sanitation 7% 7% 7% 7%
Road infrastructure 7% 7% 7% 7%
living place 1% 1% 1% 1%
Physical Education, Sport and Recreation 0% 0% 0% 0%
Culture 1% 1% 1% 1%
Energy sector 5% 5% 5% 5%
Agricultural Development and Mining 0% 0% 0% 0%
Urban infrastructure 1% 1% 1% 1%
Community development 1% 1% 1% 1%
Justice, Defense and Security 1% 1% 1% 1%
Institutional development 2% 2% 2% 2%
other sectors 1% 1% 1% 1%
Table 35. Destination of resources by sector.
As expected the sectors of health and education are those who receive the greatest amount of
investment resources (72%) between both housing and urban infrastructure perceived about
1.77% of the investment, this figure is so modest given the increase in resources for education
in 2009.
It is worth saying that the combined resources of housing and urban infrastructure are $ 1,200
million approximately year. This investment is intended solely to construction (GCF).
Such as education and health sectors weigh much, worth seeing data without these two
sectors; in this case the investment would be $ 19,217,000, the field of drinking water and
sanitation and road infrastructure would add 49% of the investment (26% and 23%
respectively), while sectors of housing and urban infrastructure represent 6% investment (2%
and 4% respectively).
Without considering the sector of drinking water and basic sanitation (which also has
earmarked resources) road infrastructure sector would be the most representative between
investments (31%), followed by the energy sector (26%).
At this point it should be remembered that most of the funds transferred by the central level
have specific destination so there is no flexibility on them, in this order of ideas worth seeing
as own resources of the municipality are made.
96
2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

WITH EQUITY AND OTHER USD 5.693.736 6.042.261 6.356.923 6.923.876
Basic Water and Sanitation 764.862 811.681 853.951 930.112
Road infrastructure 1.349.732 1.432.352 1.506.944 1.641.343
living place 41.869 44.432 46.746 50.915
Education 157.116 166.734 175.417 191.061
Physical Education, Sport and Recreation 13.812 14.658 15.421 16.797
Health 407.898 432.866 455.408 496.025
Culture 185.173 196.507 206.741 225.180
Energy sector 1.585.838 1.682.910 1.770.551 1.928.460
Agricultural Development and Mining 94.529 100.315 105.539 114.952
Urban infrastructure 152.368 161.695 170.116 185.288
Community development 257.688 273.461 287.702 313.362
Justice, Defense and Security 202.438 214.830 226.017 246.175
Institutional development 411.351 436.531 459.264 500.224
Others 69.062 73.289 77.106 83.983
WITH EQUITY AND OTHER 100% 100% 100% 100%
Basic Water and Sanitation 13% 13% 13% 13%
Road infrastructure 24% 24% 24% 24%
living place 1% 1% 1% 1%
Education 3% 3% 3% 3%
Physical Education, Sport and Recreation 0% 0% 0% 0%
Health 7% 7% 7% 7%
Culture 3% 3% 3% 3%
Energy sector 28% 28% 28% 28%
Agricultural Development and Mining 2% 2% 2% 2%
Urban infrastructure 3% 3% 3% 3%
Community development 5% 5% 5% 5%
Justice, Defense and Security 4% 4% 4% 4%
Institutional development 7% 7% 7% 7%
Others 1% 1% 1% 1%
Table 36. Own resources of the municipality.
In this case the energy sector and road infrastructure will be the most important. Sectors of
housing and urban infrastructure receive $ 450 million (which are part of the $ 1,200 mentioned
above) own resources.
3.4.4 THE BALANCE
97
In the period 2007-2009 the situation of municipal finances has not been Piedecuesta deficit,
short-term projections also indicate that it will be.
RESULT BUDGET USD 2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

TOTAL REVENUE 33.799.499 35.868.431 37.736.345 41.101.928
TOTAL EXPENSES 32.946.062 34.962.753 36.783.503 40.064.105
Deficit or surplus BUDGET 853.437 905.678 952.843 1.037.824
Table 37. Balance Financial Piedecuesta.
As the surplus of the municipality observed in 2018 was USD 1.037.824, 2.5% of total
revenues. Some fiscal indicators:
2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr
DEFICIT OR SURPLUS PRIMARY / CURRENT INCOME 2,53% 2,53% 2,53% 2,52%
CURRENT EXPENDITURE / REVENUE STREAMS 92,44% 92,44% 92,44% 92,44%

DEFICIT O SAVING CURRENT / CURRENT INCOME 7,56% 7,56% 7,56% 7,56%
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE PREVIOUS PERIOD 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE / CURRENT INCOME 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00%
TOTAL DEFICIT OR SURPLUS / CURRENT INCOME 2,53% 2,53% 2,53% 2,52%
Table 38. Fiscal indicators of Piedecuesta.
Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta and authors.
Seen as the municipality analyzed, has a primary surplus (without incorporating the financial
burden is also zero) on current revenues of 2.53%, reflecting healthy public finances. Liquidity
is unaffected and instead shows some strength. On the other hand, the debt of the municipality
is equal to zero and is part of the fiscal trend indicated at the beginning, this means that there
may be some scope for profitable projects in fiscal and social terms.
3.4.5 FULFILLMENT FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY LAW AND DEBT
As for compliance with the requirements of Law 617 the municipality does not show breaches.
COMPLIANCE 617 2015 2016 2017p 2018Pr

Free Income Current Revenue 10.139.850 10.760.529 11.320.904 12.330.579
Operating Expenses 3.074.344 3.262.531 3.432.433 3.738.561
Personal Expenses 1.882.157 1.997.368 2.101.384 2.288.800
General Expenses 574.359 609.516 641.258 698.450
Transfers 617.829 655.647 689.791 751.311
Operating Deficit 0 0 0 0
Personnel Payments and Social Security
Contributions in Non-Authenticated Investment 60.288 63.978 67.310 73.313
Sectors
Reason (GF / ICLD) 30% 30% 30% 30%
Table 39. Compliance with Law 617.
Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta and authors.
98
The reason GF (operating expenses) / ICLD (current income free destination) is less than that
required by Law 617 of 2000.
In debt the problem is nonexistent, the municipality, Category 1 is in green lights.
2015 2016 2017p

Current Validity
Executions Current Validity
DEBT CAPACITY Actual Payment
Validity Law 358/97
Capacity
Current Income 27.039.599 28.694.745 30.189.076
Operating Expenses 3.074.344 3.262.531 3.432.433
OPERATIONAL SAVINGS (1-2) 23.965.255 25.432.214 26.756.643
Debt Baalance With New Credit 0 0 0
Debt Interest 0 0 0
Solvency = Interest / Operational Savings = (5/3) 0% 0% 0%
Sustainability = Balance 0% 0% 0%
Debt / Current Income = (4/1) 0% 0% 0%
Current Financial State of the Entity (traffic light) Green Green Green
Table 40. Debt capacity.
Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta and the authors.
3.4.6 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
99
2015 2016 2017 2018

INCOME IN USD 33.799.499 35.868.431 37.736.345 41.101.928
Current Income 27.039.599 28.694.745 30.189.076 32.881.543
Taxes 10.139.850 10.760.529 11.320.904 12.330.579
Non Taxes 14.156.920 15.023.492 15.805.868 17.215.543
Transfer 2.742.829 2.910.723 3.062.304 3.335.421
Total Expenses 32.946.062 35.868.431 37.736.345 41.101.928
Current Expenses 24.160.500 25.639.410 26.974.629 29.380.410
Operating Expenses 3.074.344 3.262.531 3.432.433 3.738.561
Personal Expenses 1.882.157 1.997.368 2.101.384 2.288.800
General Expenses 574.359 609.516 641.258 698.450
Transfers 617.829 655.647 689.791 751.311
Interest and Commissions Public Debt 130.466 138.452 145.662 158.653
Operating expenses in social sectors (labor
remuneration, allowances, benefits in education, health 20.955.690 22.238.427 23.396.534 25.483.196
and other investment sectors)
Deficit o Savong Current 9.632.392 10.222.009 10.754.338 11.713.483
Capital Income 6.441 7.012 7.377 8.035
Co-financing (co-financing funds, FNR) 0 0 0 0
Royalties 6.441 7.012 7.377 8.035
Fund Savings and Oil Stabilization (FAEP) 0 0 0 0
Financial performances 0 0 0 0
Financial surplus 0 0 0 0
Resources balance 0 0 0 0
Other capital resources (donations, exploitations and
0 0 0 0
others)
Capital Expenditures 7.334.491 7.783.450 8.188.787 8.919.118
Gross capital formation (construction, repair) 7.334.491 7.783.450 8.188.787 8.919.118
Deficit previous periods by investment 0 0 0 0
Capital Deficit or Superavit -7.328.050 -7.776.437 -8.181.409 -8.911.083
TOTAL Deficit or Surplus 2.304.341 2.445.571 2.572.929 2.802.400
Financing 0 0 0 0
Table 41. Financial Statements Piedecuesta 2007-2010.

Source: Municipality of Piedecuesta and authors
3.4.7 CONCLUSIONS
 The tendency of territorial finances in the past decade has been toward fiscal consolidation, this
after implementing a series of measures successfully reversed risky trend nineties.
 The municipality of Piedecuesta - Santander has been part of the trend of improvement in fiscal
indicators.
 For the year 2008 the city was better off than the average of the country's resources for operation,
dependence on transfers, savings capacity and performance prosecutor general.
 The behavior of municipal revenues are marked by increased transfers for health in 2009, making
transfers were increased by twice.
 Non-tax revenues including transfers went from about 36% to 60% from 2008 to 2009.
 Among the most representative tax revenue is the property tax category, followed by tax
100
streetlights.
 Expenses are mostly (89%) Investments
 Of these investments, 79% are devoted to health, education and potable water.
The same about 2% are engaged in housing and urban infrastructure (corresponding to about $
1,200 million year).
 Investment in housing and urban infrastructure from its own resources amounts to about $ 450 million
years.
 The municipality is surplus; its primary surplus of current income is equal to 3.1%
 The municipality has no debt
 He municipality he finds fulfilling to fully the limits from debt
and fiscal responsibility.
3.5 TOURISM RESOURCES

With a variety of water wealth, weather, wildlife, the Piedecuesta is not distant from becoming
tourist ring Santander, as well as geography, is the gateway to the stately barrel Chicamocha
and Plateau Santos or readings suggested.
In all, the towns like Seville, Pescadero, Umpalá, hope and sidewalks Buenos Aires, La Vega,
Netherlands, Menzuly, Tablanca, Granadillo, Barroblanquito, cocoas, Los Curos, San Isidro
and tables San Javier bordering the Bucaramanga - Bogotá, they are the prelude to the
National park Chicamocha, and support to push the proposal to promote Piedecuesta as a
tourist ring the Department, and with it a socio economic development of the region.
According to reports from the World Tourism Organization (OMT), ecotourism has had a good
number of people especially in developed countries such as Canada, France, Spain, Britain,
Germany, USA and Italy and Latin America is currently drives.
The most important cultural, artistic, religious and tourist event is Piedecuesta Easter organized
by the Municipal Mayor and presided over by the Parish of San Francisco Javier. Other Catholic
parishes in the municipality also organize and celebrate Easter in their ecclesiastical
jurisdictions neighborhood and village. Holy Week Piedecuesta held in the park La Libertad
and through the streets of the neighborhood of El Centro it has a religious tradition that dates
back to the origins of the Parish of St. Francis Xavier in 1774.
Considered the Holy Week of Piedecuestanos has a grand processional, artistic and
organizational deployment managed and preserved by the Corporation Semana Santa de
Piedecuesta, which constitutes the principal intangible cultural heritage of the municipality. His
religious imagery and inter-organization are factors that highlight the main religious event of
the Catholic religious majority, year after year participating, national and international in their
Eucharistic and processional ritual local parishioners, metropolitan with faith, gives spiritual
and deep devotion.
With more than a century of tradition and penitential commitment to Jesus Christ, the
Brotherhood of Jesus Nazarene de San Francisco Javier parish is the parish that adorns
brotherhood and aims for the preservation of the religious heritage of the town. Such religious
101
community has more than 300 active partner’s men who participate very fervently in each of
the acts that make up the Holy Week Piedecuesta. The work of the Nazarenes apostolic
groups, among which is the "Cirineo" (or freighters), family or institutional brotherhoods
responsible for preparing the processional and educational institutions in the municipality
parading with their bands add music students and their delegations during each day of the
paschal triduum.
Within Piedecuesta fairs and events include:
 Summer Festival in Pescadero 8 to the January 10
 Easter, ranked one of the top three nationally.
 Piedecuestanidad week. July 26 to 30
 Cultural Carnival. With participation delegation of the carnival of Barranquilla
 National Theater Festival Alfredo Camargo Acevedo (September)
 Mulberry Festival Sevilla
3.5.1 HERITAGE CATALOGED
Among the most representative attractions of Piedecuesta the metropolitan park "Cerro de La
Grotto", also called "La Cantera" in the center of the town, the main park La Libertad with its
two churches, that of the Perpetual Help and highlights San Francisco Javier.
7. Cerro La Cantera Photography.

Source: private archive
The climate and soil are suitable for the cultivation of snuff which involves the selection of
seeds, preparing the soil and fertilizers. The preparation of tobacco, cigars and cigarettes craft
is a major line of your industry. In the main square is the Main Square of Liberty and factories
traditional Snuff or Fabriquines.
22
Source: Diagnosis Urban - 2000 of the PBOT of Piedecuesta
102
3.6 PROJECTS IN URBAN AREAS AND SUBURBAN AND IMPACT.

3.6.1 Urban ground
URBAN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS.
Provision of public spaces: It is located in the current cemetery and its area of influence. Seeks
to turn the old cemetery one time relocated and its surroundings in a public space, while
retaining some elements like mausoleums.
Construction of Central Park: It is located in the Tannery Jopin, Square Trade, Predio El
Diamante, Peasant Market, land Circulation Gas Distribution Plant and Pava family farm.
Seeks to design and build a park for the development of sports, contemplative and cultural
activities.
URBAN RENEWAL PROJECTS.

Project Renewal and Market Square Farmer's Market: It will be located in the same area where
now the central market square is located, including apples comprising street 10 to 12 races 6th
to 4th. This project would retain the current marketplace as historical heritage and provide
adequate space locally for the purchase of consumer goods and food.
Urban renewal project: It covers the neighborhoods of the town including the INGEOMINAS as
susceptible to threats by geotechnical instability. This project seeks to renew the most popular
and social dynamics of the municipality sector in order to recover spaces for housing supply
with better housing allowances, neighborhood facilities, road infrastructure and public services.
PRESERVATION PLANNING PROJECTS.
Urban conservation area project center: Seeks to preserve, design and restore historical and
architectural values, by promoting in urban areas confined to the old part of the city, to achieve
their rescue culture and identity.
Urban conservation area project north, south, west and east of Piedecuesta: Search
urbanistically preserve some sectors of the North, South, East and West zone of the town of
Piedecuesta, as well as designing and executing works complementary equipment.
Future Development Project South Zone: Plan by partial lots already developed in the sectors
called Southern District and Barroblanco, involving parallel plots Bucaramanga to Bogota and
Rio de Oro highway. And the river Gold to the 1040 level will be developed.
Future Development Project North: Includes the development of urban lots in some
neighborhoods in the northern part of the town of Piedecuesta, which aims to introduce
planning regulations for land for future development, and the design and implementation of
infrastructure, equipment and public space.
Inside this bag of soil, the development of an adjacent Technology Park to the Citadel
Education, which allow hosting companies and institutions characterized by high technological
level and innovative based on the strengthening of centers and research groups is
103
contemplated that currently operating in the corridor UIS - Guatiguará - ICP; Bucaramanga
metropolitan area.
Project: Consolidation: This project aims to design and implement urban planning works for the
consolidation of neighborhoods Swans, Villas San Juan and Granadillo, urban normal.
Project: Consolidation with Restriction: It is located on the hills of the Mediterranean, San
Silvestre and Villa Amar, targeting, design and execute the works of planning to consolidate
these neighborhoods to urban normality, if the conclusions of the study of threat and risk
Precision cartographic permits, otherwise you will have replacement therapy and the use of
these soils is environmental protection.
Project: Adaptation and / or replacement: It is located in the neighborhoods Buenos Aires,
western side of Bariloche, western side of Chacarita, west side of Villa Lina, Trail Park Villas
El Rosario, Bellavista, Spring, Hoyo Grande Monserrate, side stand western neighborhood La
Feria and a sector Candelaria old. Its objective is to develop actions for the prevention and
care of possible disasters natural phenomena on these urban areas.
Project: Urban Substitution: Seeks to protect the inhabitants of the neighborhood El Mirador to
be in high risk area, with the Municipal Planning office who determine the exact housing units
affected.
Expansion Project Soil North and South Zone: It is located in soils of North and South
expansion of the town. Urbanistically seeks to develop such areas with environmental criteria,
basic public services, road infrastructure and public space to provide good quality housing.
Strengthening program equipping education and health: The PBOT of Piedecuesta within the
program Strengthening the Education and Health Equipment includes projects design and
construction of the Citadel Educational and building schools for primary basic education.
Project construction of educational citadel: Project included in program strengthening Located

North Hill Quarry Park, next to the Technology Park and Park Guatiguará. This cute project
with the Macroproyecto area on its western side.
Construction projects, extension and improvement of schools and colleges urban: These
projects aim to design, build, expand or adapt schools, allowing to cover the educational needs
of the school population in various districts of the town.
Expansion Project Health Center: This project seeks to end, adapt and reshape health centers
in the central district health posts in the north and San Juan de Dios Hospital.
SPECIFIC ROAD PROJECTS ON URBAN LAND
Through these projects, the PBOT of Piedecuesta seeks to expand, improve and build new
road that will allow the interconnection of service centers and connecting the town with
metropolitan and regional routes.
104
37. Graphic road projects in urban land PBOT of Piedecuesta.

Source: self-made
3.6.2 SUBURBAN GROUND
SPECIAL PROJECTS IN SUBURBAN SOIL
workers' housing: This sector is established as a residence for workers of different industries
that settle in industrial suburban area.
Agribusiness park and ecotourism: This is the area where is currently located invasion of Nueva
Colombia, La Vega and Altos de
Guatiguará. For environmental and social solution area, the Municipal Administration
Guatiguará and forward a study foundation in order to indicate a Zonal Plan to develop this
special project.
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT IN SUBURBAN SOIL
Project Design and Construction of Minor Transportation Terminal Scale: Situated in the
suburban area of Tres Esquinas. Seeks to provide adequate space for the transportation
service and transshipment of intercity passenger lines remain current and potential buses.
Solid Waste Disposal: It is placed around suburban Guatiguará Industrial, aimed at determining
an area for technical handling and proper disposal of solid waste.
Design and construction of the Coliseum shows: Given the importance and livestock
development in the region it is extremely important for both municipal and departmental,
construction and adaptation of a strategic site for the development of this event economy in
which there are sufficient spaces for scales, corrals, stables , scenarios judging cattle, horses,
pigs, goats, and generally of smaller species. Coliseum with sound track and bleachers for the
audience. It is located in the suburban area of Quebrada Grande.
105
Dump City: It is situated in the area of Quebrada Grande, where sites are found that were used
as mud or raw material of these and that today are degraded environmentally and with little
chance of development, which should undergo treatment recovery for protection.
3.7 URBAN STRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENT.
Chart 38. Urban structure and environment.

Source: self made.
The context on which frames the Macroproyecto, is characterized by a number of urban

projects of various scales and uses, generating a real impact, specifically in the construction
of housing.
partial plans as Barroblanco and Zonal Plan New Colombia, generate residential uses on the
periphery of Piedecuesta, while Hipinto Zonal Plan and the Technology Park of TUI, would
provide endowments and complementary uses for new developments in the field.
The projection of the metropolitan road network with public space projects directly influences
the polygon of the Macroproyecto.
The outer ring road on the eastern fringe of the Rio de Oro, is complemented by the linear park
on the same strip, which splices its route on the eastern edge of the Hato River, creating a core
of public space metropolitan scale. The central ring Piedecuesta Transversal of Guatiguará
and encircle of Guatiguará are metropolitan roads that enter its route to the polygon, providing
a strategic location to urban development on the outskirts of Piedecuesta.
3.8 REPERCUSSIONS ON THE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT.

For the determination of the affectations of the site they were taken both the current regulations
of the municipality, established by his PBOT, and future plans and projects located within the
area of the Macroproyecto.
106
Under this regulatory framework and project the municipality, themes characterize identified
within the premises, thus giving the environmental effects, road, serfdom and future projects,
which once quantized us generate a first net area.
The environmental issue is headed by the Cerro La Cantera, an area in which environmental
involvement after the 1000 level is presented. Through the planes of geology and geotechnical
zoning Sedimentary rocks with steep slopes (Zone 1B) and alluvial deposits (Zone 7) where
you can not generate a buildable they are identified. The presence of water bodies (rivers and
streams), involves identifying areas of flooding and rounds protection of 5 to 15 meters, from
the flood level in accordance with the provisions of Resolution CMDB No 1294 200026 . in the
case of the Rio de Oro and Hato, you must add a strip of 20 meters for handling public space
on the eastern edge.
The projection of the metropolitan road network, raises way with profiles ranging between V4
(29 mts) and V6 (17 meters), reducing the area of the field intervention.
Construction of the wastewater treatment plant on the margin of the Rio de Oro, is another fact
to identify and exclude from the harvesting area of the polygon. Must preserve a strip of 75
meters in the polygon projected to expand the infrastructure and affected zone.
Identified these issues a first quantification of net area, which gives a figure of 286 have
achieved.
3.9 CONTRAST TO THE MODEL SORTING, POT.

Within the rural component of the PBOT of Piedecuesta a number of uses, among which stand
out for their high percentage, the protection of nature and rural production is classified.
The scope of the Macroproyecto, in addition to covering these types of soils (protection and
rural production) comprises a suburban classified as rural land area.
The protection zone corresponds to that of the Cerro La Cantera and its perimeter strip, the
rural production is located on the fringes of water bodies (rivers and streams), while rural land
suburban falls within the protection zones and rural production.
26
Through which the manual technical standards for erosion control and to perform geological, geotechnical and water is adopted, in the
area of jurisdiction of the CDMB
107
Chart 39. Classification (zoning) Piedecuesta rural land.

Source: PBOT Piedecuesta.
In formulating the suburban land, they raise a number of uses around the rural part, which may
facilitate the development of an urban development in the sector.
Floors are 328 suburban character has Guatiguará area, 148 hectares in the area of
Barroblanquito and 96 have intended approach for the development of workers' housing on the
main roads metropolitan executed.
108
40. Chart sub-urban. Floor

3.10 GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR SCHEME URBANISTICO
3.10.1 Guidelines and / or standards infrastructure
They are related to the marking and tracing of basic infrastructure related to road network and
transport at the national, regional and / or metropolitan scale, infrastructure services, systems
of water supply, sanitation and energy supply as well as guidelines planning for their areas of
influence.
RAS 2,000. MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
In accordance with the provisions of paragraph E.4.3.3 of the "Technical Regulation of the
sector of potable water and basic sanitation RAS-2000" Section II Title Wastewater treatment,
"... the minimum distance buffer for residential areas should be 75m. For particular systems
may be required superior insulation. In areas susceptible to flooding, it should provide adequate
protection through earthen dikes or other method, around the perimeter of the plant. At least
109
the plant must remain operational for a growing with a return period of 25 years ... "
WWTP Sanctuary constructed with a UASB (Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) technology as
a primary treatment and activated sludge system for secondary treatment, present a cushion
distance 75 m.
TEACHER BUFFER ZONE SEWAGE COLLECTORS - EMPAS.
According to the technical requirements established for this type of infrastructure it is necessary
to establish an isolation of 10 meters (approximately) on each side of the collector. Restrictions
for this type of servitude have to do with the minimum distances insulation to buildings that are
carried out near to the collector.
RESOLUTION 181 294 2008 - TECHNICAL REGULATIONS OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS
Through Resolution No. 181294 (Aug. 6, 2008), the Technical Regulations of Electrical
Installations - RETIE are modified, which establishes among other standards, the Installations
of Electrical Installations, Minimum safety distances in areas with constructions and Lighting.
LAW 1228 OF 2008 (JULY 16) AND DECREE 4066 OF 2008 - STRIP REMOVAL BELTS
In accordance with the provisions of Article 2 of Law 1228 of 200827, the following bands of
mandatory retirement or reserve area or exclusion for roads that are part of the national road
network are established:
 Roads order first sixty (60) meters. (Arterial routes)

 Secondary roads forty-five (45) meters. (Inter)
 Third order roads thirty (30) meters. (Sidewalks)
The footage given in this article half on each side of the axis of the track will be taken. On dual
carriageway any category exclusion zone least twenty (20) meters will extend on either side of
the path to be measured from the axis of each outer roadway.
Moreover, in accordance with the provisions of Article 3 of the National Decree 4066 of 2008
28, "... may only be classified as road corridors suburban parallel areas arterial roads or first
order and means intermunicipal or Second order..."
"The maximum width of suburban road corridors will be 300 meters measured from the outer
edge of minimum belts mandatory retirement or exclusion areas dealing paragraphs 1 and 2
of Article 2 of Law 1228 of 2008, in them only the development of activities be permitted with
restrictions on use, intensity and density, complying with the provisions of this decree ... "
27
"By which girdles the minimum mandatory retirement or exclusion areas for roads of the national road system are determined, the
national integrated information system is created road".
110
"Correspond to the Regional Autonomous Corporations and Sustainable Development set the
maximum length of road corridors suburban regarding the urban perimeter. Under no
circumstances can the municipalities expand the extension of the road corridors determined
by the competent environmental authority ..."
"With Based on the above, the Outer Ring Road metropolitan, located south of the area of the
Macroproyecto side, one might consider that in the future will become via national character
divert heavy traffic and long distance (Incidentally) not enter the municipalities of the AMB, thus
avoiding the impact on the local road network.
In that sense, this corridor would apply belts mandatory retirement or reserve area or exclusion
established by Law 1228 of 2008 and Decree 4066 of 2008, which added cast strips near
isolation to 111 m, for these runners .. "29.
For urban areas the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, modified the profile type 1 vial for 64.0
mts road profile to ensure increased public space with better environmental conditions and not
motorizada30 mobility.
3.11 STANDARDS FOR HOUSING, EQUIPMENT AND PUBLIC SPACE

3.11.1 Urban development standards Housing facilities and public spaces
In accordance with the provisions of Decree No. 798 national (11 March 2010) "By which
partially regulates Law 1083 of 2006." established:
 Urbanistic standards for the development of housing, facilities and public spaces necessary to
articulate mobility systems with the urban structure proposed in the zoning plans:
 minimum conditions of road profiles inside the city limits: Standards for sidewalks, bike paths, for
Carril, pedestrian overpasses, Road Construction Profile.
3.11.2 PROVISIONS PARTIAL PLANS.
 Decree No. 2181 of 2006 (June 29) "... for which provisions are partially regulated partial plans
contained in Law 388 of 1997 and other provisions in planning matters ..".
Decree 4065 of 2008 (Oct 24) that the provisions of Law 388 of 1997 regarding the actions and
procedures for the development and incorporation into the development of farms and areas
covered are regulated on urban land and expansion and other provisions are issued to the
estimation and settlement of share gains in the processes of urbanization and construction of
buildings.
28
"Whereby Articles 1, 9, 10, 11, 14, 17, 18 and 19 of the Decree 3600, 2007 are modified and other provisions"
29
Source: Subdivision of Planning and Infrastructure of the AMB.
30
Source: Subdivision of Planning and Infrastructure of the AMB.
111
3.11.3 PROVISIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT VIS AND VIP.
DECREE 4259 OF 2007 (NOV 2) "WHEREBY ARTICLE 78 OF THE 1151 LAW 2007 IS REGULATED"
 Minimum percentages of land for the development of housing programs (AEL) or priority interest
(VIP) treatment development.
 Combining the VIS / VIP obligation.
 Compliance with the minimum percentages of land for VIS or VIP.
 Compliance with the obligation on public bodies to develop programs and projects VIS and / or
VIP.
3.11.4 GUIDELINES AND / OR STANDARDS METROPOLITAN
FUNCTIONAL AREAS.
The Agreement 13 of 2011, which contains the revision of the Physical Planning Component -
Territorial Integral Development Plan Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area; the guidelines defined
for territorial structure, guidelines metropolitan planning for land use plans of municipalities,
metropolitan facts and mandatory standards general for municipalities that make up the Area
Development of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga or POT established metropolitan, in
which the guidelines and criteria were established to guide the occupation of the expansion
areas of the municipalities, through the notion of functional areas.
Graphic 41. Functional Areas POT Metropolitan.

Source: Territorial Planning Component - Metropolitan POT 2000.
Within the functional areas include the direct interference in the Macroproyecto:
AF-04 Periphery of Piedecuesta: North Piedecuesta sector is characterized by land bordering

the current town of Piedecuesta likely to be developed in the short and medium term to meet
the demand for expansion of the city.
According to its geographical location it is defined a vocation urban residential complex, which
will have an emphasis on housing development applications with their respective
complementary equipment.
Piedecuesta AF-05 South: This sector includes the territory located to the south of the Rio de
Oro and is the regional gateway to the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. According to its
geographical location is defined a vocation of Urban Residential Complex Integral, which will
have an emphasis on housing developments, with equipment zonal and local levels. also in
this sector must be placed at the regional level urban services that allow providing liaison with
the region.
Guatiguará AF-06 North: This sector includes land located in the Valley of the Guatiguará,
which is a wide valley located in the municipality of Piedecuesta. North called this sector
includes land located adjacent to the Plateau of the Ruitoque.
According to its geographical location it is defined a vocation Sub-Urban Complex Integral, and
its development will have an emphasis on uses of trade, services and staffing to metropolitan
and zonal level. Also they are developing residential uses that complement these activities and
metropolitan services should be.
Guatiguará AF-07 South: This sector is located in the territory of the Valley of the Guatiguará.
Said area called South comprises the land located adjacent to the Golden River.
According to its geographical location edge of the Rio de Oro and located on the Ring Road
Rules, is defined a vocation Complex Suburban Industrial and technological development,
which will have an emphasis on the development of manufacturing and technological base and
innovation understood as the application of technology with significant novelty effects on their
products and / or processes radical or incrementally.
METROPOLITAN ROADS
The metropolitan road system consists pathways supporting the mass transit corridors, roads
classified as primary, secondary and tertiary roads specialized cargo and expressways
securing the functional coordination of urban centers make up the metropolitan area for the
short, medium and long term.
Article 23 of the Metropolitan 13de No. 2011 Agreement define the criteria to secure
metropolitan mobility:
 External Metropolitan vial ring (Highway Palogordo-Piedecuesta OWP of the AMB).
 Transversal de Guatiguará (South Ring POT Guatiguará in the AMB).
 Encircle of Guatiguará (North Ring POT Guatiguará in the AMB).
 Ring Road Central Internal Piedecuesta or ring
METROPOLITAN PARKS
The criteria are set for the management conformation of metropolitan parks in Article 21 of the
Agreement Metropolitan No. 013 of 2011, in which ". The municipalities of the Metropolitan
Area of Bucaramanga and delimit must include in their management plans territorial, the
following areas for forming the system of metropolitan parks."
 Park Hill Quarry, located in the municipality of Piedecuesta, for passive recreation and
ecological preservation.
 Guatiguará Park, located in the municipality of Piedecuesta in the area of the River Lato,
intended for active recreation.
In their land use plans municipalities define the percentage of urban development transfers to be
allocated free to form these parks, which should in no case be less than three percent (3%) Net land area.
Graphic 42. Parks Metropolitans.

Source: Metropolitan POT 2000
3.11.5 SUMMARY GUIDELINES URBANISTIC OF THE PBOT PIEDECUESTA.

ALLOCATIONS
GROSS AREA
River of gold
Rio Hato or Lato
Environmental (area flood
Q. Soratoque
protection Water + Round)
Q. Chorro Large
Q. Colorada
secondary currents
Affectations or
External Metropolitan beltway
general cargo:
Vials (road profile + isolation) Cross of Guatiguará
Encircle of Guatiguará
Ring Road Central Piedecuesta
Service infrastructure WWTP Sanctuary + 75 m

Manifolds + 10 m
Total Repercussions: Environmental services + road
+
Table 42. Overview of the impact on the gross area.
Source: PBOT.
NET AREA
Net developable area:
Repercussions - Gross area
Total Housing Housing Units
Density Plot Type 1 - 60 to 80 viv / ha. Net
2-4
Single Family Type 3 120-160 Viv / ha. Net

Multifamily 120-180 Viv / ha. net
built area M2
Cessions Type A 16% of the net area of 17% the net area
(public)
Type B transfers
XC 15 m2 / 85 m2
(ownership)
Cessions Type C
3% of the net area
Metropolitan
Total assignments Type A + Type B + Type C
USEFUL AREA
Useful area net area - (Assignments type A + B)
Parking lots permanent parking: Stratum 1 and 2 = 1 in 5 homes
Stratum 3 and 4 = 1 per 1 housing
Stratum 5 and 6 = 2 for each home visitors Parking:
Planning
Table 43. Overview of the impact.

Under this broad framework of guidelines, we can say broadly that urban design seeks to
recognize the natural environment, to being structured around water bodies and environmental
reserves, generating a series of ecological corridors for the protection and utilization for public
space. We cannot understand how the imposition of a model, but as the ability to take
advantage of the full potential of the natural environment offers.
In turn pedestrian and vehicular structure consolidates integrated into the existing territory,
allowing its use as ecological and recreational fringe. Hierarchies in their profiles and layouts
help generate specialized areas according to the uses, location, shape and size of apples.
Thought must be given the possibility of working with variety in dimensions of the premises,
and even with forms "special" where solvent topographical features that may arise, especially
near the Hill Quarry
For the new population to reside in the area of the Macroproyecto should provide a number
chord equipment to be used and their location should provide This appropriation. The system
of roads and local transportation (pedestrian, bicycles) should allow easy use by residents.
CONNECTION WITH THE CORE PIEDECUESTA
The metropolitan road network that is drawn in the area are the main channels of
communication, most cannot take the role of dominant axes of the project. establish contact
points where local traffic relationship with the regional and metropolitan are splicing that
encourage the location of business sectors and services that cannot be generated only local
demand should be.
It should also strengthen the participation of water bodies as ecological connectors between
the various components of the green structure of the city: Cerro la Cantera, Rio de Oro, Rio
Hato, and achieve their interaction with future areas of development periphery: Guatiguará and
Barroblanquito, including the scope of the project.
MOBILITY
The structuring of the road sector will be the Central Ring Piedecuesta, to which will be
accessed through roundabouts and / or service roads. Must be permeable to movements within
the sector, so if roundabouts are not designed, it will be advisable to project steps at different
levels, since being a road of some entity level crossings could hamper the flow and safety of
traffic in the same. The output from the south will be made by the outer ring Metropolitan and
north by the Transversal de Guatiguará.
DENSITY
Housing groups should be designed as clusters of buildings, houses and lots of different
proportions, with higher density areas in commercial and public spaces nesting areas that
promote collective activities and meeting points
MIX OF USES AS SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY
The magnitude of the project and the need to attract the location of economic activities and
employment, necessary to have different types of housing (serviced lots, single family homes,
multifamily) in different types of grouping (apples, bars, pools housing), which locate allow
different strata, creating differences and mark places.
Different types should be considered in the same group. The same group (or block) can be
serviced lots, or two-family houses and small apartment buildings.

In the field must raise and distribute a series of activities of different scales, strategically
located, depending on local pedestrian and vehicular flows. It must be complemented with new
equipment zonal scale and a public space suitable as a main representative place.
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
Urban metabolism must try to properly articulate with ecological processes that occur in the
field of action before this occurs. The metabolism of an ecosystem is the relationship in a given
biotope (place) among the components of the biocenosis (livestock) regarding the use of
materials and energy available for maintenance of life.
The operation of natural ecosystems follows a closed outline. We have what may be called a
circular metabolism. This means that the material is reused in the same spatial area and the
energy consumed by the biocenosis is the service creation of more matter differentiated
possible, so that an ecosystem is considered mature when it gets the most biodiversity with
little energy as possible.
The metabolism of modern human settlements is linear. This means that are open to
contributions of matter from outside the ecosystem and waste thereof that cannot be
incorporated into any natural cycle. Furthermore, the energy used is varied origin, but always
linked to an exhaustible resource material and its waste generation which again are not
incorporated into any closed cycle occur.
Strategies in handling these two variables (material and energy) in the generation of urban
form define the articulation with the natural processes already in progress and maintenance
over time, that is, define the environmental sustainability of the performance. A goal to be
achieved: a "zero carbon" settlement, an expression optimized desirable that joint between
natural metabolism (local and global) and artificial.
In the following sections we can see how these strategies can be specified taking into account
a number of statements components with sustainability criteria and are incorporated into the
design.
CRITERIA FOR THE ADEQUACY OF THE SYSTEM AND THE ENVIRONMENT
It should produce a positive interaction between urban development and the environment in
projecting. If projected ignoring the conditions of the support and of the climate, the result will
cause a major dysfunction, major impacts on soil, flora and fauna, and reduced efficiency of
the urban system projected.
Bioclimatic factors related to sun exposure, ventilation and evapotranspiration are critical to
consider in managing and decisive to ensure the efficient use of resources, although there are
other elements of the physical environment that will adapt the organization if this is done with
bioclimatic planning criteria such as geomorphology, slopes, the relative position, obstructions
media type, the existing landscape, surface water, vegetation, cultural resources, among
others.
Near + Infraestructures
Near +
Near Buildings
Infraestructures
Near
Figure 1. Criteria relationship between the management and the environment.
Source: self-made.
In addition to the above in this section it is necessary to have as main objectives the following
considerations:
 Integrating urban development into the landscape.

 Minimization of earthworks.
 Maintenance of landscapes and remarkable visual external development milestones.
 Maintenance of faunal and plant biodiversity.
 Interconnection of natural areas and open spaces.
 Awareness and interpretation of the natural heritage.
RED WATER MANAGEMENT HYDROGRAPHIC
The presence of watercourses will be particularly important for the localization of new urban
green areas, helping to maintain the natural hydrological cycles of the field.
To maintain the natural hydrological cycle scope will continue the following considerations:
 Integration into the management of streams and rivers safeguarding its water and ecological
integrity as well as the risk of flooding.
 Analysis of river basins, for gravity collection of surface runoff and accumulation in green areas
or open spaces serving a, regulating the microclimate, and recharge the aquifer landscape
function. Troughs integration of green areas and urban parks
WATER CYCLE: SUPPLY, TREATMENT AND REUSE

Figure 2. Cycle water.

Source: self-made.
Within this section will be considered urban design for the following main objectives:
 Maintenance of the hydrological regime considering runoff and catchment capacity.

 Introduction Urban Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS), by using permeable materials in roads,
incorporating mulches, and minimizing asphalt surfaces, to allow infiltration, retention and reuse of
rainwater.
 Global Strategies savings and reuse to minimize water consumption by 60% compared to traditional
urban developments.
With the implementation of passive mechanisms savings in buildings (valves, flow restrictors,
aerators, timers etc.)
Figure 3. Passive savings mechanisms.

With the optimal design of the supply network by limiting to the maximum losses in distribution.
With the design separative sewerage network in which waste water is purified; rainwater is
stored for reuse in urban use, consumption in the building it or infiltration and gray water is
treated in situ and proceeds to store together with rainwater for reuse. (The clearance should
be done by conventional systems with tertiary treatment for reuse and support through
alternative systems (green filter). Comprehensive treatment of waste water to maintain the
water quality of rivers.
WASTE MANAGEMENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
 Selective collection: Should be used to separately collect the containers paper, glass
and organic waste.
 Mobile pneumatic collection system: The garbage bag is deposited in a mailbox located
inside or outside the building that are hermetically sealed containers in rooms located in
the basements of buildings, and these, to a network of pipes that runs the garbage to a
collection point. These collection points are strategically located so that the truck that
picks up by suction the waste stored in containers, no need to circulate the residential
area.
 collection points: Collection facilities for: appliances, furniture and fixtures, pruning and
mowing, x-rays, medicines, used clothing, paint cans, aerosol cans, glass, paper, tires,
debris, etc.
Figure 4. Scheme cycle of urban solid waste.

Source: self-made.
CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE
Recycling and reuse strategies:
 In the construction: Use material reused, recycled or recovered.

 Design buildings that are easy to dismantle the end of its useful life
 Projecting inherently flexible and suitable buildings to be reused at the end of its functional life
 Forecast operations reuse of construction and demolition waste in the same work or external sites.
Figure 5. Examples of reused in buildings.

VEGETABLE WASTE
Vegetable waste from urban pruning occur in parks and gardens both public and private. They
constitute a part of such organic waste produced in cities.
Reuse strategies:
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste and plant residues can be used for compost used
as organic fertilizer.
Figure 6. Reuse of plant residues.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Urban design optimal results in greater enjoyment of public spaces as well as a substantial
reduction in energy requirements of buildings.
The main objective of the energy strategy is to achieve self-sufficiency and savings, and
achieve "zero carbon".
To do this the project will be based on developing a bioclimatic urban planning and architecture,
it will take criteria of energy efficiency and promote the use of renewable energy.
DEVELOPMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE URBANISM
The aim of setting guidelines for bioclimatic conditioning of the urban planning and construction
is to exploit to the maximum the climatic conditions of the place and minimize energy
consumption.
43. ombroclimático graphic diagram.

Source: IDEAM - Prepared.
Table 44. Annual hours comfort.

Source: self-made.
SITE
South slope is the most appropriate, to the as with the needs of guidance (buildings oriented
east-west axis to arrange the shorter facades where sun exposure is greatest).
Figure 7. Scheme of location of blocks.

Source: self-made.
URBAN MORPHOLOGY
The residential development most appropriate is free and open, where buildings tend to mix
with the nature and permit movement of the air.
Figure 8. Scheme urban morphology.

Source: self-made.
CLEARANCES
Figure 9. Example of open spaces and green areas.

Source: Archive particularly
The best layout of the streets is perpendicular to the direction of the prevailing winds to favor
them and pass through the interior of the building in the form of cross ventilation. Boardwalks
can be drawn freely.
For treatment of the public space in general generate shade is needed in the areas of
permanence that could be achieved with the tree planting, the use of the water in public space
is very important because this tempera thermal variations and allow to cool the air.
Maximize infiltration clearances increasing the area of soft areas to allow closure of the
hydrological cycle by implementing green filters, either for reuse or for closing cycle.
Figure 10. Scheme of air conditioning living spaces.

Source: self-made.
BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE
For implementation should take into account: sun, light, wind, terrain and views. Optimal
orientation of buildings (east-west).
Opening protection against direct solar radiation (openwork screens, balconies, window boxes,
eaves, shutters, blinds, awnings, nearby trees, vertical gardens). Ideally implement a perimeter
corridor which has the advantage of keeping all openings in the building in shadow; also they
should be insulated buildings of the floor to take advantage of breezes, ventilation and reduce
humidity transmitted by the ground contact.
Photography 8. bioclimatic architecture: spaces and materials.

The dimensions of the openings should be large, 40 to 80% of the north and south facades.
The position of the openings should be human height of the exposed side of the wind and with
openings in inner walls (walls that allow flexible cross ventilation).
Figure 11. bioclimatic Architecture: scheme openings.

Source: self-made.
You could use vegetable ventilated facades; this helps to improve the energy performance of
the building. The vapor emitted by evapotranspiration of the leaves allows air fresheners.
Figure 12. bioclimatic architecture: facades scheme.

The constructs should be light; because in this case there is no need of thermal inertia. The
cover should also be lightweight and well isolated (It should not be a flat roof: moisture and
improve ventilation of the indoor space or of the cover). The runners and galleries, terraces
function as stoppers that favor spaces inside-outside relationship.
Photography 9. bioclimatic architecture: example of terraces and exterior.
Use of building materials adapted to the climate of the place.
Use of natural lighting: green roofs could be implemented ecological, on the deck of the
buildings, by planting grasses and shrubs, for better landscape integration and thermal
regulation of buildings.
10.Arquitectura bioclimatic Photography: example of landscape integration.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY CRITERIA
Saving energy should take into account passive conditioning systems and appliances spaces
consumption reduction.
PROMOTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
 Solar panels for production of sanitary hot water (ACS): installing solar panels on the roofs of
buildings for heating domestic water. The% coverage of anger demand depending on solar radiation
existing in the area. Its implementation is fairly inexpensive and rapid amortization. This topic is highly
developed in the CTE of Spain.
Photography 11. bioclimatic Architecture: example of solar panels.

Source: Private archive.
 Photovoltaic panels: implementation for electricity production. It can be implemented on time in

buildings for electricity to homes. The excess energy is discharged into the network and is purchased by
the energy supplier to more than the market price. This option is usually implemented little by the high
initial cost and because it is more profitable to sell all production and consumption of ordinary network.
The other option is to implant a photovoltaic park (several Mw) to produce electricity that is sold in its
entirety to the energy company. The investment is high but in terms of preferential financing or existing
grants and the sale price of electricity, depreciation can be rapid.
Photography 12. bioclimatic Architecture: example of photovoltaic panels.

151
 biomass: With the use of forest and agricultural residues you can run a biomass power plant for
electricity production. Viability will be determined by the type and amount of waste produced in the
region.
 Mini hydro power: The execution of a barrage of small dimensions (<10MW) in the bed of a
channel for electricity generation taking advantage of the height difference. Usually they implanted in
the head of the channels in embedded areas where currents have great energy and there is greater
potential height difference. Presents environmental impacts associated with changes in the water regime.
ARCHITECTURE
Inhabiting is live and live is to live with people, with the environment, because live, live, or at
the least we are at all times and anywhere. The first of coexistence, where one lives, is within
his family, which lives in a house. HOUSE, HOUSING, is where the purest coexistence given
where we express our needs and requirements, which can be as different as different are as
education, culture, customs, age, ideology, etc.
Figure 13. Live.

SOCIETY AND SPATIAL CHARACTER
Society is the set of individuals who share a culture, interact and relate together, cooperatively,
to form a group or community.
Human societies are population entities; within the population there is a relationship between
subjects (people) and the environment, both active in common and that is what gives them an
identity.
In addition, in society there are several cultures that are created by man, and these cultures
have their own territory in order to develop a successful subject with similar beliefs, customs,
behaviors, ideologies and equal language interaction.
152
Figure 14. Scheme society relationship.

Family study data types and local customs according to population data; indicators roots,
traditions and livelihoods. Growth patterns and changes in the typological schemes
households.
Figure 15. Scheme of variation according to households.

Culture, customs, influence how we should be building homes and cities, regarding both
spaces, shape, use, materials and construction techniques. The purpose is to articulate the
153
project architect with the project of the inhabitant. A clear example architectural housing is
organized around a courtyard, which allows multiple variants of enlargement.
13. Inner Patio Photography: variant expansion in housing.

DEVELOPMENT OF MODULAR AND FLEXIBLE TYPES OF HOUSING TO ACCOMMODATE EXTENSIONS AND CHANGES OF
USE
Modular and flexible types of homes to accompany the possibility of extensions and changes
of use.
14. Modular architecture photography.

Structuring the urban fabric with small squares as a spatial continuum of housing, ranging in
scale for various articulate open spaces, from the public and outside the most intimate and
private. Housing organized around a courtyard, which allows a Multiplicity of variants with
different expansion options.
154
Figure 16. Alternative housing expansion.

COMFORT AND GUIDANCE
Analysis of the conditions of climate and topography. Determine optimal orientation situations
openings for solar control and natural ventilation geometry of the architecture adapted to the
environment.
 Passive systems Factors involved: microclimate and orientation, shape and volume,
thermal inertia, openings and sunscreens, natural lighting and ventilation, insulation.
 Materials with thermal inertia (Trombe wall).
 Use of solar energy.
 Collection and storage of rainwater.
 Treatment and reuse of gray water.
 Control and protection solar radiation and wind through the vegetation.
155
Photography 15. Geometry of architecture adapted to the environment.

 Materials: thermal properties and durability, environmental impact of the production process.
Explore materials and construction methods based economic reuse. Use of insulation elements produced
with indigenous natural waste.
Photography 16. Building materials: reuse and insulators.

 Durability: Environmental manufacturing the material and application in contrast to the maintenance
and replacement is expected over time Impact.
 Rehabilitation
 reuse: Establish strategies for reuse and recycling.
o Reuse: reuse material in one state without processing, direct reuse on the site where it was generated,
reuse of other works, and reuse without further processing.
o Recycling: Collecting and processing waste materials into new materials, leading to economic
disadvantages in a developing society by the high cost of recycling facilities.
 Criteria for Housing:
o Safety detached house
o Houses: sensitive growth stages according to the evolution of the familiar pattern.
o detached house with common services (condominium)
o Multifamily Housing: Indoor exploded as needs of each family, if mixed uses occur.
o self-sufficient communities, self-built homes.
o Multifamily housing with mixed services, collective spaces, multipurpose community halls.
o If the model uses combined work at home occurs: Rotational common nurseries with guards
156
o Bags of parking, pedestrian urbanization.
Photography 17. Houses.

3.12 AVAILABILITY REAL PUBLIC SERVICES.
3.12.1 Availability Water
The Municipality of Piedecuesta, currently has the River of gold, as the main source of water
supply for its population, the physicochemical conditions of this water source are of excellent
quality, with a constant flow that ensures efficient delivery of service.
A level of infrastructure presents the treatment plant water (Hill) of conventional type, with a
capacity of 547.0 gpd treatment.
Under the premise of giving solution to approximately 10,000 homes; This represents an
increase of approximately 50% of the current population of Piedecuesta, the Piedecuestana
Public Service Company has projected an independent system of water supply for the
projected population, taking into account the Rio de Oro and plant Hill will supply water
treatment vegetative growth of Piedecuesta until 2043.
The "Lato River Aqueduct System" project is located to the north of the current town of
Piedecuesta, approximately 200 meters above the top level of the highest urbanization. It
consists of a water intake on the river Lato sand trap, a line of adduction of 3400 mts located
preferentially on the right bank of the river, a water treatment system for a flow of 130 lps
consisting of a water treatment plant with two modules 65 lps each, two storage tanks of 2800
m3, administration building and building for storage and dosing chemicals.
For the execution of these works of the PoWPA Rio Hato Lato or currently there is no defined
term is currently undergoing final design and construction depends on funding from the
Government of Santander.
For the remaining 8,000 homes and to not affect the supply of Piedecuesta vegetative growth,
there must be the construction of the Rio Manco system for the year 2028 as a later date. This
system to 65 mgd, which would be similar in infrastructure envisaged for the Río Lato
(collection, adduction, water treatment plant, storage tanks), has an estimated budget of
30,000 million pesos at 2010 costs
157
3.12.2 AVAILABILITY SANITATION NETWORKS
Currently all the sewage of the city is poured to Gold River, through the broken Suratoque
(80%) and directly download (20%). Operation has two emissaries: Soratoque and
Barroblanco, which are responsible for connecting the sewer system of the municipality with
the WWTP El Santuario.
Mapping and topographical levels of these collectors determine much of the availability of
connection in the Guatiguará Valley, since in the grounds of the estate delimited areas can be
found below the manifold, causing no drainage to the sewerage network. This situation leads
us to think between the construction of a new collector, pumping systems or even a new WWTP
to give service to the campus of Valley Guatiguará included within the Macroproyecto Pienta.
Graphic 44. Location WTP El Santuario.

Source: Company Public ESP Piedecuestana Services - 2010
However, the municipality of Piedecuesta has projected the realization of the expansion works
of the WWTP The Sanctuary, for the treatment of wastewater from the population, providing
only those from vegetative growth.
Its location in the southern part of the municipal area, about 3.2 km from the town center, at
the confluence of the Soratoque and Barroblanco emissaries, will not affect odors, thanks to
the prevailing winds coming from the north and the perimeter of 75 mts that must be conserved
as an affectation, based on what is established in RAS 2000, section E433. This in the event
that the Sanctuary Plant only treats a total flow of 672 lps with the current aerobic system.
Purified water will feed into Soratoque Creek, through a lateral weir excesses which in its first
stage evacuates 224 lps greater flow rates. treated water may subsequently be reuse area.
158
“Treatment finally proposed for the first phase is aerobic anaerobic - type, by biological means
by UASB reactor system and conventional aeration and activated sludge. Likewise, it is
envisaged nitrification-denitrification treatment simultaneously secondary biological treatment
and the corresponding sludge dewatering system "31
In this event to expand the WWTP with an anaerobic-aerobic to treat 1000 lps, system isolation
WWTP should extend 300 meters affecting 26 hectares of the Pienta Project.
3.12.3 TEACHERS COLLECTORS SEWER AND OUTFALL
From the "Feasibility study and design for the management, treatment and disposal of
wastewater from the municipality of Piedecuesta" 32, two (2) evacuation systems, one for the
northern sector called Suratoque and the other defined by the sector south called Barro Blanco;
site delivery of these two (2) outfalls is WWTP Sanctuary, which has a hydraulic head suitable
for collectors and outfalls operate by gravity and different treatment processes also work by
gravity.
POPULATION SATURATION
The collectors were designed taking into account the areas defined by the PBOT as urban and
urban sprawl, and the density and the saturation population was determined and this
population compared to the projected design period.
To define the population density saturation, the study was based on the information of densities
of the latest census DANE (1993), and determined the population considering afferent areas
each shedding.
The wastewater from the population of the Macroproyecto Pienta were not included in these
calculations.
Res area (Ha) Density (Hab / Ha) Population (Hab)

shedding
COLLECTOR SURATOQUE
Ø14 " eleven 300 3,300
Ø36 " 234.1 269 63025
COLLECTOR WHITE CLAY
6th race 48.25 230 11,098

Barro Blanco 19.5 250 4,875
Hills of the Mediterranean 1.62 250 405
The Swans 10 250 2,500
the Tejaditos 3.02 250 755
TOTAL 85958
45. Table according to current population densities DANE.
Source: Volume II design collectors and outfalls.
31
current and projected state of the process plant wastewater treatment sanctuary Piedecuesta Stage 1 Stage 3, Piedecuesta. Planning
Directorate. January 2010
32
Volume II design collectors and outfalls, Company Piedecuestana Utility ESP September 2004
159
To determine the densities of the future scenario the study took into account the different rules
of the PBOT as to the allowable densities in areas of future urban development.
The area of North expansion was not taken into account in calculating the saturation population
because drainage is to the Lato river, making it necessary to build another collector system
and various emissaries to the Soratoque and Barro Blanco are those who lead the city sewage
plant to Wastewater Treatment. Additionally, densities defined by the PBOT for this sector
varies from 10 to 30 Viv / Ha net for single-family residential and 100 a200 Viv / Ha for multi-
family residential and the take any value would result totally uncertain.
Chart 45. Location of drainage systems wastewater.

Source: Public Service Company Piedecuestana ESP - 2010.
According to the results of the saturation population for future urban area, the study noted that
this value is very similar to that projected for the design period of 25 years, then it considered
it appropriate to set as design population saturation is say the population for the future scenario
of 170,715 inhabitants; this corresponds to the expected population for a design period of 26
years, that is to say by the year 2030.
160
Area Dens.
ZONE res. hab / Ha Population.
He has
COLLECTOR SURATOQUE
Ø14 pipe "Existing
AREA 1 28.52 300 8,556
Subtotal 28.52 8,556
Pipe Ø 36 "Existing
AREA 2 35.78 300 10,734
AREA 3 79.17 300 23,751
AREA 4 73.10 300 21,930
AREA 5 20.57 250 5,144
Area 6 61.51 250 15,378
Area 7 52.34 250 13,085
INSTITUTIONAL.
Subtotal 322.47 90021
Suratoque collector
AREA 15
AREA 16 AREA 17
AREA 18
Subtotal
TOTAL 350,99 98577
COLLECTOR WHITE CLAY
Ø18 pipe "Screened
Area 8 Race The 6th 44.86 250 11,216
Area 9 Barro Blanco 19.19 250 4,798
Hills area 10 of the Mediterranean 5.64 350 1,974
Subtotal 69.69 17,987
Ø21 pipe "Screened
AREA 11 Swan 75.30 350 26,355
Area 12 Exp. Est 12.69 400 5,076
AREA 13 Exp. South West 7.32 400 2,928
Subtotal 95.31 34,359
Barro Blanco collector
AREA 14 Tejaditos and surrounding area 56.55 350 19,792
Emissary Barro Blanco
TOTAL 221.55 72138
TOTAL ESC. FUTURE 572.55 170715
Table 46. Population saturation future urban area.
Source: Volume II design collectors and outfalls.
MANIFOLDS END OUTFALLS

As collectors and outfalls end of the evacuation system wastewater they are:
161
 Suratoque collector: Starts in the last well of the actual dumping the broken Suratoque in the
neighborhood El Refugio and ends at the western edge of the urban area expansion Norte.
 Emissary Suratoque: Following Suratoque manifold, from the western boundary of urban expansion
area north to the site of the WWTP.
 Collector Barro Blanco: From Race 6 17th Street to the western boundary of urban expansion area
South. This collector is designed from the race 6th to the well P (RO) R11 against The Swans
(Piedecuestana Utility ESP).
 Emissary Barro Blanco: Following collector Barro Blanco, from the western boundary of urban
expansion area south to the WWTP.
The afferent area for each section header and its units are in hectares (Ha). The contribution
area is determined according to the land network for each shedding. For the design of the
collectors Piedecuesta in four (4) zones it divided:
 Two (2) in the northern sector (pipes Ø14 "and Ø36") leading to sewage collector Suratoque
 Two (2) in the South (Ø18 pipe "and Ø21") leading to the sewage collector Mud White.
These four (4) zones correspond to the future urban perimeter defined by the PBOT. The North
called expansion area residential destination has not been taken into account because
drainage is towards the river Lato and not to the Suratoque and Barro Blanco collectors.
With the flows obtained in the monitoring, the study calculated contribution per net, An, to the
sewer system of 155.49 l / person / day.
AFFERENT AREAS TO COLLECTORS
The sewerage project consists of two (2) evacuation systems wastewater. The first is called
the collector Suratoque the which is responsible for conducting wastewater from the northern
sector of Piedecuesta to the centralized treatment of wastewater located in the area called El
Santuario in Guatiguará sidewalk. The second system corresponding to the collector Barro
Blanco leading wastewater South Piedecuesta sector until the same centralized treatment of
wastewater.
OUTFALL COLLECTOR AND SURATOQUE
The drainage system of the collector has the afferent Suratoque areas corresponding to the
collectors Ø36 "and Ø14" currently existing and drain into the Suratoque broken. The
contributions are made to the well P (SO) 77 corresponding to areas of densification of the
current town of Piedecuesta. The current drainage area until this well is 245.1 Ha residential
and institutional 17.41 Ha (Table 3.10).
For the collector and emissary Suratoque Two (2) alignment alternatives were raised with the
following routes:
 The Start collector in the well P (SO) 77 before the called Shedding Haven. From the pit P (SW)
78 is raised by two (2) alternatives.
 The alternative one follows the rural lands on the right bank of the creek Suratoque owned by
Matilde Reyes and Luis Carlos Rey until the junction with the road to Guatiguará in Pozo P (SO)
162
82.
 From the pit P (SO) 82 outfall Suratoque starts.
 Continuing along the road to Guatiguará it is diverted to the farm the farm "Suratoque" where
you continue along the path to DISTRAVES farms.
 In the West side of this property, in the well P (SW) 95, the flyover is performed to save the
junction of Suratoque broken down to crops sugarcane Mr. Graziano Hernandez and then sheds
AVIDESA.
 Continue by internal means communicating sheds AVIDESA and reaches cane crops owned
Sebastian Rey.
 Of sugarcane is reached the site of the plant wastewater treatment located at the Hacienda El
Santuario. The approximate length of the manifold and the outfall is 2.6 km.
 The level difference between the starting point and end point field Hacienda Sanctuary is 43.20
m.
 The two alternative route to Guatiguará follows from the well P (SO) 78 advantage of the
proximity of the Suratoque broken with the old path to Guatiguará Piedecuesta. This alternative
splicing with the alternative one at the well P (SO) 82. The drawback of this alternative is greater
excavation depths of 7 m.
EMISSARY COLLECTOR AND BARRO BLANCO

The drainage system of the collector Barro Blanco has the afferent areas the corresponding
collectors Ø18 "and Ø21" designed by engineer Elizabeth Ramirez in the project "Redesign
Interceptor Master Gold River right bank II stage and Interceptor Master Perimeter Barro
Blanco "in August 2000 for the Public Service Company Piedecuestana ESP collector Ø18"
lead wastewater from the afferent areas to 6th Carrera shedding, Hills de Barro Blanco and the
Mediterranean. Collector Ø21 "lead wastewater from the urban area located on the left bank
of the River Oro. The latter manifold is constructed from the Barrio Walk the bridge to the Barrio
the Swans where currently the dumping is carried out at the Golden River.
The site confluence of the collectors (Ø18 "and Ø21") is located on the campus of the Brothers
Jesuits called "Society of Jesus" and corresponds to the P (RO) R11 well of the project existing
(Piedecuestana Public Utilities ESP). From dimensions raised for the well P (RO) R11 in the
existing project, it started designing the project of the collector Barro Blanco.
For the collector and emissary Mud White two (2) alternative alignment and path followed by
this runner is raised as follows:
 Starts in the well P (RO) R11, where received collectors and designed Ø18 "and Ø21".
 The P (RO) 11 well is located on the campus of the Jesuit Brothers called "Society of Jesus" to the
west of the Hills neighborhood of the Mediterranean and to the front of the dumping of the sector
swans.
 In P (RO) 21 well, located on the road Mud White outfall starts.
 From there it advances on the road to Barro Blanco to the ramp leading to the subdivisions in the
village of Barro Blanquito at the place called Cupe, well P (RO) 31.
 Continue this branch to meet with the property of Hacienda Sanctuary, well P (RO) 40. From this
well raised two (2) alternatives. The alternative one crosses a low area used for growing cane
163
within the grounds of the Hacienda Sanctuary until straight to the common site arrival at the WWTP
for Mud White Suratoque and outfalls. The alternative two continuous by the wagon-road until you
reach the place of arrival to the WWTP.
3.12.4 AVAILABILITY POWER
Within the expansion plans of ESSA is planned to build Piedecuesta Substation located in the
Valley of Guatiguará. Said substation will consist of an autotransformer 150 MVA, at a voltage
of 230/130 KV, and a transformer fed Substations Piedecuesta and Table of the Saints.
164
TITLE III: FORMULATION OF THE MACROPROJECT
CHAPTER I: STRUCTURE OF AREA PLANNING
4 STRUCTURE OF THE PLANNING AREA
The current structure of the planning area, this relates closely with morphology and spatial
characteristics (form, function and structure) Valley Guatiguará and its immediate
surroundings, which involves various aspects such as: Current Path road, water supply, farm
conformation, equipment existing; and elements that have influenced the way, as are the
current uses of the land and buildings or existing buildings; all these elements lead us to
observe that Guatiguará Valley still has a rural structure - suburban, where their structural
systems are still developing. A description of the structural systems and their spatial
characteristics is:
a) Morphology: Morphologically the planning area is located in a valley between 800 and 1050
m consisting of lower and middle terraces, bounded to the south by the Rio de Oro and Sheer of
the Bureau of Santos; to the east by Cerro of the quarry, which is a residual hill altitude, of rugged
topography that protrudes as a physical barrier between the urban area and the valley
Piedecuesta Guatiguará; to the north with the escarpment of the Bureau of Ruitoque, which is
currently overrun by settlements Altos de Guatiguará, Nueva Colombia and La Vega; and to the
west with the Valley of Palogordo in the municipality of Girón.
b) Road system: The area of Guatiguará is located approximately 5 km from the town of
Piedecuesta, access is possible from the Highway Bucaramanga - Bogotá through the proposal of
the metropolitan way "Transversal de Guatiguará" currently has sections paved and dirt; This
above procedure is directed towards the Palogordo Valle in the municipality of Girón, Girón to merge
with route - Zapatoca at the place called Tres Esquinas.
18. Photography Road Infrastructure.

Source: private archive. Metropolitan Via Transversal of Guatiguará, access from Highway Bucaramanga - Bogotá.
165
Overall, the sector is characterized by a road drawn tight with roads on land ranging
from 3, 4 and 5 m with banking ground (without topdressing) without gutters, low slopes
on both sides, without works drain. Through this road route you have communication
with the city of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area, to the west with the municipality
of Girón through the Valley of Palogordo, to the south with the paths of Monterredondo,
Pajonal and El Guamo Municipality Piedecuesta, and to the east with the town of
Piedecuesta and the cities of Tunja and Bogota, and generally the center of the country.
Within the Plan Vial Metropolitan and PBOT of the municipality of Piedecuesta, they
have considered four highway projects that will facilitate the connection area planning
with the current urban area, with the other municipalities in the metropolitan area of
Bucaramanga, and Bogotá, such as:
 Metropolitan Ring Road that connects with Piedecuesta Girón, and in the area of Tres
Esquinas intercepts the Highway Bucaramanga - Piedecuesta or national road Bucaramanga
- Bogotá.
 Encircle of Guatiguará
 Transverse of Guatiguará
 Central ring the Piedecuesta.
c) Water system The Network water is formed by the Rio de Oro, Rio Hato, Broken
Suratoque, Broken Colorada, Broken Grande jet of water flows tributaries mainstream.
 Rio de Oro is the structuring axis of the water system of the planning area,
 Rio Hato after Gold River, it is one of the most important water flows area; have
acceptable coverage tree, its runway is completely defined, ie that there have been
no overflows that endanger change course within a normal hydrometeorological
behavior.
Photography 19. Rio de Oro.

d) Rural land uses: You corresponds to flat land, made up of lower and middle terraces,
used in the past to predominantly agricultural activities and cane crops, but this
166
agricultural vocation has been replaced by housing subdivisions, livestock and resorts
among others.
Complementing the current use described above, within the premises natural grass (Pn),
Stubble low (Rb), and substantial coverage tree, which protrudes an area of grass or
pasture, covered by native and ornamental trees especially in the areas observed of
parceling and recreational centers, and the fledgling gallery forest Rio Hato, where
predominate species like the milkman, Caracolí, Guamo and bamboo.
In general, the species most prevalent in the planning area and its immediate
surroundings are: Oitti, Palmareca, Caracolí, Weeping Willow, Mango, Guayacán
Rosado, Pomarroso, Cedro macho, matarratón, big caper, Tulip, Lemon, Tachuelo,
soursop, Guayabo, Henhouse, Jaboncillo, Carbonero, Móncoro, Guamo, Citrus, Palma
corozo, Ceiba Bonga, Avocado, Anaco, Yarumo, Bamboo, Copillo, Guácimo, and
Ortigo.
e) Equipment: The equipment is existing represented by school El Diamante (Km 4

Piedecuesta road - Palogordo), La Union (Technical Institute Valley River Gold), School
Camilo Torres in the Los Tejaditos, and the School Claretian in the sector New Colombia
and La Vega; nurseries that exist in the area are run by the ICBF, and FAMI households;
eaters are being organized by COMFENALCO in the field of daisies and World Vision,
located in the area of New Colombia.
The immediate environment planning area lacks health and hospital infrastructure, since
all kinds of medical and hospital care must be addressed from centers located in the
urban area of Piedecuesta where a Health Center (San Cristobal), Hospital San Juan
de Dios works (public) Clinic Villa de San Carlos, (private).
As for cultural, recreational and safety equipment, Guatiguará Valley lacks this
infrastructure; meanwhile recreational equipment is represented by Headquarters
Recreation Departmental Secretary of Education "The Bamboos".
Photography 20. Educational facilities.

Source: private archive. Claretian School - Sector Guatiguará.
167
Photography 21. Educational facilities.

Source: private archive. Valley Institute of the River of gold - Sector Barro Blanco.
Photography 22. recreational facilities.

Source: private archive. Recreation Headquarters Bamboos - Departmental Secretary of Education.
f) Transport: In the area of Guatiguará, the shuttle service is provided by transport

Piedecuesta, through buses and vans at a frequency of every 15 minutes, which benefits
the population of Altos de Guatiguará, Nueva Colombia and La Vega, which according
to data Foundation Development of the Valley Guatiguará - FDVG, in 2001, these
settlements located on the western side of the table Ruitoque, had a population of 3,121
people seated on 760 farms by economic problems, forced displacement, among others.
g) Economy: The population residing permanently in the valley of Guatiguará should move
to the urban area of Piedecuesta and Bucaramanga for the purchase of basic
necessities. In the area of influence relative installation of poultry industries as
predominant use is evident, with a greater tendency to be located in less expensive to
the foot of the slopes that ascend to the Bureau of the Holy Land. For the formulation of
the National Social Interest Macroproyecto of Guatiguará Valley, Piedecuesta,
Santander Bucaramanga metropolitan area will be developed on approximately 124
hectares.
168
CHAPTER II: DELIMITATION OF THE MACROPROJECT AREA

The Macroproyecto is a comprehensive housing project listed as a pilot in the country, which
will advance in the jurisdiction of the municipality of Piedecuesta and will benefit not less than
15 thousand households Santandereanos, "that is to house about 60 thousand citizens, is a
citadel that could have more inhabitants than Piedecuesta ".
To stake out a macro like this, it is important to support national and local government. the
Macroproyecto Pienta is located in the path of Diamond-Guatiguará the Piedecuesta, whose
ground classification is specified as rural. Urban planning area will be developed in an
execution unit divided into 8 stages.
5 OBJECT OF THE PREMISES ANGLIA
Identification of the members of the land area under the Macroproyecto:
 PROPERTY - 00-0-007-002
Hacienda Santa Rita, Santa Rita or Pajonal
Vereda Registration: 314-19252 and 314-21263
Owner / Possessor / Occupant: Investor San Carlos and others.
 Property - 007-003
Hacienda El Santuario Registration 314-0021259-92
Owner / Possessor / Occupant: Enrique Puyana Mejia and others.
 Property - 007-135
Villa Paulina Lot 2 Serial Number: 314-21261
Owner / Possessor / Occupant: Distraves SA - Distribuidora Avico.
 PROPERTY - 007-134
Hacienda Santuario, Sidewalk Barro Blanco
Registration number: 314-21259 and 314-21263
Owner / Possessor / Occupant: Enrique Puyana Mejia and others.
169
5.1 COORDINATES GEOGRAPHIC
Annexed box coordinates Macroproyecto Polygon Area:
IGAC Geographic coordinates SYSTEM.

LIFTING planimetric Pienta
LIST OF POINTS
FIRST Easting Northing
NAME
1 1110173 1263941
two 1110166 1263938
3 1110134 1263920
4 1110053 1263871
5 1110032 1263852
6 1109954 1263772
7 1109931 1263746
8 1109918 1263740
9 1109899 1263718
10 1109902 1263710
eleven 1109908 1263693
12 1109904 1263688
13 1109904 1263680
14 1109904 1263673
fifteen 1109894 1263670
16 1109890 1263645
17 1109887 1263624
18 1109886 1263628
19 1109861 1263668
twenty 1109840 1263642
twenty-one 1109785 1263607
22 1109727 1263561
2. 3 1109671 1263515
24 1109618 1263474
25 1109546 1263431
26 1109469 1263409
27 1109392 1263374
28 1109325 1263354
29 1109310 1263344
30 1109274 1263312

LIFTING planimetric Pienta
LIST OF POINTS
FIRST Easting northing
NAME
31 1109241 1263255
32 1109201 1263203
170
33 1,109,154.73 1,263,168.54
3. 4 1,109,069.57 1,263,096.41
35 1,109,014.21 1,263,031.58
36 1,108,975.36 1,263,012.01
37 1,108,917.04 1,262,963.51
38 1,108,897.04 1,262,876.66
39 1,108,890.15 1,262,828.13
40 1,108,889.87 1,262,803.36
41 1,108,892.31 1,262,783.71
42 1,108,895.01 1,262,775.63
43 1,108,898.70 1,262,770.57
44 1,108,901.52 1,262,767.97
45 1,108,905.80 1,262,765.83
46 1,108,907.18 1,262,765.31
47 1,108,909.77 1,262,764.64
48 1,108,914.54 1,262,765.67
50 1,108,917.65 1,262,769.62
51 1,108,918.71 1,262,792.29
52 1,108,921.62 1,262,795.56
53 1,108,926.25 1,262,798.03
54 1,108,928.88 1,262,798.71
55 1,108,937.37 1,262,798.44
56 1,108,942.62 1,262,797.64
57 1,108,950.52 1,262,796.91
58 1,109,054.46 1,262,777.03
59 1,109,079.32 1,262,777.88
60 1,109,103.09 1,262,767.99
61 1,109,113.38 1,262,768.62
62 1,109,124.48 1,262,775.15
63 1,109,166.23 1,262,832.06
64 1,109,227.38 1,262,922.18
65 1,109,240.64 1,262,947.02
66 1,109,248.07 1,262,965.21
67 1,109,258.10 1,262,995.52
68 1,109,265.79 1,263,001.14
69 1,109,288.65 1,263,014.34
70 1,109,297.57 1,263,013.51

UPRISING 1ST planimetric Pienta EU.
LIST OF POINTS
NAME
71 1,109,312.41 1,263,010.81
72 1,109,354.85 1,262,994.34
73 1,109,407.95 1,262,991.50
74 1,109,497.31 1,262,972.58
75 1,109,526.84 1,262,968.00
76 1,109,550.83 1,262,966.00
171
77 1,109,572.84 1,262,969.58
78 1,109,592.09 1,262,969.33
79 1,109,600.09 1,262,962.63
80 1,109,605.36 1,262,955.80
81 1,109,607.16 1,262,944.37
82 1,109,607.39 1,262,931.66
83 1,109,630.26 1,262,890.72
84 1109642 1,262,888.67
85 1,109,655.22 1,262,889.34
86 1,109,660.76 1,262,889.01
87 1,109,753.59 1,262,857.73
88 1,109,783.86 1,262,857.00
89 1,109,820.21 1,262,864.51
90 1,109,850.95 1,262,873.15
91 1,109,914.00 1,262,898.42
92 1,109,949.36 1,262,912.24
93 1,109,971.22 1,262,926.67
94 1,109,999.96 1,262,934.33
95 1,110,021.83 1,262,942.11
96 1,110,057.39 1,262,923.58
97 1,110,106.65 1,262,910.16
98 1,110,138.75 1,262,884.11
99 1,110,144.25 1,262,881.92
100 1,110,153.20 1,262,880.12
101 1,110,176.60 1,262,902.04
102 1,110,179.43 1,262,910.98
103 1,110,178.07 1,262,916.44
104 1,110,178.20 1,262,917.96
105 1,110,181.24 1,262,922.46
106 1,110,187.94 1,262,929.66
107 1,110,196.98 1,262,934.74
108 1,110,199.36 1,262,935.44
109 1,110,201.11 1,262,935.60
110 1,110,269.44 1,262,942.91
LIST OF POINTS
NAME
111 1,110,350.09 1,262,985.02
112 1,110,368.89 1,262,990.77
113 1,110,377.11 1,262,994.74
114 1,110,382.03 1,262,998.21
115 1,110,404.55 1,263,017.83
116 1,110,408.40 1,263,020.65
117 1,110,410.98 1,263,025.38
118 1,110,430.53 1,263,047.34
119 1,110,433.28 1,263,053.63
120 1,110,433.41 1,263,065.97
121 1,110,429.42 1,263,075.67
122 1,110,423.36 1,263,078.35
170
123 1,110,424.44 1,263,079.73

124 1,110,425.91 1,263,082.95
125 1,110,426.87 1,263,087.73
126 1,110,427.18 1,263,093.72
127 1,110,430.13 1,263,101.18
128 1,110,448.02 1,263,130.01
129 1,110,449.79 1,263,134.07
130 1,110,456.08 1,263,155.61
131 1110460 1263153
132 1110463 1263152
133 1110495 1263135
134 1110557 1263112
135 1110709 1263048
136 1110724 1263043
137 1,110,810.39 1,262,957.45
138 1,110,825.16 1,262,970.60
139 1,110,827.92 1,262,973.69
140 1,110,837.36 1,262,988.28
141 1,110,840.31 1,262,988.67
142 1,110,847.19 1,262,990.60
143 1,110,850.82 1,262,991.08
144 1,110,853.67 1,262,993.42
145 1,110,857.75 1,262,997.75
146 1,110,858.73 1,263,000.71
147 1,110,860.87 1,263,008.71
148 1,110,862.26 1,263,012.87
149 1,110,864.08 1,263,015.50
150 1,110,880.11 1,263,038.66

LIST OF POINTS
NAME
151 1,110,881.19 1,263,040.79
152 1,110,885.08 1,263,047.20
153 1,110,893.90 1,263,064.27
154 1,110,897.57 1,263,066.79
155 1,110,938.02 1,263,095.76
156 1,110,957.28 1,263,108.20
157 1,110,959.35 1,263,109.85
158 1,110,959.66 1,263,109.86
159 1,110,959.67 1,263,105.88
160 1,110,960.52 1,263,095.62
161 1,110,963.33 1,263,087.11
162 1,110,964.70 1,263,084.57
163 1,110,967.72 1,263,084.78
164 1,111,004.19 1,263,091.78
165 1,111,010.92 1,263,096.66
166 1111013 1263202
167 1110965 1263252
168 1111000 1263297
169 1111050 1263359
170
170 1111046 1263364

171 1111029 1263376
172 1110975 1263413
173 1110904 1263468
174 1110833 1263517
175 1110824 1263524
176 1110787 1263551
177 1,110,780.66 1,263,555.63
178 1,110,767.40 1263541.8
179 1110763 1263544
180 1110763 1263544
181 1110729 1263561
182 1110696 1263587
183 1110665 1263608
184 1110551 1263733
185 1110479 1263772
186 1110436 1263799
187 1110385 1263842
188 1110349 1263880
189 1110313 1263919
190 1110282 1263950
191 1110251 1263973
192 1110248 1263972
193 1110240 1263969
194 1110213 1263961
195 1110191 1263950
170
CHAPTER III: MACROPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

6 INFLUENCE OF THE AREA ANGLIA
6.1 CRITERIA FOR IDENTIFYING AND DELIMITATION
From the environmental point of view, the area of influence of a project is that the recipient of
the different effects or impacts caused by the development of an activity in its planning stages,
construction, operation, maintenance and still in the phase of decommissioning. These areas
are divided into area of influence directly or indirectly, the first, the receiving of the positive and
negative derivatives of the project and the second, where the consequences or indirect effects
of the activity occurs.
Given the particular conditions of the place where it is intended to advance the construction of
the MISN Pienta, located in Piedecuesta, they have been chosen as the delimitation criteria
concerning natural physical and socioeconomic affectations centered in the municipality.
Biophysical component to have considered the following aspects:
 Spatial location of the MISN Pienta

 hydrologic and hydraulic characteristics of the Rio de Oro and the Suratoque broken, the
Colorada and Chorro Grande.
 Changes in the landscape units.
 Areas susceptible to degradation by stripping, removal of mulched and loss of soil
structure.
 Areas susceptible to activation of geotechnical risks.
 Areas susceptible to modification or restriction in the use of the soil.
 Presence of biotic communities and ecosystems of ecological interest
 floodable areas water bodies mentioned above.
For socio-economic component have considered the following aspects:
 Affectation noise and atmospheric mainly in the construction phase of the work emissions.
 main routes used for the movement of machinery, equipment, vehicles, materials, debris
and waste in general.
 Deterioration of surrounding homes and existing infrastructure (roads, utility networks,
institutions).
 Limitations in the development of productive activities and self-sustaining.
 Areas susceptible to conflicts with communities: limitations on vehicular and pedestrian
mobility or limitations in the development of recreational and institutional activities.
 The arrival of people from outside the sector.
 Accident on residents and passers-by the sector.
175
6.2 DETERMINATION OF THE AREA DIRECT INFLUENCE

Direct Influence Area (AID) of the National Social Interest Macroproyecto Pienta has an area
of approximately 124.98 hectares and is considered the geography is circumscribed within the
area is determined subject to execution of the Macroproyecto.
Figure 17. Direct Influence Area.

Source: Crew - UIS.
In the identification and delimitation, they have been dealt parameters applicable to the
biophysical and socioeconomic components that may eventually be positively or negatively
impacted due to the activities of the project during the construction, operation and maintenance.
Geographically, the AID is located in the Valley of Guatiguará Piedecuesta Municipality.
The area of influence for the average socioeconomic corresponds to the structure rural
suburban Valley Guatiguará, deductible various aspects such as the current uses of the land
(farms with farming or grazing, poultry farms, rural housing, commerce punctual rural, housing
suburban setting), the current road design, the water network, the farm conformation,
equipment, buildings or existing buildings.
The AID for the biotic and abiotic environment is represented mainly by water structure of the
area of the larger project, which includes channels, floodplains (calculated for a return period
of 100 years) and the water round protección33 of River Gold and Suratoque, Colorada and
Big jet streams. These elements constitute a structuring system and articulator of the territory,
as representing an environmental potential for being high redoubts of flora and fauna hostel.
6.3 LOCATION SPACE GEOREFERENCED

The Macroproyecto is located between the plane coordinates in the Magna system
Bucaramanga latitude of origin 7.0789:
 Limit lower left: 1.108.889,867E, 1.262.764,638N

 Right upper limit: 1.111.050,000E, 1.263.973,000N
176
Corresponding to the geographical coordinates:
 Right lower limit: 73 ° 55'39,37 "W, 6 ° 58'17,36 "N

 Limit Upper Left: 73 ° 54'29,00 "W, 6 ° 58'56,68" N
6.4 DETERMINATION OF THE AREA INDIRECT INFLUENCE
The area of indirect influence includes local, territorial unit belonging to the area of the larger
project, represented by the Municipality of Piedecuesta, and the Metropolitan regional
Bucaramanga (AMB) area.
The construction of the Macroproyecto Housing will influence socioeconomic level in a much
larger area compared to the area of development of the project, covering the entire AMB,
responding to the continued growth of the population of the municipalities of Girón and
Piedecuesta and providing generous spaces for housing, parks, green areas and public
facilities that now exist in some neighborhoods.
The AMB is a strategic center for economic activities in the northeastern region, which is known
for its various production activities and service delivery.
Metropolitan parks near the Macroproyecto, Park Guatiguará (to the west of the area) and El
Cerro de La Cantera (to the northeast of the field) and water bodies and their water rounds
represent a great environmental and landscape value, constituting important references for
definition of public space.
Figure 18. Indirect Influence Area.

Source: Crew - UIS.
33 According to the provisions of the Rules Geotechnical CMDB, the water rounds are measured from the flood level of the basic growing
which is corresponding to the return period of 100 years. see section of the Rules.
177
6.5 ENVIRONMENTAL DIAGNOSIS
It is defined as environmental analysis, characterization of the initial state of natural

environmental variables physical and socioeconomic environment where the first execution unit
of the Macroproyecto of Interest National Social "Pienta be developed – Tribute Comunero in
the Bicentennial of Independence located in the Guatiguará industry - Piedecuesta of the
Department of Santander "as well as existing types of occupation of the soil and use of other
natural resources, taking into account existing activities in the area of indirect influence, direct
and even on the same site where will conduct interventions.
The environmental assessment is a source of data and indicators, which will assess once has
run the project, the magnitude of those impacts or changes that are not easy to quantify, being
able to apply corrective measures retrospectively according to the results They are obtained in
the monitoring and control program.
Prior to developing the following activities were carried out:
the defined area of influence of the direct and indirect Macroproyecto; the level of detail and
therefore the scale of work was completed; secondary information sources were identified
reliable and updated; was selected, the sources mentioned above only the most significant
environmental variables, economic and socio-cultural, in the terms defined in Resolution 0204
of 2011 by MAVDT, now the Ministry of Housing, City and Territory, for the presentation of
Environmental Studies within of the Technical Support Document, which define the
environment and quality; these variables were collected for the information needed to the
degree of detail required interpretation and depending on the scale of work.
After gathering the information, it was structured consistently, as can be seen in the
development of the study, containing only the information necessary to reflect the reality of the
area of direct and indirect influence of the project. In each situation the depth, accuracy,
reliability and timeliness of the data collected, being for this coming event the vast majority of
the Regional Autonomous Corporation of the Plateau of Bucaramanga CMDB, INGEOMINAS,
IDEAM, of the Plan of Land Planning was specified Piedecuesta municipality among others.
7 ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE HOME
Decree 3600 of 2007 defines the term Ecological Network Principal as the set of biotic and
abiotic elements that sustain essential ecological processes in the territory, whose main
purpose is the preservation, conservation, restoration, sustainable use and management of
renewable natural resources, which provide the ability to support socio-economic development
of populations. Overall the National Ecological Network is a network of spaces and corridors
that support and conduct biodiversity and essential ecological processes through the territory,
in its different forms and intensities of occupation, providing the same environmental services
for sustainable development.
Ecological Main Frame is based on the ecological, geomorphological and biological original
and existing structure in the territory and gives an ecological framework to your system. On a
178
larger scale than that of a city, this structure must harmonize with neighboring municipalities
and protected areas declared in a region, to give the same consistency at regional level. Thus,
given this structure is formed for the sustainable operation of the region, maintaining
biodiversity opportunities, generation and natural regulation of waters.
7.1 GOALS ECOLOGICAL MAIN STRUCTURE

The National Ecological Network for MISN Pienta defines the following objectives:
 Ensure the provision of space within the municipal territory of Piedecuesta to the inside of
the area of indirect influence and direct the Macroproyecto for development and
coexistence of its inhabitants and those of neighboring communities with other forms of life,
especially of nature in your state wild, as well as the preservation and restoration of
biodiversity at the level of species, ecosystems and landscapes.
 Sustain and drive essential ecological processes, ensuring the maintenance of ecosystems,
ecological connectivity and the availability of ecosystem services throughout the country.
 Raise the level of environmental quality and supply balance versus environmental demand
through the area of indirect and direct influence defined for the Macroproyecto in
correspondence with the current and future settlement.
 Promote public enjoyment and collective defense of environmental supply by the
inhabitants of the Macroproyecto and neighboring communities.
7.2 COMPONENTS ECOLOGICAL MAIN STRUCTURE

The main ecological structure includes elements that fall within the soil environmental
protection under existing standards nacional34 level regional35 and local36 and other
elements that are not identified as ground protection but must be handled in accordance with
the criteria here contents. In particular, we have included the National Ecological in elements
that are part of the protection categories identified in Article 4 of Decree 3600 of 2007, such as
Conservation Areas and Environmental Protection, including:
 The areas of the national system of protected areas.

 Forest reserve areas.
 Special management areas.
 Areas of particular importance ecosystem, such as moorland and
 let's subtract water sources, groundwater recharge zones, hydraulic rounds of water bodies,
wetlands, swamps, lakes, ponds, marshes, mangroves and wildlife reserves.
According to studies, field visits and information gathering carried out in the area of the
Macroproyecto Pienta, not the presence of areas of the national system of protected areas is
recorded.
In accordance with CMDB 178 17 filed on November 2, 2011 (Annex 4 of the Environmental
Study), in the area of the project there is no Forest Reserve.
179
Among the areas of particular importance ecosystem, it has identified the presence of hydraulic
rounds of some water bodies, which are an integral part of the National Ecological Network.
These water bodies are represented by:
 River of gold
 Quebrada Chorro Grande.
 Quebrada Suratoque.
 Quebrada La Colorada.
The environmental conservation areas identified in the area Macroproyecto are represented
on the map M-03.
Chart 46. Areas of Environmental Conservation of the Macroproyecto.

Source: Crew - UIS.
34 Article No. 83 of Decree 2811 of 1974 "Whereby to dictate the National Code of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment
Protection".
35 Resolution No. 0001893 of the December 31, 2010, "Whereby the environmental determinants are set for the development, adjustment,
modification, and adoption of the Plans (POT), Basic (PBOT) and Schemes (EOT) Plans Land Use Planning of the Municipalities of the
area of jurisdiction of the Autonomous Regional Corporation for the Defense of the Bucaramanga Plateau (CMDB) "; Technical standards
for Erosion Control and Geological Studies for a booked Geotechnical and Hydrological adopted by Resolution No. 0011294 of the 29
December 2009 of the CMDB.
36 Basic Plan of Territorial Planning of Municipality of Piedecuesta, adopted by Municipal Agreement No. 028 on December 18, 2003.
180
According to the above, in the Ecological Main Structure are included as items classified as
soil protection:
 Channel of the River of gold and Suratoque, Chorro Grande and La Colorada creeks.
 Flood zones calculated for a return period of 100 years of the Rio de Oro and Suratoque,
Chorro Grande and La Colorada creeks.
 Rounds water protection strips corresponding to ancho37 30 meters, measured from
the flood level of the growing básica38, on either side of the Rio de Oro and Suratoque,
Chorro Grande and La Colorada creeks.
In addition, the following items are included as unclassified soil protection:
 Native forest cover.

 Strips ancho39 20 meters, measured from the outer limit of the water protection rounds,
on either side of the Rio de Oro and broken Suratoque intended to shape public green
spaces (linear park).
In soil protection urban uses are permitted, especially constructions or buildings, except those
relating to service provision, crosses mesh vial, footpaths, guard or guards and other uses not
involving effect on the environment and which comply with the determinations of the CMDB.
37 According to Article No. 83 of Decree 2811 of 1974 "Whereby to dictate the National Code of Natural Resources Renewable and
Protection of Environment", "... are inalienable and essential goods of the State: a) The riverbed or channel naturally streams b) the
bed of the natural water; c) sea, river and lake beaches; d) A strip parallel to the line of maximum tides or permanent channel of rivers
and lakes to thirty meters wide; e) the areas occupied by the snow and glaciers channels; f) layers or deposits of groundwater ".
According to paragraph 7 of Article No. 42 of Resolution No. 0,001,893 of the December 31, 2010, the CMDB "," In rural areas, rounds
protection for riverbeds, creeks and streams are permanent or not, may not be less than thirty (30) meters on each side, measured
maximum tide lines".
38 The flood level of basic growing which is corresponding to the return period of 100 years. See Section 7.5.2 of the Rules Geotécnicas
CMDB.
39 According to Article No. 32 of the Basic Plan of Land Planning of Piedecuesta "... the Lato and El Oro River contemplate additional
20 meters for handling public space within city limits, being intended to form a metropolitan linear park", "The Broken Soratoque and
diamond contemplate additional 20 meters for handling public space within city limits, being intended to form a local linear park ".
181
Type area m2 He has

Ecological Main Structure 365,525.45 36.55
Items classified as Soil Protection * 298,422.43 29.84
permanent channels * 10431.30 1,04
Flood zones return period of 100 years * 92152.07 9.22
Rounds water protection (30 m) * 195,839.05 19.58
Items not classified as Soil Protection * 67103.02 6.71
Swathes of public space management (20 m) * 67103.02 6.71
Table 47. Table of areas of the National Ecological Network.
Source: Crew - UIS.
To ensure good management of water Structure The following criteria were adopted:
 Urban design integrated into streams and rivers, safeguarding its water and ecological
integrity as well as the risk of flooding.
 Creating Ecological Corridors through existing waterways by maintaining natural conditions
of rivers and water rounds, the definition of parks for reforestation, conservation and
contemplative activities, as well as treating the fringes of public space parallel to water
bodies, defined in the PBOT such as soft green areas.
 Maintain existing tree specimens in outlying areas water bodies, so they can be used as a
habitat for various species of birds.
To protect these elements directly related to the main ecological structure adopted the
following criteria:
 Maintain existing vegetation in areas intended for use by greenery and in all areas that are
to be urbanized, minimize earthworks, remove solely vegetation which is strictly necessary
to enable the movement of machinery.
 It should prefer the use of non-invasive native species for the formation of the parks,
especially those aimed at preserving water bodies.
 Interconnect natural areas and open spaces.
 In developing the project, to respect the provisions of the Corporation for the Defense of
the Meseta of Bucaramanga (CMDB), which through Resolution 1986, issued in December
1994 banned the use of cedar, as this is a species in danger.
 The water structure is a structuring system of the territory and an articulator element of
public space. Rivers and streams that are present in the Macroproyecto represent a high
environmental potential for being redoubts of flora and fauna hostel.
Among the elements that make up the structure of the Macroproyecto water are the channel,
floodplain and protect water round the following water streams:
 River of gold.
 Quebrada Suratoque.
 Quebrada La Colorada.
 Quebrada Chorro Grande.
182
Chart 47. Structure of the Macroproyecto Principal Ecological.

Source: Technical team - UIS.
The ordering of the Macroproyecto has been made taking into account the existing ecological
structure, with the aim of giving continuity. some parks and green areas that go far beyond the
standards required by law and which are connected to the rivers and streams, and make
corridors ecological connection with the areas of external environmental protection to the area
of the Macroproyecto proposed in Macroproyecto, fulfilling the provisions of the Metropolitan
area of Bucaramanga, Weber County and the PBOT of Piedecuesta.
183
7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION
7.3.1 Physical component
GEOLOGY
According to the US Geological Survey realizado40, the Macroproyecto Pienta is located on

land belonging to the Valley of Guatiguará, that stands for a central depression of the central
geological corridor of the Department of Santander, limited to the north by the foothills of the
south side of the table Ruitoque, to the south along the foothills of the north side de Los Santos
Table, and to the east by the hill La Cantera.
The grounds of the Valley of the Guatiguará are geologically recent quaternary origin,
deposited on land at the end of the probably Jurassic Girón Formation while on the slopes of
the adjacent tables outcropping Formations Jordan Girón with coatings of early Cretaceous
(Training Tambor).
The stratigraphic column, from the bottom up, has the following formations:
 Training Jordan (Jj).

 Pigs formation (Jg).
 Training Tambor.
 Quaternary deposits (Qd).
The fault system at the regional level correspond to Bucaramanga - Santa Marta passed just
over 3 kilometers to the east of the boundary idem in the area of the Pienta project while to the
west side at a distance of 8 kilometers passes the failure of the Suarez; to the south one from
the west alignment generated it is reported in the fault system of the Suárez River, which
together with the above (Bucaramanga), are responsible for the formation of the sunken area
where the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga is located. They are detected nor have
indications that these tectonic events are somehow affecting the stability of the land of the
Macroproyecto Pienta.
To the east of the area of the Project Pienta the foothills of the Cerro La Cantera are, in which
projections of the relief of this, outcrops of Jordan and Girón formations.
In the area of the Project Pienta, future rise buildings will be built on Quaternary soils. This
corresponds to thick deposits of materials alluvial and torrential origin, loose characteristics
and unconsolidated reaching 80 meters deep according to estimates up to facilities Hipinto
(northeast corner of the project), and there are several levels (manifesting as topographic
slopes), corresponding to deposits of materials left in different episodes,
40 Soil Study, National Social Interest Macroproyecto "Pienta" El Toro Wilfredo Rodríguez, September 2012
184
CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES
The climate of the region that is part Piedecuesta is defined by two factors: the terrain and the
trade winds. The complex and variable terrain caused the existence of numerous microclimates
in the area. Trade winds to the channeled by various valleys and collide with the different
mountain ranges, generate areas of high concentration of moisture in the upper parts of the
mountain ranges, such as tables of Lebrija and Ruitoque birthing rivers like the River of Gold
delimiting the scope of the Macroproject.
The area of the Macroproyecto is in an altitude range of between 900-1200m, has a bimodal
precipitation regime between 500-2500mm characterized by the presence of two rainy periods
of the year, the first occurs during the months of April to June, while the second occurs in the
months of October to December. Dry periods are from January to March and July to September
and characteristic of the tropical climate, annual average temperature of 21.5º which depends
on the height above the level of the sea.
48. ombroclimático graphic diagram.

Source: Compiled from information IDEAM.
The following tables show the data of rainfall and heat that have been obtained from stations
that are listed in the chart below, which are reflected oscillations recorded monthly precipitation
and temperature are collected.
185
Data from the weather station

Years
Years
temperat.
The end
The end
First name Key Munic. Type Alt. The t. Long. Orien.
Total
Total
Start
Start
eleven
twenty
1,189
Station rich
1989
2008
0.00
Palo black
2319513 lebrija Termopluviomét
73
7
0
Temperat years.
Years
The end
The end
First name Key Munic. Type Alt. The t. Long. Orien.
Total
Total
Start
Start
Pluviométr
1000
1970
1994
0.00
The farm 2319070 piedecuesta
station.
73
22
7
0
0
Rainfall data (mm)
Jan. Feb. Sea. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual
78.8 118.3 164.4 143.6 150.0 75.60 88.30 88.10 120.1 173.1 142.5 77.40 1420.1
Thermal data (° C)
Jan. Feb. Sea. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual
21.40 21,80 21.70 21.70 21,60 21,60 21,60 21.70 21.40 21.10 21,00 21.10 21,50
Table 48. Pluviometric and thermal data.
Source: Compiled from information IDEAM.
In regard to the wind conditions, the prevailing wind direction is N- S, primarily North component
with an intensity ranging between 1.5 m / s and 3.3 m / s, which comes to 5.4 m / s at times.
Since the Macroproyecto area is in a range between 900 altitudinal m and 1.200 m, it has a
bimodal precipitation regime between 500 mm and 2,500 mm and an average temperature of
21.5º C; under the proposed classification of life zones Holdridge (1967) would expect to find
under non-intervention a predominance of Subtropical Humid Forest (ST BH).
The thermal floor on which lies the city of Piedecuesta, is tempered with significant temperature
variations.
AIR QUALITY
The project is developed on a rural area and urban sprawl, where the main activities are poultry,
extensive grazing and agriculture, and roads crossing the area have no paving and generally
are poorly trafficked. Therefore, the presence of fixed sources of emission and / or major mobile
is not registered.
However, according to monitoring the quality of the air made in the Guatiguará village of the
municipality of Piedecuesta between October 2008 and May 2009 by the CMDB, high
concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) and equipment respirable particulate (PM10) are
recorded, derived from the major sources of air pollution in the area: poultry, open pit burning
activities controlled and dust generation due to the passage of vehicles through the path to
Guatiguará from Floridablanca or Pigs.
186
Given that in the area adjacent to the area where the project will be developed (left margin)
found a setting Distraves
SA (Production Plant Industrial El Diamante), located at Km 4 Via Guatiguará - Piedecuesta,
which has as its main activity the production of flour from the processing of poultry products
(pen, blood and viscera), was revised in CMDB permit the respective air emissions, stating that
it was granted on July 27, 2012 by resolution 899. Also within the record odor study made by
the company Distraves SA, which defines that area not have problems of this type it was found.
HYDROLOGY
Valley Guatiguará is located in the middle part of the basin of River Gold, which together with
the cold, Suratá, Rionegro and La Angula river, form the upper basin of the Lebrija River. It is
drained by the river Lato to the north, the gorge Suratoque to the center and the River Oro to
the south.
Lato River comes from the Massif de Santander located east and specifically born on the site
known as La Nevera (Km 38 of the road to Pamplona) at an altitude of 2,725 meters,
descending to the southwest following the foothills of the massif Santander a distance of 11
Km from between lands high slope, cold weather and wet in the upper parts, medium and wet
at the bottom when it reaches the valley Piedecuesta passing 2 kilometers to the northern
outskirts of this city, continuing on foot south of the foothills of the south side of the table
Ruitoque, demarcating the valley of Guatiguará on the north side of east to converge on the
river Golden, above Palogordo.
Clough Suratoque coming from the east going slightly encased by the feet of the foothills of
the north side of the hill the quarry, the streams of water are mainly represented by wastewater
72% of the urban sector of the Piedecuesta), the Colorado, Barro Blanquito, Large, Verdun,
tack and Molino, dissects the territory of the Macroproyecto Pienta to converge on the river
Golden, above the confluence of the east with the river Lato.
Meanwhile the River Oro comes from the Massif de Santander located to the east and
specifically born in the foothills of the top of the Picacho, 3,400 meters above sea level and
after traveling 30 km, heading south, changes direction now towards the west and reaches
Guatiguará to the valley at the end of which it meets the river Lato.
Basin River Gold has an extension to Piedecuesta of 8.522.7 hectares and extends from the
altitude 3400 m at the top of the Picacho in the village of Santa Rita to the altitude 900 m in the
Sidewalk Monterredondo limits with the Municipality of Girón; includes in its route the paths of
crystals, La Loma, Sevilla, Pinchote, Planadas, Granadillo, El Bore, Los Llanitos, El Polo,
Yellow, Plateau Grande Barro Blanco, Guatiguará, El Guamo, Pajonal, the Union, first and very
relevant the Municipal Head of Piedecuesta.
Water bodies of the Macroproyecto include Rio de Oro and streams Chorro Grande Suratoque
and La Colorada.
187
WATER QUALITY
In order to perform characterization of the quality of the water of the main currents through and
/ or are in the vicinity of the scope of the Macroproyecto, it has been based on data derived
from the monitoring network quality CMDB water, which were later supplemented by
information obtained from the physical analysis, chemical and microbiological sampling
conducted in February 2012 by the Industrial University of Santander at various strategic points
in the area of the Macroproyecto.
According to the results of sampling all the streams analyzed (River Golden, Rio Lato, broken
Suratoque, jet Grande La Colorada) have some degree of organic and microbiological
contamination as evidenced by the values of BOD5, total solids, turbidity and fecal and total
coliform found, which are generally higher and higher respect to the maximum limits required
by Colombian law regarding the physical parameters, chemical and microbiological water for
human consumption (decree 1575 of 2007, resolution 2115 of 2007).
Chart 49. Location of points and sampling stations used for the characterization of the streams affected by the
project.
Source: Crew - UIS.
As seen in Figure 50 comparing the values of the Quality Index Agua41 obtained from sampling
with data reported for stations in the CMDB in August 201142, which is observed usually all
streams reach the area of the Macroproyecto under medium high contamination, and worsen
their status in traversal.
In particular, the Quebrada Suratoque receives municipal waste waters in the neighborhood El
Refugio, and becoming the Macroproyecto Pienta land in a stream of poor water quality. The
flow of this current is very small compared to the flow of waste water being poured into it,
making it essentially a natural canal that carries wastewater.
188
Chart 50. Comparison and integration of the results of sampling in February 2012 to August 2011. Water Quality Index .
Source: Team Technical and UIS. Calculations based on data sampling February 2012 and network monitoring water quality of the Autonomous Corporation
for the Defense of the Bucaramanga Plateau - CMDB.
Analysis of rates contaminación43 suggests involvement of rivers and streams is largely due
to agricultural activities and extensive grazing present in the area that increase the organic and
bacterial load of the water running through them, the effect of the shedding direct and / or
indirect stool, fertilizers and organic materials of various nature.
Considering the characteristics of the project and the actions to be developed for the realization
of this, it is expected an improvement in the medium and long term quality of water bodies
present in the area, as a result of the disappearance of the activities currently generate waste
and dumping. Measures such as protection of water rounds, the implementation of a proper
collection and treatment of solid waste and waste water, together with environmental education
programs should ensure the gradual decontamination of water bodies and restore their status
natural.
HYDROGEOLOGY
According to the results of the perforations made up to 10 meters deep in sites depressed in
relief, is superficially to 1.5 - 2 meters depth have loam soils sand with some organic content,
conditions good infiltration. Between 1.5 to 8 meters depth sand silty soils to clay sand, then
with good infiltration and below this depth and to the Giron sandstones formation rock matrix
blocks are silty clayey sand, also with good potential for storage and flow of groundwater, which
would go up to 110 meters 67.3 reported by the study of Martínez44. In depth, below the 80 to
120 meters deep, the aforementioned study Martinez.
41 Water Quality Index is the index used by the Regional Autonomous Corporation for the Defense of the Bucaramanga Plateau and
developed by the National Sanitation Foundation. It is calculated from nine parameters: dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand,
total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total solids, turbidity, Coliform, pH and temperature.
42 In August 2011 flows were recorded next to those recorded in February 2012, therefore it was considered appropriate to make
comparisons between these two periods.

43
Contamination rates proposed by Ramirez et to the. (1997). They include Mineralization Pollution Index (ICOMI) Pollution Index Organic
Matter (how should) and Trophic Pollution Index (ICOTRO).
189
7.3.2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT RAIN WATER SOURCES
From the point of view of geotechnical threats, runoff water is the most important factor. In the
batch is expected to return period of 100 years, the maximum rainfall in 24 hours is 140 mm.
The expected maximum hourly intensity is 80.0 mm (See hydraulic and hydrological study).
UNDERGROUND WATER
According to the study of soils in the batch studied groundwater levels appear approximately
between 1.0 and 2.0 meters; However, when the rains of great intensity, can saturate the
surface profiles of alluvial soils.
DRAINAGE AND INFILTRATION
Overall surface drainage of the batch is good and low slope facilitates the infiltration of runoff.
In the fields of surface drainage slope it is moderate, since the slope facilitates the runoff, but
the materials constituting the ground prevent infiltration.
Subsurface soils have moderate infiltration capacity high; however, because the subsurface
soils are generally dry to the beginning of the rain, rain quantity is absorbed as moisture topsoil.
This moisture comes and goes according to the rains.
HEDGES AND USES SOIL

Primary natural forests own flora and fauna of this area of life were operated since pre-
Columbian times, lacking as such. Indeed, as a result of occupational dynamics, the original
forests with dominance of species such as Caracolí (wild cashew), guaiac (Tabebuia sp.),
Cedar (Cedrela sp.), Gualanday (Jacaranda caucana), vases (Erythrina sp.) and kapok (Ceiba
pentandra), were replaced by cultivated vegetation, predominantly "artificial" ecosystems
pasture for grazing cattle and implementation of agricultural crops primarily sugar cane and
even snuff in past times, leading to a change radical in the landscape, in microclimates in soil
conditions, water resources and wildlife.
From the forestry point of view, in the area of the Project Pienta are arboreal remaining forested
areas shaped and scattered trees. On fallow land, which are very few, they stubble appear in
varying degrees of maturity. Watercourses are laterally accompanied by narrow strips staple
of assimilable vegetation to the gallery that have rather the category of high stubble transition
to secondary forest low and characterized by small trees from 5 to 8 meters high, canopy
globose and trunks of diameters low.
44
Martinez, SA, 2.006. geoelectric and hydrogeological study for groundwater research, farm El Trapiche, Sidewalk Guatiguará,
Santander- Bogotá. 54p.
190
However, in its greatest extent it dominates the herbaceous vegetation, mainly grasses, with
scattered trees. Indeed, lots dedicated to the cultivation of sugarcane and pastures there is a
high population of Caracolíes, turned into the typical trees of the region, able to supply the
needs of wood from the mills that are still working, with frequent groves mode hedgerows
species as matarratón, guamo, mango, caracolí and henhouse. Locally are lines of trees acting
as hedgerows along boundaries of different lots and lots of use of the soil.
It is also increasingly important to the presence of spaces with vegetation ornamental tree-herb
in semi-temperate, plots there also spaces without vegetation has been replaced and occupied
by buildings (housing buildings, barns, stables, mills, stables) in previous years by the presence
of sugar mills and in recent years the trend towards poultry, that is to agro-industrial activities.
Even the need for treatment of wastewater from the town of Piedecuesta they meant the
construction of the respective plant on the western side of the area Pienta project. Here are the
uses of the soil identified in the project area are reported.
Figure 51. Uses of the soil identified.

Source: Crew - UIS.
191
Land use Area [Ha] Area [%]

forestry 7.52 6.01
stubbles Altos 0,34 0.27
Stubble transition High / Secondary Forest 7.17 5.74
Agricultural use 1,77 1.41
Semi-permanent crops 1,77 1.41
Use Agribusiness and Services 3,11 2,49
Sheds 1,61 1,28
You haciendas 1,51 1.20
Use Rancher 111.55 89.27
Pastures arborized 111.55 89.27
Recreational use 1,03 0,82
Housing Country 1,03 0,82
TOTAL 124.98 100
Table 49. Extension for use categories soil in the area of the Macroproyecto Pienta.
Source: Team Technical and UIS.
7.4 BIOTIC COMPONENT
As mentioned in previous sections, the area of the macro is in a range between 900 altitudinal
m and 1.200 m, has a bimodal precipitation regime between 500 mm and 2500 mm and a
temperature average annual 21.5º C; under the proposed classification of life zones Holdridge
(1967) would expect to find under non-intervention a predominance of Subtropical Humid
Forest (bh-ST).
In addition and based on the classification system of vegetation Colombia proposed by
Cuatrecasas (1958), type of own plant formation of these environments is the subandino forest
physiognomically characterized by having a first layer corresponding to the canopy trees up to
40 m height species Moraceae (Ficus sp.), Legume (Calliandra spp., Inga sp.), Meliaceae
(Cedrela sp.), clusiaceae (Clusia sp.), Lauraceae (Nectandra sp.) Cecropiaceae (Cecropia sp.)
among others, which they are characterized by large stirrups tabular stems at the base, fúlcreos
and stilt roots.
A second layer corresponding to the undergrowth of saplings numerous 8- 10m high

Melastomataceae species, Caprifoliaceae, Acanthaceae and large shrubs and herbs, mainly
with Escitamineas and Araceae. Finally, on the strata above they are common lianas and
epiphytes of the families Orchidaceae, Piperaceae and ferns.
In general, for Colombia this forest little is known regarding its plant composition, due largely
to the loss caused coverage human pressure, represented mainly by the proliferation of
cultured coffee and extensive farming in the three ranges Colombian.
In the study area the natural vegetation has been completely replaced by large areas of
grazing, sugarcane plantations, warehouses and housing areas, leaving the sub-Andean forest
or natural vegetation restricted to thickets Nature Reserve La Cantera in the northeastern part
of the larger project area and small rounds of rivers and streams Lato Chorro Grande
Suratoque and La Colorada.
192
7.4.1 FLORAL COMPOSITION

Subandino relict of forest have been studied based on field survey, assessment and verification
of bibliographic information, so then the information obtained regarding presented with their
floristic composition.
According to the data collected during the completion of the forest inventory in the project area
recorded a total of 26 species distributed in 18 families, of which 21 are trees and 3 bushes;
palm 1 species is recorded.
Families with highest species richness, in descending order, are: Anacardiaceous (3 species),
Fabaceae, Moraceae and Rutaceae with 2 species each. Other families have a single species.
In the environmental study the species recorded in the project area are presented, indicating
the most important uses for each.
7.4.2 SPECIES OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE
To determine the presence of species of conservation importance, has been evaluated the
possible inclusion of taxa registered on the red list of IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature) in the CITES Appendices (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora - Convention on International Trade in
Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora), and Resolution 1896 of 1994 of CMDB (species
for logging ban).
An outline is reported to species, according to the results of the forest inventory, be removed
as a result of the realization of the project and are included in any of the programs mentioned
above protection or conservation.
State of conservation
First name IUCN CMDB
Scientific name
common In At CITES resolution 1986
Colombia world 1994
wild cashew
Caracolí NT
(Kunth) Skeels.
State of conservation
First name IUCN CMDB
Scientific name
common In At CITES resolution 1986
Colombia world 1994
Appendices III prohibits use
Cedar Cedrela odoratal. IN VU
Ceiba witch Ceiba pentandra (L.)
LC NE
Gaertn.
Palma prohibits use
Attalea sp.
Corozo
prohibits use
totumo Crescentia cujeteL.
Tabla49. Species of conservation importance. Forest inventory.
NT: Near Threatened; EN: endangered; LC: Least Concern; VU: vulnerable; NE: Not evaluated.
Source: Crew - UIS.
193
7.4.3 WILDLIFE
In addition to the loss of natural forest cover, recent studies have shown similarly the loss of
the natural faunal component, which necessarily require different floristic elements and
products for their survival. On the other hand, it is important to note that local wildlife has also
been affected by the hunt for human consumption and hunt for 'protection' against dangerous
animals considered for humans and their pets, such as snakes, bats, among others. The
species recorded area in taxa such as birds (22 spp.), Reptiles (10 spp.) And mammals. For
more detail is demand to the environmental study.
7.4.4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASPECTS

In accordance with the provisions of the PBOT of Piedecuesta, within the classification of the
"Historical Heritage" of the Municipality of Piedecuesta, no property belonging is identified
archaeological or real estate of cultural interest located on rural land in the Valley Guatiguará
or area planning of the National Social Interest Macroproyecto Pienta. the respective
certification issued by the Secretary Piedecuesta Planning (Annex 4 of the Environmental
Assessment) is attached.
7.5 RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES MANDATAD MACROPROJECT

According to the results of the arboreal inventory conducted during the months of February and
March 2012, to carry out the first execution unit of the Macroproyecto the removal of 752 trees
units provides for a total volume removed from 334.41 m3.
As for water consumption by the construction activities, seeking to minimize impacts on this
component it has been chosen to purchase the water required by the Macroproyecto directly
to the Piedecuestana Services Ltd., who manages and purifies the resource for the municipality
of Piedecuesta.
According to calculations performed for 17,000 homes projected total volume of 29,750 m3
water required, and an additional volume of 2,000 m3 of water to embankments and other
requirements are estimated.
Communicated by PTANA 040-0383 of October 1, 2012, the Public Service Piedecuestana -
PDS- (Triple A Company, which provides public Utilities room, Water and Sewerage for the
entire area of jurisdiction of Piedecuesta), grants for feasibility 18,000 homes in the social
interest macroproject valley Guatiguará, Pienta, that viability is contingent upon compliance
with the following commitments:
 Construction of the plant of potable water river Hato and / or Lato.

 Expansion and improvement of the existing plant d water treatment hill captures the golden
river, and optimization of pipeline networks.
 Increased storage capacity through the construction of at least three tanks with the
minimum volume of 3,000 m3 each, in strategic locations in the municipality of Piedecuesta.
 The execution of studies and designs and immediate construction of a new treatment plant
potable water on some of the rivers that surround the municipality of Piedecuesta.
194
 In compliance with the provisions of Article 7 of Decree 302 of 2000, Law 142 of 1994 and
Article 12 of Law 388 of 1997.
 The project must involve the construction of sanitary and storm water networks required
plant and a wastewater treatment approved by the relevant environmental authority.
 In connection with the provision of the service collection, PDS, states that it is able to
provide the service
7.6 ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Based on the characterization of the area of influence of the project; identification and impact
assessment was conducted as a starting point for the development of the project, the most
relevant impacts that will occur over the area of influence of the project as a result of the
construction of the Macroproyecto of Social Interest Valley Guatiguará are presented -
PIENTA-; The analysis includes two scenarios namely the determination of environmental
impacts with and without the project, establishing indicators of vulnerability, sensitivity and
criticality to recognize and clarify the impacts attributable to the project.
Then the matrix scoring and ranking of environmental impacts for the project scenarios phases
of construction and operation, which has been prepared according to the method proposed by
Conesa Fernandez- Vitora 45 occurs. The significance of impacts has been valued based on
the attributes for each of the components of the natural and social environment.
45 Conesa Fernandez - Vitora, V., 1993. Methodological Guide for the Evaluation of Environmental Impact. Mundi editions Press. Madrid.
195
FORMULACIÓN DEL MACROPROYECTO DE INTERÉS SOCIAL DEL VALLE DE GUATIGUARÁ EN PIEDECUESTA, SANTANDER,
ÁREA METROPOLITANA DE BUCARAMANGA.
COMPONENTS ATTRIBUTES O CLASSIFICATIO

PHASE T I EX PB D T RV MT Qual.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS N
Increased
- 4 4 4 1 2 1 1 30 Moderate
particulate material
Increased pollutant
ATMOSPHERIC - 2 2 4 1 2 1 2 20 Moderate
gases
Increased noise
- 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 21 Moderate
level
Affectation of
underground water - 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 11 Irrelevant
PHYSICAL
resources
HYDROLOGIC Affectation of the

- 1 2 1 4 2 2 2 18 Moderate
hydraulic dynamics
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Water Quality
- 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 19 Moderate
Affectation
Erosion and soil
- 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 14 Irrelevant
GEOSPHERIC loss
Slope Instability - 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 16 Irrelevant
Alteration of
LANDSCAPE - 4 8 8 4 2 2 8 62 Severe
landscape quality
Affectation of
vegetation cover - 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 22 Moderate
(type)
Vegetation
BIÓTICO
Biomass Removal
- 2 2 4 2 2 4 2 24 Moderate
(Volume)
WILDLIFE Wildlife Affectation - 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 26 Moderate
Ecosystem
ECOSYSTEM - 1 2 1 4 4 4 4 24 Moderate
disruption
ECONO
Affectation of
MIC
SOCIAL properties and - 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 32 Moderate

homes.
202
IMPACT
COMPONENTS ATTRIBUTES O
PHASE T I EX PB D T RV MT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS QUAL. CLASSIFICATION
Disruption of vehicular
- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Irrelevant
traffic
Increased risk of
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
SOCIAL - 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 22 Moderate
accidents
ECONOMIC Affectation of public
- 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 11 Irrelevant
service networks
Overvaluation of land - 4 4 2 2 1 2 4 31 Moderate
Employment generation + 2 2 4 2 2 1 2 20 Positive

ECONOMIC Involvement of private
- 1 1 4 2 2 2 1 16 Irrelevant
and state Infrastructure
Affectation of economic
- 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 32 Moderate
activities
Increased noise levels - 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 30 Moderate
ATMOSPHERIC
Increased concentration
- 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 30 Moderate
of CO2 gases
PHYSICAL
GEOSPHERIC Destabilization of slopes - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Irrelevant
Impairment of water
- 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 22 Moderate
quality
HYDROLOGIC
Affectation of the
- 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 19 Moderate
hydraulic dynamics
Decrease in vegetation
VEGETATION - 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 30 Moderate
OPERATION
cover
BIOTIC
WILDLIFE Run over wildlife - 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 22 Moderate
Fragmentation of
ECOSYSTEM - 2 1 1 4 2 4 4 23 Moderate
ecosystems
Employment generation
+ 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 36 Positive
and resource
SOCIOECONOMIC
Social development
+ 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 30 Positive
generation of new homes
ECONOMIC
Risk of traffic accidents - 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 19 Moderate
Impairment of quality of
life and health of - 2 2 2 4 2 4 4 26 Moderate
population
203
7.7 THREATS AND RISKS
7.7.1 Delimitation Dimensions and flood-prone areas

In the study of flood hazard in the Macroproyecto Pienta it made by the Union Temporal A, R &
V and Cyzicus Ltda (2010), from the levels reached by different growing, the areas of protection
or insulation were established, taking into account existing rules at national, regional and local
level:
According to Decree No. 2811 of 18 December 1974 Resolution No. 0,001,893 of the December
31, 2010 and Resolution No. 001294 of 29 December 2009 the CMDB:
 A round of protection not less than thirty (30) meters on each side, measured lines flood level with
return period of 100 years for the Rio de Oro and Lato, and Suratoque broken, Chorro Grande The
Red.
According to the guidelines of the Basic Plan of Territorial Planning of the Municipality of Piedecuesta:
 An additional strip of 20 meters operating area of public space, measured from the outer limit of the
round protection for the creation of linear parks of Rio de Oro, Rio Lato and Quebrada Suratoque.
7.7.2 SEISMICITY
According to terms described in Soil Study, the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga, including
the municipality of Piedecuesta and more specifically the areas of this project are located in an
area of high seismic risk given its proximity to the failure of Bucaramanga St. Marta, who spends
about 3 kilometers to the east of the eastern boundary of the project area, and the failure of the
Suarez, who is 8 kilometers from the western side. According to studies for the Sogamoso
Hydroelectric Project, they presented on average 19-20 daily earthquakes in the region,
confirming its location in areas of high seismic risk or seismic hazard zone.
Considering that deformations accumulated not exceed 100 cm in 100 years and the rupture
surface does not exceed 50 km (length continuously from a trace of failure), the design event
corresponds to a magnitude 5 to 6 originated failures in Bucaramanga or Suarez.
7.7.3 LANDSLIDE THREAT
For the evaluation of the threat of landslides phenomena historical events were analyzed in the
study area and surrounding areas, and a deterministic analysis was performed by calculating
safety factors by the method of limit equilibrium.
According to As reported in Soil Study for the area of the project, it is possible to conclude that
the batch poses no threat by sliding the subsurface soil to the saturated by rain, however the
analysis with infinite slope evidence the presence of low threat glide.
207
Therefore, for the construction phase, it is proposed as measures to mitigate the construction of
a drainage system for handling runoff and cut slope 0.5H: 1V in excavations.
It is recommended cement under loose soil (soil competent level).
7.7.4 ANALYSIS VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability is the degree of loss or destruction of a stated element or group of elements at risk
as a result of the occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a given magnitude 46. For evaluation
of the level of vulnerability of the area has been applied Macroproyecto Pienta the classification
described by Imiriland47.
According to the study as reported in soils of the project area has a low threat to landslides as
indicated by safety factors using limit equilibrium methods. However, a share of the project may
present some elements that generate vulnerability indices.
The value of physical vulnerability obtained (IV = 0.18), indicating the possibility that some local
damage, however represents an acceptable level of vulnerability for the geotechnical situation
of the area of the proposed project. Economic and social vulnerability are very low, therefore
should not be expected affectation people.
Because the area of the project has a low threat sliding, no impairment is expected to average
related environment with this phenomenon, but by the generation of sediment and debris if rains
occur during the construction of the project.
However, only areas considered as having some degree of environmental vulnerability, areas
along the Rio de Oro and streams Chorro Grande Suratoque and La Colorada.
7.7.5 EVALUATION RISKY
It is defined as the expected risk of human lives lost, people injured, property damage and
economic and environmental losses related to the occurrence of a certain fenómeno48 number.
Due to the absence of sufficient information for conducting a risk analysis for quantitative area
of the Macroproyecto, it has opted for a qualitative analysis, which involves assessing threats,
risk factors and vulnerabilities qualitatively.
To describe the results of the risk assessment have been used risk levels specified by the
Regional Autonomous Corporation for the Defense of the Bucaramanga Plateau (high, medium
and low). According to As reported in Soil Study for the area of the project, the risk level is
generally low, except for the areas around streams that cross in the project, for which a medium
level of risk is reported.
46 Varnes, D.J., and the International Association of Engineering Geology Commission on Landslides and Other Mass Movements, 1984.
Landslide hazard zonation: A review of principles and practice. Natural Hazards, vol. 3, Paris, France. UNESCO, 63
47 Imiriland, 2007. Relevant to ASSESS Vulnerability and Risk criteria. Torino, Italy.
208
Zone Threat Vulnerability Risk

Draft Low Low Low
Slopes of Half Half Means,

rivers and medium
streams.
Table 51. Risk Assessment for the Macroproyecto area.
Source: Soil Study - UIS.
Graphic 51. Zoning Map Threats and Risks.

Source: Soil Study - UIS.
7.8 ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES

Pienta - based on the Environmental Assessment Programs and Projects Environmental
Management for the Construction of the Social Interest Macroproyecto Valley Guatiguará,
Piedecuesta, Santander, Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area were defined.
Specifically, emphasis is on aspects concerning proper protection and resource conservation

and in particular, is aimed at formulating guidelines for action to counter the risks and negative
effects that may occur during the development of the work.
Programs Environmental Management are organized into four (4) components corresponding
to the main major environmental and social issues: Programs the Middle Abiotic Programs, the
Biotic Environment, Social Programs Management Programs Hygiene, Safety and
Occupational Health.
Each program contains one or more management sheets that have been made from
environmental assessment, after performing interdisciplinary work in which the elements of the
environment were analyzed with the possible involvement and degree of deterioration that the
220
construction process can generate.

Management chips that make up the Environmental Management Plan contain the following
information:
 Objective: It is specifically indicated the precise purpose and which is intended to develop
the activity.
 Application site: the location of the site, area or path where the measure is executed is
indicated.
 Goal: Corresponds to the expected results to be achieved and the application of
environmental management measures described in the tab.
 Controlling impacts: Specific impacts are identified to manage each program and its
location within the area of influence of the project.
 Type of measure: It provides that preventive action, protection, control, mitigation,
restoration, recovery or compensation activity develops.
 Benefited population: Identifies individuals who will benefit from the development of the
activities described in the management tab. This field is only included in the files of the
Program of the Middle Socioeconomic.
 Participatory mechanisms and strategies Describe the methods used to ensure the
involvement of the subjects identified in the program. This field is only included in the files
of the Program of the Middle Socioeconomic.
 Execution Stage: It refers to one of the phases of the project (preconstruction,
construction, post-construction) and indicates the time of the project in which the record of
the environmental management plan is implemented.
 Description of activities: Indicates the activities for which management measures
described must be considered the tab and therefore are likely to generate impacts.
 Actions to be taken: Corresponds to the specific measures to be taken to control or
environmental management impact.
 Responsible for implementation: Identifies the company, entities and organizations that
directly assume the responsibility for the implementation of the measure. Additionally, it
indicated by specialty, professional and technical personnel required for execution.
 Required staff: indicates the type and number of staff required for the development of the
activities covered by the environmental management tab.
 Tracking and monitoring: mechanisms and monitoring indicators, amenability and
monitoring are indicated to be used, such as sampling, observations, results and
effectiveness of the measure medium (physical-biotic or social environment), degree of
community involvement.
 Schedule: They indicated, approximately, the months will be devoted to the development
of each of the activities covered by environmental management tab, considering a duration
of works of 2 years. The schedule presented is only indicative and should be adapted to
the duration of the works to be established with the final designs.
Below the list of related programs and environmental management chips for each
environmental component. The costs for the implementation of the Environmental
Management Plan are estimated in the environmental study.
220
Program Sheet No. Draft
Materials Handling and Transportation

File No. 1
Leftover Excavation
Handling and disposal of the overburden
File No. 2
material
File No. 3 Conformation handling and storage areas
Soil
Management File No. 4 Tali management and reshaping Field
File No. 5 Loan Management Areas
File No. 6 Construction Materials Handling
File No. 7 Solid Waste Management and Special

Liquid Waste Management, Fuels, Oils and
File MH 1
Fats
Water
Resource Sediment Control and Stormwater
File MH 2
Management Management
File MH 3 Management of Watercourses Cruces
Air Resource Resource Management Emissions and Noise

File MA 1
Management Control Vehicle
Table 52. Ratio Sheets Environmental Management Programs Middle Abiotic or physical.
Source: Crew - UIS.
Program Sheet No. Draft
File MV 1 Removal and Transplantation Vegetation

Vegetation
File MV 2 Waste Management Plant
management
File MV 3 revegetation
Wildlife File MF 1 Terrestrial Wildlife Rescue
management File MF 2 Protection and Conservation of Habitats
Table 53. Ratio Sheets Environmental Management Programs of the Biotic Environment.
Source: Crew - UIS.
Programs Sheet No. Draft

Education and training of personnel involved
File GS 1
in the project
File GS 1 Information and Community Involvement
Support for Institutional Capacity
File GS 1
Social Management
management File GS Training, Education and Awareness adjacent
1
to the Community Project
File GS 1 Local Manpower Recruitment
File GS 1 Archaeological prospection
Table 54. Ratio Sheets Programs Middle socioeconomic status.

Source: Crew - UIS.
220
7.9 PROGRAMS TRACKING AND MONITORING

7.9.1 Program monitoring and control
Monitoring is the set of decisions and planned activities for compliance success indicators,
which must be established for each proposed projects target different programs, for which
monitoring and control indicators were defined.
In the environmental study are proposed for each project as indicated in the environmental
guidelines, some indicators for monitoring and control. However, other indicators may be
designed and approved, as other needs are defined.
7.9.2 PROGRAM MONITORING
It is understood by monitoring observation, measurement and repetitive evaluation and

continuous information on health and / or environment, or technical data with defined purposes,
according to schedules preset in space and time, and using comparative methods to infer and
gather information.
Environmental Study in the most common monitoring performed in infrastructure projects are
defined. Periodicity and parameters assessed at each be defined by monitoring environmental
audit or Competent Environmental Authority in administrative events.
The environmental specialist shall submit a detailed report of the monitoring, including a plane
where the sampled points are located, the sampling methodology, results of monitoring,
analysis and interpretation of findings, recommendations and corrective actions to take if is the
case, and the relevant annexes of the results.
7.10 CONTINGENCY PLAN

the contingency plan taking into account natural, technological and social threats that may
arise in order to assess their implications and formulate or set up measures for prevention,
control and care and thus ensure the integrity of workers defined, community and of the
environment, complying with current regulations. vulnerability - - risk for this purpose the results
of the threat analysis is taken into account. For a detailed description of the Contingency Plan
is forward to the environmental study.
7.11 SYSTEM POWPA AND WTP

It develops as an annex to this Technical Support Document.
220
CHAPTER IV: THE SYSTEM VIAL MACROPROJECT

8 STRUCTURE VIAL.
8.1 AFFECTATIONS BY ARTERIAL ROAD PLAN AND ZONAL.

The road network of the macro is defined by the vials under the POT Metropolitan Area
Bucaramanga and complemented by the road design not approved in the Agreement. 28, 2003
(Basic Plan of Territorial Planning of the Municipality of Piedecuesta, Piedecuesta PBOT
onwards).
Chart 52. Metropolitan Road System

Source: urban logistics plans for managing cargo pilot cities: Barranquilla and
Bucaramanga, Nov 2008.
Thus, at the national and regional levels, access to the Macroproyecto is made from
Bucaramanga Piedecuesta Highway or via National Bucaramanga-Bogotá. Zonal connections
are made by Roadway collected in the Metropolitan Road Plan and PBOT of Piedecuesta.
These are:
8.1.1 EXTERNAL METROPOLITAN VIAL RING (HIGHWAY PALOGORDO- PIEDECUESTA OWP OF THE
AMB).
Via Metropolitan Primary category that communicates with Piedecuesta Girón, and in Sector
Tres Esquinas intersects with Highway Bucaramanga Piedecuesta or national Bucaramanga-
Bogota route. In the short term it will serve as the regional track and long term must be
transformed into an urban structuring way of the Valleys Guatiguará, Palogordo and Llano
Grande and support the Mass Transit System. They have a length of 10 km and a type 7 road
profile of a two-lane road for the first term of the PBOT and a type 4 profile two carriageways
220
with two lanes, the medium term.
The objectives of the Ring Road Outer Metropolitan are:
 Connected by a ring road the Piedecuesta with Giron

 Dirigir el tráfico proveniente del sur del país y Bogotá que se dirige al norte, zona industrial,
Magdalena medio y norte del país conecte directamente con las dos puertas de salida norte y
occidente.
 En un futuro esta vía adecuada será el eje estructurante de las áreas funcionales de Llano
Grande y Palogordo.
Chart 53. Location External Metropolitan Ring Road

Source: Plan territorially physical system AMB
8.1.2 CROSS OF GUATIGUARÁ (SOUTHERN RING POT GUATIGUARÁ IN THE AMB).
Via Metropolitan secondary category, part from the encircle of Mensuli through the Highway
Bucaramanga Piedecuesta to connect with the Encircle of Guatiguará. It has a length of 3.3
km and a road profile type 4 two carriageways with two lanes.
8.1.3 ENCIRCLE OF GUATIGUARÁ (NORTH RING POT GUATIGUARÁ IN THE AMB).
Via Metropolitan secondary category. Bucaramanga Piedecuesta connects the highway with
Encircle Palogordo- Piedecuesta. It has a length of 7 km and a road profile type 4 two
carriageways with two lanes. It has a profile road type 6, two carriageways with two lanes.
220
8.1.4 RING ROAD CENTRAL PIEDECUESTA OR INNER RING.
Character Tertiary route. Encircle of Guatiguará connects with the ring External Vial
Metropolitan. It has a road section 12.5 m and a total length of 7.5 km, of which: 1.9 Km in said
via, and 5.6 Km new route.
Profile Section Width
No. No. wide Platform and

First name TYPE Separator Berm
Calzada Carriles driveway Z. green
METROPOLITAN PRIMARY ROADS
7 (4)
External Metropolitan
1 (2) 2 (4) 7 Variable No (5) 2.0
Ring Road Short term
METROPOLITAN SECONDARY ROADS
4
Encircle of
Medium 2 4 7 Variable Min. 2.5 No
Guatiguará
term
Transversal of 4
2 4 7 Variable 5.0 No
Guatiguará Short Term
TERTIARY METROPOLITAN ROUTES
Ring Road Central 6

Medium 1 2 7 No Min. 2.5 No
Piedecuesta
term
Table 55. Summary of profiles projected pathways.
Source: AMB – 2010
8.2 PROPOSAL OF EQUIPMENT

8.2.1 Centers and freight logistics centers and service vehicles and drivers load
The study of urban logistics plans for managing cargo pilot cities, prepared by Steer Davies
Gleave, Nov. 2008, proposed freight logistics centers and care centers and service vehicles
and driver’s cargo for the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga.
To the municipality of Piedecuesta, the strategic area is located on the Bogota-Bucaramanga,

via located in the suburban area of the municipality of Piedecuesta, called "industry three
corners" in the vicinity of the industrial zone of the Valley of Guatiguará. This strategic area is
made by the PBOT of Piedecuesta with use of "metropolitan development for the location of
transport terminals, patios and transit traffic, among others," development is subject to the
development of a zonal development plan:
 Specialized centers where services are provided to drivers, vehicles and cargo generally
located on major freight corridors and logistics centers and warehousing.
 Services to vehicles maneuvering yards, parking lots, gas station, workshop, parts sales
dealer.
220
Chart 54. Cargo Logistics Centers and care and service vehicles.
Source: Steer Davies Gleave, Nov 2008
 Services to individuals and businesses: hotel, restaurant, bank, employment office, convention centers,
public transport, information technology services and communications, electricity, water, waste
collection and recycling; and
 General Other services: 24-hour security, closed premises, closed circuit communication, controlled
access, visitor reception center.
Chart 55. Sector West Piedecuesta road projects

Source: POT - AMB. own calculations
220
8.3 MOBILITY
The area of the Macroproyecto has high road connectivity and has high possibilities of
articulation with the metropolitan road system, the mass transportation system. Guatiguará in
the valley, the shuttle service is provided by Piedecuesta transport through buses at a
frequency of every 15 minutes. 31% of trips in the municipality of Piedecuesta are destined
central Bucaramanga
As for public transport, you have an old fleet, since about 40% have more than 20 years and
must be replaced soon by new types of vehicles. Private transport acquires greater force every
day, and estimates that its share will increase in the number of trips, due to the significant
increase in the number of cars.
The road system has an adequate degree of traffic signals and appropriate expansion plans.
as yet, it related to horizontal and vertical signage, and System Administration develop specific
plans that allow more efficient operation of the current system is required.
Chart 56. Distribution of trips by mode of transport

Source: Bucaramanga Metropolitan Development Plan
In the corridor Bucaramanga Piedecuesta two types of demand generated for the transport
system of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga: local and long distance. Local demand, with
about 25,000 trips per day, is satisfied mainly by public transport using the Floridablanca Giron
highway and then the street 15. The long-distance trips use the beltway, to proceed to the north
of the country.
This is a runner highly vulnerable as it constitutes the only alternative (four lanes) connection
Piedecuesta, added to the cargo and to the extent that this further development and urban
growth will tend to overload the corridor.
Promoting the development of new centers will prevent the concentration of existing travel
corridors, and possibly allow current lower the cost of transportation.
220
It should examine the availability of space and technological alternatives for the implementation
of the "Solobus" system. The urban aspect should play a key role in selecting the type of
infrastructure the "Solobus".
It is necessary to improve road integration of the municipality of Piedecuesta and reduce their
vulnerability.
For the municipalities of Floridablanca and Piedecuesta and mobility on the highway
Floridablanca-Piedecuesta is convenient generating an external variant for the mobility of the
regional and national traffic.
MUNICIPAL MOBILITY PLAN
In accordance with the provisions of the Municipal Decree No. 088 (30 July 2008) 49, the
Municipality adopts generally the following projects (Article 11):
 Study vial hierarchy.

 Implementation of corridors for bike paths.
 Other road projects, which must be executed with lower priority projects in road public
transport and freight corridors specialization.
Structuring of the system mobility: Mobility System will be structured having as axis the Public
Transportation System Piedecuesta, based on the provisions of this decree, and under the
conditions laid down in the Act. 310, 1996, its regulations and amending regulations, and other
provisions for the integration of the public transport and mass.
PROJECTS
For the effectiveness of policies also raised projects concerning infrastructure and road safety
are discussed in this decree, the following projects will be advanced:
a) Construction of pedestrian networks: They seek adequate assurance routes for non-motorized
mobility, which logically connect the main centers of local activity under environmental concepts,
safety, optimum infrastructure and connectivity.
For its implementation, they will be studied in detail and for each specific project aspects
such as capacity, density, service levels and control devices, but also conditions of the
user population about their vulnerability, threat perceptions, technical requirements for
disabled reduced, and any other circumstances that may influence their use. To this end,
pilot projects will be established in the short term.
b) Creating network of cycle routes: Aims to develop an image of comfort and safety, demarcated
and signposted right with cityscape and the user, with other road users, especially pedestrians and
people with disabilities, and consist of:
49 By
which the municipal mobility plan for the municipality of Piedecuesta, including the ordering of parking lots, and other provisions are
adopted.
221
 Promote proper and responsible use of Ciclorrutas that have infrastructure in good condition
in terms of specifications, maintenance and connectivity.
 Road safety audits, the recommendations should be addressed by the district entities.
 To provide them with complementary street furniture, which guarantee access to these to
disabled holders.
 Provide facilities or furniture for bicycle parking, not only to facilitate modal shift, but to those
areas, away from other transport modes, as required.
 Have vegetal elements in green areas, porches, gardens, soft partitions, slopes,
landscaping, with not only environmental or aesthetic purposes, but to isolate, mitigate
impacts, characterize, giving hierarchies, and facilitate the free use of space.
NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT PROJECTS.

 Project formulation pedestrian networks.
 Creating network of cycle routes in the medium and long term.
INTEGRATED MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM (IMTS) METROLÍNEA

Metrolínea is based on a mass transit system that involves the trunk concept feeder, to optimize
the operation, facilitating the modernization of equipment and use the most appropriate for
urban mobility infrastructures way, as evidenced by a document Conceptual Design.
The implementation of this new system brings about the transformation of the concept of shuttle
service takes into account the need to modify it understood by urban public space and promote
a new culture of respect and priority in the pedestrian and vehicular circulation in the city.
The main elements of the system for AMB are:
 Routes system including trunk routes are located, the pre routes - trunk (auxiliary), the
feeder routes and supplementary routes.
 Integration terminals and stopping stations, defined as physical infrastructure strategically
located in the main runners, whose function is to facilitate the passage of user’s feeder
routes to trunk routes or pre-stem and vice versa.
 Its design allows mobility and accessibility also to persons with limited capabilities.
For its part, stop stations are infrastructures that you are located in the main corridors at
distances ranging from 300 to 700 meters. Fulfill the function of input and output allow users
to trunk routes.
 Portals, courtyards and workshops, which are located at strategic points where it closes the circuit of
several transport units, placing one of these points in the municipality object of this study -
Piedecuesta-. In turn, the yards and workshops are physical infrastructure where services are
provided parking, maintenance and repair of units Mass Transit System.
 The types of vehicles that will be used by the BRT will be articulated buses: up to 160 passengers,
the standard buses up to 105 passengers, conventional buses: with 60 passengers and minibus with
40 passengers. The latter, alternately and while transforming technology may be used given the
222
current buses that meet minimum age requirements, configuration and security.
 The preferential treatment to mass transportation means busway segregated runners along which the
trunk routes
 Charging system through the smart card.
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 1: BUCARAMANGA - PIEDECUESTA

For the construction of the BRT Metrolínea they were defined three stages of implementation
and implementation, taking into account the progress and / or budgetary and administrative
difficulties.
57. Graph Settings Metrolínea in Phase 1

Source: Conceptual Design Metrolínea. AMB and UIS.
223
This figure shows the general configuration of Phase 1 Metrolínea Bucaramanga -

Piedecuesta. This system would transfer terminals 4, two main routes, pre-trunk routes 8, 8
and 36 feeder routes complementary routes.
TYPE QUANTITY
Portals 3
Transfer stations 1
Stop Stations (Left Door) 11
Stop Stations (Right Door) 3
Km of exclusive lanes (Trunks) 2,7
Km of preferential lanes (pretroncales) 41,3
Km of Via for feeders 13,5
Table 56. Infrastructure required in Phase 1
Source: Conceptual Design Metrolínea. AMB and UIS.
Chart 58. IMTS in the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga.

Source: Metrolínea 2010
PORTAL METROLÍNEA IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF PIEDECUESTA
Portal Metrolínea to develop (Property No. 010010830001000), has an area of 75,000 sqm,
located on the right bank of the freeway Bucaramanga - Bogotá. The current use of the land is
classified as residential, but it is currently the subject of change of use of the ground, through
the exceptional review of PBOT of Piedecuesta - 2010.
224
Portal area is surrounded on the south by urban land development for social housing part. In
the east, underfloor developed in traditional housing and the Colombian Petroleum Institute -
ICP. The characteristics of adjacent properties to the north area are: developing urban land for
traditional housing and land for expanding traditional housing, as seen in the map below:
Chart 59. Location Portal Metrolínea in the municipality of Piedecuesta

Source: Metrolínea -2010
60. Graphic Design Portal Metrolínea urbanístico- Piedecuesta

Source: Metrolínea -2010.
225
8.4 STUDY OF TRAFFIC
8.4.1 CURRENT SITUATION

GEOGRAPHIC SITUATION
The municipality of Piedecuesta was founded on 26 July 177650. This municipality limits the
north with Tona and Floridablanca, on the south by Guaca, Cepitá, Aratoca and Saints; Santa
Barbara in the east and the West with Girón. Piedecuesta has an old town settled over the
valley of the River of gold, which has generated a radial growth around its nucleus, and has
established itself as an epicenter for the development of new expansions, as are the Valleys
Guatiguará and Mensulí. The towns in rural areas make up an area of 986 Ha approximate
and are represented by Umpalá, Pescadero, Seville and La Esperanza, which provide a
function of basic services to the villages that make up these sectors; there are other lesser
settlements, but no less important as La Vega, Buenos Aires and the Netherlands and a
number of sets which combine housing in suburban areas as Mensulí, Tablanca,
Barroblanquito and Los Cacaos. The present urban area has an area of 950 Ha representing
1.99% of the total area of the town.
POPULATION
The municipality of Piedecuesta has grown at a considerable rate during the period 1985-
20010, although the four municipalities of the metropolitan area Piedecuesta ranks last in
population share relative to the total of the AMB51. According to data published by the National
Administrative Department of Statistics DANE, it is considered that the increase in population
in this municipality has been given in recent years as a result of the availability of existing soil
for the expansion of the AMB.
The population of the Piedecuesta consists of nearly 79% for the urban structure and 21% in
rural areas, unlike the other two municipalities (Bucaramanga and Florida). Piedecuesta grew
by 66,500 people from 1985 to 2005, ie, from 47,605 to 116,914 people. This growth is partly
explained by the accelerated plateau and the high cost of housing that was built in
Bucaramanga settlement, which supply construction shifted to this town.
However, with an area of 344 km2 the population density of the Piedecuesta, resulting from
the calculation of the number of inhabitants and the surface of the municipality, shows that by
1985 the population density was 108.3 hab is calculated / km2 also for the 2004 population
density was estimated to be 261.3 / km2. The relative decline in growth rates per capita density
is proportional to the increase that has taken over the years the population of this town, which
is why there has been no occupation in the same percentage of two decades ago.
50 Fromdifferent sources consulted the founding date of the municipality does not match an exact date, it is stated the concurrent.
51 Thecensus conducted in 2005 and projections of previous years (1994-2004), are subject to change during the time as municipal and
departmental entities are authorized to make clarifications data regarding the information presented by DANE.
226
AUTOMOTIVE PARK
Analyzing the participation of the municipality in the total of the number of vehicles registered
in the AMB, it found on average during the review period the Piedecuesta contributed a small
share (2%) to the level of motorization of the AMB. Examining the period for years, must be
the years of highest percentage of participation are, in order, 1996, 1995, 1997 and 1998, with
rates of 5.8%, 5.6%, 5.4% and 4.3% respectively
In 1990, the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area had about 33 vehicles per thousand inhabitants.
In the last two decades, the rate of car ownership has increased significantly and exceeded
the growth rates of the population, according to data at the end of 2009 (see table below). Ie,
the growth rate of vehicles in the AMB is increasing faster than the rate of population growth.
AMB
Population AMB
YEAR TOTAL
Veh_1000 hab
CAR
1990 769659 25552 33.20
1991 791472 26,665 33.69
1992 813212 28,319 34.82
1993 834870 31,382 37.59
1994 856405 34,781 40.61
1995 877621 38,198 43.52
1996 898168 41169 45.84
1997 917730 44,420 48.40
1998 935981 47,917 51.19
1999 952596 49,100 51.54
2000 967249 50,532 52.24
2001 980011 52259 53.32
2002 991953 54503 54,95
2003 1003224 57270 57.09
2004 1013963 59096 58.28
2005 1024350 62108 60.63
2006 1034916 65819 63.60
2007 1045109 71325 68.25
2008 1055194 77979 73.90
2009 1065087 84555 79.39
Table 57. Accrued cars and inhabitants of the relationship AMB 1990-2009
Source: Data from the Ministry of DANE and Transporte52.
A revising the level of motorization car within the total vehicle fleet in Piedecuesta found that
the level of car auto Piedecuesta is much lower in the periods 1990- 1993 and 1999-2005, and
only increases significantly for 1995 and 1997.
52
Taken from http://www.mintransporte.gov.co:8080/inflinea/InfAutomotores.aspx
53
For terms of the graph, I was grouped with cars, vans and jeeps.
227
As for the three different kinds of automóviles53 it can be inferred that the car is the vehicle
that greater participation is among the three classes of vehicles registered in the municipality,
followed by trucks and jeeps with total vehicle 501, 164 and 65, respectively, for the entire
period 1990-2009. Thus, increased motorization implies that the cars number per thousand
people is incrementando54; however, this effect should be aware that taking the total number
of vehicles registered in the municipality of Piedecuesta, may be underestimating the number
of cars that actually moving in, because we must recognize that in the area registered cars
circulating in other cities of the country. Anyway, if this situation occurs, set in a systematic and
proportional in all periods studied. That is why, through time, the conclusions remain valid for
the model and own purposes of this analysis.
In the review the level of motorization of motorcycles within total vehicle fleet in the municipality
of Piedecuesta, it was found that the level of motorization motorcycle in Piedecuesta is much
lower in the periods 1990- 1993 and 2000-2003, and only increases significantly in the years
1995-1998 and 2004-2007. Also, analyzing the participation of the municipality in the total
vehicle fleet of registered motorcycles every year (during the analysis period) relative to the
total motorcycles registered in the WBA, it was found that the group motorcycles registered
from 1990 to 2009 these barely an average of 2% relative to the total of registered vehicles in
the same period in the AMB.
ACCESSIBILITY AND CONNECTIVITY
The area of influence of the National Social Interest Macroproyecto Pienta has an area of
124.98 hectares, is located in the Valley of Guatiguará Piedecuesta Municipality. Limited to
the north of the Transversal Guatiguará; to the south by the Rio de Oro; to the East with broken
path that connects to the Transverse Guatiguará and broken Colorada; and to the West with
the Metropolitan Ring Road that comes from the Valley of Palogordo in the municipality of
Girón.
A limits the reach of the WWTP, the polygon bounded by bordering this space axis Gorge
Suratoque, until it meets the edge of the site of the WWTP following in southeast direction to
the axis of the Gorge Colorada. Southbound following the course of the Rio de Oro is resumed.
The main shaft connecting the Macroproyecto with Piedecuesta and the metropolitan area is
the cross of Guatiguará, which allows access to the Portal Metrolínea, towards which could in
the future to connect a broker power or trunk from the Macroproyecto and Piedecuesta. It is
proposed that the trunk or power brokers use Metrolínea metropolitan routes, particularly the
Transversal de Guatiguará and Central Ring Piedecuesta.
ORIGIN AND DESTINATION OF TRAVEL

For the Master Plan Mobility Piedecuesta was estimated that originated trips and attracted to
this town - which has a population of 143.804 inhabitants by 2012 according to projections
DANE represent less than 10% of total trips made daily in Bucaramanga its metropolitan area,
of which 26.3% are trips attracted by the municipality, generated and remaining 27.55%
46.15% correspond to trips made within the municipality.
54
Or, what it is the same, the number of people per car decreases.
228
In analyzing intercity trips or from Piedecuesta shows that Bucaramanga represents 84% of
trips of this nature, confirming the territorial dynamics stated above, followed by Floridablanca
with a share of 13% and ultimately Girón with such only 3%, as summarized below:
Distribution of travel
% Bucaramanga Floridablanca Girón
was Piedecuesta 26.30% 83.6% 13.3% 3.1%
from Piedecuesta 27.55% 84.5% 12.7% 2.8%
internal 46.15% --- --- ---
Table 58. Distribution of metropolitan travel associated with the municipality of Piedecuesta
As for travel purposes which was established for the municipality of Piedecuesta 70% of trips
made daily are due to work reasons, 21% for study and remaining 9% for other purposes such
as shopping, errands, recreation, among others; in terms of modal distribution was determined
that approximately a quarter of the daily trips are made on non-motorized transport (cycling or
walking), corresponding purely internal travel, while more than 60% of the inhabitants use
public transport to travel mainly Bucaramanga and Florida, and another remaining 20% do
motorcycle or car. However, studying the flows on the road network it was observed based on
vehicular traffic counts conducted in Piedecuesta 65% of vehicles accounted corresponded to
motorcycles,
modal distribution of traffic flows

modal distribution of trips
61. Graphic modal distribution of travel and vehicular flows in Piedecuesta
Finally, in order to model the allocation of travel estimated road network of the first phase of
the Macroproyecto housing Pienta this flow it was determined in the peak time of the transport
system, which according to the counts done in studies developed by the Industrial University
of Santander between 2009 and 2011 corresponds to the time slot between 6:45 and 7:45 am
which equals 9.2% of total daily trips; thus obtaining that in rush hour the MISN Pienta cause
a vehicle load on the road network of about 1,010 light vehicles, 2,500 motorcycles, transit
buses 110 and 225 trucks.
ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE
As the only way existing and access to the Macroproyecto is Transversal Guatiguará, which
has a cross section as shown below mentioned above.
229
23. Transverse Guatiguará Photography.
The initial section is existing a path of a road paved dual sense an approximate length of 2.0
kilometers then continues as a dirt with said sectors in some way.
Except for this route there is currently no other road axis to allow access to the Macroproyecto.
TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE
In the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga Plateau, the public transport service is currently
provided under two modalities: Mass Transit and Transport Collective.
Mass Transit, which operates under the name Metrolínea is in gradual process defined
assembly as the first phase, which aims to reach a coverage of 66% of the total public transport
trips in the metropolitan area in the next two or three years, depending on the pace of
construction of the necessary infrastructure for it. Meanwhile, public transport continues to
operate today under the same conditions and premises with which it has done over recent
years and serves the population that is not covered by bulk mode; currently is serving 16% of
the total public transport trips, participation should decrease to the extent that the Mass Transit
System.
Whereas the demand for public transport is one that the transport authority is the Metropolitan
Area and that both systems are closely interrelated it is necessary that actions are
implemented for each mode understanding that it is a single "public transport system" that it is
complemented harmonically and that do not compete with each other.
PUBLIC COLLECTIVE TRANSPORT COMPLEMENTARY
To provide public transit service are authorized 11 companies duly authenticated transport.
Currently the public transport service is provided by 11 companies that have a total fleet of
1,325 vehicles, distributed buses, vans and microbuses, then these companies are listed.
230
Of these 11 companies there are 2 having as one of its main areas of operation the Municipality
of Piedecuesta, these companies are Villa de San Carlos SA and TransPiedecuesta.
Then the total number of vehicles (buses, minibuses and microbuses included) belonging to
the two companies mentioned above also the percentage interest shown by the company with
respect to total assets vehicles each year shown.
TOTAL TOTAL%
BUSINESS
2010 2003 2010 2003
VILLA San Carlos SA 31 43 2.3 2.3
PIEDECUESTA TRANSPORT SA
176 199 13.3 10.4
Table 59. Vehicle Fleet percentage share
Source: Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga
CURRENT 2003
Do not BUSINESS
BUS buseta MINIBUS BUS buseta MINIBUS
PIEDECUESTA
8 8 123 Four. Five 139 60 0
TRANSPORT SA
TRANSPORTATIO
10 N VILLA San eleven twenty 0 43 0 0
Carlos SA
Table 60. Fleet vehicle for companies operating in Piedecuesta
Source: Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga
MASIVE TRANSPORT SYSTEM

The development of the system was raised by Metrolínea phases, which are discussed below,
in accordance with the definitions provided for structuring the project.
 Phase I. This phase is entirely constructed and operative, and make the following runners:
Carrera 15, Diagonal 15, Highway Floridablanca, Carrera 27 and Par Road streets 10 and
11.
 Phase II: In addition to infrastructure of Phase I, the operation on the runners Highway
PIEDECUESTA, Race 33 and runners Real Citadel Minas expected.
 Phase III: In addition to the infrastructure of Phase I and II, the operation is expected on
the highway corridors Giron and the way to the sea to the north of the plateau.
It is clear that due to the current lack of development in the area where will be built the MISN55
Pienta does not exist at the time the offer of urban public transport system, why scheme
proposed routes that had the capacity to meet the demand for travel by public transport to and
from the project, offering a level of service according to a mass transit system using runners-
enabled transit by road profile and preserving the operational scheme existing in the
municipality: trunked system powered on Pienta basin and integration into the trunked system
in the two transfer stations and the ability to integrate with other feeder routes in service in the
town of Piedecuesta.
55 Macroproject National Social Interest.
231
To set the system routes an analysis of travel patterns that would demand public transport as
a result of the development of the MISN Pienta was performed, identifying the major tours take
place and from Bucaramanga, Floridablanca and the town of Piedecuesta. Because the
schema course does not provide direct services between the project and Bucaramanga and
Floridablanca, we decided to consider two major power lines: first he drove into the town and
the eastern side of the municipality of Piedecuesta to transfer the headend and a second that
would allow integration with trunked services to and from Bucaramanga and Floridablanca and
the north side of Piedecuesta whose transfer would take place on the Portal of Piedecuesta,
The following figure shows the two power paths formed by the aforementioned guidelines,
where the route named Route 1 depart from the headend present it goes through the center
Piedecuesta by road pair street 7 and 8, scrolling to the Pienta project the transverse
Guatiguará and will travel the road pair there West, the center ring and the inner ring; while
Route 2 provide service from the Portal Piedecuesta, it takes the cross of Guatiguará to reach
the Pienta project, which will travel again the road pair West, the center ring and the inner ring
to return to the portal. As can be seen, the proposed scheme not only guarantees a connection
with Piedecuesta and the rest of the metropolitan area, but also provides full coverage inside
the MISN Pienta.
Urban areas
Routes scheme
Portal Piedecuesta
Header station
town
MISN Pienta
62. Graphic scheme proposed routes for Macroproyecto Pienta.
Finally, an operational analysis scheme proposed for the rush hour the public transport system
in the area of influence of the project (6: 45- 7:45 a.m.) was performed determined for each
route the workload and frequency estimates should be each service, and then calculate the
index of passengers per kilometer (IPK) and a preliminary estimate fleet requirement.
In this vein, for Route 1 a total load expected peak hour of 190 passengers solely by the
influence of MISN Pienta, demand can be met with feeder buses type intervals estimated
seven minutes; Add to this, a total length of 17.8 km would be a minimum requirement fleet of
232
8 buses and feeder type IPK about 2.0 passengers per kilometer, an acceptable value when
compared to the references that have for feeder in Piedecuesta and it could be higher if you
consider that is not contemplating the burden would receive within the urban area of the
municipality.
Moreover, for Route 2 total charge time of 3,180 passengers, given its great comparable
magnitude to those obtained for the pre runners trunks in the BRT Metrolínea expected,
involves the need to raise use buses type standard ( doors on both sides) to provide this
service, which in offering a capacity of about 110 passengers allow set a frequency of a bus
every four minutes to successfully meet the demand; This coupled with the fact that the route
will have a total length of 12.45 kilometers presumes a IPK of 8.8 passengers per kilometer -
like this in the corridors of the pre-core IMTS Metrolínea- and a requirement for fleet rush hour
bus 15 standard type.
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
A performing an analysis of traffic flows and modes (2012 Car Seats) circulating in the
Piedecuesta especially in the village, product of counts made at 25 points, these points 4 were
7 days per 24 hours (Red), 7 points were 2 days by 14 hours (Blue) and fourteen were for a
day at peak hours, which are shown below:
The counts are concentrated on the corridor of national road as is the Highway Floridablanca
- Piedecuesta, which is the output shaft at the initial time of vehicles to come and go to the
Macroproyecto from other municipalities of the AMB.
Peak times were obtained:
 6:45 a.m. to 7:45 a.m.

 11:45 a.m. to 12:45 p.m.
 6:15 pm - 7:15 pm
Here it is shown graphically the analysis made to the corresponding counts to Floridablanca
motorway - Piedecuesta and Transverse Guatiguará.
Graphic 63. Distribution vehicular Piedecuesta time.
233
A performing an analysis on this axis is observed that occupancy rates in the path of
Floridablanca to Piedecuesta (NS direction), for trucks, buses, motorcycles, cars and taxis are
10.4%, 10.4%, 25.7%, 37.5% and 15.9% respectively.
Private transport being the highest occupancy rate that appears in this road section.
In the case of the South direction - North, the behavior of the vehicle fleet transiting this route
is for trucks, buses, motorcycles, cars and taxis 17.9%, 11.7%, 30.2%, 26.5 and 13.7%
respectively% occupancy percentage.
It is noted that the input and output of the Transversal de Guatiguará vehicles for private
transportation are those with the greatest impact on the occupancy rate of the track, followed
by motorcycles, trucks, buses and taxis., Although the amount is not in a value as great as in
the case of Floridablanca highway - Piedecuesta.
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

The existence of signs, road markings and traffic lights in the area of influence of the
Macroproyecto is zero, by being in an area that is currently rural and where the shortage of
vehicles is constant, but performing an analysis of general signage of the town can be seen
that the vertical signals a total of 418 signals, 64% have only one attribute for improvement, ie
218 signals do not meet the dimensions set out in the Manual Signaling, 13 signals are not
well located and cause poor visibility for its users and 40 signals have some feature which
classifies as shabby as dirty board, folded, faded, oxidized support and tilted, bent or oxidized.
Within horizontal signals it found from the total of 585 signals, 17% (99) are in poor condition,
this being determined by the deteriorating condition of the painting, which does not allow easy
and rapid identification of it.
Going into a little more detail and wanting to know if the signals need to improve more than
one attribute represent significant figures are within the vertical signals: 27 do not meet the
dimensioning, and in turn, have poor visibility, 60 do not have good visibility and are in poor
condition, 60 do not meet sizing and are in disrepair, and only 27 violate the three parameters
evaluated, ie, 6.5%, 14.4%, 14.4% and 6.5% in the aforementioned same order, have more
than a negative attribute.
For information signals according to the data base collected shows that the informational signs
up 6%, ie the road inventory information presents 26 signs total of 418 vertical signals. Within
these signals it was found that 46% are in good condition fulfilling the three attributes evaluated
and 29% have only one attribute for improvement.
You need to think about the expansion of the implementation of the system of mass transit
routes passenger establishing functional requirements in this regard to ensure the efficiency
of the proposal, defining the necessary routes and stops.
FUTURE SITUATION
234
As it noted in the previous chapter, future towards, once fully developed the project, an
estimated 140,789 trips will be generated, with the following distribution.
Once known the spatial distribution of travel modal split again was estimated assuming a
similar behavior which currently has the municipality of Piedecuesta where travel within the
project 75% are made in non-motorized, 10% in buses, 8% in motorcycles and to a lesser
extent in automobile; while 42% of intercity travel (including the town of Piedecuesta) be
conducted in public transport buses, motorcycles 35%, 17% on cars and trucks in smaller
proportions in 5%.
For projected inside the area road network the following hierarchy posed profiles in line with
the operation is adopted expected due to the Macroproyecto, and the population living is
expected in this sector and the travel trend that will be generated by the different activities
within and outside the Macroproyecto.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ROAD SYSTEM

In accordance with the adopted Urban Design, profiles of the routes that make it up, take as a
starting point the raised profiles in reviewing the Component Planning Physical - Territorial
Integral Development Plan of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga (PID-AMB) 56, adjusted
to the needs of the Macroproyecto traffic, with the dimensions shown in the table below. For
this projected inside the area road network that hierarchy, which must be received by
Piedecuesta within its municipal road plan will be adopted:
Road hierarchy First name Profile
Metropolitan Road Transversal de Guatiguará PV-1 (44 m)
Network Central ring Piedecuesta PV-3 (33 m)
Encircle of Guatiguará PV-2 (41 m)
Vial mesh intermediate
Par Road West PV-3 (33 m)
or zonal
This pair vial PV-4 (22 m)
Via local with Ciclorrutas PV-6 (8.5 m)
Local vial mesh
Local vial mesh PV-5 (12 m)
Table 61. Hierarchy of the road network macroproject
the following road sections, which must be received by Piedecuesta within its municipal road
plan is adopted. They shall be designed to impose the corresponding reserves.
56
Adopted on December 26, 2011, through the Metropolitan 013 Agreement.
235
Each side Only

Application (as
Profile
background)
Zone Road/ No.
Platform Cycle path Separator
green rail rails
PV-1 (44 2.50 m 3.5 m 3.5 m 3 2.5 m on each 6m transversal
m) side Guatiguará
PV-2 (41m) 2.50 m 3.5 m 3.5 m 3 2.5 m to one 6m Encircle of
side Guatiguará
PV-3 (33 5.0 m - 3.5 m 3 - 2m Central ring
m) Piedecuesta, Par
Road West
PV-4 (22 3m - 3.5 m two - 2m Par Vial This
m)
PV-5 (12 2.5 m - 3,5m one - - Local vial mesh
m)
PV-6 (8.5 2.5 m 3.5 - - 2.5 m - Cycle path
m) proposed
profile
Table 62. Profiles adopted vials
Separators and green areas of platforms should be treated as soft areas, landscaped and
forested with native species.
OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Each of the types of track has a specific function in access to housing, and connectivity with
urban road network, which is why we need is to check whether the raised profile will address
future capacity requirements and service level required by the project.
For this activity the realization of a model of micro simulation to estimate the future behavior of
the road network and also measure the impact on the existing IT infrastructure that will be
loaded with the new flow from the first execution unit raises the macroproject as in the case of
Floridablanca highway - Piedecuesta.
For this reason and with the aim of establishing the operating conditions of the sector study we
have identified the need for a computational tool such for analyzing various alternative solutions
in terms of management of conflict points at intersections and their future behavior.
The simulation is basically to build computer models that describe important aspects of the
behavior of the system in real time; by building and testing the model it is possible to draw
conclusions from their results to support decision-making. The simulation can then experiment
with different solutions model that want to try for evaluation and disposal. Therefore, it is said
that the simulation process is analogous to the process of experimentation carried out by
scientists in laboratories.
This analysis aims to set out the basic criteria used for micro process simulation and analysis
of results for Macroproyecto using software such as TrasnModeler 2.0.
Based on the information collected in the field and the projection made in the process of macro
simulation determining the senses and flows required for structuring traffic simulation was
performed, once established the vials movements of interest for simulation and analyzed the
236
area of influence of the project proceeded to make the structure of the traffic network.
Analysis and determination of traffic flows and structuring network simulation allow traffic
allocation and simulate current conditions and projected the sector analysis. The proposed
assignment was performed by generating a seed matrix travel (obtained in process
macrosimulación) linking the sources and destinations in the network, it being understood that
these are referenced to external nodes of the mesh. This procedure allows to represent so
successful the behavior of network users and facilitates changes in internal nodes and links
(generation of alternatives) without causing disturbances to flows present in the project.
A counting on the seed matrix trips, we proceeded to generate a matrix of total trips between
all network nodes (internal and external nodes), which together with the network simulation
were introduced as inputs in the TrasnModeler platform for traffic allocation. Generating the
trip matrix was made possible by conducting an iterative process assignments calibrated from
the volumetric flows, which considering their spatial character, were correlated using
Spearman rank with the data produced by the model.
Having identified the basic problems of the sector, mobility scenarios analyzed both at the
macro project as metropolitan, and conduct field reconnaissance and tours both vehicular and
pedestrian the results of the modeling process are presented.
The allocations made to the network to measure the benefits of the proposed road
configuration, also take into account all modes of transport such as private transport vehicle
type, motorcycles, public transport and take into account considerations flow non-motorized as
are spaces for bike paths. In the case of simulating traffic these performance levels were
represented by the ratios obtained for each origin-destination pairs in the network. The
following table shows the results of speeds and service levels for each of the runners analyzed.
BASE YEAR 5 YEARS 10 YEARS 20 YEARS

ROAD CORRIDOR
NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph)
Floridablanca Highway - Piedecuesta D 29,7 E 23,5 F 23,5 F 16,1
Transversal of Guatiguará C 36,4 C 31,2 D 31,2 E 20,2
Central Road Ring C 38,2 C 34,2 D 34,2 D 24,2
Internal Vial Ring B 40,5 C 34,1 C 34,1 D 24,1
East - West Road Par B 40,5 C 37,2 C 37,2 D 26,4
Metropolitan roads surrounding the Macro housing project
ROAD CORRIDOR
NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph)
Encircle from Guatiguara C 29,5 C 27,5 D 24,5 D 19,8
Metropolitan External Road Ring C 32,5 C 30,2 D 26,5 E 18,2
Table 63. Results of the process of microsimulation.
These results reveal that all main roads have appropriate behavior and only exhibit marked
deterioration in their level of service for a later period of 15 years of operation except for the
Floridablanca highway - Bucaramanga where a decrease occurs in their NDS from year 10 of
operation of the project, this shows the need for another axis for vehicular passage south -
237
north and north -sur of the AMB as might be the outer Ring Road Metropolitan.
Internal runners project as are the inner ring and the road pair East and West have proper
behavior due having average speeds above 30 kph (Kilometers per hour) until a time threshold
10 years, maintaining NDS C for this period.
ANALYSIS OF INTERSECTIONS
The modeling process identified the points or intersections that would be critical in setting the
Macroproyecto mobility, these points are analyzed:
 Transversal intersection Guatiguará and Central Ring

 Inner Ring intersection and Transversal Guatiguará
 Inner Ring Road and West Par.
 Transversal intersection of Highway Guatiguará and Bucaramanga - Piedecuesta.
In the analysis performed at these intersections I underwent a process of analysis of the

Service Level making projections to meet their future behavior.
The following table reveals that the intersections submit appropriate behavior, but it should be
consideration of the intersection that make up the Transversal de Guatiguará with Highway
Bucaramanga - Piedecuesta and to submit a level of service D at the time when the project
work in its first phase and will tend to reduce its capacity as the vehicle fleet and travel within
the Macroproyecto tend to increase.
ROAD CORRIDOR
NDS V(Kph) NDS V(Kph)
Guatiguara Transverse Intersection and

B B C D
Central Road Ring
Intersection Internal and transverse road ring

B B C D
Guatiguará
Internal Road Ring and West Road Par B B C C

Intersection of the Transverse of Guattiguará
and the Bucaramanga - Piedecuesta D D E F
highway
Chart 61. Analysis of intersections involved in the larger project.

Source: self-made
That is why you should think about the future in a solution underpass or road interchange allow
a connection more direct and safe vehicles come or go to the Macroproyecto by the
Transversal de Guatiguará and connect with the current Bucaramanga highway - Piedecuesta.
8.4 SYSTEM MOBILITY OF THE MACROPROYECTO
Given the guidelines of the PID-AMB and the PBOT of Piedecuesta, the Macroproyecto
integrates with existing elements and projected system metropolitan and municipal road. Some
of the tracks of road plans have not yet consulted reservations or definitive studies, so its layout
238
and profiles were estimated based on the mapping of the PID-AMB and the PBOT of
Piedecuesta.
Other routes that are part of the road plans (Transversal Guatiguará and Central Ring
Piedecuesta) is re-sized according to transport demand estimated Execution Unit 1 of the
Macroproyecto based on the findings and recommendations of the traffic study.
Finally, it is important to note that the current alignment of existing roads (Transversal
Guatiguará and path to the WWTP, renamed Encircle of Guatiguará for its potential continuity
with that projected by the WBA route) on which were plotted resumed profiles dimensioned for
the needs of the Macroproyecto. Then pathways regional and municipal road system in the
context of the Macroproyecto, to which vial the system will connect Macroproyecto described.
8.4.1 REGIONAL ROUTES OUTSIDE THE SCOPE PLANNING
Then, the regional tracks to which connects the Macroproyecto described:
BUCARAMANGA HIGHWAY - PIEDECUESTA (NATIONAL ROAD BUCARAMANGA - BOGOTÁ)

Existing route, first class in the metropolitan road hierarchy, which connects the municipalities
of Bucaramanga and Piedecuesta. On it runs the Metrolínea Mass Transit System currently
has its terminus at the perimeter of the town of Piedecuesta, at the intersection of the highway
with Guatiguará cross. Also, the road has lanes where circulating mixed feeders and private
vehicles. It is also an important corridor for freight transport.
ENCIRCLE PIEDECUESTA - LLANO GRANDE AND METROPOLITAN ROAD RING
Encircle Piedecuesta - Llano Grande is a metropolitan road proposal, which connects the
output to Bogota with the western corridor of the Golden River in the municipality of Girón,
allowing unite directly north and south doors of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga. Its
function is to generate an outer ring of regional character for the metropolitan area in the south
side - western, replacing the first outer ring at the time it is becoming the hub of urbanization
and mass transport of the functional area of Palogordo.
For its part, the Metropolitan Ring Road (Profile 27m). proposal is one-way east-west
connecting with Piedecuesta Girón and intercepting Bucaramanga-Piedecuesta Highway
(National Route of Bucaramanga-Bogotá). In the long term it is suggested that this pathway
must have mass transit and will be consolidated as of the Valleys structure Guatiguará element,
Palogordo and Llano Grande.
The Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga and Piedecuesta should reconsider the usefulness of
the metropolitan beltway, as its layout and function is very similar to that of the Encircle
Piedecuesta - Llano Grande, but although it has not clarified its design, its conceptual route
crosses a flood zone of the river de Oro. according to the study of traffic and urban planning, it
is considered that both pathways should be consolidated into one to structure the territory and
support the mass transit system.
239
ENCIRCLE OF GUATIGUARÁ
It traced to the west of the river Lato north-south is the Guatiguará cross and the metropolitan
beltway or circumambulate Piedecuesta - Llano Grande. (Profile 27m).
Given the layout and function tracks of the regional and local road system outside of the macro
and the execution area 1, some arterials integrated into the execution area and plotted and
dimensioned zonal and local the Macroproyecto systems.
8.4.2 SYSTEM MOBILITY OF THE MACROPROYECTO PIENTA
Whereas profiling raised in the PBOT Piedecuesta are not sized for urban development of the
characteristics and scale of the Macroproyecto, and profiles of the PID-AMB, are an excellent
reference for the metropolitan scale, they retook the past for defining of road profiles the
Macroproyecto Pienta, as mentioned in the first section of this chapter.
Graph 62. M06 Plano Road System of the Macroproyecto Pienta.
The vial system execution unit 1 is raised from 6 vials adjusted profiles from the profiles of the
PID-AMB, for the soft and hard regions areas were pooled. Additionally, a profile cycle path for
Macroproyecto raised to 5.42 Km circuit.
240
Local Road System 202.590,93

Encircle of Guatiguará - Profile = 41 m Public Transport and Cicloruta 46.898,13
Central Ring Piedecuesta - Profile = 33 m Feeder and Cyclochloride (UE1) 16.790,43
Central Ring Piedecuesta - Profile = 33 m Feeder and Cyclochloride (Phase II) 9.328,94
East Road Par - Profile = 33 m Feeder and Cycle 48.395,53
West Road Par - Profile = 22 m 21.322,86
Local roads - Profile = 12 m 59.855,04
Cycle path 5.424,04
Partial Plan Pathways 32.458,36
Transport Guatiguará POT AMB PV = 44 m 32.458,36
Table 64. Elements and areas Mobility System.
Tables of areas of the planes and spreadsheets project can be found data of each of the tracks and the
floor area demanding according to the selected profiles. It is important to note that in addition to the
road profiles described a circuit ciclorutas arises to ensure non-motorized mobility, likewise, pedestrian
areas were included in each profile to ensure vehicular access, non-motorized and pedestrian all areas
of the project.
The track layout of the Macroproyecto see the MPP plane M-06 on the traffic modeling
mentioned in previous sections were applied.
TRANSVERSE OF GUATIGUARÁ
 Part of the Highway Bucaramanga - Piedecuesta, where it connects with the portal Mass
Transit System Metrolínea on the outskirts of the town of Piedecuesta south. Current
Profile: 41m (excluding before gardens).
 Currently part as a way dual carriageway separating from the portal Metrolínea to industrial
plant Hipinto, from where he continues south as a rural road.
 He sat on the western edge of the Macroproyecto as the main path.
 Its layout was defined following the alignment of the existing road, but was resized to
transport demands of the population of the Macroproyecto.
 Profile proposed PV1 (44m) with a two-lane bike paths on each side and public transport
- Metrolínea.
ENCIRCLE OF GUATIGUARÁ
 Perpendicular to the Transversal de Guatiguará, Encircle of Guatiguará is the continuation

of a path first hierarchical order proposed by the WBA that runs from east to west of the
macroproject from the Transversal de Guatiguará toward the center ring is curved to meet
turn with Encircle Piedecuesta - Great Plain (or metropolitan ring vial) according to the
PBOT path.
 Currently it has a paved driveway with a profile of approximately 7mm between the
Transversal Guatiguará and access to the WWTP. The current alignment was the base for
alignment of the track and the incorporation macroproject arises the current road in the
final profile.
241
 Profile proposed PV2 (41m), with a bike path and public transportation - corridor feeder
trunk Metrolínea of Transversal de Guatiguará.
CENTRAL RING VIAL PIEDECUESTA

 Through the macroproject (according ad) in East-West direction between Transverse
Guatiguará and Piedecuesta bypass - Great Plain (or metropolitan road Ring). Its
extension to the east could be connected to the Encircle of Guatiguará (PID-AMB) to west
with Encircle Piedecuesta - Llano Grande (PID-AMB and Piedecuesta PBOT).
 Profile Current 17 m (not including front yards).
 It was incorporated in the northern edge of the area of Run 1 how via the second hierarchy.
 Profile proposed PV3 (33m), with bike paths and public transportation - corridor feeder
trunk Metrolínea Transversal Guatiguará.
 Its layout is defined taking into account the conceptual alignment of the PBOT and the PID
AMB. Your profile was defined taking into account the possibility of development
Macroproyecto, but also the future development of the area between the macroproject and
the town of Piedecuesta.
 In line with transport demand of the population of the modeled Macroproyecto, it was
concluded that for the development of the single macroproject building average profile
(15m) is required only by public transport from the inner ring and the road pair this.
THIS PAIR VIAL

 Mostly parallel to the Guatiguará cross the road Par This is a way of second hierarchical
next order with the road pair West runs from north to south, from the Transversal de
Guatiguará (in the vicinity of the junction between the Oro rivers and Lato) to the central
ring Piedecuesta.
 Profile proposed PV3 (33m), with bike paths and public transportation - corridor feeder
trunk Metrolínea Transversal Guatiguará.
PAR ROAD WEST

 Paralleling the Guatiguará cross, and the Par Road East, the vial This is a way to third
hierarchical order, which runs from north to south of the macroproject from its junction with
the road pair this (in the south), to its junction with Piedecuesta the Central Ring (in the
north).
 Profile proposed PV4 (22m).
LOCAL ROADS
 Access roads to each of the blocks and buildings to be built on them. The vial proposed profile resumes
PV5 (12m), allowing traffic flow in both directions.
Cyclochlorides
Neither PBOT Piedecuesta or PID-AMB have profiles for independent ciclorutas vehicle traffic
242
lanes. By contrast, the urban planning of the Macroproyecto poses a profile 8.5m for bike paths
and pedestrian circulation spaces included in the public space. For definitions, the bike path,
pedestrian circulation space and forestation of PV3 profile of the PID-AMB resumed. In this
profile the movement of motor vehicles is not contemplated.
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
According to the study tráfico57, the modal distribution of trips of the inhabitants of the
Macroproyecto could have a similar configuration to the current in the municipality of
Piedecuesta. It is estimated that within the planning area, 75% of trips would take place in non-
motorized and the remaining 10% would be distributed in buses, motorcycles and 8% less in
the private car.
To answer this composition travel and continue to encourage the use of non-motorized
transport, for macroproject building 4.2 km of bike paths (Profile 8.5 m including pedestrian
circulation parallel and forestation) and platforms (Profile minimum 2.5m) it is stated that allow
access to all blocks and elements of public space systems and equipment for the project. This
system motor is not particularly important considering that 21% of trips generated correspond
to commuting to and from the study sites.
In contrast, it is estimated that out of the scope of the Macroproyecto, "42% of intercity travel
(including to the town of Piedecuesta) would be held in public transport buses, 35% in
motorcycles, 17% in cars and to a lesser extent in trucks. " Given that about half of the trips of
the inhabitants of the mega-project would be made by public transport, and 70% of trips are
generated to move to workplaces, were selected profiles that allow the integration of the
Macroproyecto with Metrolínea transport system, which the GDP-AMB, 2011 is aimed at short-
term cover two thirds of the trips generated in the Metropolitan Area 58.
In this regard, the main axis connecting the macroproject with Piedecuesta and the
metropolitan area is the cross of Guatiguará, which, according to the traffic study and the
defined profile in urban design is plated to allow access to the Portal of Metrolínea. In the early
stages of the project it is proposed that the Macroproyecto connect using a broker power and
the reach maximum capacity designed for 72,000 inhabitants, may extend the trunk from the
current portal located at the intersection between the Transversal Guatiguará and
Bucaramanga highway - Piedecuesta and transversely connected with the system of the
Central Ring Piedecuesta.
Finally, it is important to note that vehicular traffic counts conducted showed that "in
Piedecuesta 65% of recorded vehicles belonged to motorcycles, 21% for light vehicles
(including taxis), 9% to trucks and only 5% to Passenger bus, the above as a result of the
varying levels of occupation rate each mode. "
57
For more information about the modal composition, purpose of travel, traffic modeling and other aspects of mobility and public transport
see Annex: Traffic Study.
58
Metrolínea is in gradual process defined assembly as the first phase, which aims to reach a coverage of 66% of the total public
transport trips in the metropolitan area in the next two or three years, depending on the pace of construction infrastructure needed for
it.
243
CHAPTER V: PUBLIC SERVICES SYSTEM

9 ENERGY
9.1 ELECTRIC NETWORK MEDIUM AND LOW VOLTAGE
9.1.1 Global needs power
ESSA company has projected the "Line 34.5 KV Substation Guatiguará - Substation La Granja
(UIS)" on the right margin Guatiguará Transversal. The first part of the project starts from
Substation La Granja (UIS Technology Park) to HIPINTO. The second part would be the
Macroproyecto.
The line is projected onto two posts (1.90m), these would be located in the range of installation
of utilities infrastructure, which is part of the green area (2.50 m)
From this backbone referral it will be taken to the project for which a 16 MVA transformer
substation 34.5 / 13.2 kV arises. The area required for the same size is a square of 15 m by
15 m. As shown in the plane 3 Networks Medium Voltage, its location on the fringe defined as
Public Space suggests that there is no problem using the ground and in their implications
environmental, for these levels of voltage and current not violate the limiting parameters by
electrical and magnetic fields specifying the RETIE are caused.
From there a network tends to 13.2 kV underground. This network will reach apples.
Apples either for residential, commercial, industrial or equipment destination, transformer
substations will be enabled in separate booths, from which low voltage networks will be
implemented to 208 V. However, they will also have the medium voltage network for if point
charges that warrant. There will also be underground pipeline reservation enabling the
development of activities to consolidate buildings.
Transformation centers, enabled in each block will house thirty-three (33) transformers and:
One (1) 150 kVA distribution substation
Five (5) 225 kVA distribution substation
Two 2) 315 kVA distribution substation
Six (6) 400 kVA distribution substations of
three 3) 500 kVA distribution substation
Ten (10) Distribution substations 630 kVA
Five (5) 800 kVA distribution substation
One (1) Substation 1000 kVA distributor
9.1.2 DESCRIPTION OF GROUND LINES

PIPES TUBED ON PLATFORMS
Be constituted by PVC tube banks heavy telephone type, arranged on a bed of sand and
properly buried trench. In each of the tubes is installed a single circuit. changes in direction of
the tubular be avoided where possible. At the points where they occur, are preferably will have
244
boxes or inspection shot twice ESSA Type Medium Voltage Single or, in cases where splicing
or derivations required. The trench respect the guidelines established by Regulation ESSA.
CROSSBREEDING OF TRUCKING WITH OTHER NETWORKS
With other electric power lines: The minimum separation distance between cables is 25cm.
When this distance cannot be met, the cable store last is separated by dividing tube or
consisting of noncombustible materials and adequate mechanical strength. The features are
those set out in NI 52.95.01. The distance from the crossing point to the joints will be higher
than 1m.
Wired telecommunications: The minimum separation between power cables and
telecommunications will be 25cm. In the case of failing to respect this distance, channeling
Store that last, it departed just as in the previous case.
With water and gas pipes: The cables must be kept at a minimum distance of 25cm these
channels. When you cannot respect this distance is acting exactly as in the previous cases.
They avoid crossing the vertical joints of the water pipes and gas joints and electrical cables
will be located at a minimum distance of 1m from the junction. With sewage pipes: Efforts will
be made to pass the cables above the sewers. it admitted no influence inside. If it is not
possible to pass underneath it, arranging the cables with protection adequate mechanical
strength.
With fuel tanks: The cables will be disposed within tubes or conduits sufficient mechanical
strength edition shed at least 1.2m tank. The ends of the tubes, exceeded deposit 2m per end
PARALLELISMS
With other electrical conductors: may be installed parallel to other AT or BT, keeping a distance
of 25 cm.
With water pipes and gas will keep a minimum distance of 25 cm, except gas pipes high
pressure (over 4 bar), in which the distance is 1m.
CONDUCTORS
The driver will use insulated aluminum THW 4/0 AWG gauge, certified Icontec (Colombian
Institute of Technical Standards) for RETIE.
The transformer will be housed in individual booths incombustible material and supplemented
door windows firewall Bomper type, as required NTC 2050 (Colombian Technical Standard).
9.2 NET STREET LIGHTING

9.2.1 Characteristics of the network
Power, control and protection of this facility will be made from the general low voltage panel
installed for this purpose, attached to the processing plant that will provide electricity for the
entire lighting system on this development. For it is estimated that the substation is required is
245
400 kVA. In the plans fully it identifies its location.

The public lighting network will be underground and will consist of several circuits connected
to the control panel described in the preceding paragraph.
CONDUCTORS ELECTRICAL
Drivers are aluminum, THW type, or the like, insulated 0.6 / 1 Kv. and they are housed in
corrugated PVC tube diameter 50 mm. Connections and referrals will be made in the shooting
boxes of 40x40x60cm. The lighting control is effected from the general board the substation,
by automatic control by photovoltaic sensor.
PVC pipe run along a ditch 0.60m. deep. Taking into account, in any case the guidelines of the
Office of Piedecuesta lighting.
The foundation of the posts run with concrete foundations, where four bolts will be received ½
"for fixing the base plate and an elbow pipe for input and output line; the connection between
pipe and posts will be done by shooting boxes attached laterally to the same, with concrete
cover or required by the Office of lighting. Supply conductors are connected to the network via
busbars BT submersible, epoxy resin.
All will have their posts suitably earthed by yellow green copper wire according to the rated
current of the protection circuit delo. The lamps will be installed ornamental type, brand
specified by the designer, according to the RETILAP regulations. For purposes of the budget
sodium vapor lamps are assumed 70 W.
LIGHTING LEVEL
The following are the basic data of lighting levels: Mid-level lighting
 Service: 15-20 lux in vial.

 Mounting height: 6 m.
 Lamps: Sodium Vapor. AP 70W
9.3 COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

To this end, the project will build a pipeline network 3 "Telephone DB type in arrangements
bench, installed in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer or telephone
company Piedecuesta or, failing that, Bucaramanga.
It is possible that the final design is decided that telephone networks are built on separate bank
that TV and the Internet, in that case, they will not share the F-type junction boxes that will be
built. Wiring is implemented and provided by the respective operators.
9.4 CALCULATIONS ELECTRICAL NETWORK
 Determination of the Maximum Demand

 Total number of properties: 18.000
246
FACTOR
DEM.
OF
MANZANA.59 AREA DESTINATION #VIV. (1)
DIVERSITY MAX. (KVA)
A 13.222 Commercial 202 3,33 175

B 15.777 Residential 745 5.00 429
C 15.777 Residential 745 5.00 429
D 12.029 Residential 568 5.00 327
E 22.188 Residential 1046 5.00 602
F 22.233 Residential 1048 5.00 604
G 12.853 Equipment
G-1 Hospital Global 450
G-2 School Global 150
G-3 Sports Center Global 150
G-4 WTP Global 450
G-5 Ilum. Pub. (M) 20.124 302
H 16.645 Residential 786 5.00 453
I 16.551 Residential 781 5.00 450
J 11.976 Residential 565 5.00 325
K 22.296 Residential 1.051 5.00 605
L 22.344 Residential 1.054 5.00 607
M 13.098 Commercial 131 3,33 113
N 17.436 Residential 823 5.00 474
O 17.514 Residential 827 5.00 476
P 6.010 Residential 284 5.00 164
Q 19.037 Commercial 190 3,33 164
R 13.565 Residential 640 5.00 369
S 12.123 Residential 572 5.00 329
T 12.199 Residential 576 5.00 332
U 12.367 Residential 584 5.00 336
V 29.153 Residential 1.375 5.00 792
W 27.313 Commercial 273 3,33 236
X 21.557 Residential 1.016 5.00 585
Y 29.539 Commercial 295 3,33 255
ZA 15.780 Residential 745 5.00 429
ZB 16.950 Residential 800 5.00 461
ZC 14.932 Residential 705 5.00 406
ZD 14.064 Residential 664 5.00 382
Total Housing: 18.000 Dem Total: 12.811 kVA
Total premises: 1.091
Table 65. Determination of Claims Maxims of each sector.
 Determination of the Power Substation of 34.5 / 13.2 kVA

 Maximum Demand (Section 1) 12811 kVA
 Reserve (30%) 3843 kVA
 Required Minimum capacity 16654 kVA substation
 Chosen capacity 18000 kVA Substation
 Royal Reserve (40.51%) 5189 kVA
59 They are estimated in proportion to the area of the block.
247
 Determining the ability of the branches of 13.2 kV Medium Voltage

 Capacitance core Ampérica 2/0, XLPE, Cu, Duct: 180 TO
 Driver power capacity 2/0, XLPE, Cu, Duct: 4110 kVA
 Maximum allowable length for a voltage drop of 3%
 K: 30.71
 It is assumed that the branch is at maximum capacity and Ampérica that the load is
uniform.
 Maximum permissible length: 8.282 m
This allowable length for medium voltage branches, much greater than the dimensions of the
site of the project, it means that they have no problem regulation.
For this purpose, it has been considered that the maximum demands of the properties are
simply cumulative, regardless of the effect of diversification suffering to them joining in a single
feeder. This work in conservative terms, which is fine if you consider the importance of having
a reservation.
DEFINITION OF CIRCUITS MT TO 13200 V
Demand
Maximum
Fueled apples (kVA)
W 630
AND 255
ZC 397
ZD 374
ZE (EQUIP. # 4) 500
X 574
ZB 450
3.180
Table 66. Load Allocation to the Circuit # 1 MT
Demand
Nourished Land Maximum
(kVA)
A 175
B 420
H 443
M 113
N 494
Q 164
LIGHTING 400
2.209
248
Demand
Nourished Land Maximum
(kVA)
C 420
I 441
OR 466
EQUIPMENT 1 500
D 320
J 319
P 160
2.626
Deman
Nourished Land d
maxim
(KVA)
AND 590
F 592
K 593
L 594
EQUIPMENT No. 2 500
2869
Demand
Nourished Land Maximum (kVA)
R 361
S 323
T 324
OR 329
EQUIPMENT No. 3 500
ZA 419
V 776
3.032
DEFINING DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS 13200 / 208V

It is considered that each sector is served by a substation Pad Mounted, locked in her house,
which is strategically located on the premises, so that a secondary economic and functional
249
network is achieved.
Maximum ABSOLUT CHAP.

SECTOR OR
DESTINATION Demand E VALUE BOOK% CHOSEN
APPLE
(kVA) BOOK (kVA)
TO Commercial 175 3,33 29% 225
B Residential 420 5 50% 630
C Residential 420 5 50% 630
D Residential 320 5 25% 400
AND Residential 590 5 36% 800
F Residential 592 5 35% 800
G-1 Hospital 450 5 40% 630
G-2 School 150 5 50% 225
G-3 sports Center 150 5 50% 225
G-4 WTP 450 5 40% 630
G-5 Ilum. Pub. 302 5 25% 400
H Residential 443 5 42% 630
I Residential 441 5 43% 630
J Residential 319 5 25% 400
K Residential 593 5 35% 800
L Residential 594 5 35% 800
M Commercial 113 3,33 33% 150
N Residential 464 5 36% 630
OR Residential 466 5 35% 630
P Residential 160 5 41% 225
Q Commercial 164 3,33 37% 225
R Residential 361 5 39% 500
S Residential 323 5 24% 400
T Residential 324 5 2. 3% 400
OR Residential 329 5 22% 400
V Residential 776 5 29% 1000
W Commercial 236 3,33 33% 315
X Residential 574 5 39% 800
AND Commercial 255 3,33 24% 315
ZA Residential 419 5 50% 630
ZB Residential 450 5 40% 630
ZC Residential 397 5 26% 500
ZD Residential 374 5 3. 4% 500
Table 71. Definition Capacity Distribution Substations.
From Table 7 it concludes required:
 One (1) Substation distributor 150 kVA

 Five (5) 225 distribution substations kVA
250
 Two 2) 315 distribution substations kVA

 Six (6) Distribution substations 400 kVA
 three 3) 500 distribution substations kVA
 Ten (10) Substations distributors 630 kVA
 Five (5) 800 distribution substations kVA
 One (1) Substation distributor 1000 kVA
BT DEFINITION OF CIRCUITS 208 V

Networks are underground insulated aluminum ASC. For this reason and in order that the
drivers do not exceed 4/0 AWG gauge whose capacity at 75 ° C temperature and 30 ° C driver
ambient temperature is 180 A, 50 kVA be allocated to each circuit. Ie every 50 kVA requires a
three-phase circuit.
DETERMINATION OF THE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE LENGTH FOR A VOLTAGE DROP OF 5%

 K (for power factor 0.85): 45.54
It is assumed that the branch is at maximum capacity and ampérica that the load is uniform.
 Maximum permissible length: 190 m
It is seen in the plane of the urban proposal, which a lot of shows larger in the chart below, the
dimensions of the sectors allow to handle this length of amply circuit, provided that the
substation is placed near the center area in the area.
Determination of the average length of circuits Sectors
251
DESTINATION DIMENSIONS AVERAGE

SECTOR OR APPLE LENGTH
LENGTH (m) WIDTH (m) CIRCUIT
A Commercial 186 71 45
B Residential 120 128 43
C Residential 134 128 46
D Residential 120 100 39
E Residential 161 138 52
F Residential 161 138 52
G equipment NA NA NA
G-1 Hospital NA NA NA
G-2 School NA NA NA
G-3 sports Center NA NA NA
G-4 WTP NA NA NA
G-5 Ilum. Pub. NA NA NA
H Residential 120 128 43
I Residential 120 128 43
J Residential 120 100 39
K Residential 161 138 52
L Residential 161 138 52
M Commercial 186 71 45
N Residential 120 128 43
O Residential 120 128 43
P Residential 100 60 28
Q Commercial 205 92 52
R Residential 134 100 41
S Residential 134 100 41
T Residential 134 100 41
U Residential 134 100 41
V Residential 281 117 70
W Commercial 285 122 71
X Residential 217 198 73
Y Commercial 258 191 79
ZA Residential 170 99 47
ZB Residential 170 99 47
ZC Residential 170 99 47
ZD Residential 170 99 47
Table 72. Definition of Longitudes Average BT circuits.
The table length is calculated LV networks, which are provided in driver 4/0 AWG ASC phase
and 3/0 AWG for neutral, and the total length thereof.
252
CHAP.
SECTOR OR NUMBER OF LONG. PROM. BT RED
DESTINATION ESCOGID.
APPLE. CIRCUITS CIRC. LENGTH (m)
(KVA)
A Commercial 225 5 45 250
B Residential 630 13 43 624
C Residential 630 13 46 663
D Residential 400 8 39 352
E Residential 800 16 52 912
F Residential 800 16 52 912
G equipment NA NA NA
G-1 Hospital NA NA NA
G-2 School NA NA NA
G-3 sports Center NA NA NA
G-4 WTP NA NA NA
G-5 Ilum. Pub. NA NA NA
H Residential 630 13 43 624
I Residential 630 13 43 624
J Residential 400 8 39 352
K Residential 800 16 52 912
L Residential 800 16 52 912
M Commercial 150 3 45 150
N Residential 630 13 43 624
O Residential 630 13 43 624
P Residential 225 5 28 165
Q Commercial 225 5 52 285
R Residential 500 10 41 460
S Residential 400 8 41 368
T Residential 400 8 41 368
O Residential 400 8 41 368
V Residential 1000 20 70 1500
W Commercial 315 6 71 456
X Residential 800 16 73 1248
Y Commercial 315 6 79 504
ZA Residential 630 13 47 676
ZB Residential 630 13 47 676
ZC Residential 500 10 47 520
ZD Residential 500 10 47 520
Total network length: 16.649

Table 73. Determination of BT Network Lengths.
253
DETERMINATION OF PROTECTION
Table 10 shows the corresponding calculation is made to the general protections for partial BT
and BT circuits in distribution substations.
CAPACITY
COMPONENT DESTINATION I NOM. (TO) PROTECTION
(kVA)
Prot Gral. Substation 150 kVA 150 416 Reg. 3x400 A
Prot Gral. 225 kVA substation 225 625 Reg. 3x600 A
Partial Prot BT circuits 50 139 3x125 A

Table 74. Dimensioning of protections BT.
254
10 AQUEDUCT NETWORK
10.1 OVERVIEW
 One is required PoWPA capacity to supply 10,000 homes which is located 4 kilometers to
the northeast of the project in which the location of two storage tanks of total capacity 2,800
m3 for gravity distribution is incorporated.
 From this PTAP and storage tanks are built a network Matrix diameter 10 "length of 4.0 km.
 The remaining 8,000 homes will be supplied from the water treatment plant of the hill, to
which is built a pipeline diameter PVC 8 "to a storage tank capacity 2800 m3.
 The distribution network is developed along the proposed route for the larger project. (See
map M07A).
 It has feasibility for the provision of potable water to 18,000 homes granted by Ruitoque
SAESP, according to the letter issued by the general management of the company last
September 24, 2011.
10.2 SOURCE OF SUPPLY
The power supply will be a storage tank located at Cerro La Cantera at an altitude of 1,050
meters above sea level projected by the Public Service Company Piedecuestana ESP entity
responsible for the care of the drinking water to the city of Piedecuesta.
10.3 PARAMETERS HYDRAULIC DESIGN

10.3.1 Period of design
For all levels of complexity, projects pipeline distribution networks should be analyzed and
evaluated taking into account the design period which is a function of the level of complexity of
the system and is established in the following table:
Level of complexity of the system Design period
Low 15 years
Medium. 15 years
Medium High. 20 years
High 25 years
Table 75. Period design secondary distribution network or local network
Source: RAS 2000
As stated in section 1.3.1, the level of complexity of the project is high so that the period of
network design aqueduct is 25 years.
10.3.2 ENDOWMENT
255
NET ALLOCATION
The net charge depends on the level of complexity of the system and its minimum and
maximum values are set according to the following table.
Maximum net provision
for populations of cold or Maximum net provision for
System complexity level
temperate climate l / hab- warm weather populations l
day / room-day
Low 90 100
Medium 115 125
Medium high 125 135
High 140 150
Table 76. Net allocation by level of complexity of the system.
Therefore, for the level of complexity Alto, the maximum net charge is 150 hab / day.
GROSS PROVISION
The gross allocation is established according to the following equation:
d bruta = d neta
d 1 - %P
d bruta = 150
1 - 0.20
d bruta = 200 L / hab - día
10.3.3 DEMAND
AVERAGE DAILY FLOW
The average daily flow (Qmd) is the average flow rate calculated for the projected population,
taking into account the gross budget allocated. Corresponds to the average daily consumption
over a period of one year and can be calculated by the following equation:
256
Q MD = p * d Gross
86.400
Q MD = 72.000 * 200 14.400.000

86.400 86.400
Q MD = 166,67 LPS
The maximum daily flow, QMD, corresponds to the maximum consumption recorded for 24
hours over a period of one year. It is calculated by multiplying the average daily flow by the
maximum daily consumption coefficient, K1.
The maximum daily flow is calculated by the following equation:
QMH QMD *
 K2
K1: Coefficient of daily consumption according to the following table.
Maximum daily
System
consumption
Complexity Level
coefficient K1
Low 1,30
Medium 1,30
Medium High 1,20
High 1,20
Table 77. Maximum daily consumption coefficient K1 depending on the level of complexity of the system.
Source: RAS 2000
Therefore, for the highest level of complexity the maximum daily consumption coefficient K1 is
1.2.
QMD  166,67 *1,20
QMD  200 LPS
MAXIMUM FLOW SCHEDULE
The maximum hourly flow, QMH corresponds to the maximum consumption recorded for an
hour in a period of one year without taking into account the flow of fire. It is calculated as the
maximum daily rate multiplied by the ratio of peak consumption hours, K2, according to the
following equation:
257
Q MH = QMD * K2
In the case of systems of new aqueducts, the coefficient hour maximum consumption relative
to the maximum daily consumption, K2 is a function of the level of complexity of the system
and the type of distribution network, as set out in the table below.
System Minor
Secondary Parent
Complexity distribution
network network
Level network
Low 1,60 - -
Medium 1,60 1,50 -
Medium High 1,50 1,45 1,40
High 1,50 1,45 1,40
Table 78. Coefficient of peak consumption hours, K2, depending on the level of complexity of
the system and the type of distribution network.
Source: RAS 2000
In the case of secondary network and high level of complexity the maximum hourly
consumption coefficient K2 is 1.45.
Q MH  200 *1,45
Q MH  290 LPS
FIRE MINIMUM DEMANDS
For middle levels of high and high complexity, the minimum diameters of the hydrants of 100
mm (4 inches), for commercial and industrial sectors, or high density residential areas as the
present one (273 hab / ha).
For densely populated residential areas or multifamily, commercial and industrial municipalities
with more than 100,000 inhabitants, a fire must be served by four hydrants and single-family
residential areas should be served with two hydrants in simultaneous use with minimum
capacity of 10 L / s each.
DESIGN FLOW
The design flow depends on the level of reliability of the system. For the high level of
complexity, the design flow should be the maximum hourly flow rate (QMH) of the horizon year
of the project.
Q design  Q M aximum Schedule = 290 LPS
Given that in the project are 18,000 housing units design flow is calculated per household.
258
10.3.4 Pressures on the network of distribution
For the design of the distribution network must be given to the following requirements for
operating pressures:
MINIMUM PRESSURES ON THE NETWORK

The minimum pressure in the network depends on the level of complexity of the system, and
should be at least that specified below in the following table.
M inimum
M inimum
Complexity level pressure
pressure (kPa)
(m)
Low 98,1 10
M edium 98,1 10
Medium High 147,2 15
High 147,2 15
Table 79. minimum pressure allowed in the distribution network
Source: RAS 2000
Pressures established minimum service must be obtained when the distribution network is
circulating the design flow.
PRESSURES MAXIMUM IN THE LEAST DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
The value of the maximum pressure to take into account for the design of smaller distribution
networks, all levels of the system complexity, must be 588.6 kPa (60 mca). Any greater value
must be justified before the Superintendence of Public Utilities.
MINIMUM INTERNAL DIAMETER IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
The value of the minimum inner diameter of the pipes to be used in the lower distribution
networks depends on the level of complexity of the system and uses water as shown in the
following table.
Minimum diameter
Complexity level
mm inches
Low 38,10 1,50
Medium 50,00 2,00
Medium High 63,50 2,50
High 75,00 3,00
Table 80. Minimum Diameters allowed in the distribution network
Source: RAS 2000
259
10.3.5 CALCULATION NETWORKING
Hydraulic networks have been designed using the software EPANET and the Hazen-Williams
method for calculating the unit losses. It uses PVC pipe diameters UM RDE 21 4 ", 6", 8 ", 10",
12 "and 16 pictures hydraulic calculation are in Annex 1 of this document.
10.3.6 DESIGN ANCHORS
When a pipe is subject to internal hydrostatic pressure, this pressure acts equally on all pipe
walls producing "" thrust forces "." It is essential to eliminate the movements due to these
thrusts when the pipe is not joined by welding or flanches. External embedment must be
provided in all tees, curves, caps, valves, etc. to resist the thrust forces.
Due the inherent flexibility of PVC, it is also important to design abutments cornering to
counteract the tendency to decouple. These widths are required:
 Address Changes
 Changes in size, reductions
 Blind plugs terminals
 Connections valves, hydrants, as it creates thrust when closed
 The size and type of these blocks or anchors for pushing depend on:
 Maximum operating pressure or test system
 Pipe Diameter
 Diameter accessories
 Type connections accessories
 Line profile
 Soil resistance
The concrete should not completely wrap the pipe or fitting as the changes in internal pressure
variations occur in the outside diameter which must not prevent therefore cause unnecessary
efforts on the wall of the tube.
11 SEWER SYSTEM AND SANITARY PLUVIAL

11.1 OVERVIEW
 The capacity of the wastewater treatment plant under construction to the east south of the
project is sized to the needs of the Municipality of Piedecuesta, regardless of the population
will bring enormous project. Additionally, it has technical difficulties to receive the
macroproject by gravity and require pumping wastewater from most of the first execution
unit of the macroproject for being to the south and a lower elevation than the wastewater
treatment plant located on the South Rim east of the EU1.
 A new wastewater treatment plant that is located to the south of the project as an external
load on the cadastral lot number 007-001 is required.
 The location of the lot was selected based on previous studies and taking into account the
slope and the confluence of existing drains in the vicinity of the junction.
 Distribution networks sewer and storm drains are independent, but run parallel along the
proposed routes for the enormous project. (See plan M07B and C).
260
 It has feasibility for the provision of sewerage to 18,000 homes granted by Ruitoque
SAESP, according to the letter issued by the general management of the company on 24
September 2011. The clarifies letter that the project will build health networks and rainwater
required and conduction to the WWTP.
11.2 SPECIFIC CRITERIA OF DESIGN

The sewerage system design corresponds to a conventional separate system, structured by
pipes interconnected by manholes located in the direction changes or where terrain or urban
conditions require.
For the design of the sewer system a computer program was performed using Excel software
in 2003, of which, based on the rules of the RAS 2000, all the elements required for its design
and construction are obtained.
The calculation procedure is based on the assumption that the flow is uniform in the conduit
and as such analysis can be performed using the Manning formula.
Initially the type of regime should be established in the collector: subcritical or supercritical
based on the Froude number obtained in the calculations.
11.2.1 COEFFICIENT MANNING ROUGHNESS "N"
The rugosity coefficient "n" of the formula Manning, depends on the characteristics of the
conduit. For adoption of certain values were used in the following table.
FORM AND M ATERIAL No.

CLOSED BEHAVIORS
Asbestos cement 0.011 – 0.015
Smooth interior precast concrete 0.011 – 0.015
Rugged interior precast concrete 0.015 – 0.017
Cast concrete on site Smooth shapes 0.012 – 0.015
Cast concrete on site, rough shapes 0.015 – 0.017
Vitrified stoneware 0.011 – 0.015
Ductile iron coated internally with cement 0.011 – 0.015
PVC, polyethylene and fiberglass with smooth interior 0.010 – 0.015
Corrugated metal 0.022 - 0.026
Brick collectors 0.013 – 0.017
OPEN BEHAVIORS
Brick clad channel 0.012 – 0.018
Concrete Coated Channel 0.011 – 0.020
Excavated canal 0.018 – 0.050
Rip-rap coated channel 0.020 – 0.035
Table 81. Coefficients Manning
Source: RAS 2000
11.2.2 PENDING CONDUIT
261
The minimum value of the slope of the collector must be one that allows self-cleaning and have
conditions of gases suitable according to the specific criteria of each type of sanitary sewer or
rainwater either. (See minimum allowed speed).
The value of the maximum allowable slope is one for which an actual maximum speed is taken
as the type of pipe material.
11.2.3 DIMENSIONING SECTION OF THE CONDUIT
The dimensioning of the conduit section is made based on the formula of Manning, using flow
values, roughness and slope chosen. The relationship of design flow capacity with full pipe, Q
/ Qo, is 0.85 at most.
The actual average speed in the duct, the depth of the water layer depth and hydraulic conduits
were determined by geometric formulas.
Once known speed and hydraulic depth was calculated using the Froude number of the
following formula:
V
F
g*D
Where:
 V: average speed in meters per second

 D: Hydraulic Depth in meters
 g: acceleration of gravity in meters per second to the square
With the Froude number thus obtained was established if the regime is subcritical or
supercritical.
To avoid unstable flow in the ducts, the Froude number must be less than 0.90 and greater
than 1.10.
11.3 LOSSES POWER

The union or intersection of two or more collectors was performed with appropriate hydraulic
structures, the hydraulic design was based on the determination of the head losses in the
structure, in order to estimate the level of the pan outlet manifold. The analysis was different
depending on the flow rate, both the inlet manifold and the outlet.
262
11.4 UNION COLLECTOR

Joining two or more sections collector should be done with appropriate hydraulic structures
called-well structures which are connected with the surface through manholes. It is hydraulic
design of these structures is dependent on the rate of flow of the tributaries collectors and the
outlet manifold.
11.5 SUBCRITICAL REGIME

The specific energy at any point, with respect to the bottom of the duct, is determined by the
sum of the depth of the water and the velocity V2 / (2 * g), calculated based on the actual speed
in the duct.
when two or more collectors attend the same well, the bound energy collector originating
therein should be less than the collectors reaching to avoid backwater. To materialize this
concept, fall into the pit, H is calculated, which is obtained by applying the following formula:
H = E + 0.20 * (Hv - Hv1)

Where:
 E: value resulting from subtracting the specific energy of the outlet manifold, the specific
energy of the collector reaches below
 Hv: Charging speed manifold outlet well
 HV1: Load speed reaches the lower manifold to the well
If the value of H is negative, which theoretically would involve an increase in the level of the
outlet manifold is no drop or rise is introduced into the trough of the outlet manifold.
11.6 SUPERCRITICAL REGIME

concepts energy is not applicable to this regime. In this case, the general criteria are:
UNION NO DROP IN COLLECTOR-WELL STRUCTURE

To the intersection of collectors is done without falling structure must comply with the following
hydraulic concepts
a. The surface elevation of the water in the collectors reaching should be approximately the
same. In special cases, the lower side contributions to 10% of the main flow can reach the
level above water outlet manifold.
b. The maximum angle of intersection between main manifolds are made according to the
classification shown in the following table.
263
ANGLE OUTPUT COLLECTOR DIAMETER

GRADES
m
90
75
60
45
15
Table 82. Maximum angle of intersection between main collectors.
c. When they join 2 collectors whose equivalent diameters are greater than or equal to 1.00
m, the connecting structure is made by means of the equation of momentum.
11.6.1 WELL STRUCTURES BINDING FALL
This type structure is limited to the lower effluent flows structure of 5 m3 / sec. 2 types of
structures are:
a. Structure change direction on the lower alignment 15 degrees or lateral contributions less
than 10% of the main flow, one fescue adjusted to the dimensions of the pipe in order is
designed to flow into the not suffer structure expansions and losses within the well be
negligible.
b. In different cases, the fall is needed; it is assumed that all of the kinetic energy of the flow
is lost and behaves like a stationary mass and out of the well must pass through the orifice
formed by the outlet pipe, so that the elevation in the well does not exceed elevations
sheets of water pipes that reach it.
Depending on the flow and the diameter of the outlet pipe, the inlet thereto can be submerged
or not, taking then a different calculation procedure, summarized in the following formulas:
NOT SUBMERGED ENTRY
Hw / D = K * (Hc / D + I / D)
Where:
 Hw : Water depth
 D : Internal diameter pipe
 CD : Specific energy Yc + Vc / (2 * g)
 Yc and Vc are the depth and speed to critical conditions, respectively
 I : Increase overhead due to losses
264
 K : Coefficient dependent the ratio between the diameter of the well and the diameter of the
outlet
K = 1.20 for Dp / D> 2
K = 1.50 for Dp / D <1.3
For application of this formula, the ratio Q / (D ^ 2 * g * D) <0,62
SUBMERGED ENTRY
Hw / D = K * (0.70 + 1.91 * (Q / (D ^ 2 * g * D)) ^ 2)
In this case, the relationship
Q / (D ^ 2 * g * D) > .62
In some cases, these falls are usually large-scale systems resulting uneconomical; this can be
overcome by increasing the diameter of the pipeline inlet downstream of the well and which
thus raising the water level is lowered into the well, and therefore fall in it.
11.7 COMPLEMENTARY STRUCTURES
Systems collection and removal sewage and rainwater are comprised of two main components,
the collection network and complementary structures aimed at ensuring that the system
operates satisfactorily and can be inspected and maintained.
Among the complementary structures are manholes, sumps, spillways, canals, etc.
11.8 WELLS OF INSPECTION
As explained above, the union of two or more sections collector should be done with
appropriate hydraulic structures called manhole.
The nomenclature used in this project to the name of the manholes is P (PIN) and P R for
sanitary sewer (PIN) L for storm sewer.
11.9 CONCRETE STRUCTURE

The diameter of the hole structure will be given depending on the outlet diameter of the main
manifold, ensuring at every junction structure the respective hydraulic analysis and
developmental elements curves and estimated falls, according to the scheme specified flow.
Table diameters used are defined.
265
Outlet Diameter (Ds) Structure Diameter - Well (Dp)

Ds < 27" 1,20 m
27" < Ds < 36" 1,80 m
36" < Ds < 1,10 m 2,20 m
Ds > 1,10m 2,20m, o Depending on the Ds.
Table 83. Diameter well structure
The conventional well structure simple concrete is used to depths of the lower system six
meters to greater heights it will be built in reinforced concrete from the base of the structure to
Cota A, located in these cases two meters below the ground level of the manhole.
When height difference between the systems of launder inlet and outlet were superior to 0.80
meters normalized drop structure will be built with diameters chords shown in drawings.
In the case of supercritical flow, when the input to the outlet manifold is submerged, the well
with ducts to allow ventilation of the first section of the outlet manifold is designed.
11.10 BRICK STRUCTURE
Work is complementary to the structure - well, built from Cota A to ground level of the well,
which enables access to the manifold in order to provide proper maintenance of the sewerage
system.
11.10.1 MATERIALS
The pipes to be used in circular PVC sewer Icontec 3722 standard nominal diameter less than
or equal to 500 mm and 5070 Icontec standard for larger diameters.
Other materials used in structures must comply with the following standards
TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR MATERIALS AND CONCRETE

MIXTURES OR ICONTEC STANDARD MATERIAL INTERNATIONAL
 Portland cement NTC 30, NTC 121, NTC 321

 Coarse aggregate NTC 126, NTC 174, NTC 183, NTC 589
 Fine aggregate NTC 127, NTC 174
 Additives NTC 1299; ASTM C 260, ASTM C 618
TECHNICAL STANDARDS REINFORCING STEEL REINFORCEMENT TYPE ICONTEC
 Smooth steel reinforcement NTC 161

 Reinforcing steel corrugated NTC 248
 Steel wire reinforcement NTC 116
266
 Steel wire for carbon knurling

concrete reinforcement NTC 1907
 Reinforcing wire restressed concrete NTC 159
 Welded steel mesh made from
smooth wire for concrete reinforcement NTC 1925
 Welded steel mesh made from
corrugated wire NTC 2310
 Carbon steel bars, cold worked NTC 245
11.10.2 CALCULATION THE GROUNDWORK
The foundation design is done by controlling the deflection caused by the dead load and live,
using Equation Iowa property.
Where:
 DL = Deflection factor (1.5) or trench condition. (Marston)

 DL = 1 Condition Prism
 K = constant Bedfast (0.10) Taken. (Marston)
 P = Pressure Dead Load, kg / m2 (psi). It depends on the type of filler (SM and SC)
 W = Pressure Live Load, kg / m2 (psi) Formula Boussinesq.
 PS = Rigidity kg / m2 (psi) Stiffness tubes Union Platinum PAVCO
 E "= Module Soil kg / m2 (psi) capacity of the soil to resist deflection.
With:
 PS = Rigidity pipe, psi

 E = Module Elasticity, psi 400,000
 I = Moment Inertia of the wall in the cross section per unit length of pipe, in3 / in
 R = average radius, RE - t, inch
Moderate 85% - Haig >95%
Low <85% Proctor
95% Proctor Proctor
SOIL CLASS
THROWN OUT < 40% Relative 40% - 70% Relative > 70% Relative
density density density
Broken Stone (Class I) 1000 3000 3000 3000
GW, GP, SW, SP

200 1000 2000 3000
(Class II)
GM,GC,SM, SC
100 400 1000 2000
(Class III)
ML, CL, ML-CL
50 200 400 1000
(Class IV)
Accuracy in terms of% deflection ±2 ±2 ±1 ±0.5
267
Table 84. E 'for degree of compaction of the filler psi.
SOIL TYPE TYPICAL NAMES
GW Gravels well graded and mixtures of gravel and sand with little or no fines.
GP Poor gravels and mixtures of gravel and sand with little or no fines.
GM Silty gravels, mixtures of gravel, sand and silt.
GC Clay gravels, mixtures of gravel, sand and clay.
SW Well graded sands, gravel sands with little or no fines.
SP Badly graded sands and gravel sands with little or no fines.
SM Silty sands, mixtures of sand and silt.
SC Clay sands, mixtures of sand and clay.
Organic slime, very fine sand, rock dust, fine silty or clay sands, slightly
ML
plastic silt.
Inorganic clays of low or medium plasticity, clays with gravel, sandy clays,
CL
silty clays, poor clays.
OL Inorganic slime and organic silty clays of low plasticity.
MH Organic slime, micaceous and diatomaceous silt, fine sand, elastic silt.
CH Inorganic clays of high plasticity, free clays.
OH Organic clays of medium to high plasticity, organic slime.
PT Peat and other highly organic soils.
Table 85. Description of the different soil types.
11.11 SYSTEM SANITARY SEWER

11.11.1 Flow Design of wastewater
AVERAGE DAILY FLOW (QMD)

The average daily flow is the sum of domestic inputs Qd, Qi industrial, commercial and
institutional Qins.
Qmd = Qd + Qi + Qc + Qins
DOMESTIC CONTRIBUTIONS
The contribution of domestic contributions calculated according to the methodology

RAS2000 (D.3.2.2.1):
Q C * D * Arb * R
=
86.400
Where:
268
 Qd: Domestic contribution (mgd)

 C: Estimate of average daily consumption (L / person-day)
 D: Population density calculated for the study area (Hab / Ha).
 TOrb: Gross residential area drain (He has)
 R: Return coefficient
AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION (C)
the value of the average daily consumption was adopted, according to the literal B.2.4 Title B
of the Standard RAS2000, calculated for the water system. For the year of the provision
calculated design is 200 l / hab. day.
DENSITY (D)
The projected density was found taking into account the current identification of areas of the
Project, in order to calculate an overall density as a basis for designing areas without coverage.
The design population of 18,000 is seated in an area 40 has obtained an average density of
450 hab / ha.
RETURN COEFFICIENT (R)

The value of the return coefficient is estimated according to the level of complexity of the
system, according to Standard RAS2000, which is shown in the following table.
System complexity level Return coefficient
Low and medium 0,7-0,8
Medium high and high 0,8-0,85
Table 86. Values of coefficients return to the level of complexity.
Source: RAS 2000
According to the level of complexity of the Municipality (high) 0.85 was assumed as the value
for this coefficient.
INDUSTRIAL CONTRIBUTIONS
For small industries located in residential areas or commercial values are shown in table D.3.2
standard used. The value corresponding to an average level of complexity is high 0.8 (lps / Ha
/ ind). industrial contributions are not considered given the purely residential characteristics of
the project.
BUSINESS CONTRIBUTIONS (QC)

For mixed commercial and residential areas can be weighted average flows based on
269
commercial concentration on residential. The commercial value assumed for contributions is

0.5 (lps / Ha). They are not considered commercial contributions.
INSTITUTIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS (QINS)
For small institutions located in residential areas, sewage inputs can be estimated from the
institutional values per unit area presented in Table D.3.4 of the Standard. The assumed value
is 0.5 (lps / ha / inst). institutional contributions are not considered.
11.11.2 FLOW DESIGN OF THE SECTIONS (QT)
The design flow of each section of the network of collectors was obtained by adding to the
Maximum flow QMH hours of the day, the contributions by infiltrations and Qing EKC wrong
connections QCE
QT = QMH + Q inf + Q ce
This flow is the amount of accumulated contributions that reach the section to the well bottom
inspection. 1.5L was assumed / s design flow when calculated by formula below this value.
11.11.3 MAXIMUM FLOW SCHEDULE (QMH)

Mayoration factor to estimate the maximum hourly flow, based on the average daily flow takes
into account variations in water consumption by the population. The value of the factor
decreases to the extent that the number of people considered increases, since the use of water
increasingly heterogeneous network and collectors can contribute increasingly to cushion flows
is made.
Mayoration factor used is the one according the figure below.

Flow ratio curves Medium and Maximum
Factor majorization
63. Chart ratio curves average and maximum flow rates.

Source: CMDB
270
11.11.4 ERRONEOUS CONNECTIONS(QCE)
Rainwater contributions were considered to the sanitary sewer system from bad connections
of downspouts rooftops and patios. The RAS 2000 provides for the different flow values
according to the existence or not of a rainwater collection system.
In the case of the Project, it provides for a system of rainwater harvesting and rainwater
evacuation door to door, making maximum contributions rainwater drainage were considered
to house the health network under this criterion. According to D.3.6 Table of Standard
RAS2000 these contributions are shown in the following tables, maximum contributions for
house rainwater drainage system with storm water system without rain respectively.
System complexity level Contribution (lps / ha)

Bajo y medio 0.2
Medio alto y alto 0.1
Table 87. Contributions rainwater depending on the level of complexity
Source: RAS 2000
The designs were made by taking 0.1 lps / ha as input connections to wrong a high level of
complexity.
11.11.5 FLOW INFILTRATION (QINF)

Categorizing the infiltration medium levels and low relates to the topographic characteristics of
soils, groundwater levels and rainfall. Table infiltration values for each level of complexity to
the design made are recorded, according to the Standard Table D.7.7.
Infiltration Infiltration
Level of complexity Infiltration media
high (lps / ha) low (lps / ha)
(lps / ha)
Low and medium 0.15-0.4 0.1-0.3 0.05-0.2
Medium high and high 0.15-0.4 0.1-0.3 0.05-0.2
Table 88. Categorization infiltration by level of complexity
Source: RAS 2000
For the project infiltration 0.30 lps / ha be adopted.
11.11.6 PERMISSIBLE SPEEDS IN THE DUCTS
According to the RAS 2000 the actual minimum speed allowed on the collector is 0.45 m. For
the initial conditions of operation of each section, you verify the self-cleaning behavior of the
flow, which is necessary to use the average shear stress criterion. Therefore, it should be set
the value of the average shear is greater than or equal to 1.5 N / m2 (0.15 Kg / m2) for the
initial flow rate maximum hours.
Permissible values for maximum speed in the ducts depending on the material, are shown in
the following table.
271
When the ducts go to be subjected to abrasion caused by wear solids waterborne permissible
maximum speed should be reduced by 50%.
MATERIAL MAXIMUM SPEED

a. Common brick 3 m/sec
b. Vitrified brick and stoneware 5 m/sec
c. 2000 psi concrete 3 m/sec
d. 3000 psi concrete 6 m/sec
e. 4000 psi concrete 10 m/sec
f. Polyvinyl chloride 10 m/sec
g. Asbestos-cement 10 m/sec
Table 89. Maximum speed allowed in the ducts by material
Source: Standards CMDB
11.12 SYSTEM STORM SEWER

11.12.1 Overview
 Distribution networks sewer and storm drains are independent, but run parallel along the proposed routes
for the enormous project. (See plan M07B and C).
 The artificial lake in the center of the project plays a role in regulation of storm drains that is explained
in the hydraulic study.
11.12.2 DRAINAGE AREAS

The layout of the drainage network of rainwater was prepared following the streets of the
Project. The extent and type of tax areas were determined for each leg to design. The area
included afferent own tax area stretch into consideration. Drainage areas were determined by
direct measurement planes, and bounding was consistent with natural drainage networks.
Annex 2 tables for calculating the sanitary and storm sewers is.
11.12.3 FLOW OF DESIGN
Rational method, which calculates the flow peak rainwater based on the average intensity of
the precipitation event with a duration equal to the time of concentration of the drainage area
and runoff coefficient was used to estimate the design flow. The equation of the rational method
is:
Q = 2.78 × C × i × A
According to the rational method, the peak rate occurs when all the drainage area is
contributing, and this is a fraction of rainfall under the following assumptions:
a. The peak flow rate at any point is a direct function of the intensity i of rain, during the time
of concentration for that point.
272
b. The frequency of the peak flow is the same as the average frequency of precipitation.
c. The concentration time is implicit in determining the average intensity of rain in the
relationship noted in item "a" above.
The rational method is suitable for small drainage areas up to 700 ha as the present case.
11.12.4 CURVES INTENSITY - FREQUENCY - DURATION.
For Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area there are curves Intensity-frequency - duration, developed
by the CMDB, which served to support this calculation. These curves can be seen in the chart
below.
The formulas that define these curves are the type I  C *Tn Where:
 I: Intensity in lps / ha
 T: Weather concentration in minutes
 C: dimensionless constant
 n: dimensionless constant
For each period return has an equation which constants are shown below:
Return Period in
C n
years
2 1.046.786 -0.547833
5 1.354.407 -0.525368
10 1.624.542 -0.534037
25 1.819.816 -0.519002
50 1.819.143 -0.498998
64. graph curves intensity-duration-frequency for the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga
273
Graph 64. Intensity-Duration-Frequency curves for the Metropolitan Area of

Bucaramanga
11.12.5 PERIOD RETURN
The design return period is determined according to the importance of the areas and the
damages or inconvenience that may cause periodic flooding the people, traffic, commerce,
industry, etc.
274
The selection of the return period was then associated with protection features and importance
of the study area. values are set to return periods or degree of protection in the RAS table
D.4.2.
Minimum Acceptable Recommended
Characteristics of the drainage area
(years) (years) (years)
Initial tranches in residential areas with tax areas
2 2 3
under 2 ha
Initial tranches in commercial or industrial areas, with
2 3 5
tax areas under 2 ha
Sewerage sections with tax areas between 2 and 10

2 3 5
ha
Sewerage sections with tax areas greater than 10 ha 5 5 10
Channels open in flat areas that drain areas larger

10 25 25
than 1000 ha
Open canals in mountainous areas (high speed) or

25 25 50
mid-slope, which drain areas greater than 1000 ha
Table 90. Return periods

Source. Table D.4.2 RAS 2000
Given the characteristics of the terrain of steep topography of a return period of 5 years it
recommended adopted.
11.12.6 RUNOFF COEFFICIENT

The runoff coefficient, C, is a function of soil type, the degree of permeability of the area, the
slope of the terrain and other factors that determine the fraction of precipitation which becomes
runoff. In its determination the losses were considered by infiltration into the soil and other
retarding effects of runoff.
Similarly, considerations were included on urban development, land use plans and local laws
on use of the ground. The value of the coefficient C was estimated for the initial situation and
future, to the end of the period design. To estimate the value of the table D.4.5 C was used as
a guide whose transcription is shown in the following table.
275
Surface type C
covers 0.75 - 0.95

asphalt and concrete pavement surfaces 0.70 - 0.95
Cobbled pathways 0.70 - 0.85
commercial or industrial areas 0.60 - 0.95
Residential, with adjoining houses, dominated by hard areas 0.75
Multi residential, with contiguous blocks and hard areas between them 0.60 - 0.75
Residential house, with adjoining houses and gardens dominance 0.40 - 0.60
Residential, with houses surrounded by gardens or multifamily appreciably separated 0.45
Residential predominance of green areas and parks cemeteries 0.30

Slopes without vegetation 0.60
Vegetated slopes 0.30
recreational parks 0.20 - 0.35
Table 91. Coefficient of runoff.
Source RAS 2000. Table D.45.
11.12.7 WEATHER CONCENTRATION
Equation FAA US is frequently used for surface runoff in urban areas. This equation is:
T = 0707 * (1.1 - C) * L1 / 2 / S1 / 3
11.12.8 MINIMUM DIAMETER

In networks of collection and disposal of rainwater, mainly in the first sections, the circular
cross-section is the most usual for collectors. The minimum allowable nominal diameter system
networks collection and disposal of rainwater is 250 mm. However, in special cases, in
particular for levels of complexity of the low and medium, and fully justified by the system
designer it can be reduced in the initial stages to 200mm.
11.12.9 MINIMUM SPEED
Rainwater transported solids can be deposited on the collector if the flow is reduced speeds.
Therefore, it should be available a speed sufficient to wash the solids deposited during periods
of low flow. For this minimum speed is set as design criteria. The actual permissible speed in
the collector is 0.75 m / s for the design flow.
In each section should be verified the self-cleaning behavior of the flow, for which it is
necessary to use the average shear stress criterion. It is established, therefore, that the value
of the shear means is greater than or equal to 3.0 N / m2 (0.3 Kg / m2) for the design flow.
276
11.12.10 MAXIMUM PERMITTED SPEED
The maximum permissible values for the average speed in the collectors depend on the
material, depending on their sensitivity to abrasion. Typical values of maximum allowable
speed for some materials are presented in Table
D.4.8. RAS
Type of material vs m / s
common brick 3.0
Vitrified brick and sandstone 5.0
Concrete 5.0
PVC 10
Table 92. Maximum allowable speeds
Source RAS 2000
277
CHAPTER VI: PUBLIC SPACE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
12 SYSTEM OF PUBLIC SPACE OF THE ANGLIA
The system of public space serves the purpose of creating connections between the areas of
protection of the National Ecological Network (In this natural basins case of water bodies and
storm drainage natural, the water rounds and gallery forests) and activity human related to
residential and commercial uses endowments proposed in the Macroproyecto.
In addition to complementing the National Ecological and protect natural elements vital to the
conservation of ecosystems, the system of public spaces creates spaces for contemplation of
the landscape, passive and active recreation, consolidates network traffic pedestrian and
complements the network of bike paths (4.2 Km) which is part of the system mobility.
Chart 65. Public Space System
The system of public space is composed of a series of linear parks, parallel to the water
bodies and protected areas, spanning the Macroproyecto in direction Northwest - Southwest
and a large central park, Pienta park in the heart of the project It is allowing a cross connection
between the linear parks. The system corresponds to 22.8% of the net developable area and
consists of the following elements (see plane M-09 and Table below).
278
Public Space System 195.981,36

Quebrada Chorro Grande Linear Park 53.386,50
Linear Park Quebrada Suratoque 33.089,58
South Linear Park (Adjacent to the Rio de Oro floods) 44.069,89
Pienta Park 58.514,07
Linear Park Quebrada La Colorada 6.921,31
Table 93. Elements and areas Public Space System
12.1 LINEAR PARKS QUEBRADA CHORRO LARGE AND QUEBRADA SURATOQUE

Along the streams Chorro Grande Suratoque running from north to south two linear parks
mostly passive character who recover forested areas currently present on the grounds of the
Macroproyecto, and is densely forested areas how to consolidate with species that contribute
to the conservation of the channel and filtering storm drains arise.
These parks are a buffer zone between the water round water bodies and areas urbanized and
constructed which serves to increase the basin storm drainage, reducing the risk of flooding,
allowing community access to the natural space and generating a buffer zone for the other
species that are guaranteed access to water these corridors and through the passage between
the Cerro la Cantera and Rio de Oro.
Lato River (Hato) adjoins only a small portion in the western edge of the Macroproyecto when
it reaches Large broken jet for its tributary; its water round strip of public space and public
space are incorporated additional linear park Quebrada Chorro Grande.
12.2 LINEAR PARK SOUTH

Rio de Oro is outside the limit of the EU1, but their areas floodable are adjacent to the southern
boundary of the macroproject, so it was determined that the adjacent soil would be a linear
park that can be integrated into the landscape and environmental values of the system
associated with the largest body of water in the region.
A bike path and a parallel pedestrian crossing longitudinally the project through this linear park,
which would allow access to the linear park of the Rio de Oro mentioned both the PBOT of
Piedecuesta, how in the PID-AMB.
12.3 CENTRAL PARK PIENTA

In addition to the linear parks, creating a large Central Park it is proposed. This park
composed of green areas equipped with tennis and the outdoor stage, interspersed with small
forests, provides citizens a green infrastructure for various uses, including recreation,
recreation, sports and contemplation.
This park and extensions toward him Linear South Park and Park Quebrada Chorro Grande
do seek the consolidation of a transverse element connecting the linear parks end with central
park, articulated through a pedestrian promenade with bike paths. For these areas of
movement tree planting it arises not to remove but to shade visibility.
279
13 SYSTEM FEATURES THE ANGLIA

Equipment System is the set of spaces and buildings designed to provide citizens with social
services, culture, security and justice, community, education, health, cult, sports, recreation and
social welfare. Public facilities seek to create a, that does not generate additional demands on
existing endowments in the region and, where possible, complement deficiencies in the nearby
auto industry sustainable urban context.
The system equipment is complemented by the system of public space to ensure pedestrian
access, but also to the activities of equipment generating activity in open space. Educational
facilities arise as meeting complemented by other cultural and sports facilities to serve students
but open to the community allowing its use as many hours a week.
66. Graphic System of Public Facilities
For Macroproyecto, they raised nine nodes equipment which concentrate different equipment
that can maximize its functionality by sharing their areas or facilities and integrating some of
the adjacent public space system. Transfer public areas destined for public communal
equipment correspond to 5.1% of the net developable area represented by the four balloons
of land. And 5% of Step 1 making it self-sustainable.
Public Assignments for Equipment 43.808,12

Equipment Area Stage 1 (Mz C) Preschool, Primary, Health Center, Fire Department, Police, Sports Center 8.998,46
Equipment Area Stage 2 (Mz P) Preschool, Sports 4.245,16
Equipment Area Stage 3 (Mz J) Health Center 3.605,53
Equipment Area Stage 5 (Mz S) Public Administration 7.589,22
Equipment Area Stage 6 (Mz Z) Preschool, Health Center 1.894,18
Equipment Area Stage 7 (Mz W) Preschool, Health Center, Firefighters, Police, Cultural Center 4.230,61
Equipment Area Stage 7 (Mz AC) Cultural Center 3.197,20
Equipment Area Stage 8 (Mz AG) Preschool, Sports Center 1.741,96
Equipment Area Stage 8 (Mz AG) Secondary, Sports Center 8.305,80
Table 94. Elements and balloons of land areas for equipment.
280
An estimate of the population and households that could inhabit the Macroproyecto Pienta and
analysis through endowments demand indicators taken from DNP, President, ICT, ICCE and
others, allowed to establish the demand for equipment. On the next page indicators, coverage
and the demand for land required by the above described equipment. It is worth mentioning
that the area needed for adequate equipment corresponds with the area designated by the
urban design of the Macroproyecto Pienta way.
The delimitation of endowments areas, according to the M-plane 10, can be adjusted according
to the architectural design of each of the equipment in accordance with the plane. Applications
assigned correspond to the general categories of the MPP-5 tab.
EQUIPMENT Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Stage 6 Stage 7 Stage 8
Preschool 998 800 894 800 687

Primary 2.500 2.256
High school 7.000
Health Center 1.250 1.350 1.000 1.200
Management 1.250 1.250 7.589
Firefighters 1.250 1.116

Police 1.116 1.306
Cultural Center 3.197

Sport Center 1.750 2.195 1.055
TOTAL 8.998 4.245 3.606 0 7.589 1.894 7.429 10.048
Indicator by Respondent Coverage Execution

Equipment System Number of Equipment Number of Unit Floor by Unit Total Land
Inhabitants Population People Equipment
Preschool 1.500 4,80 431 5,00 800 4.000
Education * Primary 4.200 1,30 634 2,00 2.200 4.400
High school 6.500 0,80 792 1,00 7.000 7.000
Health Health Center 15.000 3,60 15.000 4,00 1.250 5.000
Management 55.000 0,80 72.000 1,00 10.000 76.939

Administrative Firefighters 25.000 2,90 25.000 3,00 1.250 3.750
Police 25.000 2,90 25.000 3,00 1.250 3.750
Cultural Center 75.000 1,00 75.000 1,00 2.750 2.750

Social Welfare
Sport Center 40.000 1,80 80.000 2,00 2.500 5.000
* Estimate School-age population TOTAL 43.289
67. Demands approximate graphic system public facilities.
281
CHAPTER VII: RULES OF THE ANGLIA URBANISTICS

14 URBANISTICS RULES OF THE ANGLIA
The draft planning requirements for the development of applications and buildable of the
Macroproyecto Pienta, provides tools for planning, financing and management of the floor
established by Law 388 of 1997. The proposed rules seek to establish the parameters for the
execution of the operation comprehensive planning, contributing to the territorial development
of the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga and in particular the Municipality of Piedecuesta; and
the goal it has set the Government and particularly the Ministry of Housing, City and Territory,
enabling land for housing, primarily social interest in public space, infrastructure and equipment
to ensure local and national quality development.
The proposed rule seeks to contribute to the development of the territory promoting balanced
economic and social development compatible with conservation of natural resources. Physical,
environmental, economic planning, treatments, activities and buildable proposals seek to
establish a compact and diverse urban development, according to the guidelines of national
government60; plus, a slice of city interfaced with him Piedecuesta and Bucaramanga
Metropolitan Area.
Then the different levels that make up the urban norm exposed, in their order correspond to
urban treatments that determine the projection areas and areas subject to development
urbanization; the description of the first execution unit of the Macroproyecto and their stages
of development; areas of activity and uses of the ground; the organization predial; buildable
indices and densities; Volumetric and guidelines for the development of buildings.
14.1 URBAN TREATMENTS

(. 124.98 hectares) with the adoption, the entire area of the first execution unit of the
Macroproyecto Pienta be incorporated into the municipality of Piedecuesta two categories of
soil classification: Protection and Development. Ecological Main Structure including flood
hazard areas, corresponding to 10 percent of the gross area of the AE1 and will be incorporated
Soil Protection (12.4 hectares). The remaining 90 percent (112.5 hectares), will be incorporated
as Urban Expansion Floor; which will be incorporated into urban land with the development of
the PIU.
14.2 I USUALLY OF PROTECTION
Floor protection includes all areas with restrictions for urbanization, the National Ecological
Network for its environmental and landscape value and risk areas. Also this classification would
be part of public utility areas for the location of infrastructure for the provision of Public Services.
14.3 I USUALLY EXPANSION
Floor expansion is designed to accommodate future urban activities and thus appointed in
areas suitable for urbanization, in line with the demand for land for urban growth and the
possibility of basic infrastructure provision. Basic infrastructure is considered the road and
transportation system, utility networks, the system of open spaces and public facilities of public
or social interest.
282
Graphic 68. Treatments Town planning.
According to the classification of the ground, two development treatments defined classification
applicable to the floor above. For National Ecological as soil classified as protective
environmental conservation treatment was given; and urban sprawl area development
treatment was assigned. (See map M11)
14.4 TREATMENT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Treatment environmental protection aims preserving environmental values of the main
ecological structure described extensively in the environmental study and section main
ecological structure (4.3) Structure of the Frame Urbana. The following water bodies and their
water round are within the treatment of environmental protection:
Water Rounds (Includes Cauces) 265.150,27

River of gold 107.491,83
Broken river Chorro Grande 91.765,75
Broken river Suratoque 57.418,39
Broken river La Colorada 8.474,30
Table 95. Treatment Areas in Environmental Protection
60 Kind cities, PND, Conpes 3305, 2005, Act 388 of 1997, regulations Macroproyectos of Affordable Housing.
283
It is important to note that unlike the National Ecological Network, the urban proposal should
account for how roads intersection between water bodies and the road system.
14.5 TREATMENT DEVELOPMENTAL
Treatment seeks to guide development incorporation into the urban land in areas classified as
urban sprawl by macroproject. Development treatment is limited to undeveloped areas that
present conditions suitable for urbanization, according to the availability of basic public
services. Floor urban sprawl will be incorporated into urban land through the implementation
unit and its stages.
It is worth noting that in treating development as well as being applied to the urbanized areas
of the project, was also applied to some areas of road development reserve Transversal
Guatiguará and Central Ring Piedecuesta, according to profiles of the system mobility of the
urban structure. Likewise, although treatment development was applied to the areas
designated for the WWTP Macro [project and isolation areas of environmental protection of the
WWTP the Sanctuary and the WWTP Pienta, which were excluded from the Area Net Building
and incorporated by green areas, including in the urban affectations of the project, but not in
the urban assignments.
284
CHAPTER VIII: EXECUTION STEPS

15 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STAGES ANGLIA
The Macroproyecto is proposed to be developed in one (1) Implementation Unit and eight (8)
stages corresponding to the morphology of apples, will of owners and autonomy proposed
uses.
Chart 69. Implementation Unit 1: Stages of Development
Execution Unit (UE1) to a surface of 124.98 ha, area under the Technical Support Document
present, is within the area defined originally ad and its development is proposed in eight stages.
However, within these stages, you may be defined in sub-stages or phases of construction of
the necessary process for licensing of planning.
The urban assignments are cumulative through the stages to the percentages set in Urban
Design and overall box areas Execution Unit 1: Public Space (22.8% ANU) Mobility System
(23.6% ANU) and System of equipment (5.1% ANU).
285
FORMULATION AREA TABLE

%
AB AN
Total of the property according to plan 1.249.800,59 100%
Environmental: 265.150,27 21,20%
Water Rounds (Includes Cauces) 265.150,27 21,20%

Urban Planning: 125.218,65 10,00%
Pathways of the Arterial plan 32.458,36 2,6%
Transversal Guatiguará POT AMB PV = 44 m 32.458,36
PTAR PIENTA 21.572,86 1,7%
PTAR PIENTA 21.572,86
PTAR insulation 70.440,58 5,6%
PTAR insulation 75 mm 70.440,58
Servitude of the sewage collector 746,85 0,1%
Suratoque Collector 746,848
390.368,92 31,2% 31,2%
It is the basis for the calculation of Urban Assignments 859.431,68 68,8% 68,8% 100,0%
Areas for the conformation of local and zonal public systems 442.380,41 35,4% 51,5%
Public Space System 195.981,36 177.056,11 15,7% 22,8%
Local Road System 202.590,93 134.448,63 16,2% 23,6%
Cycle path 5.424,04

Public Assignments for Equipment 43.808,12 57.500,00 3,5% 5,1%
General Table 96. Table of areas.
286
FORMULATION DTHE MACROPROYECTO DAND INTEREST SOCIAL DTHE VALLE DAND GUATIGUARÁ ANDN PIEDECUESTA, SANTANDER, TOREA METROPOLITANA DAND BUCARAMANGA.
SS.PP ROAD MESH E. P. EQUIPMENT

Areas by C. GENERAL GENERAL CARGO C. LOCAL C. GENERAL C. GENERAL
Stage MUNICIPAL METROPOLITAN MUNICIPAL LOCAL ZONAL ZONAL
TOTAL LOADS
PTAR and Transversal Circunvalar
Central Ring Main Collector Main Collector Local Road
Item Suratoque Guatiguará de Public space Local Equipment
Avenue Avenue - East Avenue - West Mesh
collector Avenue Guatiguará
Type I usually I usually I usually I usually I usually I usually I usually I usually I usually I usually
Unit of
m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2 m2
measure
Stage 1 12.741 3.337 8.789 30.218 18.469 24.610 8.998 107.163
Stage 2 945 17.330 4.791 2.785 1.651 20.504 4.245 52.251
Stage 3 8.787 9.101 8.872 0 3.606 30.366
Stage 4 7.893 6.052 9.037 10.234 33.217
Stage 5 14.076 7.031 8.302 3.118 7.589 40.116
Stage 6 12.486 5.682 58.514 1.894 78.577
Stage 7 9.926 8.168 2.482 38.049 7.428 66.054
Stage 8 55.073 20.953 27.472 5.359 40.952 10.048 159.857
Total m2 92.761 32.458 26.119 46.898 48.395 21.323 59.854 195.982 43.809 567.600
Table 97. Execution Unit 1 - Development Stage (uploads stages).
310
FORMULATION DTHE MACROPROYECTO DAND INTEREST SOCIAL DTHE VALLE DAND GUATIGUARÁ ANDN PIEDECUESTA, SANTANDER, TOREA
METROPOLITANA DAND BUCARAMANGA.
Useful Area - Protected Gross Area

S, O. R.
APPLE areas Stage
I usually I usually I usually I usually

m2 m2 m2 m2
90.243 197.406 8.474 205.921
54.721 106.972 49.107 156.329
53.375 83.741 83.757
47.023 80.240 17.341 97.583
33.991 74.107 14.545 88.650
45.945 124.522 0 124.524
39.993 106.047 48.446 151.290
54.558 214.413 127.237 341.747
419.848 987.448 265.150 1.249.801

Table 98. Soil object of distribution (SOR) and protected areas.
Finally, it is important to note that the first stage of the Macroproyecto is self-sustaining, 50.2%
of its net developable area corresponds to public assignments with 13.6% in public space,
equipment and 5% by 31.7% in the process.
Also, the stage has access, through the Encircle of Guatiguará, the most important route of
regional in the area: the transverse Guatiguará and through this, to Highway Piedecuesta
Bucaramanga.
288
TABLE OF FORMULATION AREAS STAGE 1

%
AB AN
Environmental: Undeveloped Area 8.474,30 0,70%

Urban Planning: Urban Effects 16.077,91 1,3%

24.552,21 2,0% 2,0%
It is the basis for the calculation of Urban Assignments 1.225.248,38 98,0% 98,0% 100,0%
Useful area 1.134.163,41 0,7% 0,7%
99. Box standings areas.
289
CHAPTER IX: STRUCTURING SYSTEMS

16 STRUCTURING SYSTEMS
The urban structure of the EU1 is based on the first level, the elements of environmental value
that define the main ecological structure of the macro project and its municipal and regional
context, how the Park Quarry, the Rio de Oro and the water system that connects them.
On a second level, and taking into account the constraints of the metropolitan road system and
pre-existing roads, the mobility system was developed in the macroproject also thinking about
the continuity that these elements could have in the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga and the
town Piedecuesta.
Structuring 70. Graphic Systems.
Finally, in order to establish connections between these two systems and applications to be
developed to accommodate housing and urban services system public space of the project,
which the system was associated public facilities developed.
The utility system developed over previous systems to ensure their supply to all areas and
inhabitants of the larger project.
In summary, the structure urban comprises the following systems expressed graphically in the
plane M-08:
 Ecological Main Structure.

290
 Mobility System.
 Public Space System.
The following rules and guidelines for structuring the macroproject systems are established.
16.1 STANDARDS FOR THE NATIONAL ECOLOGICAL NETWORK

defined main ecological structure is adopted in the DTS and defined in the construction of the
Macroproyecto should:
 Ensure the integration of streams and rivers with the proposed urban design, safeguarding
its water and ecological integrity.
 The National Ecological must be connected to the Public Space System and can only be
crossed by the Mobility System.
 Existing vegetation will be maintained, minimizing earthworks, remove solely vegetation
which is strictly necessary to enable the movement of machinery.
 The use of non-invasive native species for forestation of water rounds and linear parks
associated with these is preferred.
 In developing the project, will comply with the provisions of the Corporation for the Defense
of the Bucaramanga Plateau (CMDB), which through Resolution 1986, issued in December 1984,
he prohibited the use of the cedar, as this is an endangered species.
 Runners ecological will be created through the existing watercourses by maintaining the
natural conditions of the channels and their water rounds defining parks intended for
reforestation, conservation and contemplative activities, as well as treatment of the strips of
space parallel to public water bodies as defined in PBOT as soft green areas.
16.2 SYSTEM RULES MOBILITY
Mobility System defined in the DTS and the MPP plane M-06 is adopted. Separators and green
areas of platforms should be treated as soft areas, landscaped and forested with native species,
according to the road profiles (See road sections Mobility System).
16.3 SYSTEM RULES PUBLIC SPACE
Public Space System defined in the chapter on Urban Structure of the DTS adopts the following
rules:
 1 should generate multiple field per 2.5 hectares of public space.

 In the process of urbanization, the parks must be fully formed and shall be provided, grassed or
reforested, according to the arrangements applicable handling each type of park, and will be
delivered to the competent bodies of the municipal level or the municipality delegates.
 Forest management and utilization topsoil must respond to existing standards applicable CMDB.
 The parks may not have enclosures and may be used by the general public
 A park within the following uses are permitted:
291
 Endowments cultural and sporting uses.

 Elements of utility networks.
 Landscaped surfaces of small entity, with the character of gardens.
 pedestrian areas of movement and residence.
 Ciclorutas.
 Children's play areas.
 Free sports areas to the outdoors.
 shrubby and wooded landscaping purposes, protection areas or mitigation.
16.3.1 LINEAR PARKS QUEBRADAS CHORRO LARGE AND SURATOQUE
They are intended for passive recreation and contemplation, with conservation of native
vegetation and reforestation for the consolidation of dense vegetation with species that
contribute to the conservation of the channel and filtering storm drains. Up to 5% of the area will
be occupied by hard areas for pedestrian trails, tennis, mini golf and children's games. Up to 2%
may be occupied by buildings for locating sports centers, acoustic shell, gazebos, CAI, kiosks
beverages or magazines, telephone or stops booths bus, with prior authorization from the
Municipal Administration and meeting the applicable rules of safety, sanitation and stability.
16.3.2 LINEAR PARK SOUTH
It is a linear park that will be integrated with the linear park of the Rio de Oro mentioned both the
PBOT of Piedecuesta, how in the PID-AMB
Up to 7.5% of the area will be occupied by hard areas for pedestrian trails, bike paths, tennis,
mini golf and children's games. Up to 5% may be occupied by buildings for locating sports
centers, acoustic shell, gazebos, CAI, kiosks beverages or magazines, telephone or stops
booths bus, with prior authorization from the Municipal Administration and meeting the applicable
rules of safety, sanitation and stability.
16.3.3 PARK SANCTUARY
The Sanctuary Park is defined as an active zonal parks. His vocation is the active recreation
zonal and municipal levels. existing woodlands be retained, 80% of the area will have a soft
treatment alternating reforestation for the consolidation of small forests and clear views with
empradized to open or permit activities in areas open areas.
Up to 5% may be occupied by buildings for locating sports centers, acoustic shell, gazebos and
CAI and 10% by hard areas for pedestrian trails, tennis, mini golf and children's games. They
may also be located temporary or permanent structures such as kiosks beverages or magazines,
telephone booths or bus stops, with prior authorization from the Municipal Administration and
meeting the rules on safety,
16.4 SYSTEM RULES OF EQUIPMENT’S

292
System Equipment defined in chapter Urban Structure DTS with the following standards
adopted:
 In the process of urbanization, areas for equipment must be shaped, and empradized
demarcated and turned over to the competent authorities of the municipal level or the
municipality delegates.
 The percentages of net area intended for equipment within each stage may not be equivalent
to the percentage of the total area, provided that the overall development project ensure the
steps generating the total area required for this use.
293
CHAPTER X: AREAS
17 AREAS OF THE ANGLIA
The following table describes the uses of soil by activity, including the types (grouping similar
establishments of a use), class (specificity of use) and scales allowed under the coverage of the
use or extension of their area (metropolitan urban, zonal and local). Regulatory chips refer to
this classification, and define which of these are applicable in macroproject.
17.1 GREEN AREAS PRIVATE

Clearances generated communal and private transfers, porches and other spaces inside the
useful apples, which will be for internal use and private enjoyment. Its area corresponds to 40%
of the apples Useful Area Housing 30% of commercial and endowments areas. Up to 10% in
housing blocks, and 5% in commercial and endowments apples can be filled with hard areas for
pedestrian trails, bike paths, tennis and children's games.
17.1.1 CRITERIA SUSTAINABLE URBAN PLANNING AND LANDSCAPING
 Bioclimatic incorporate factors governing ventilation, insolation, infiltration and recharge, and
evapotranspiration in urban design.
 Seize and hold remarkable visual landscapes and external development milestones.
 Install plant barriers around the WWTP and facilities which may produce a major impact on
the landscape. These barriers can be performed with tree specimens transplanted areas
where it has been necessary removal.
 For urban development, it should propose a Comprehensive Plan for Solid Waste
Management that contemplates the implementation of mechanisms reduction, reuse and
recycling, which must be reviewed and approved by the competent authorities
(Piedecuestana Enterprise Service or Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial
Development).
 In preparing the development project must be dimensioned works passing water under the
tracks so that the passage of the maximum rising is allowed, in order to prevent damming
by the accumulation of materials carried by water currents.
17.1.2 CRITERIA SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
 Orienting buildings, with their longest façade located in the east-west axis, with a range
between 0 and 45 ° pivot for the latitude in which is the Macroproyecto, seeking the best
use of solar energy for lighting.
 Use overhangs, eaves, balconies, openwork to regulate the direct solar radiation on the
facades. the use of planters, trees nearby, vertical gardens, blinds, curtains, awnings and
294
perimeter corridors is also recommended.
 Optimize the relationship wall - openings for reducing thermal inertia, regulate solar
radiation in facades, set conditions to optimize ventilation.
 Use building materials adapted to the climate of the place and take advantage of natural
light.
 They could be implemented ecological green roofs on buildings cover by planting grasses
and shrubs, for better landscape integration and thermal regulation of buildings.
Passive water-saving mechanisms, use of greywater, use of renewable alternative energy:

urban and architectural projects to study and implement water-saving mechanisms and use of
alternative energy, such as will be preferred.
17.2 SHEETS REGULATIONS
The areas of activity of the Macroproyecto Pienta, are as defined in the regulations tabs that are
part of the annex to this Technical Support Document.
Social sustainability is achieved by creating the necessary social conditions. Therefore, a
neighborhood that has a mix of uses and a variety of residential typologies, gets at some level,
a mixture of economic and social classes and of different ages. This complexity is supported by
the urban community that it has and is complemented by endowment supply and public spaces
and recreational relationship that meets the needs of the inhabitants.
295
Figure 71. Structure and Urban Areas Activity
The proposal seeks to reflect this principle to the present a system consisting of a mixture of
productive activities, residential, institutional and relationship.
Contrasting the Urban Structure and vision of development of the Macroproyecto with the
financial structure of the project, several scenarios in which the parameters were evaluated for
the final definition of types, densities and calculating buildable VIP and VIS houses were
modeled. The scenarios can be found in sections corresponding to the financial structure.
General areas of the project
296
FORMULATION AREA TABLE

%
AB AN
Environmental: 265.150,27 21,20%

Urban Planning: 125.218,65 10,00%

PTAR PIENTA 21.572,86 1,7%
PTAR PIENTA 21.572,86
390.368,92 31,2% 31,2%
It is the basis for the calculation of Urban Assignments 859.431,68 68,8% 68,8% 100,0%

Cycle path 5.424,04
Table 100. General areas of the project

Source: own elaboration based on urban proposal
297
In conclusion, the use defined by regulations tabs corresponds to the most viable scenario in
terms of sustainability of the development of the Macroproyecto at a level that allows to take
local and general cargo with a share of 25% for VIP and 25% for VIS in development of useful
living areas.
The results of this conclusion are normative records that define the rules of use, occupation and
building area of the macroproject apples presented below.
298
299
300
301
302
303
CHAPTER XI: MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

18 MANAGEMENT SCHEME THE ANGLIA
18.1 CONCERNED PARTIES

The MP Pienta be developed with the participation of stakeholders from the public and private
sectors of the national, regional and local levels. Next, will be described key stakeholders for
managing the project, the partnership scheme, obligations and benefits received.
18.1.1 PROPRIETARY OF LAND.

Provide the required ground for the development of the project in its urban component and
housing. Different properties are given to a trust parking on the value of the commercial value
in exchange for a percentage of fiduciary duties. Settlors contributors, independently or in
partnership with a third party will advance the creation of a real estate trust for the development
of urbanism. Such as income real estate trust it will have urbanized land sales and income from
the sale of trust rights of subdivisions useful housing area to be made to pension trusts
subordinates.
18.1.2 PUBLIC ENTITIES.
Within the group of public entities involved in the management of the project are:
PROMOTER, GOVERNOR OF SANTANDER.

It provides management and necessary studies for the development of the project as a strategy
to identify and assist in addressing the needs of the Municipality of Piedecuesta and
Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area. The value of the studies can be provided as a subsidy in kind
to the real estate trust to be constituted.
MINISTRY OF HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING.
Directs, evaluates and approves the formulation of the Macroproyecto in its different phases
(identification, formulation and adoption) and subsequently contributes, through the National
Housing Fund (Fonvivienda), in financing the project through the allocation of public resources
for social housing construction and priority interest, in accordance with the guidelines of the
National Development Plan 2010-2014 and other current administrative policies and actions
oriented to the attention of the housing deficit in the country and the region.
PIEDECUESTA.
Plays a key role during the implementation phase of the Macroproyecto, in terms of
management that provides for the attainment of resources to ensure the financing of general
cargo structuring and additional project (in accordance with the system of burden-sharing and
benefits) and as accompaniment during the licensing stage, viability of public services and
socialization. All this, together with the various entities and municipal companies.
304
REGIONAL AUTONOMOUS CORPORATION OF SANTANDER.

Directs and evaluates the environmental study submitted by the developer to the Ministry of
Housing, City and Territory during the formulation of the Macroproyecto and grants
environmental permits necessary for the execution of the project.
OTHER ENTITIES OF THE NATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORDER.

Contribute in the structuring and financing of public facilities immersed in the Macroproyecto
and later in its operation and maintenance. Among others, may be mentioned: Ministry of
Education, Colombian Family Welfare Institute, (National Learning Service) SENA, Ministry of
Sports (COLDEPORTES).
18.1.3 URBANIZING.
In partnership with contributor’s settlors land, manages the financing and implementation of
urban loads the project and to acquire the land through a real estate fiduciary, settlor under the
figure of manager. Its main source of funding will be selling commercial urbanized land (for
private commercial and communal uses) and income derived from the transfer of fiduciary
rights divisions useful area of housing that are made to pension trusts subordinates.
In addition, the developer can access subsidies for Macroproyectos granted by Fonvivienda,
pursuant to Decree 3450 of 2009 of the Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial
Development, as an advance payment of fiduciary duties apples subdivided for development
VIP 61. Your potential customers are real estate developers for commercial apples, therefore is
subject to the payment of income tax and will not have access to tax benefits such as the return
of VAT from direct construction costs Affordable Housing.
The developer may advance directly or indirectly assigned urbanism works, in any case
recognizing the value of construction fees. In addition, between costs and expenses required
for the management of urban planning include: design, supervision of work, trusteeship,
promotion and management. therefore, it is subject to the payment of income tax and will not
have access to tax benefits such as the return of VAT on construction costs of Social Housing.
The developer may advance directly or indirectly assigned urbanism works, in any case
recognizing the value of construction fees. In addition, between costs and expenses required
for the management of urban planning include: design, supervision of work, trusteeship,
promotion and management.
Therefore, it is subject to the payment of income tax and will not have access to tax benefits
such as the return of VAT on construction costs of Social Housing. The developer may advance
directly or indirectly assigned urbanism works, in any case recognizing the value of construction
fees. In addition, between costs and expenses required for the management of urban planning
include: design, supervision of work, trusteeship, promotion and management.
61 Anticipated
surplus allowances shall be transferred to VIP housing developers who will be responsible for ensuring the financial closure
of homes and execution. Otherwise, it will be the promoter manager who shall forward the implementation of the VIP units on which
subsidy has been obtained in advance.
305
18.1.4 DEVELOPERS HOUSING.
Perform the design, marketing and construction of real estate housing projects in any of its
classifications: VIP, VIS and VIS No. Housing developers acquire lots of useful area, divisions
of the parent trust in a subordinate autonomous equity, by purchasing fiduciary rights or the
effective sale of the suelo62. settlor manager sets a determinable value of land for developers
on a percentage of the value of sales made by each of the housing units.
Although their only source of funding are the sales of housing units, there are different sources
of funding for clients and beneficiaries that allow homebuilders ensure the financial closure of
projects. Other sources homebuilders will have access to: (A) family housing subsidies (SFV)
issued by Fonvivienda for displaced people, injured or in high-risk areas; (B) of SFV family
compensation for formal workers; (C) private resources of housing beneficiaries and clients
from savings and financing of the banking sector, cash or funds of employees; (D) Subrogation
credit builder and (E) recovery of VAT on the materials used in the construction of the VIS and
VIP homes. The costs and expenses required for the management of housing are: design,
supervision of work, trusteeship, marketing, social work and management. (A) family housing
subsidies (SFV) issued by Fonvivienda for displaced people, injured or in high-risk areas; (B)
of SFV family compensation for formal workers; (C) private resources of housing beneficiaries
and clients from savings and financing of the banking sector, cash or funds of employees; (D)
Subrogation credit builder and (E) recovery of VAT on the materials used in the construction of
the VIS and VIP homes. The costs and expenses required for the management of housing are:
design, supervision of work, trusteeship, marketing, social work and management. (A) family
housing subsidies (SFV) issued by Fonvivienda for displaced people, injured or in high-risk
areas; (B) of SFV family compensation for formal workers; (C) private resources of housing
beneficiaries and clients from savings and financing of the banking sector, cash or funds of
employees; (D) Subrogation credit builder and (E) recovery of VAT on the materials used in
the construction of the VIS and VIP homes. The costs and expenses required for the
management of housing are: design, supervision of work, trusteeship, marketing, social work
and management. (C) private resources of housing beneficiaries and clients from savings and
financing of the banking sector, cash or funds of employees; (D) Subrogation credit builder and
(E) recovery of VAT on the materials used in the construction of the VIS and VIP homes. The
costs and expenses required for the management of housing are: design, supervision of work,
trusteeship, marketing, social work and management. (C) private resources of housing
beneficiaries and clients from savings and financing of the banking sector, cash or funds of
employees; (D) Subrogation credit builder and (E) recovery of VAT on the materials used in
the construction of the VIS and VIP homes. The costs and expenses required for the
management of housing are: design, supervision of work, trusteeship, marketing, social work
and management.
18.1.5 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPERS.
Perform the design, marketing and construction of commercial and private real estate projects
endowments. Commercial developers acquire lots of useful area, divisions of the parent trust
in a subordinate autonomous equity through effective sale of the land or development of real
estate projects in association with promoter gestor63. in this case, the funding sources depend
306
on the specific real estate project.
18.1.6 BENEFICIARIES AND RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMERS.

¿Are the backbone of the Macroproyecto therefore base their development on social, economic
and environmental terms? This group is divided into three segments according to their socio-
economic conditions and needs. Although real estate products set for each group differ based
on their sources funding, the project ensures equal treatment on quality of urban planning,
public services and communal facilities.
18.1.7 BUYERS OR USERS OF COMMERCIAL USES.

Real estate development complemented by interventions zonal housing and municipal impact.
Commercial developments include a wide range of projects such as shopping centers and
warehouses of large areas, like services to the private endowments in areas such as health,
education and recreation.
18.1.8 FIDUCIARY.
Manages the resources and assets subject to a real estate project and the resources
associated with the development and execution of the same. Fiducia real estate is a tool for
the various actors involved in the management and implementation of the project that builds
trust between the parties concerned and safeguard their interests. As consideration essentially
fiduciary obtains a percentage of revenues from real estate sales made.
18.2 SCHEME MANAGEMENT.
The trustee scheme regulates the object, purpose, holding, execution, compliance with the
macro project, and the rights and obligations of the trustor, the trustee and the beneficiary.
Because of the size of the conditions of the business of the Macroproyecto owners can set up
a trust administration, commonly called parking, to which each and every one of the owners of
the land on which it will develop Macroproyecto should transfer the properties that are owned
so they are at the head of the corresponding trust, in order to have legal certainty that such
land is intended solely for that purpose.
Now, as the Macroproyecto will be developed in stages and will have the participation of third
constructors interested in some of the batches resulting from the urbanization process, it is
necessary to clarify that the trust property management, which will contain the general rules of
development and the benefits resulting from the same, should cleave specific trusts or
subordinate to enable the development and construction of the different batches and the
Macroproyecto stages. These split trusts, though have their own conditions, rules and
instructions must always be subject to the conditions, rules and instructions have been given
in the real estate management trust.
62 While the sale of apples is feasible within the framework of the Macroproyecto management, modeling is done on trust acquisition of
rights for its benefits on the cash flow of homebuilders.
63 Contrary to the case of housing developments, development of commercial premises allows a multiplicity of partnership schemes. For
this reason, the modeling of these blocks was made on the assumption of sale.
307
FORMULATION
PROMOTER
RULES MVCT
MUNICIPALITY
OWNER (S) LOT (S) GROUND (S) CONTRIBUTIONS PUBLIC ENTITIES
URBANISM AND
URBANIZER INFRASTRUCTURE
MAtríz Trust P. A. S.
PURCHASE OF LOTS
TRUSTEE
PURCHASE OF LOTS PURCHASE OF TRUST SUBSIDIES

URBANIZED RIGHTS F. A. S.
COMMERCIAL URBANIZED LOTS DESARROLLADORES SALES

Underlying Trusts HOUSING DEVELOPERS
DEVELOPERS F. A. S.
COMMERCIAL LIVING PLACE

DEVELOPMENTS
PRIVATE
USERS OR BUYERS BENEFICIARIES RESOURCES
COMMERCIAL INCOME
Figure 19. Scheme management.

Source: self-made.
This mechanism ensures the following for the effective implementation of the Macroproyecto:
18.2.1 REAL INTEGRATION.
By virtue of this object is achieved completely remove legal and physical boundaries of the
properties that form the floor for Macroproyecto such
so that competing interests among dispersed owners, are completely eliminated, ensuring that
the location of uses of public spaces and urban design generally obey the general interest and
not to the particular.
308
CHAPTER XII: FINANCIAL STRUCTURE

19 FINANCIAL STRUCTURE
The formulation of urban financial structure and design of the system fair sharing of burdens
and benefits was developed at the request of the Government of Santander, as Promoter of
the Macroproyecto Interest Social National Pienta, in the municipality of Piedecuesta. For its
development took into account the information provided by technical professionals hired to
formulate the Technical Support Document, mainly of studies and designs developed for urban
planning, the network of water supply and sewerage, electricity supply network and traffic study
and mobility of the project. Furthermore, reference was made to the Technical Support
Document issued by the Union Temporal Arnaiz, and Villamizar,
19.1 SOIL INVOLVED IN THE DISTRIBUTION
The Macroproyecto Interest Social National Pienta (MP Pienta) is an initiative of public-private
nature, where it seeks to develop a citadel for about 60,000 people, to reduce the housing
deficit existing and improve quality of life zonal citizens and metropolitan level. The MP Pienta
is developed on the old haciendas Villa Paulina, Santa Rita and El Santuario, in an area of 125
hectares; through a collaborative effort between the national government, through the Ministry
of Housing, City and Territory, the Governor of Santander, who works as a promoter of the
project, the Municipality of Piedecuesta, owners of farms and other players in the real estate
sector (developers, developers and builders).
The MP Pienta proposes the construction of approx. 15,600 housing units in multi
developments, within which a high percentage goes to the Interest Housing Development and
National Social Interest Housing Priority. As a tool to promote social integration and contribute
to the social mobility of beneficiaries and clients housing project, the MP allocates a minimum
percentage of 50% of the usable housing area projected developments within the range
Housing (AEL - Value of less than or equal sale 135 SMMLV), of which at least half (25%)
would target the construction solutions Housing Interest Priority (VIP - value less than or equal
to 70 SMMLV sale). Housing developments are complemented by large areas of public space,
as well as areas of institutional and commercial nature.
19.2 VALUE OF THE SOIL

The initial value of the floor of the premises subject of the present study was determined based
on commercial appraisals requested by the developer to the Lonja Inmobiliaria of the
Colombian Society of Architects, Santander sectional, National Register of Values # 07003791,
in the month of April 2011. the study determined the following values:
309
Lot area Value / m² Predio Value / m²

Predio value 2015
Property
in USD according
2015 Value USD 2019 2020
assessment
P-001 Villa Paulina65 $ 2.424.166 247.486 m² $ 9,80 $ 46.477.377 $ 187,80
P-002 Lot 2 $ 1.122.792 110.000 m² $ 10,21 $ 20.657.781 $ 187,80
P-003 Hacienda Santa Rita $ 4.851.541 500.000 m² $ 9,70 $ 93.899.003 $ 187,80
P-004 Sanctuary $ 2.118.189 386.813 m² $ 5,48 $ 72.642.710 $ 187,80

Total Appraisals $ 10.516.688 1.244.299 m² $ 8,45 $ 233.676.871 $ 187,80
Table 101. Summary appraisal reference.

Source: Lonja Real Estate SCA Santander. own calculations.
Based on the aforementioned appraisals, the value per square meter of land for Macroproyecto
set as follows:
Lot area
Predio value USD Value / m²
Property according Value / m² (USD 2020)
(2019) (USD 2011)
plane
Delimitation area $ 233.676.871 1.244.299 m² $ 8,45 $ 187,80
Table 102. Calculation of the initial reference value of the floor.

Source: self-made.
In this way, the initial value of the land, indexed to present value of 2019, is set at One hundred
eighty-seven and eighty dollars (USD 187.80) per square meter, corresponding to the sum of
TWELVE THIRTY-THREE MILLION SIX HUNDRED SEVENTY-SIX THOUSAND EIGHTY
EIGHTY-SEVEN DOLLARS ($ 233,676,871) for the entire delimited area.
19.3 URBANISTIC CHARGES AND OBLIGATIONS.

Within the immediate area of influence of the MP Pienta, public elements of different scales
which together constitute the urban charges were identified. Through a scheme of joint
participation between different public entities and the developer of the project opens the door
for the latter has a central role in the financing of the general expenses of the project. The
following table shows the sharing scheme regarding the cost of land and construction of urban
loads the project:
64 Indexed to the variation of the CPI for December 2011- 2019 (58%).
65 Annex Document "P-004 Hacienda Sanctuary" contains both the assessment of the Hacienda Villa Pauline (P-001) as the Hacienda Sanctuary (P-
004).
310
ASSUME THE
ASSUME THE COST OF
LOADS SCALE OBLIGATION Cost of the work
THE I USUALLY66
Public services
WTP Pienta Developer
ESP through tariff
POWPA Lato
ESP through tariff collection
Storage tank The hill
collection or developer
Zone Municipality
Conduit PTAP- MISN Municipality through land through PAYG
easements or public
Aqueduct network
Network sanitary and
storm sewer Local Developer Developer Developer
Electric Network
Road Network
Cross Guatiguará
Avenue Central ring Internal properties:

(Section against the
Macroproject) Developer Land External:
Q. Central Ring Bridge Town or Developer
over Big Jet Developer through PAYG Municipality or
Metropolitan Municipality through the
Ring bridge Q. Central on distribution
Suratoque system
Cross bridge over
Guatiguará
Q. Suratoque
Encircle Guatiguará
(Section Internal) Developer
Encircle Guatiguará bridge

Developer
over Q. Chorrogrande Zone Municipality Developer Municipality or
through the
Encircle Guatiguará bridge
distribution
over Q. Suratoque
system
Av. Par Road West
Av. Par this vial
Local vial mesh Local Developer Developer Developer
Parks (Areas within the premises of the Macroproject)
River of gold Park Linear
Metropolitan Developer Developer Developer
Chorro Creek Linear Park
Big
Linear Park Quebrada

Suratoque Zonal Developer Developer Developer
Park Quebrada
La Colorada - WTP
311
Central Park Encircle

Guatiguará Local Developer Developer Developer
Environmental System (Areas within the premises of the Macroproyecto)

Large round Quebrada
Chorro
It does not require
Quebrada Round Developer (In Lands of the
Environmental hydraulic works to
Suratoque Metropolitan Macroproject)
authority manage the
Quebrada La Colorada
channel
round
Round River of gold
Public facilities
Administrations
Equipment public Municipal periods
Zonal Municipality Developer
of government
during the
development of
the
Macroproyecto in
conjunction with
the relevant
entities of the
national order
Table 103. Definition of burdens and obligations.
Source: self-made.
19.4 BUDGET
The total estimated budget for the implementation of the MP Pienta amounts to, THOUSAND SIX
HUNDRED TWO MILLION THREE HUNDRED FIFTY THREE THOUSAND DOLLARS (USD
1.602.353.000) broken down as follows:
66The cost of soil borne by the developer for forming water parks and rounds consist only the contribution of the areas that are within the
delimitation of the Macroproyecto farm.
312
ÍTEM % VR. TOTAL

Ground 14,58% $ 233.676.872
affectations 3,00% $ 48.070.590
cessions 7,00% $ 112.164.710
Utility 4,58% $ 73.441.572
Town planning 4,69% $ 75.089.685
local charges 1,25% $ 20.046.792
general cargo 0,79% $ 12.598.110
additional charges 1,93% $ 30.969.026
Indirect cost 0,72% $ 11.475.756
Households 77,61% $ 1.243.513.302
Direct cost 65,50% $ 1.049.544.967
Indirect cost 12,11% $ 193.968.335
Subtotal 96,88% $ 1.552.279.859
Income tax 2,59% $ 41.472.692
Financial cost 1,29% $ 20.649.663
VAT refund -0,75% -$ 12.049.214
Subtotal 3,12% $ 50.073.141
Total budget 100,00% $ 1.602.353.000
Table 104. General Budget.
Source: self-made.
The overall budget was prepared on the estimates of direct costs and budgets delivered by the
technical team of formulating this document, with a normalization of indirect costs for construction,
management and supervision.
Below is the detailed budget is presented:
313
Total Costs
USD Dollars
No. ITEM 2020
1 GROUND VALUE
Total Land $ 233.676.871
2 TOWN PLANNING
2.1 Local charges
Sewer sanitary and storm $ 3.797.683
Aqueduct $ 1.771.676
Electrical and Communications Network $ 2.882.399
Local Road Network $ 1.128.564
Eastern Road Parallels $ 1.013.180
Parallel West Roads $ 1.971.340
Provision of furniture and Public Space $ 4.355.236
Subtotal Direct Costs Local Loads $ 16.920.077
AIU (Administration, Taxes and Utilities) Local Loads $ 3.126.715
Subtotal Local service charges $ 20.046.792
2.2 General cargo
Regularization of Existing Transv walkway. Guatiguará $ 1.041.848
Road construction of the Central Ring Internal $ 1.301.566
Regularization of Existing Circunv walkway. Guatiguará $ 775.417
Expanding the profile of the Circunvalar Guatiguará (Calzada New) $ 506.572
Encircle bridge Guatiguará - Quebrada Chorro Large $ 1.603.612
Encircle bridge Guatiguará - Quebrada Suratoque $ 1.777.719
Ring Bridge Central Internal Calzada - Quebrada Chorro Large $ 537.872
Ring Bridge Central Internal Calzada - Quebrada Suratoque $ 678.099
Transv bridge. Calzada Guatiguará Int. - Large Quebrada Chorro $ 1.475.323
Subtotal Direct Loads General $ 9.698.027
AIU (Administration, Taxes and Utilities) Loads General $ 1.910.365
Ground regularization of the existing road Transv. Will guatiguar $ 989.718
Subtotal Loads General $ 12.598.110
2.3 General Additional loads
WTP Pienta $ 7.078.745
POWPA River Lato $ 2.872.178
Storage Tank "La Colina" $ 369.094
POWPA connector - Macroproyecto $ 449.064
Extension of the connecting length Transversal Guatiguará $ 1.505.427
Expanding the profile of the Transversal Guatiguará (Calzada New) $ 5.662.221
Public Equipment $ 4.675.254
Expanding the profile of the Central Ring (Calzada New) $ 623.779
Transv bridge. Road Guatiguará Int. - Large Quebrada Chorro $ 1.475.323
Ring Bridge Central Internal Road - Quebrada Chorro Large $ 600.209
Ring Bridge Central Internal Road - Quebrada Suratoque $ 678.099
Subtotal Direct General Additional charges $ 25.989.392
314
AIU (Administration, Taxes and Utilities) Charges General $ 4.696.247

Land for expansion of the profile of the Central Ring (Road New) $ 283.387
Subtotal General Additional Charges $ 30.969.026
2.4 Other Indirect Costs
Duties, taxes and Licenses $ 4.615.712
Studies and Design Planning and Formulation $ 1.102.425
Audit $ 1.845.933
Administration and management $ 3.911.687
Subtotal Other Indirect Costs $ 11.475.756
TOTAL URBANISM $ 75.089.685
3 HOUSEHOLDS
3.1 Direct cost
VIP units $ 77.479.833
VIS units $ 316.040.583
Commercial $ 305.401.795
Endowment $ 207.296.386
Logistic $ 143.326.369
Subtotal Direct Cost $ 1.049.544.967
3.2 Indirect costs
Builder fees (incl. VAT) $ 154.775.017
Studies and technical designs of Housing $ 5.543.906
Duties, taxes and Licenses $ 12.818.824
Interventoría $ 20.830.589
Subtotal Indirect Costs $ 193.968.335
TOTAL HOUSING $ 1.243.513.302
5 OTHERS
Financial expenses $ 20.649.663
Income tax $ 41.472.692
VAT refund -$ 12.049.214
TOTAL OTHER $ 50.073.141
TOTAL PROJECT COST $ 1.602.353.000
Table 105. Detailed Budget.
Source: self-made.
19.5 USES AND BUILDABLE FOR USEFUL AREAS

The calculation of the building indexes of the project is developed based on urban guidelines and
assumptions and restrictions for each product, which are summarized below:
a) With the aim of generating compact and sustainable cities, the project will be developed
entirely in multi-family buildings.
b) To ensure the quality of urban development inside the housing blocks and guarantee the
315
minimum space required for private areas of common use, the occupation of the useful
housing land may not exceed 30% 67 (Occupancy Rate 0.30) in buildings less than or equal
to 10 floors and 25% (Occupancy Rate 0.25) in buildings greater than or equal to 11 Levels.
c) The following real estate products are defined in accordance with the market surveys carried
out for this formulation:
• Housing of minimum 45 m², for a maximum value of 70 SMMLV.

• Housing of minimum 60 m², for a maximum value of 135 SMMLV.
• Homes of 75 m² average, for an average value of 240 SMMLV.
• Private commercial and endowment developments for an estimated population of 60,000
people. In this case an Occupancy Rate of 0.70 and a construction index (I.C.) of 2.00.
The total construction potential of such uses exceeds 130,000 m², and the sale value of
said land is estimated at USD$ 305.401.795 (2020).
d) VIP multifamily must have a maximum height of 5 floors to avoid cost overruns at fixed
points with a lift.
e) To guarantee the financial viability of the project, the cost of urban and land charges must
be less than 15% of the revenues from the project.
f) To guarantee the mix of housing types and to foster a favorable environment for integration
and social mobility, a minimum percentage of 50% of the useful housing land for
developments of social interest must be maintained, of which at least 50% will have
preference for developments of priority interest (25% of the useful housing area).
g) The final calculation of building indexes should take into account the restrictions imposed
by urban planning such as areas and dimensions of apples68.
h) The estimated value of urban development charges (mandatory and general) and land for
the project is USD$ 101.835.660 (2020).
19.5.1 BUILDING AND DENSITY HOUSING INDEXES

For the calculation of the buildable indexes, 5 development scenarios were advanced starting
from a VIP-only scenario, to a mixed development scenario that guarantees compliance with the
previously stated assumptions and restrictions.
For all purposes of this document, the calculation of building indexes (occupation and
construction) is carried out on a constructed area discounting uncovered free areas, mechanical
installations, fixed points, parking area and communal facilities located in a maximum floor, as
well as basements and basements.
316
68
In general, apples of greater area allow more efficient implantations with respect to soil and building potential.
Legend
=a Housing Unit Area

AU = Useful Housing Area
h = Height Housing in flats
ICM = Construction rate
ICB = Basic Construction Index
IO = Occupancy rate
ρ = Housing density per hectare
V = Home Sale Value
VP = Partial Sales
VT = Total sales
VIP = Priority Interest Housing
VIS = Social interest housing
SMMLV = Current Legal Minimum Minimum Salary
Scenario 1: VIP only (11,400 homes)
The first scenario takes as a starting point the restrictions given for VIP developments:
units of 45 m² to 70 SMMLV, up to 5 stories high.
ICM(VIP) = h(VIP) * IO(VIP)

= 5 * 0,3
= 1,5
ρ(VIP) = ICM(VIP) * Hectare (10.000 m²) * a(VIP) m²
= 1,5 * 10.000 / 45
= 333 Unit / Hec
The project's VIP sales potential is evaluated based on the preliminary housing density, as follows:
VP(VIP) = ρ(VIP) * AU (Housing) * m² * v(VIP)

= 333 * 34,146464 * $ 38.373,26
= $ 12.791.085 USD
VT = VP(VIP) + VP(Purchase)
= $ 436.770.338 + $ 1.878.000
= $ 438.648.338
% CRG / VT = 42,53%
317
The value of the urban and land loads of the project represents about 45% of the total sales of
the scenario. It is concluded that the VIP only scenario is financially unfeasible.
Scenario 2: 25 VIP / 75 VIS (11,400 homes)
Ensuring a minimum percentage of 25% of useful housing land for VIP developments, the second
scenario incorporates VIS units of 60 m² at 135 SMMLV, maintaining the same density of the
previous scenario.
ICM(VIS) = ρ(VIS) * a(VIS) m² / Hectare (10.000 m²)

= 333 * 60 / 10.000
= 2,0
h(VIS) = ICM(VIS) / IO(VIS)
= 2,0 / 0,3
= 6,66
= 7 Levels
The potential of sales VIS is also evaluated:
VP(VIS) = ρ(VIS) * AU (Housing) * m² * v(VIS)

= 333 * 25,61 * $ 100.916,68
= $ 861.656.892 USD
VT = VP(VIP) + VP(VIS) VP(Purchase)
= $ 109.192.584 + $ 861.656.892 + $ 1.878.000
= $ 972.727.477 USD
% CRG / VT = 26,24%
The value of the urban and land loads of the project represents more than 27% of the total sales
of the scenario. Although this scenario improves the conditions of the project, it still does not
guarantee its execution.
Next, a second VIS modeling is carried out, expanding the number of floors and the density in
accordance with the defined restrictions, to increase the uses.
318
ICM(VIS) = h(VIS) * IO(VIS)

= 10 * 0,3
= 3
ρ(VIS) = ICM(VIS) * Hectare (10.000 m²) * a(VIS) m²
= 3 * 10.000 / 60
= 500 Unit / Hec
The potential of VIS sales with increasing density and height is:
VP(VIS) = ρ(VIS) * AU (Housing) * m² * v(VIP)

= 500 25,61 $ 100.917
= $ 1.292.238.092 USD
VT = VP(VIP) + VP(VIS) VP(Purchase)
= $ 109.192.584 + $ 1.292.238.092 + $ 1.878.000
= $ 1.403.308.677 USD
% CRG / VT = 18,15%
With the adjustment in density the weight of the land and the urban loads within the sales value
is reduced to about 18%, however, the scenario remains unfeasible.
Next, we proceed to model a new real estate product outside the VIS range, which allows reducing
the weight of the soil and loads, guaranteeing its financing. This scenario maintains 50% of useful
housing land for VIS and VIP developments, each with 25 Y 75%.
ICM(NIS) = h(VIS) * IO(VIS)

= 10 * 0,3
= 3
ρ(NIS) = ICM(NIS) * Hectare (10.000 m²) * a(VIS) m²
= 3 * 10.000 / 75
= 400 Unit / Hec
The resulting No-VIS sales potential is:
VP(VIS) = ρ(VIS) * AU(VIS) * v(VIS)

= 400 * 17,07 * $ 100.917
= $ 689.059.094 USD
VT = VP(VIP) VP(VIS) VP(VIS) VP(COM)
= $ 109.192.584 + $ 536.699.140 + $ 689.059.094 + $ 1.878.000
= $ 1.336.828.818 USD
% CRG / VT = 17,35%
319
This scenario, in addition to generating a significant variation in the projection of sales revenue,
also produces a notable improvement in the ratio of the benefit obtained against the density of
homes per hectare. However, the scenario remains unfeasible, since the weight of the charges
exceeds 17% of the profit obtained.
To take advantage of the higher sales value of No-VIS developments, the density of homes is
finally increased by raising the permitted height by two floors, thus:
ICM(VIS) = h(VIS) * IO(VIS)

= 16 * 0,25
= 4
ρ(VIS) = ICM(VIS) * Hectare (10.000 m²) * a(VIS) m²
= 4 * 10.000 / 75
= 533 Unit / Hec
The potential of No-VIS sales with increasing density and height is:
VP(VIS) = ρ(VIS) * AU(VIS) * v(VIS)

= 533 * 17,07 * $ 100.917
= $ 918.919.842 USD
VT = VP(VIP) VP(VIS) VP(VIS) VP(COM)
= $ 109.192.584 + $ 536.699.140 + $ 918.919.842 + $ 37.541.433
= $ 1.602.353.000 USD
% CRG / VT = 14,23%
In this scenario, the weight of urban and land charges is less than 15% of the total estimated sales
of the Macroproject, therefore the scenario is considered possible.
19.5.2 VOLUMETRIC VERIFICATION OF INDICES.
Based on the buildable indexes, fit schemes are prepared for each product in such a way that the
spatial conditions of each of the housing groups are verified.
320
TYPE C REAL ESTATE PRODUCTS
Priority Interest Housing (Type C Classification)
333 homes / hectare Aptos. of 45 m² - 5 floors
Social Interest Housing (Type B Classification)

500 homes / hectare Aparts. of 60 m² - 10 floors
Non-VIS Housing (Classification Type A)

533 homes / hectare Aptos. of 75 m² - 16 floors
Table 106. Housing scheme of real estate products.
19.5.3 VERIFICATION AND ADJUSTMENT ON DISAGGREGATED AREAS.
321
Based on the calculated and verified indices, the corresponding adjustment to the areas of the
macroproject is carried out according to the modeling performed, final scenario, in this way the
correspondence of the indices with the projected is ensured. the building indexes for the project
are:
Maximum building indexes of the Macroproject
Maximum
Occupancy
Use Density (ρ) Quantity Construction
Rate
Index
VIP – Type C 328 4.836 0,3 1,5
VIS – Type B 486 12.392 0,3 2,95
Total AU Housing 457 17.228 -- --
Complementary uses -- -- 0,7 2
TOTAL AU 372 17.228 -- --
Table 107. Maximum buildable indexes of the macroproject.
19.6 URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
In accordance with modeled real estate products and the calculation, verification and adjustment
of building indexes developed, the following summary chart of urban development is shown:
REAL ESTATE PRODUCTS

Units Total Macroproject
Product Area SMMLV Value USD 2019 Quantity Area (m²) Value 2019 USD
VIP 45 m² 70 $ 38.373,26 4.836 217.443 $ 185.573.067
VIS 60 m² 135 $ 100.916,68 12.392 681.902 $ 1.250.559.503
Subtotal Housing 17.228 899.345 $ 1.436.132.571
326.838 $ 610.803.590
Complementary uses 252.098 $ 376.902.519
232.404 $ 260.593.399
Subtotal Complementary Uses 811.340 $ 1.248.299.508
Total Macroproject 1.710.684 $ 2.684.432.079
Table 108. Summary of the real estate products of the Macroproject.
Source: self-made.
19.7 SYSTEM OF EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS AND BENEFITS.

the system of equitable distribution of charges and benefits, identified under law 388 of 1997, in
number 3 of article 2 principles, must be understood within the macroproject as a mechanism to
guarantee its execution, achieving the balance between municipal finances with the possible
burdens that may fall on these and the potential additional benefits that can be generated by the
macroproject to achieve a financial closure of the project.
The system of distribution of loads and benefits is a tool that guarantees the financing and
execution of urban infrastructure and public space of zonal and general scale. the distribution
system designed for the Megaproject Pienta uses a single unit of action, subdivided into 8 stages
of development. therefore, any type of compensation for use or buildable between stages will be
322
balanced through the real estate trust in charge of the managing trustor.
As previously identified, the managing trustee of the macroproject is the one who assumes the
cost of local project charges, estimated at $ 72.895.969 Dollars (including indirect costs).
preserving the same relationship between urban charges and exploitations obtained (approx.
14%), the project must generate a minimum income of $ 1.704.882.156 Dollars. To calculate the
basic construction index (i.c.b.) it will be necessary to evaluate the relationship between useful
housing land and benefit for each of the real estate products, as shown below:
VT(VIP) / AU = ρ(VIP) * v(VIP) / 10.000 m²

= 333 * $ 38.373 / 10.000
= 1.278 m²
VT(VIS) / AU = ρ(VIS) * v(VIS) / 10.000 m²
= 500 * $ 100.917 / 10.000
= 5.046 m²
VT(VIS) / AU = ρ(NIS) * v(NIS) / 10.000 m²
= 533 * $ 100.917 / 10.000
= 5.379 m²
323
Based on the profit values per square meter of each product, the i.c.b. taking the VIP product as
a starting point and gradually moving towards vis and non-vis, depending on the load requirement.
considering that the total value of VIP sales is less than the minimum value necessary for the
payment of mandatory charges, it is necessary to incorporate vis solutions.
for each square meter of useful area of VIP housing that is replaced by one of VIS, the benefit will
increase by 4.11 million. in this way, the useful vis housing area needed to cover local charges
corresponds to:
AU (VIS) = Minimum Income - VT (VIP) / VT(VIS)/AU - VT(VIP)/AU

= $ 1.250.559.503 - $ 185.573.067 / $ 5.379 - $ 1.278
= 2.985 m²
% AU VIS = 36%
To this extent, the general basic construction index for the entire macroproject will be equivalent:
ICB = AU(VIP) * ICM(VIP) + AU(VIS) * ICM(VIS)

= 34,15 * 1,5 + 25,61 * 0,3
+ AU(COM) * ICM(COM) / AU
+ 5,4 * 2 / 41,98
= 1,66
The calculation of the construction index necessary to assume general and additional loads must
use the same calculation method. in this case, once the 75% vis - 25% VIP ratio has been reached,
the same procedure can be carried out to replace a useful vis area with a no-vis development.
19.8 EXECUTION SCHEDULE.

The MP PIENTA will be developed in a single unit of action, divided into 8 stages of execution.
The total term for the execution of the Macroproject will be 11 years, however, it is expected that
VIS and VIP developments can be executed in less than 3 years. The following is the estimated
execution schedule:
324
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 TTL
URBAN.
PRELIM. 5,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 5%
ETAPA 1 10,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 10%
ETAPA 2 0,00% 15,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 15%
ETAPA 3 0,00% 0,00% 15,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 15%
ETAPA 4 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 15,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 15%
ETAPA 5 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 5,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 5%
ETAPA 6 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 10,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 10%
ETAPA 7 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 10,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 10%
ETAPA 8 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 15,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 0,00% 15%
VIVIENDA 100%
VIP 0 1.240 1.240 1.240 1.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.836
VIS 0 640 640 640 640 640 640 400 400 400 0 0 5.040
NO-VIS 0 928 928 928 928 928 928 928 400 400 56 0 7.352
ETAPA 1
VIP 0 1.240 1.240 1.240 1.116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.836
ETAPA 2
VIS 0 640 640 640 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.920
NO-VIS 0 928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 928
ETAPA 3
VIS 0 0 0 440 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 640
NO-VIS 0 0 928 928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.856
ETAPA 4
VIS 0 0 0 0 440 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 640
NO-VIS 0 0 0 0 928 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 928
ETAPA 5
VIS 0 0 0 0 0 440 200 400 400 400 0 0 1.840
ETAPA 6
NO-VIS 0 0 0 0 0 928 928 0 0 0 0 0 1.856
ETAPA 7
VIS 0 0 0 0 0 928 400 400 56 0 1.784
ETAPA 8
NO-VIS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.228
TOTAL 0 2.808 2.808 3.248 2.684 1.568 1.128 1.328 800 800 56 0 17.228
Table 109. Execution schedule.
SOURCE: SELF-MADE.
325
19.9 SOURCES AND USES

The macroproject will be carried out primarily with private resources from buyers and beneficiaries
of homes and commercial apple developers. however, as new sources of financing, public and
private, are developed, they can be integrated into the financing scheme.
SOURCES Value Total APPLICATIONS Value Total

VIP Sales - Private Resources $ 2.684.432.079 Land cost $ 185.606.282
VIS Sales - Private Resources $ 185.573.067 Acquisition of affected land $ 7.105.850
Subrogations $ 1.250.559.503 Urban Construction Works $ 75.089.685
Sale of commercial buildings $ 1.248.299.508 Home building $ 1.243.513.302
Assignment of Fiduciary Rights Mznas. Housing $ 7.105.850 Financial Expenses $ 1.773.535.169
Private Contributions $ 236.227.690 Cost of Trust Rights Lot $ 7.105.850
VAT return -$ 12.049.214 Income tax $ 603.310.190
Utility $ 1.704.882.155
SUBTOTAL SOURCES $ 5.600.148.483 SUBTOTAL APPLICATIONS $ 5.600.148.483
TABLE 110. SOURCES AND USES OF THE MACROPROJECT.
source: self-made.
19.10 GET FINANCED
The consolidated cash flow of the macroproject and the disaggregated cash flows in the different
products formulated in this chapter are presented below. the decomposed cash flow seeks to
balance stakeholders in the management of both urban planning and private areas, recognize the
fundamental role of the developer within the execution scheme and make viable the development
of social and priority interest housing without losing the margin of incentive for the private investor.
As will be seen, the return times of each of the products vary according to their
commercial dynamics and execution limitations.
326
Operating income
Operating revenues are those revenues resulting from the main economic activity of the company. Our
company is dedicated to more than four main economic activities, and income arising from these activities are
considered operating income.
USD
Dólares
Income Operating Income
600.000.000
500.000.000
400.000.000
300.000.000
200.000.000
100.000.000
0
77,2% 67,7% 65,2% 68,5% 19,3% 15,0% 62,1% 62,7% 62,0% 62,3% 63,1% 0,0%
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031
356
In dollars of the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6
PROJECTED CASH FLOW 102,00% 102,00% 102,00% 102,00% 102,00%
Period from 2020 - 2031 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
INCOME
11 Sale of Commercial Constructions $ - $ 207.530.156 $ 211.680.759 $ 249.747.110 $ 210.507.287 $ 125.438.500

11 Sale of VIP Housing Private Resources $ - $ 30.851.576 $ 31.468.608 $ 37.127.578 $ 31.294.159 $ 18.647.774
11 Sale of VIS Housing Private Resources $ - $ 207.905.880 $ 212.063.998 $ 250.199.267 $ 210.888.402 $ 125.665.602
11 Initial Fees $ - $ 91.882.744 $ 93.720.399 $ 110.574.050 $ 93.200.851 $ 55.537.151
11 Customer Financing $ - $ 72.193.584 $ 73.637.456 $ 86.879.611 $ 73.229.240 $ 43.636.333
11 Housing Separation $ - $ 26.252.212 $ 26.777.257 $ 31.592.586 $ 26.628.815 $ 15.867.757
11 SFV Compensation Funds $ - $ 13.126.106 $ 13.388.628 $ 15.796.293 $ 13.314.407 $ 7.933.879
11 Subsidy for Macroprojects $ - $ 5.316.073 $ 5.422.394 $ 6.397.499 $ 5.392.335 $ 3.213.221
13 Assignment of Fiduciary Rights Apples Housing $ - $ 1.181.350 $ 1.204.977 $ 1.421.666 $ 1.198.297 $ 714.049
13 Private Contributions $ - $ 65.631 $ 66.943 $ 78.981 $ 66.572 $ 39.669
13 Investment Disbursement $ 480.705.900 $ 560.823.550 $ 320.470.600 $ 240.352.950 $ - $ -
13 Return of VAT Value Added Tax $ - $ 2.003.185 $ 2.043.249 $ 2.410.685 $ 2.031.922 $ 1.210.795
INCOME TOTALS $ 480.705.900 $ 1.219.132.047 $ 991.945.267 $ 1.032.578.275 $ 667.752.287 $ 397.904.731
15 Property Plant and Equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
51 Direct Labor $ - $ 679.320 $ 692.906 $ - $ 706.765 $ -

51 Indirect labor $ - $ 3.366.000 $ 3.433.320 $ - $ 3.501.986 $ -
52 Fixed Administration Costs $ - $ 51.408 $ 52.436 $ - $ 53.485 $ -
52 Acquisition of affected land $ 7.991.750 $ 8.151.585 $ 9.617.476 $ 8.106.395 $ 4.830.494 $ 3.544.498
52 Cost of Trust Rights Lot $ 30.857.098 $ 31.474.240 $ 37.134.223 $ 31.299.760 $ 18.651.112 $ 13.685.729
52 Lot Cost $ - $ 1.181.350 $ 1.204.977 $ 1.421.666 $ 1.198.297 $ 714.049
52 Direct Cost of Urban Planning $ - $ 10.575.834 $ 10.787.351 $ 12.727.230 $ 10.727.550 $ 6.392.405
52 Direct Cost of Housing $ - $ 174.487.155 $ 177.976.898 $ 209.982.317 $ 176.990.268 $ 105.466.153
52 Indirect Cost of Urban Planning $ - $ 3.433.013 $ 3.501.673 $ 4.131.375 $ 3.482.261 $ 2.075.033
54 Indirect Cost of Housing $ - $ 1.907.848 $ 1.946.005 $ 2.295.953 $ 1.935.217 $ 1.153.170
54 Indirect Cost of Housing $ - $ 32.247.292 $ 32.892.238 $ 38.807.218 $ 32.709.897 $ 19.491.394
COMMERCIAL OPERATION EXPENSES $ 38.848.848 $ 267.555.044 $ 279.239.503 $ 308.771.915 $ 254.787.330 $ 152.522.431
24 ICA Industry and Commerce Tax $ 2.307.388 $ 5.851.834 $ 4.761.337 $ 4.956.376 $ 3.205.211 $ 1.909.943
21 Financial obligations $ 2.884.235 $ 7.314.792 $ 5.951.672 $ 6.195.470 $ 4.006.514 $ 2.387.428
26 Unforeseen $ 9.614.118 $ 24.382.641 $ 19.838.905 $ 20.651.566 $ 13.355.046 $ 7.958.095
TOTAL EXPENSES $ 53.654.589 $ 305.104.311 $ 309.791.418 $ 340.575.326 $ 275.354.101 $ 164.777.896
OPERATIONAL UTILITY $ 427.051.311 $ 914.027.736 $ 682.153.850 $ 692.002.950 $ 392.398.187 $ 233.126.835

Operational Margin 88,84% 74,97% 68,77% 67,02% 58,76% 58,59%
Table 111. Consolidated cash flow of the Macroproject.
357
53 Debt Service Capital Payment $ - $ 261.168.286 $ 261.168.286 $ 302.092.091 $ 249.635.213 $ 145.837.561
53 Debt Service Payment Interest $ - $ 24.535.366 $ 24.535.366 $ 28.379.938 $ 23.451.895 $ 13.700.660
UTILITY BEFORE TAXES $ 427.051.311 $ 628.324.085 $ 396.450.199 $ 361.530.920 $ 119.311.079 $ 73.588.614
33 Legal Reserve $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
23 Source Retention $ - $ 24.382.641 $ 19.838.905 $ 20.651.566 $ 13.355.046 $ 7.958.095
55 Self-Withholding Income Tax $ - $ 7.312.222 $ 5.457.231 $ 5.536.024 $ 3.139.185 $ 1.865.015

53 Income tax $ - $ 201.675.313 $ 129.932.306 $ 120.372.021 $ 43.980.192 $ 26.979.957
UTILITY AFTER TAXES $ 427.051.311 $ 443.719.191 $ 280.899.568 $ 256.274.441 $ 85.546.747 $ 52.701.736
Average monthly profit $ 35.587.609 $ 36.976.599 $ 23.408.297 $ 21.356.203 $ 7.128.896 $ 4.391.811

Net Margin 88,84% 36,40% 28,32% 24,82% 12,81% 13,24%
PROJECTED CASH FLOW

EBIDTA $ 427.051.311 $ 914.027.736 $ 682.153.850 $ 692.002.950 $ 392.398.187 $ 233.126.835
CAPEX $ 480.705.900 $ 560.823.550 $ 320.470.600 $ 240.352.950 $ - $ -
Interest $ - $ 24.535.366 $ 24.535.366 $ 28.379.938 $ 23.451.895 $ 13.700.660
Taxes $ - $ 184.604.894 $ 115.550.631 $ 105.256.479 $ 33.764.331 $ 20.886.878
Free cash flow -$ 53.654.589 $ 144.063.926 $ 221.597.253 $ 318.013.582 $ 335.181.960 $ 198.539.297
Working capital 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Avalaible 72.105.885 182.869.807 148.791.790 154.886.741 100.162.843 59.685.710
Inventories - - - - - -
Accounts Receivable 408.600.015 1.036.262.240 843.153.477 877.691.534 567.589.444 338.219.021
Deferred - 24.382.641 19.838.905 20.651.566 13.355.046 7.958.095
Debts to pay 53.654.589 301.058.991 305.665.191 340.575.326 271.145.350 164.777.896
Accounts Payable Partners - 285.703.651 285.703.651 330.472.029 273.087.108 159.538.221
Income Taxes - 208.987.535 135.389.536 125.908.045 47.119.377 28.844.972
Laboral obligations - 4.045.320 4.126.226 - 4.208.751 -
Financial obligations - - - - - -
Free cash flow 427.051.311 942.455.697 706.118.981 712.654.515 409.961.983 241.084.929
Operational Cash Flow 427.051.311 914.027.736 682.153.850 692.002.950 392.398.187 233.126.835

Financial Flow $ - $ 24.535.366 $ 24.535.366 $ 28.379.938 $ 23.451.895 $ 13.700.660
Partners Capital $ 480.705.900 $ 560.823.550 $ 320.470.600 $ 240.352.950 $ - $ -
Heritage Flow $ 480.705.900 $ 585.358.915 $ 345.005.966 $ 268.732.888 $ 23.451.895 $ 13.700.660
Net Cash Flow for the Period -$ 53.654.589 $ 328.668.821 $ 337.147.884 $ 423.270.061 $ 368.946.292 $ 219.426.175
Initial Cash Flow $ 480.705.900 $ 1.219.132.047 $ 991.945.267 $ 1.032.578.275 $ 667.752.287 $ 397.904.731
Final Cash Flow $ 427.051.311 $ 443.719.191 $ 280.899.568 $ 256.274.441 $ 85.546.747 $ 52.701.736
358
In dollars of the United States of America 7 8 9 10 11 12
PROJECTED CASH FLOW
Period from 2020 - 2031 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031
INCOME
11 Sale of Commercial Constructions $ 92.043.700 $ 110.530.775 $ 67.916.500 $ 69.274.830 $ 4.946.223 $ -

11 Sale of VIP Housing Private Resources $ 13.683.280 $ 16.431.581 $ 10.096.514 $ 10.298.444 $ 735.309 $ -
11 Sale of VIS Housing Private Resources $ 92.210.341 $ 110.730.886 $ 68.039.460 $ 69.400.249 $ 4.955.178 $ -
11 Initial Fees $ 40.751.801 $ 48.936.844 $ 30.069.627 $ 30.671.020 $ 2.189.911 $ -
11 Customer Financing $ 32.019.272 $ 38.450.377 $ 23.626.136 $ 24.098.658 $ 1.720.644 $ -
11 Housing Separation $ 11.643.372 $ 13.981.955 $ 8.591.322 $ 8.763.148 $ 625.689 $ -
11 SFV Compensation Funds $ 5.821.686 $ 6.990.978 $ 4.295.661 $ 4.381.574 $ 312.844 $ -
11 Subsidy for Macroprojects $ 2.357.783 $ 2.831.346 $ 1.739.743 $ 1.774.538 $ 126.702 $ -
13 Assignment of Fiduciary Rights Apples Housing $ 523.952 $ 629.188 $ 386.609 $ 394.342 $ 28.156 $ -
13 Private Contributions $ 29.108 $ 34.955 $ 21.478 $ 21.908 $ 1.564 $ -
13 Investment Disbursement $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
13 Return of VAT Value Added Tax $ 888.452 $ 1.066.899 $ 655.564 $ 668.675 $ 47.743 $ -
INCOME TOTALS $ 291.972.747 $ 350.615.784 $ 215.438.614 $ 219.747.386 $ 15.689.963 $ -
15 Property Plant and Equipment $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
51 Direct Labor $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
51 Indirect labor $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
52 Fixed Administration Costs $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
52 Acquisition of affected land $ 4.256.414 $ 2.615.387 $ 2.667.695 $ 190.473 $ - $ -
52 Cost of Trust Rights Lot $ 16.434.522 $ 10.098.321 $ 10.300.287 $ 735.441 $ - $ -
52 Lot Cost $ 523.952 $ 629.188 $ 386.609 $ 394.342 $ 28.156 $ -
52 Direct Cost of Urban Planning $ 4.690.590 $ 5.632.700 $ 3.461.057 $ 3.530.278 $ 252.062 $ -
52 Direct Cost of Housing $ 77.388.480 $ 92.932.039 $ 57.102.819 $ 58.244.875 $ 4.158.684 $ -
52 Indirect Cost of Urban Planning $ 1.522.608 $ 1.828.426 $ 1.123.491 $ 1.145.960 $ 81.822 $ -
54 Indirect Cost of Housing $ 846.168 $ 1.016.122 $ 624.364 $ 636.851 $ 45.471 $ -
54 Indirect Cost of Housing $ 14.302.307 $ 17.174.941 $ 10.553.277 $ 10.764.343 $ 768.574 $ -
COMMERCIAL OPERATION EXPENSES $ 119.965.042 $ 131.927.123 $ 86.219.599 $ 75.642.563 $ 5.334.769 $ -
24 ICA Industry and Commerce Tax $ 1.401.469 $ 1.682.956 $ 1.034.105 $ 1.054.787 $ 75.312 $ -
21 Financial obligations $ 1.751.836 $ 2.103.695 $ 1.292.632 $ 1.318.484 $ 94.140 $ -
26 Unforeseen $ 5.839.455 $ 7.012.316 $ 4.308.772 $ 4.394.948 $ 313.799 $ -
TOTAL EXPENSES $ 128.957.803 $ 142.726.090 $ 92.855.108 $ 82.410.783 $ 5.818.020 $ -
OPERATIONAL UTILITY $ 163.014.944 $ 207.889.694 $ 122.583.506 $ 137.336.604 $ 9.871.944 $ -

Operational Margin 55,83% 59,29% 56,90% 62,50% 62,92% 0,00%
359
53 Debt Service Capital Payment $ 104.913.756 $ 123.515.485 $ 74.406.919 $ 74.406.919 $ 5.208.484 $ -
53 Debt Service Payment Interest $ 9.856.087 $ 11.603.620 $ 6.990.133 $ 6.990.133 $ 489.309 $ -
UTILITY BEFORE TAXES $ 48.245.102 $ 72.770.589 $ 41.186.454 $ 55.939.552 $ 4.174.150 $ -
33 Legal Reserve $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
23 Source Retention $ 5.839.455 $ 7.012.316 $ 4.308.772 $ 4.394.948 $ 313.799 $ -
55 Self-Withholding Income Tax $ 1.304.120 $ 1.663.118 $ 980.668 $ 1.098.693 $ 78.976 $ -

53 Income tax $ 18.013.982 $ 26.231.085 $ 15.024.215 $ 19.642.803 $ 1.458.317 $ -
UTILITY AFTER TAXES $ 34.766.455 $ 51.888.702 $ 29.490.344 $ 39.593.004 $ 2.950.657 $ -
Average monthly profit $ 2.897.205 $ 4.324.058 $ 2.457.529 $ 3.299.417 $ 245.888 $ -

Net Margin 11,91% 14,80% 13,69% 18,02% 18,81% 0,00%
PROJECTED CASH FLOW

EBIDTA $ 163.014.944 $ 207.889.694 $ 122.583.506 $ 137.336.604 $ 9.871.944 $ -
CAPEX $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Interest $ 9.856.087 $ 11.603.620 $ 6.990.133 $ 6.990.133 $ 489.309 $ -
Taxes $ 13.478.646 $ 20.881.887 $ 11.696.110 $ 16.346.548 $ 1.223.493 $ -
Free cash flow $ 139.680.211 $ 175.404.187 $ 103.897.263 $ 113.999.923 $ 8.159.142 $ -
Working capital 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031

Avalaible 43.795.912 52.592.368 32.315.792 32.962.108 2.353.495 -
Inventories - - - - - -
Accounts Receivable 248.176.835 298.023.416 183.122.822 186.785.279 13.336.469 -
Deferred 5.839.455 7.012.316 4.308.772 4.394.948 313.799 -
Debts to pay 128.957.803 142.726.090 92.855.108 82.410.783 5.818.020 -
Accounts Payable Partners 114.769.843 135.119.106 81.397.052 81.397.052 5.697.794 -
Income Taxes 19.318.101 27.894.203 16.004.883 20.741.496 1.537.292 -
Laboral obligations - - - - - -
Financial obligations - - - - - -
Free cash flow 168.854.399 214.902.010 126.892.278 141.731.552 10.185.743 -
Operational Cash Flow 163.014.944 207.889.694 122.583.506 137.336.604 9.871.944 -

Financial Flow $ 9.856.087 $ 11.603.620 $ 6.990.133 $ 6.990.133 $ 489.309 $ -
Partners Capital $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Heritage Flow $ 9.856.087 $ 11.603.620 $ 6.990.133 $ 6.990.133 $ 489.309 $ -
Net Cash Flow for the Period $ 153.158.857 $ 196.286.074 $ 115.593.373 $ 130.346.471 $ 9.382.634 $ -
Initial Cash Flow $ 291.972.747 $ 350.615.784 $ 215.438.614 $ 219.747.386 $ 15.689.963 $ -
Final Cash Flow $ 34.766.455 $ 51.888.702 $ 29.490.344 $ 39.593.004 $ 2.950.657 $ -
360
Operational expenses
Operating costs are those related to logistics freight transportation and customs handling such as: Fixed Costs
Operating, Labor Indirect Operation Direct Labor Operation, Consumption Operation, Tolls, Policies and
Insurance, Depreciation and Environmental Management Plan.
Acquisition of affected land 0,4% Cost of Trust Rights Lot 1,4% Lot Cost 1,5%
Direct Cost of Urban Planning 19,1% Direct Cost of Housing 3,2% Indirect Cost of Urban Planning 0,1%
Indirect Cost of Housing 0,5% Indirect Cost of Urban Planning 3,1%
140.000.000
120.000.000
USD DÓLARES
100.000.000
80.000.000
60.000.000
40.000.000
20.000.000
0
2020 2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
361
EBITDA
EBITDA is a financial indicator. Its name comes from the acronym for Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, and
Amortization Depreciation, which translated means 'earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization
of the company. The annual growth is projected EBITDA of 4% per annum for the period of 30 years. It should be
noted that the financial model was developed to express the figures in USD and projected TRM, which was in turn
modeled using the method of Purchasing Power Parity (COP / USD). By doing this, the figures presented in USD
fluctuations in revenue, costs and expenses.
500.000.000
USD PROJECTED CASH FLOW CAPEX Interests Taxes Free cash flow
Dólares
400.000.000
300.000.000
200.000.000
100.000.000
-100.000.000
-200.000.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
362
Taxes
Income tax: It is a direct tax, levied on individually considered and gravel taxpayers who by law are provided as
taxpayers who have received income susceptible to produce a capital increase.
In Colombia the calculation of income tax is done on a net taxable income or presumptive income base, always taking
most. The income tax rate in Colombia for the years 2019 and 2020 is 32% and then decreases from the year 2022 to
30%.
Not constitute rental income: Those who by express provision of law, not subject neither to income tax or the
complementary windfall profits due to special circumstances are not perceived or to promote a particular economic
sector or favor certain activities (foreign investment).
Exempt income: Those profits of certain companies or individuals that special provision of the Tax Code is designated
as exempt, ie that this utility does not fall income tax. Also, they will force new exemptions for businesses, including
the possibility of having a significant discount of 100% of the VAT paid for import of capital goods, just as 50% nto in
taxes Industry and Commerce.
363
Source Retention Self-Withholding Income Tax Income tax
USD
Dólares
50.000.000
45.000.000
40.000.000
35.000.000
30.000.000
25.000.000
20.000.000
15.000.000
10.000.000
5.000.000
0
3% 12% 7% 10% 10% 5% 8% 3% 18% 17% 15%
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
364
Consolidated and Projected Financial Statements per year
In dollars of the United States of America
As of December 31 of:
NOTE 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents 6 72.105.885 182.869.807 148.791.790 154.886.741 100.162.843 59.685.710
Derivative financial instruments 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comercial debts and other counts under charge 6 408.600.015 1.036.262.240 843.153.477 877.691.534 567.589.444 338.219.021
Positive balance of taxes 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inventories 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other financial assets 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current tax assets 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Equity instruments measured at fair value 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Prepaid expenses 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Assets held for sale 13 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Current assets 480.705.900 1.219.132.047 991.945.267 1.032.578.275 667.752.287 397.904.731
Non-current assets
Investments in other companies 14 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comercial debts and other counts under charge 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Property, plant and equipment 15 - - - - - -
Natural and environmental resources 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Intangible assets 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Deferred tax assets 10 - 24.382.641 19.838.905 20.651.566 13.355.046 7.958.095
Goodwill 19 0 0 0 0 0 0
Deferred assets - Accumulated Profit 12 - 427.051.311 870.770.501 1.151.670.069 1.407.944.510 1.493.491.257
Deferred Tax Assets - Accumulated Legal Reserve 12 - - - - - -
Total Non-current assets 0 451.433.951 890.609.407 1.172.321.634 1.421.299.556 1.501.449.352
TOTAL ASSETS 480.705.900 1.670.565.999 1.882.554.674 2.204.899.910 2.089.051.843 1.899.354.083
365
NOTE 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Financial obligations 20 - 285.703.651 285.703.651 330.472.029 273.087.108 159.538.221
Business liabilities and accounts payable 21 38.848.848 263.509.724 275.113.277 308.771.915 250.578.579 152.522.431
Liability for employee benefits 22 - 4.045.320 4.126.226 - 4.208.751 -
Current tax liabilities 10 2.307.388 5.851.834 4.761.337 4.956.376 3.205.211 1.909.943
Provisions and contingencies 23 9.614.118 24.382.641 19.838.905 20.651.566 13.355.046 7.958.095
Derivative financial instruments 2.884.235 7.314.792 5.951.672 6.195.470 4.006.514 2.387.428
Other liabilities - - - - - -
53.654.589 590.807.962 595.495.069 671.047.355 548.441.209 324.316.117
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale 13 - - - - - -
Total current liabilities 53.654.589 590.807.962 595.495.069 671.047.355 548.441.209 324.316.117
Non-current liabilities
Loans and financing 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Business liabilities and accounts payable 21 0 0 0 0 0 0
Liability for employee benefits 22 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current tax liabilities 10 $ - $ 208.987.535 $ 135.389.536 $ 125.908.045 $ 47.119.377 $ 28.844.972
Provisions and contingencies - Depreciation 23 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Other non-current liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Non-current liabilities 0 208.987.535 135.389.536 125.908.045 47.119.377 28.844.972
TOTAL LIABILITIES 53.654.589 799.795.498 730.884.605 796.955.400 595.560.586 353.161.090
EQUITY
Equity attributable to the company's shareholders 24 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Legal Reserve $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Accumulated Legal Reserve $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Period utility $ 427.051.311 $ 443.719.191 $ 280.899.568 $ 256.274.441 $ 85.546.747 $ 52.701.736
Accumulated Utility $ 427.051.311 $ 870.770.501 $ 1.151.670.069 $ 1.407.944.510 $ 1.493.491.257 $ 1.546.192.993
TOTAL EQUITY 427.051.311 870.770.501 1.151.670.069 1.407.944.510 1.493.491.257 1.546.192.993
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 480.705.900 1.670.565.999 1.882.554.674 2.204.899.910 2.089.051.843 1.899.354.083
BALANCE 0 0 0 0 0 0
Swinging 0 0 0 0 0 0
366
NOTE 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents 6 43.795.912 52.592.368 32.315.792 32.962.108 2.353.495 -
Derivative financial instruments 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comercial debts and other counts under charge 6 248.176.835 298.023.416 183.122.822 186.785.279 13.336.469 -
Positive balance of taxes 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Inventories 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current tax assets 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Equity instruments measured at fair value 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Prepaid expenses 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Assets held for sale 13 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Current assets 291.972.747 350.615.784 215.438.614 219.747.386 15.689.963 0
Non-current assets
Investments in other companies 14 0 0 0 0 0 0
Comercial debts and other counts under charge 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Property, plant and equipment 15 - - - - - -
Natural and environmental resources 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Intangible assets 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Deferred tax assets 10 5.839.455 7.012.316 4.308.772 4.394.948 313.799 -
Goodwill 19 0 0 0 0 0 0
Deferred assets - Accumulated Profit 12 1.546.192.993 1.580.959.449 1.632.848.150 1.662.338.494 1.701.931.498
Deferred Tax Assets - Accumulated Legal Reserve 12 - - - - - -
Total Non-current assets 1.552.032.448 1.587.971.764 1.637.156.923 1.666.733.442 1.702.245.298 0
TOTAL ASSETS 1.844.005.195 1.938.587.548 1.852.595.537 1.886.480.829 1.717.935.261 0
367
NOTE 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Financial obligations 20 114.769.843 135.119.106 81.397.052 81.397.052 5.697.794 -
Business liabilities and accounts payable 21 119.965.042 131.927.123 86.219.599 75.642.563 5.334.769 -
Liability for employee benefits 22 - - - - - -
Current tax liabilities 10 1.401.469 1.682.956 1.034.105 1.054.787 75.312 -
Provisions and contingencies 23 5.839.455 7.012.316 4.308.772 4.394.948 313.799 -
Derivative financial instruments 1.751.836 2.103.695 1.292.632 1.318.484 94.140 -
Other liabilities - - - - - -
243.727.645 277.845.195 174.252.160 163.807.834 11.515.813 -
Liabilities associated with assets held for sale 13 - - - - - -
Total current liabilities 243.727.645 277.845.195 174.252.160 163.807.834 11.515.813 0
Non-current liabilities
Loans and financing 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Business liabilities and accounts payable 21 0 0 0 0 0 0
Liability for employee benefits 22 0 0 0 0 0 0
Current tax liabilities 10 $ 19.318.101 $ 27.894.203 $ 16.004.883 $ 20.741.496 $ 1.537.292 $ -
Provisions and contingencies - Depreciation 23 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Other non-current liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Non-current liabilities 19.318.101 27.894.203 16.004.883 20.741.496 1.537.292 0
TOTAL LIABILITIES 263.045.747 305.739.398 190.257.042 184.549.330 13.053.105 0
EQUITY
Equity attributable to the company's shareholders 24 $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Legal Reserve $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Accumulated Legal Reserve $ - $ - $ - $ - $ - $ -
Period utility $ 34.766.455 $ 51.888.702 $ 29.490.344 $ 39.593.004 $ 2.950.657 $ -
Accumulated Utility $ 1.580.959.449 $ 1.632.848.150 $ 1.662.338.494 $ 1.701.931.498 $ 1.704.882.156 $ -
TOTAL EQUITY 1.580.959.449 1.632.848.150 1.662.338.494 1.701.931.498 1.704.882.156 0
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 1.844.005.195 1.938.587.548 1.852.595.537 1.886.480.829 1.717.935.261 0
BALANCE 0 0 0 0 0 0
Swinging 0 0 0 0 0 0
368
Equity
Capital investment
Capital investment in English Private Equity Is the type of financial activity involving the acquisition by a company
specializing in investment capital entity, the package of shares of a corporation, the term is used equity to refer to the
ownership interest that a person has on a particular property or assets (asset) minus debt (debt) that weighs about the
same
In the general legal language, the term is used to refer to a subjective or philosophical version of justice (Justice as
Equity), in that a flexible application of the legal standards used to obtain a fair result (fair or equitable) the term is used
to define that branch of it known as Equity.
Accounting context
In the field of company accounts, you talk about equity as someone acquires participation in the share capital of the
company represented by shares. In this line it comes to financing obtained through the issuance of shares (equity
financing), as opposed to the financing obtained by issuing debt (debt financing). In this same accounting context
usually also it resembles the term equity the share capital or equity of the company, ie assets after paying your
creditors (shareholders' equity) society.
Specialized economic and financial context
Within the field of finance and investment markets, and closely related to the meaning of the preceding paragraph, we
find the term equity referred to shares of the company as equity securities that are bought and sold in markets and
with which investment funds (equity funds) and other financial products are made.
369
ROI / Profitability of the Investment
 The internal rate of return (IRR) is the interest rate or return that provides an investment, is also defined as the
value of the discount rate that makes the NPV equal to zero for an investment project since. From Year 3
Operation, the investor will receive an annual net cash flow for each period according to their shareholding.
 If an investor decides to take 100% of the investment, the expected return is 29.43%; According to the level of
participation of each investor IRR shall be subject to the percentage of their contributions, it is a valuable tool in
the evaluation of major projects.
 The IRR measures the rate of return of projected cash flows generated by capital investment for each project
that is under consideration of the company, you can compare and use when making decisions, measured by
calculating the interest rate to which the current value of future cash flows equals the capital investment required.
 The advantage is that the time of cash flows for all future years are considered, so each cash flow is equal to
the same weight using the time value of money.
 The internal rate of return (IRR) gives a relative measure of profitability, ie will come expressed in percent. To
calculate it you can go to different approaches, using a financial calculator or a computer program.
 can also be defined based on its calculation, the IRR is the discount rate that equates, at the initial moment, the
future flow of receipts with payments, generating an NPV (net present value) equal to zero:
Ft are cash flows in each period t

I0 is the investment done at the initial time (t = 0)
370
 The selection criteria is as follows where "k" is the flow discount rate chosen for the NPV calculation:
 If IRR> k, the investment project will be accepted. In this case, the internal rate of return we get is higher
than the minimum rate required return on investment.
 If IRR = k, we would be in a similar situation which occurred when the van was zero. In this situation,
investment can be done if it improves the competitive position of the company and no more favorable
alternatives.
 If IRR <k, the project should be rejected. the minimum return we ask the investment is not enough.
371
ANNUAL CASH FLOW PER YEAR
VALUATIONS Consolidated
UTILITY AFTER TAXES 1.704.882.156
(+) Impairment of Long-term Assets -
(+) Provisions 125.352.245
Internal generation of funds IGF 1.830.234.401
(-) Financial income -
(+) Financial expenses 1.752.885.506
GROSS CASE FLOW 3.583.119.907
KNO (Net Operating Working Capital) 1.596.826.614
(-) Increase of KNO -
Operating Cash Generation EGO 3.583.119.907
(-) increase in fixed assets by replacement -
FREE CASH FLOW 5.179.946.521
PLANNING HORIZON 470.904.229
MONTHLY COST OF CAPITAL 0,25%
RISK-FREE RATE 7,00%
DISCOUNT RATE 7,25%
PERIODO 2020 - 2049 Consolidated
EBIDTA $ 3.981.457.560
Investment $ 1.602.353.000
Interests $ 150.532.506
Taxes $ 523.689.898
FREE CASH FLOW $ 1.704.882.156
372
Analysis (Economic Value Added EVA)
Operating Income After Taxes (OIAT) 3.981.457.560
Net Assets of Final Operations 19.466.736.778
Capital Cost 0,25%
EVA 3.932.790.718
OPPORTUNITY COST
Expected Profitability 29%
Value Generation 1082%
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN
Percentage value 313%

Net Present Value Cash Flow $ 4.051.242.914
Present Value Net in perpetuity $ 1.292.422.372
Business Value $ 5.343.665.286
373
AVERAGE FINANCIAL INDICES
In dollars of United States of America
LIQUIDITY INDICES
Liquidity Index
CURRENT ASSETS
2,10
CURRENT LIABILITIES
The project will be available 2,10 times to pay 1 unit of liabilities.
Acid test
CURRENT ASSETS - INVENTORY
2,10
CURRENT LIABILITIES
The project will be available 2,10 veces para pagar 1 unidad de pasivos a corto plazo
Working capital
CURRENT ASSETS - CURRENT LIABILITIES
$ 202.597.459
This indicator represents the operating liquidity of the construction project, after liquidating its current assets
(convert them into cash) and pay the short-term liability.
DEBT INDICES
Short term
CURRENT LIABILITIES
89%
TOTAL LIABILITIES
The entire project will be available of indebtedness 89% in the financing structure.
Long term
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES
11%
TOTAL LIABILITIES
For debt issues you have the 11% of income in the financing structure.
374
ROTATION INDICES
Purse rotation
NET INCOME ON CREDIT
30
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
The collection period of the company's portfolio is 30 maximum days
Payment period
CREDIT PURCHASES
30
DEBTS TO PAY
The company will pay its suppliers at least every 30 maximum days
Return on equity
OPERATIONAL UTILITY
35,80%
HERITAGE
This indicative shows us the profitability of equity and the capacity to generate operational profit for each
for every dollar invested in it.
Return on Assets
OPERATIONAL UTILITY
25,12%
TOTAL ACTIVE
It determines the profitability of the assets, the capacity to generate operational profit for each dollar
invested in the asset.
Gross margin
GROSS PROFIT
31,84%
OPERATIONAL INCOME
Operational Margin
OPERATIONAL UTILITY
29,25%
OPERATIONAL INCOME
Net Margin
NET PROFIT
28,98%
OPERATIONAL INCOME
Return on Invested Capital
OPERATIONAL INCOME x (1-% TAXES)
41,45%
LIABILITIES + EQUITY - CASH
Rotation of Total Assets

OPERATIONAL INCOME
98,20%
TOTAL ASSETS
375
THANKS
First to my Heavenly Father because it allows us to demonstrate a sustainable project that will generate many
blessings to my fellow Colombians. Honor and glory to Him.
Thanks to all persons and institutions involved in this Macro Project.
Cordially,
Ing. Alfonso Cuervo Rincon

Financial structuring
376
SHAPING THE SOCIAL INTEREST macroproject VALLEY Guatiguará in Piedecuesta,
Santander, BUCARAMANGA METROPOLITAN AREA.
___________________________________________________________________________________

Proyecto en Factibilidad Pienta en Ingles - 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Proyecto en Factibilidad Pienta en Ingles - 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Proyecto en Factibilidad Pienta en Ingles - 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FORMULATION OF THE MACROPROJECT OF SOCIAL INTEREST OF THE VALLEY OF GUATIGUARÁ IN PIEDECUESTA, SANTANDER,

METROPOLITAN AREA OF BUCARAMANGA.

TITLE I: THE NATIONAL SOCIAL INTEREST MACROPROJECTS………..………….1

TITLE II: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL……………. . 6

CHAPTER I: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN ............................................................ 6

CHAPTER II: ANALYSIS OF PIEDECUESTA MUNICIPAL AREA

2.10 Current residential park ....................................................................... 41

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS OF MUNICIPAL PIEDECUESTA ................................52

TITLE III: FORMULATION OF THE ANGLIA ....................................................... 159

CHAPTER I: STRUCTURE OF THE PLANNING AREA ...................................... 159

CHAPTER II: DEFINITION OF THE AREA OF THE ANGLIA ............................. 165

CHAPTER III: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM OF THE ANGLIA ........................... 171

CHAPTER IV: THE SYSTEM VIAL ANGLIA ...................................................... 214

CHAPTER V: PUBLIC SERVICES SYSTEM ...................................................... 256

CHAPTER VI: PUBLIC SPACE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT ......................... 298

CHAPTER VII: RULES OF THE ANGLIA URBANISTICAS ............................... 304

Chapter VIII: EXECUTION STEPS ..................................................................... 308

CHAPTER IX: STRUCTURING SYSTEMS ......................................................... 313

CHAPTER X: AREAS OF ACTIVITY .................................................................. 318

CHAPTER XII: FINANCIAL STRUCTURE .......................................................... 336

Graphic 1. Location Graphic metropolitan area of Bucaramanga ............................ 9

Graphic 12. Change of residence in the municipality of Piedecuesta .................... 27

Graphic 15. Households and people who come to Piedecuesta ........................... 32

Graphic 21. Number of new homes. ...................................................................... 50

Graphic 32. Operating expenses / current revenues, municipalities 2009 ............. 87

Graphic 35. Capacity savings 2008 ....................................................................... 90

Graphic 38. Urban structure and environment..................................................... 111

Graphic 41. Functional Areas Metropolitan POT ................................................. 120

Graphic 47. Chart of the National Ecological Macroproyecto .............................. 183

Table 1. Aspects of the Territorial Model of the AMB ............................................ 11

Table 9. Shift Piedecuesta 1995 -2005 ................................................................. 29

Table 12. IDP Piedecuesta 2006-2008.................................................................. 30

Table 21. Number of new homes. ......................................................................... 49

Table 30. Income Piedecuesta .............................................................................. 92

Table 33. Municipal spending. ............................................................................... 96

Table 62. Profiles adopted vials .......................................................................... 243

Table 65. Determination of Claims Maxims of each sector. ................................ 261

Table 74. Dimensioning of protections BT. .......................................................... 268

Table 90. Return periods ..................................................................................... 295

Table 111. Consolidated cash flow of the Macroproject ...................................... 356

Illustration 1. Criteria relationship between the management and

Illustration 9. Example of open spaces and green areas. .................................... 135

Illustration 12. bioclimatic architecture: facades scheme. .................................... 138

Illustration 18. Area of Indirect Influence ............................................................. 175

Photography 1. Settlement New Colombia on Ladera table Ruitoque ................... 32

Photography 3. Urban Area Piedecuesta .............................................................. 52

Photography 6. Purification treatment of water...................................................... 77

Photography 12. Bioclimatic Architecture: example of photovoltaic panels. ........ 141

Photography 15. Geometry of architecture adapted to the environment. ............ 146

TITLE I: THE MACROPROJECTS OF NATIONAL SOCIAL INTEREST

BACKGROUND OF THE PIENTA MACROPROJECT

PART II: ANALYSIS METROPOLITAN REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL

1.1 THE METROPOLITAN AREA IN THE SUBREGION

Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area is an administrative entity as set out in the Constitution,

1.2 GEOSTRATEGIC CONTEXT OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA BUCARAMANGA

Gulf of Maracaibo in Venezuela - Cúcuta - Bucaramanga - Medellin - Port of Tribugá in the

1.3 REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA BUCARAMANGA

Graphic 1. Location metropolitan area of Bucaramanga.