- Motivation

- Meaning of the book title (Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas)

- Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (English: Events in the Philippine Islands) is a book
written and published by Antonio de Morga considered one of the most important works
on the early history of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines.

- Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Isles) was a historical account
which described the scenarios in the Philippines from 1493 to 1603 under the colonial
rules of Spain.

- Dr. Antonio de Morga as the principal author of the Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,
published his work in 1609.

- This work, perhaps was the best account of Spanish colonialism in the Philippines and it
was merely based partly on documentary research, partly on keen observation, and partly
on Morga's personal involvement and knowledge.

- Rizal is a secondary source of the book due to his Annotations.

- The book was published in two volumes, both in 1609 by Casa de Geronymo Balli, in
Mexico City.

- 1609 (April 17) - Viceroy Luis de Velasco authorized thepublication and granted Morga
the sole right to publish itfor ten years

- 1609 – Fray Garcia Guerra, archbishop of Mexico,approved the publication of the work

- Meaning of Annotation

- a note added by way of comment or explanation.

- Chapters

- Chapter Summary: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

 1493 to 1603 – Pre-Colonial Philippines to Colonialism

 The first volume is consisting seven chapters, this deals withthe discoveries, conquests,
and other events ... until the deathof Don Pedro de Acuna.

 The first 7 chapters underscore the accomplishments of thedifferent governor-generals

assigned in the Philippines

 The last chapter (Chapter 8) contains a brief summary andaccount of the nature of these
regions, their inhabitants, themanner of governing and converting them, and other details.

 As mentioned by Blair and Robertson (1907), Morga’s book is written in the true
historic spirit, which has a specialvalue. Its various threads of the history of the
islands are followed systematically. This includes political, social, andeconomic
phases of life. Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas vividly portrayed:
 The natives and their conquerors;

 The futility of the Spanish policy in making external expeditions;

 The consequent neglect of internal affairs;

 The great Chinese question;

 The growth of trade;

 Communication with Japan;

 Missionary movements from the islands to surrounding countries;

 The jealous and envious opposition of the Portuguese; and

 The dangers of sea−voyages

CHAPTER 1:

 The first chapter of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas describes the rich and
precious islands found in the part of the world called Asia.

 Among the most famous of them are the islands of Maluco, Celeves, Tendaya,
Luzon, Mindanao, and Borneo, which are now called the Filipinas.

 This chapter likewise describes the defeat of Fernando Magellanes and the
successful pacification of Adelantado, Miguel de Legazpi from the islands of
Sebu to the Luzones.

 This chapter also underscores how Fray Andres de Urdaneta (Order of St.
Augustine) spreads Catholism in the islands of Sebuand Luzon.

 1564 – Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Fray Andres de Urdaneta left Puerto de la
Natividadgoing to the island of Luzones to Sebu.

 Chief Tupas of Sebu attempts to resist Legazpi together with its troops.

 Ciudad de Sanctisimo Nombre de Jesus, thefirst Spanish settlement was found in

Sebu.

 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi had named all theislands, Filipinas in honor of

hisMajesty, kingFilipo II (Philip II).

 1571 (May 19) –Martin de Goitipacified the islands of Luzon(Manila – Raja Mora
and Tondo – Raja Matanda).

 1574 – After 10 years of pacification and subjugation, Adelantado Miguel Lopez

de Legazpi died and buried hisbody in the monastery of St. Augustine.

 1574 –Guido de Labazarris by the virtue of dispatch, he tookthe office and

continued the conversion and pacification.
  Limahong from China attacked Manila and killed Martin deGoiti.
 Joan de Salzedo, captain from Vigan brought reinforcementin Manila.

CHAPTER 2:

 1575 –Doctor Francisco de Sande appointed as governor and captain of the island
of the Philippines.

 The submission and pacification of the islands continued: province of Camarines

(Capt. Pedro Chaves); and island of Jolo (Capt. Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroa).

 The ship San Juanillo under the command of Capt. Juande Ribera lost at the sea.

 Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa replaced Doctor Sande as governor and

captain-general of the island.

CHAPTER 3:

 1580 – Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa, native of Arevalo and chief alguacil
of the Audencia of Mexico appointed governor of the Filipinas for life.

 Don Fray Domingo de Salazar of the Dominican order was appointed as the first
bishop of the Filipinas and erected his cathedral in the city of Manila.

 The first order in the Filipinas were established by Frs. Antonio Sedeno and
Alonso Sanchez.

 1583 - Don Gonzalo Ronquillo de Penalosa died due to his poor health and buried
in the monastery of St. Augustine in Manila.

 1583 –Diego Ronquilo kinsman of Don Gonzalo succeeded and assumed the
governorship and continued the pacification in the islands.

 1583 – a fire broke out in the city of Manila which started at midday in the church
of the convent of St. Augustine – great loss of goods and property, and some
persons were in danger .

 The city was rebuilt with great difficulty and labor, leaving the Spaniards very
poor and needy.

 The royal Audiencia in the city of Manila was ordered to established byMariscal
Gabriel de Ribera.

 Doctor Sanctiago de Vera, alcalde of the Audencia of Mexico assigned president

of the Audencia.

 Don Antonio de Ribera went as third auditor.

CHAPTER 4:
  1584 (May) – the president and auditors of the Audiencia arrived in the Filipinas,
Diego Ronquillo as the governor.

 The president of the Audiencia, Santiago de Vera discovered the plan rebellion
and insurrection among the native chiefs of Manila and Pampanga.

 Fortress of Nuestra Senora de Guia (Baluarte de San Diego)was built within the
city of Manila on the land side.

 1589 – Viceroy Don Luis de Velasco sailed in NuevaEspana.

 1590 (May) –Gomez Perez Dasmarinas, Corregidor ofLeon/ Murcia was

appointed governor and captain-generalof the Filipinas and knight of the Order of
Sanctiago.

CHAPTER 5:

 1590 –Governor General Gomez Perez Dasmarinas’ administration underscore

the following: submission of the Audiencia of Manila; establishing the paid
garrison; walling of the city; building of cavalier; increase the the trade in China;
pacification of Zambales and the province of the Pintados; and building artillery
in Manila .

 The Manila wall and other fortifications, the building of galleys, the regulation of
trade, various pacifications, the rebuilding of Manila, and the opening of
negotiations with Japan, are all apart of his administration, and he is the inspirer
of them all.

 During his administration, the relations and peace existing between Japanese and
the Spaniards of the Filipinas began to become strained.

 Taicosama (lord of the Xapon) demanded submission and tribute, andthreatened

the government of Gomez Perez Dasmarinas.

 1593 – Governor General Gomez Perez Dasmarinas’ plans to pacify theprovince

of the Pintados led to his tragic death. He was killed by the Chineserowers who
coveted their money, jewels, and other articles of value.

 1593 – Prior to the death of Gov. Gen. Dasmarinas, a great fleet led by hissonLuis
Perez Dasmarinas was send in the island of the Pintados.

 1593 –In the death of gov. gen. Perez,Pedro de Rojas, lieutenant-assessorwas

chosen governor ad interim for fourty days.

 1593 –Luis Perez Dasmarinas took the office by virtue of an appointment.

 1595 – Antonio de Morga, as lieutenant to the governor filled the office of the
lietenant-assesor.

 1595 – In the administration ofLuis Perez Dasmarinasaffairs begin actively

withCamboja through the expedition dispatched under Juan Xuarez Gallinato,
andBlas Ruiz de Hernan Gonzales, and Diego Belloso.
  1595 – During the expedition, usurping Cambodian king, Anacapara was
killedand thrown the country into confusion.

 1595 – In Cochinchina, Blas Ruiz and Belloso went to the kindom of Lao to
findthe legitimate king of Camboja, Prauncar but on their arrival they found that
hehas died.

 1595 – Gallinato retrieved articles from the Chinese and returned them in Manila.

 1595 –Estevan Rodriguez de Figueroaagrees to subdue Mindanao but

uponreaching the island he was ambushed and killed.

CHAPTER 6:

 1596 –Governor Francisco Tello appointed governor-general of the Filipinas and

in his arrival Fray Ignacio de Santibanez was appointed archbishop.

 1596 – Juan Ronquillo was sent to Mindanao (La Caldera) and he became
victorious over the combined forces of Mindanaos and Ternatans.

 1596 – On his return from Cochinchina, Gallinato was accused of not following
up the victory at Camboja.

 1596 – The incipient rebellion in Cagayan was investigated (the plan murder of
their leader by his own countrymen was persuaded by reward).

 1596 – Alvaro de Mendana de Neira’s expedition from Peru to rediscover

Solomon Islands reached the Filipinas.

 1597 – San Geronymo dispatched to Nueva Espana compelled to stopover in the

port of Japan because of the heavy storm.

 1597 – The passengers of San Geronymo were allowed to return in Manila but six
Franciscan missionaries; three Jesuits; and seventeen native helpers were
crucified (Taicosama’swrath - Toyotomi Hideyoshi)

 1597 – The religious wrote a letter of farewell to Dr. Morga and informing him
about the intentions of Japan to attack Philippines.

 1597 – Luis Navarrete Fajardo was sent in Japan to demand satisfaction. Japanese
residing in Manila were sent back in Japan.

 1597 – Through the instrumentality of Father Alonzo Ximenez, affairs in

Camboja were again set on foot.

 1597 –Juan Pacho with his twenty men were killed during the incursionin Jolo.

 1598 – The archbishop arrived and the Manila Audiencia was reestablished by the
royal orders.

 1598 –Luiz Perez Dasmarinas secured permission to attempt anexpedition to the

mainland, to aid the king of Camboja, and to seize the kingdom of Champan
(Champa) who caused a constant menace to allnavigators throughout the region.
  1598 – El Pinal (an open port to Spaniard) were opened throughthe effort of Juan
de Zamudio.

 1598 – Luiz Perez Dasmarinas sent Hernando de los Rios Coronelto negotiate in
Canton, China.

 1599 – Joloans and Mindanaos were encouraged by the finalabandonment and

dismantling of the fort at La Caldera, joined inself-defense by the peaceful natives
of Mindanao, made incursionagainst Spaniards and natives in thePinatados, in
which they tookimmense booty and many captives.

 1600 – The alcade-mayor of Arevalo defeated the larger forces sentafter the
incursion against the Spaniards and the natives inPintados.

 1600 –Geromio de Jesus, Franciscan survivor from the crucifixionnegotiated to

Daifusama, successor of Taicosama.

 1600 (October) – News reached Manila of the coming and depredation ofOliver
van Noordtwith his two vessels.

 1600 – Vessels Santa Margarita and San Geronymo failed to reach NuevaEspana
and were wrecked the latter near Cataduanes, and the former in theLadrones rifled
by the natives.

 1602 – under the command of Gallinato, the cargo of San felipe were takento the
city of Mindanao and Jolo and then he sent to Manila for instruction.

 1602 – From Camboja,Juan de Mendoza andFray Juan Maldonado proceeded in

Siam but their trading was unsatisfactory that led them todepart without notifying
the Siamese king but on their way they were killed.

CHAPTER 7:

 1602 to 1603 – This chapter dealt with the events during the period of Pedrode
Acuna’s administration who arrived in Manila on May 1602.

 The new governor first concern himself with home affair and construct galleys.

 His administration underscored the dispatch of vessels to Nueva Espana, toopen

commerce with Quanto, sending workmen in Japan, and sendingreligious groups
in Japan.

 1602 – Acuna’s visit to the Pintados was postponed due to the raidingexpedition
of the Moros from Luzon to Mindoro.

 1603 – Acuna’s plan expedition to Maluco, rather sent Gallinato to aid

thePortuguese

 1603 – Manila for the second time was burned, the disastrous fire caused aloss of
over one million pesos.
  1603 – The victorious Malays in Cambojawere finally driven out by the
combination ofpatriotic mandarins.

 Relations between Camboja and Philippineswere again established by sending

there anumber of religious

 1603 (May) – Gallinato returned in Manila, hisaid rendered to Furtado de

Mendoza was notsufficient to subdue the Ternatans.

CHAPTER 8:

 contains a brief summary and account of the nature of these regions, their
inhabitants, the manner of governing and converting them, and other details.

- Morga's Background

 1559 (November 29) – Antonio de Morga Sanchez Garay was born in Seville, Spain.

 1574 – He graduated from the University of Salamanca.

 1578 – He received his doctorate degree in cannon law.

 1580 – He joined the government service as lawyer.

 1582 – He served as mayor of Baracaldo in Vizcaya, Spain (married to Juana de

Briviesca de Munotones).

 1593 (August) – He was notified as Lieutenant to Governor-General of the Philippines.


 1594 (February) – He sailed from Cadiz, Spain going to Mexico.

 1595 (March 22) – He departed Acapulco going to Manila

 1595 (June 11) – He arrived in Manila and acquired the second-most powerful position in
the colony as Lieutenant to theGovernor-General.

 1595 – He first served under the Governor-General Luiz PerezDasmarinas, who was
interim after his father’s death.

 1598 – He resigned as lieutenant governor and assumed theoffice of the oidor or judgein
the Audiencia (Audencia de Manila).

 During his period, Morga supported the galleontrade between Spain and China (China
toManila).

 1600 (December 14) - He was put in charge ofthe Spanish fleet against the Dutch
invasionunder Oliver van Noort.

 In the encounter, the Dutch sailed away but theSpaniards lost decisively and they found
Morgahiding and crying in his flagship before it sank.

 1603 (July 10) - Morga was reassigned in Mexico.

  Dr. Antonio de Morga became alcalde of criminalcauses in the Royal Audiencia of
Mexico City.

 He likewise served as advisor to the viceroy on militarymatters and counsel for the Holy
Office of theInquisition/

 1594 to 1604 – He served for 43 years as Spanishlawyer and high-ranking colonial

official in thePhilippines and he was a president of the Audiencia for20 years

 1609 – He published his book, Sucesos de las IslasFilipinas

 1615 – He was named president of the Audencia of Quito,within the Viceroyalty of Peru.

 1615 (September 30) – He assumed his office in Quito andduring his administration, the
textile industry advanced andfounded the University of San Gregorio Magno.

 His administration was likewise coincide with theconfrontation between the civil and
ecclesiastic powers aswell as the dispute between the Creole and Peninsularmonks for the
control of the religious orders.

 However, he was involved in some questionable activitieslike extensive gamble and

having affairs with women, hisaccomplishment were remarkable such as
bureaucraticreform, liturgy, and improvement of the treatment of thenative peoples.

 1625 – Morga was investigated for corruption and arrested.

 1625 (September 18) – He was cleared for his chargesand his offices were restored to
him.

 1636 – He died at age of 77.

- Reasons why Rizal Annotated Morga's Book

 Toawaken the consciousness of the Filipinosregarding their gloriousways of the

past
 To correct what has been distorted about the Philippinesdue to Spanish
Conquest
 Toprove that the Filipinos are civilized/advancedeven before thecoming of the
Spaniards

- Rizal’s Annotation

 The people of the Philippineshad a culture on theirown, before the coming of the
Spaniards

 Thepeople of the pre-Hispanic Philippines isadvanced, has high literacy rate,

self-sufficient and hassmooth foreign relations.

 Filipinos weredecimated, demoralized, exploitedand ruined by the Spanish

colonization.

 Thepresent state of the Philippines was notnecessarily superior to its past.

 In his annotation, heincluded the colonial history ofthe Philippines, being

inprolonged periods of suffering that many people have been subjectedto.
  “The Philippines was depopulated, impoverishedand retorted, astounded by
metaphor, with no confidence in their past, still without faith in herpresent and
without faltering hope in the future”.

- Ferdinand Bluementritt’sprologue to sucesos delas islas Filipinas

 Hewrote it in Spanisheven thoughGerman is his native language.

 Encouraged Rizalto write about thePhilippines’ pre-colonial History.

 He praised Rizal’s works as“Scholarly and well-thoughtout”.

 Noted that thebook is so rarethatvery few libraries has it and guardedit like a
treasure

- Bluementritt criticized rizal’s explanation on two accounts

 He noticed thatRizal had committed the mistakes ofmany modern historians who
judged events in the past.

 He said thatRizal shouldn’t condemn Catholicismeven though they didn’t do any

effort to suppresscalls for reform.

 He should just keep the critique aboutreligious orders in the Philippines.

- Rizal’s Annotation: Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

 1888 (August 18) - After two hundred seventy nine (279)years Jose Rizal began
to copy by hand the entire first editionofMorga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas.

 1888 (December 11) - Rizal went in Madrid and Barcelona tosearch the historical
materials inBibliotheque Nationale National Library).

 1889 (By the end of September) - He brought the manuscriptin Paris for printing
and sent letter to Ferdinand Blumetrittrequesting him to write an introduction.

 In January 1890, Rizal published his annotation;

“Sucesos de las Filipinas por el Doctor Antonio deMorga. Obra publicada en

mejico en el atlo de 1609,nummente sacada a luz y anotada por Jose Rizal,
yprecedida de un prologo del prof. Fernando Blumentn'tt.

(Events in the Philippine Islands by Dr. Antonio deMorga. A work published in

Mexico in the year 1609,reprinted and annotated by Jose Rizal and preceded byan
introduction by professor Ferdinand Blumentritt)”(Ocampo, 1998).

 In the study conducted byTina S. Clemente (2011), sheclassified Rizal’s

annotations of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas into four categories such as:

o The Notion of Confederation of Chiefs and theComplexity of Polities;

o The Character of Precolonial Law and Enforcement;

o The Engagement of Pre-Hispanic Polities in InternationalTrade; and

o The Role of Indigenous Produced Goods in theDynamics of Chiefly Ruleship and
Foreign Trade.

 Similarly, in the conclusion of the study, Clemente (2011) generated three major
themes:

o First, Rizal emphasized certain aspects of pre-colonial culture that were

methodologically important evenby current standards.

o Second, the significance of the aspects he noted has only grown in the light of
what is now beingelucidated in contemporary scholarship from various fields of
study (e.g., institutional economics,anthropology, and archaeology).

o Third, the knowledge and appreciation by today’s public toward Philippine pre-
colonial history isinadequate and often faulty based on Rizal’s standard especially
in relation to what he thought itsignified for national identity”.

 In the review conducted by Arnel G. Perez (2017), he generated the following

themes in Rizal’sannotation of Morga’sSucesos de las Islas Filipinas,
Chapter 8 [Rizal (1962)]:

o The Oriental Islands: Philippines;

o Topography and Seasons of the Oriental Islands;

o The Oriental People;

o Abundances of Natural Resources;

o Customs and Other Practices of the Oriental People; and

o Variation of Languages and Dialects among the Oriental People.

 The Oriental Islands: Philippines

 The Oriental Islands as described by Morga are found from the West to the
Eastwhen navigated from the India of Portugal. These islands of the Philippines
(OrientalIslands) are all extensive and principal. Luzon, Mindoro, Tendaya,
Capul, Burias,Masbate, Marinduque, Leyte, Samar, Ibabao, Cebu, Panay, Bohol,
Cranduanes,Calamianes, and Mindanao are the known islands.

 However, as annotated by Rizal the Island Tendaya is difficult to determine

becausethe island is either referring to the chief called Tandaya or to the
southeastern part ofSamar called Ibabao or Zibabao (Rizal, 1962:241).

 Topography and Seasons of the Oriental Islands

 As described by Morga, the temperature on these islands change from various

regions andprovinces. From the month of June up to September heavy downpour
of rains, whirl-winds, andstorms are experienced. From the month of October up
to the end of May, the skies are clear andthe sea is smooth. But in some
provinces, winter or cold season and heavy rains begin earlier thanin others.
 In the annotation of Rizal, he corrected Morga for considering rainy seasons as
winter and the restof the year belongs to summer season. He also added that
Manila by months of December,January, and February the thermometer goes
down more than in the months of August andSeptember (Rizal, 1962:242)

 The Oriental People

 As observed by Morga, the people who inhabit the large island of Luzon in the
province ofCamarines with the neighboring provinces around Manila are the
natives of the islands who aremiddle-sized and similar in color like the quince
fruit. Both men and women have good features,very black hair, scarce beard,
quite ingenious and resolute, keen, and quick-tempered.

 In the province of Cagayan, the natives have the same complexion but they are
more physicallyable, brave, and warlike than the others. They have long hairs and
hand down with their shoulder.The natives of Luzon before the advent of the
Spaniards wear clothes made of cangan fabricwithout collar, bahaque (bahag)
with their waste, and potong tightly over the forehead.

 The natives of the southern part, islands of Visaya are known themas the tattooed
people. They are good-looking, good disposition,living in the better conditions,
and having nobler manners thanthose in the islands of Luzon and surrounding
one. Natives fromthis place wear large earrings of gold and ivory, and bracelet.

 In the annotation of Rizal, he corrected Morga describing that menand women go

out without any outer garments and barefooted. Heclarified that natives in all
places are circumspect and careful incovering their bodies with extreme modesty
and bashfulness (Rizal, 1962:269).

 Men and women particularly the prominent people are very clean and neat intheir
person. They dye their hair and they use gogo as their shampoo. Theybathe their
entire bodies in the river or stream. Rizal clarified the use ofgogo, he rather
mentioned that the bark of shrub is crushed and not cooked.Similar, he mentioned
about bathing of some women during menstruationand bathing after the funeral
(Rizal, 1962:246).

 Moreover, as regard with their roles, the women weave blanketsand spin cottons.
They pound the rice which is to be cooked fortheir meals and prepare the rest of
the food. They do the housechores and they also help in livestock raising like
chickens and pigs.However, the men-folk engage in the work of the fields,
fishing,boating, and farming.

 Abundances of Natural Resources

 During the pre-conquest time, there is abundance of natural resources. There are
variety offruit bearing trees and different species of fishes. Livestock like cows,
pigs, and chickens arealso abundant in the provinces. As quoted by Rizal, there
was such abundance of cattle thatFr. Gaspar de San Agustin says, speaking about
Dumangas. This convent has an extensivefarm for cattle, of so many cows that
there was a time when they were over 30,000. This farmalso has many and very
fine horses (Rizal, 1962:252).

 Variation of Languages and Dialects among the Oriental People

  As described by Morga, the language spoken in Luzon and adjoining islands is
very differentfrom that spoken in the Visayas. Cagayan have their own dialect
likewise with the Ilocanos,Zambalenos, Pampanga, Manila, and other provinces.
Throughout the islands, writing is welldeveloped and writing was done on
bamboo pieces or on paper. As stated by Rizal, thehorizontal direction was
adopted after the coming Spaniards (Rizal, 1962:273).

 Customs and Other Practices of the Oriental People

 Prominent in the observation of Morga is about the custom on marriage. Marriage

among thenatives are generally between the principals and their fellow principals
or nobles. The practiceof dowry is also observed during that time. This
observation was supported by Rizal:
“This custom continued the union between the parents and the children, a wiser
practicethat which is followed in many parts of Europe where cases are found of
childrenneglecting their parents once they have taken possession of their
patrimony, or of parentswho do not consent to the marriage of their children in
order not to part with their property” (Rizal, 1962:282)

 Customs and Other Practices of the Oriental People

 This dowry, if can be called thus, represented a compensation for theparents of

the bride for the care and education of their daughter (Rizal,1962:283).

 Bigay-kaya (dowry) means to give what one can, a voluntary offering,a gift of
good-will. This confirms further that in the case of marriagethere was no sale,
unlike in the already known alms for scapulars, rosaries, belt, etc. (Rizal,
1962:284)

Conclusion

 Rizal’s annotation of Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas affirmed andclarified the
entire works of Dr. Antonio de Morga. In his annotation, Rizalasserted his personal
observation and experiences which he failed to avoid hispersonal sentiments against the
Spanish government and Friar officials.

 As Ferndinand Blumenttrit commented, Rizal committed the error of manyhistorians in

appraising the events of the past in the light of present standards,and Rizal made a bad
impression about Catholicism (cruel method and abusesof the priest)

- Other informations

- The“SUCESOS”as annotated by Rizal,appeared for the first time in thePhilippines sixty

eight years laterwhena publisher in Manila, published the newwork in 1958, to contribute
his bit to thenational effort to honor Rizal. The presentwork is the sixth volume of the
Series ofWritings of Jose Rizal which the Jose RizalNational Centennial Commission has
nopublished in commemoration of his birth.

- ENDING PART in our PPT if you want hehehehe

- “To foretell the destiny of anation, it is necessary toopen the books that tell ofher past ” –
Jose Rizal
References:

https://www.academia.edu/44587085/Sucesos_de_las_Islas_Filipinas

https://www.academia.edu/42198655/
Rizal_s_annotation_of_Morgas_Sucesos_De_Las_Islas_FIlipinas_SUMMARY_