The Earth can be divided into four major subsystems: the litosphere,

hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. These subsystems interact with each

other in complex and interconnected ways, and these interactions play a crucial
role in shaping the Earth's environment and supporting life.

Hydrosphere and Atmosphere interact with each other through

evaporation and condensation as solar energy heats the Earth's surface, causing
water from the hydrosphere (oceans, rivers, lakes) to evaporate into the
atmosphere. Precipitation also helps the atmosphere and hydrosphere to interact
with each other as water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into clouds and falls
back to the Earth's surface that also causes the hydrosphere to replenish.
The biosphere depends on the atmosphere as living things uses oxygen to
live, whereas atmosphere is affected by biosphere as life processes put methane
on it or in short is the exchange of gases through photosynthesis and respiration.
Biosphere interacts with lithosphere or geosphere by influencing soil
formation through the decomposition of organic matter and the creation of
ecosystems, wherein rotting organisms enrich the soil where the plants grow.
Hydrosphere constantly interacts with lithosphere (geosphere) through
erosion, sedimentation, and the formation of landforms like deltas, canyons, and
beaches. The hydrosphere provides the necessary moisture required to weather
and erode the rocks, where in return, the lithosphere (geosphere) allows the ice
to melt and the water bodies flow back into the oceans.
Water is essential for all living organisms, that’s why biosphere relies on
hydrosphere for water and nutrients. Hydrosphere also provides habitat for
aquatic life. The biosphere influences the hydrosphere by regulating nutrient
cycles (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus cycles) and affecting water quality.
Atmospheric elements like wind, rain, and temperature changes can break
down and erode rocks on the Earth's surface and release minerals contributing to
the geosphere's transformation. The geosphere also influences the atmosphere
by releasing gases through volcanic eruptions and regulating long-term climate
patterns through the carbon cycle.