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Articulo Tiempo Sesiones
Articulo Tiempo Sesiones
Generic Question Stems “What is the 7. Minute Papers. At the end of a class or
main idea of___?” “What is a new a section of material, ask your students
example of ___?” “What is the difference to write for a minute or three.
between ___ and ___?” “What are the Questions such as “What was the most
strengths and weaknesses of ___?” important point of today’s class?” or
(Millis & Cottell, 1993) “What question do you still have about
this material?” give you important
3. Press Conference. Alone or in pairs, feedback about the students’
students generate press–conference comprehension and a useful starting
point for the next class. (Schwartz as the text for the day to find quotations to
described in Wilson, 1986; see also support a specific position.
Angelo & Cross, 1993)
You can have all groups look for support
Problem Solving: for the same position or several different
ones. (Frederick, 1981)
1. Think (or Write)—Pair—Share. Pose a
question which requires analysis, 5. Concrete Images To help students to
evaluation, or synthesis. make specific references to the text, go
around the room and ask each one to
Each student thinks or writes on this state a concrete image / scene / event /
question for one minute, then turns to moment that stands out to them. List
the person next to him to compare ideas. them on the board.
Then the pairs share their ideas with Follow up by having them find themes or
some larger group (pairs of pairs, section patterns, missing points, etc. Then
of the class, or whole group). (Wright, discussion can move to analysis with a
1994). common collection of facts. (Frederick,
1981)
2. Paired Discussions In three or four
minutes, have students discuss Generating Ideas:
something with the person next to them:
summarize class so far; react to theory, 1. Brainstorming. Help students to see
concepts, or information being what they know by recording all of their
presented; relate today’s material to past ideas, recollections, etc. on the board.
learning; etc. Make your question
as specific as you can. (Wright, 1994). Ask students to call out any ideas they
have. Write the ideas down first without
3. Practice Exam Question or Homework analyzing them, then move to critical
Problem. Give the students a sample discussion. Buzz Groups Give one or two
exam question or homework problem for prepared questions to groups of three to
practice. Either works quite well with five students. Each group records its
more quantitative problems. Ask several discussion and reports to the whole class.
students at random to report their
answers to the class. Giving the students Then help the class synthesize the
a chance to practice the type of groups’ answers. (Berquist & Phillips,
questions they might see on homework 1975).
assignments or examinations will give 2. Roundtable. A brainstorming
them more confidence when they have technique in which students take turns
to work them alone. (Derek Bok Center, writing on a single pad of paper, saying
1992). their ideas aloud as they write. Each tries
to add to what has already been said.
4. Finding Illustrative Quotations. Alone (Wright, 1994).
or in small groups, ask students to reread
3. Truth Statements. Ask several small positions on an issue (you can assign
groups to decide on three things they positions), discussing, researching, and
know to be true about some particular sharing their findings with the class.
issue. This is useful when introducing a (Wright, 1994).
new topic which students think they
know a great deal, but their assumptions 2. Reaction Sheet. After presenting a
about it need to be examined. (Frederick, controversial topic, pass around several
1981). sheets to collect written reactions to
these three questions: “What ideas do
4. Picture Making. Choose (perhaps with you question,” “What ideas are new to
help from class) several principles or you,” and “What ideas really hit home?”
questions which could be illustrated.
Follow up with discussion. Variations are
Groups of four or five students each to ask each student to
illustrate one on the board or on large write their own sheet or to have small
chart paper. Each group explains its groups do so. (Berquist & Phillips, 1975).
picture to the class, followed by
discussion. (Berquist & Phillips, 1975). 3. Value Lines. Students line up according
to how strongly they agree or disagree
5. Kisses and Crackers. To overcome the with a proposition or how strongly they
flagging of attention, when you notice value something. This gives a visual
energy and attention diminishing, pass reading of the continuum of feelings in
out crackers and Hershey’s kisses. The the group. Next, sort students into
professor who taught us this technique heterogeneous groups for discussion by
tells us that research in “accelerated grouping one from either end with two
learning” shows that eating about once from the middle. Ask students to listen to
per hour differing viewpoints in their groups and
actually promotes learning. Not only to fairly paraphrase opposing positions.
does the (Wright, 1994).
food wake students up, the mere act of
passing 4. Forced Debate. Ask all students who
the bags around changes the activity and agree with a proposition to sit on one
refocuses attention. He says that this also side of the room and all opposed on the
helps other side. Hanging signs describing the
students feel good about his class and propositions helps. It is important
him and to that they physically take a position and
overcome science anxiety. (A. Basu, that the opposing sides face each other.
personal communication, February
1991). After they have sorted themselves out,
switch the signs and force them to argue
Controversial Topics: for the position with which they disagree.
5. Role Playing. Ask several students to d. What alternative plans for this essay
take on the roles of participants in the [project] did you consider? Why did you
situations being studied, characters from reject them?
a novel, historical figures,
representatives of political or theoretical e. Imagine you had more time to write
positions, science foundation grant this essay [work on this project]. What
evaluators, etc. To reduce the students’ would you do if you were to continue
fear, you might allow them some choice working on it?
as to how involved they get, asking for
volunteers for major roles and allowing (Allen & Roswell, 1989, as cited in
some roles to be played by groups of MacGregor, 1993)
students.
See MacGregor for several other ideas on
You might also give them some time to student self–evaluation. Vary Media:
prepare: a few days outside of class to Slides, overheads, pictures
research their roles, 15 minutes to confer Video clips
in small groups, or five minutes to Music or sound
refresh their memories. Also, the
definition of the roles and their goals Use a brief selection of a medium to
must be clear and concrete. (Frederick, provide a shared example or experience
1981). as a basis for discussion or analysis.
6. Student Self–Evaluation. Have the Follow these guidelines for active viewing
students write a brief evaluation of their or listening:
learning. After an essay (or project) have
them answer the following: Now that 1. Pre–viewing or listening
you have finished your essay [or project],
please answer the following questions. Introduce the video/film/sound by
providing an overview of its content, a
There are no right or wrong answers; I rationale of how it relates to the current
am interested in your analysis of your topic being studied, and a reason
experience writing this essay [or doing students need to know about it.
this project]. Direct student attention to specific
aspects of the presentation by asking
a. What problems did you face during the them questions to answer following the
writing of this essay? presentation.
Este enfoque funciona con los procesos Él informa que los estudiantes
naturales de la mente, y así mejora el recordaron la mayor cantidad de
aprendizaje (Savion & Middendorf, información desde los primeros cinco
1994). minutos de la presentación. "El impacto
disminuyó, pero fue relativamente
Los estudios sobre la capacidad de constante para el siguientes dos
atención también arrojan luz sobre por porciones de 5 minutos, y se redujo a la
qué los estudiantes tienen dificultades nivel más bajo durante el intervalo de 15
con la conferencia tradicional formato. a 20 minutos " (Burns, 1985). Ambos
estudios señalan el severo
Los estudiantes adultos pueden estar lapso de atención de 15 a 20 minutos en
atentos a una conferencia por no más de una conferencia.
15 a 20 minutos a la vez, y esto en el
comienzo de la clase. Como El investigador P. J. Fensham
observa: “Durante las cataratas [en
En 1976, A. H. Johnstoney F. Percival atención] el estudiante, en efecto, ha
observó a los estudiantes en más de 90 eliminado gradualmente atendiendo al
conferencias, con doce profesores flujo de información ” (1992, p. 510)
diferentes, grabando pausas en atención
al alumno identificaron un patrón Dado que los estudiantes tienen una
general: capacidad de atención de alrededor de
15 a 20 minutos y que las clases
Después de tres a cinco minutos de universitarias están programados para
"establecerse" en el comienzo de la alrededor de 50 o 75 minutos, los
clase, un estudio encontró que "el instructores deben hacer algo para
siguiente lapso de la atención controlar la atención de sus estudiantes.
Al planificar exactamente cuándo
Recomendamos crear un "cambio" en su insertar una actividad, puede asegurarse
clase para reiniciar el reloj de atención. Si de que sus estudiantes pongan más
su modo principal de instrucción es la atención a los problemas que cree que
conferencia, claramente la actividad son más importante.
principal para la mayoría de sus
estudiantes está escuchando a una No realice actividades por su propio bien;
persona hablar; incluso en la discusión de Ellos deberían estar integralmente
toda la clase, solo el estudiante hablar en relacionado con la práctica de los
un momento dado es hacer cualquier estudiantes con los conceptos más
cosa aparte de escuchar. importantes de la clase de ese día.
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