Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial
Solutions Manual
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-solutions-manual/
Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
276 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials
Chapter 4 (f) 64 + 62 : the product rule does not apply

Exponents and Polynomials because it is a sum, not a product.
64 + 62 = 1296 + 36 = 1332
4.1 The Product Rule and Power Rules for 2+4
N3. (a) ( −5 ) ( −5 ) = ( −5 )
2 4
Exponents Product rule
= ( −5 )
6
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises

(b) y 2 ⋅ y ⋅ y 5 = y 2 ⋅ y1 ⋅ y 5 = y 2 + 1 + 5 = y8
1. 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 23
=8 ( )( )
(c) 2 x3 4 x 6 = ( 2 ⋅ 4 ) ⋅ x3 ⋅ x 6 ( )
2 occurs as a factor 3 times.
N1. 4 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 4 = 43
(
=8 x 3+ 6
)
= 64 = 8 x9
4 occurs as a factor 3 times. (d) 24 ⋅ 53 : the product rule does not apply
2. (a) −26 = −1 ⋅ 26 because the bases are different.
= −1 ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ) 24 ⋅ 53 = 16 ⋅ 125 = 2000
= −64 (e) 32 + 33 : the product rule does not apply
Base: 2; exponent: 6
because it is a sum, not a product.
(b) ( −2 ) = ( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 ) 32 + 33 = 9 + 27 = 36
6
= 64
( )
5
Base: −2; exponent: 6 4. (a) 62 = 62 ⋅ 5 Power rule (a)
N2. (a) ( −3) = ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3)

4 = 610
= 81
( )
5
(b) z 4 = z4 ⋅ 5 Power rule (a)
Base: −3; exponent: 4
= z 20
(b) −34 = −1 ⋅ 34
= −1 ⋅ ( 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3)
( )
5
N4. (a) 47 = 47 ⋅ 5 Power rule (a)
= −81
Base: 3; exponent: 4 = 435
( )
5+3
3. (a) ( −7 ) ( −7 ) = ( −7 )
5 3 7
Product rule (b) y 4 = y4 ⋅ 7 Power rule (a)
= ( −7 )
8
= y 28
( )( )
(b) −4 p5 3 p8 = ( −4 ⋅ 3) ⋅ p 5 ⋅ p8 ( ) (
5. (a) 3a 2 b 4 )
5
(
= −12 p5 + 8 ) ( ) (b )
= 35 a 2
5 4 5
Power rule (b)
= −12 p 13
= 35 a10 b 20 Power rule (a)
(c) m ⋅ m 4 = m1 ⋅ m 4 = m1 + 4 = m5 = 243a b 10 20
(d) z 2 z 5 z 6 = z 2 + 5 + 6 = z13
(e) 42 ⋅ 35 : the product rule does not apply

because the bases are different.
42 ⋅ 35 = 16 ⋅ 243 = 3888
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4.1 The Product Rule and Power Rules for Exponents 277
( ) ( 5k 3 )
3 2 2
(b) −3m 2 ⎛ 5k 3 ⎞
(b) ⎜ ⎟ = Power rule (c)
⎝ 3 ⎠ 32
(
= −1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ m )
2 3
− a = −1 ⋅ a
52 ( k 3 )
2
= ( −1) ⋅ 33 ⋅ (m ) 2 3 = Power rule (b)

3
Power rule (b) 32
= −1 ⋅ 33 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ 3 52 k 3 ⋅ 2
Power rule (a) = Power rule (a)
32
= −3 m or − 27m
3 6 6
52 k 6 25k 6
= 2 or
N5. (a) ( −5ab )
3
3 9
( ) ( x y)
3 4
= ( −1 ⋅ 5 ⋅ a ⋅ b ) (c) −3xy 2
3 2
− x = −1 ⋅ x
= ( −1) ⋅ 53 ⋅ a3 ⋅ b3 = ( −1) 3 x ( y ) ( x )
3 3 3 3 2 3 2 4
Power rule (b) y 4 Power rule (b)
= −53 a3b3 or − 125a3b3
= ( −1) 33 x3 y 2 ⋅ 3 x 2 ⋅ 4 y 4 Power rule (a)
( 3 5 2
) ( ) (p )
3 2 5 2 = −3 x y x y
3 3 6 8 4
(b) 4t p = 42 t Power rule (b)
= −33 x3 + 8 y 6 + 4 Product rule
= 16t 6 p10 Power rule (a)
= −33 x11 y10 or − 27 x11 y10
3
⎛3⎞ 33
6. (a) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 Power rule (c), x ≠ 0 3
⎝ x⎠ x ⎛ 3⎞ 33 32
N7. (a) ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 32 = 3 ⋅ Power rule (c)
27 ⎝5⎠ 5 1
= 3
x 33+ 2
= Power rule (b)
5 53
⎛1⎞ 15
(b) ⎜ ⎟ = 5 Power rule (c) 35 243
⎝3⎠ 3 = or
1 53 125
= 5+4
(b) ( 8k ) ( 8k ) = ( 8k )
243 5 4
Product rule
= ( 8k )
5 9
⎛ p⎞ p5
N6. (a) ⎜ ⎟ = 5 Power rule (c), q ≠ 0
⎝q⎠ q = 89 k 9 Power rule (b)
( ) ( −2 x y )
3 5 2 5 3
⎛1⎞ 13 (c) x 4 y
(b) ⎜ ⎟ = 3 Power rule (c)
⎝4⎠ 4
= ( x ) y ( −1) 2 ( x ) ( y )
4 5 2 3 5 3
5 3 3
1
=
64 = x 4 ⋅ 5 y 5 ( −1) 23 x 2 ⋅ 3 y 5 ⋅ 3
4
⎛1⎞ 14 = −23 x 20 y 5 x 6 y15
7. (a) ⎜ ⎟ ( 2 x ) = 4 ( 2 x )
2 2
Power rule (c)
⎝ ⎠
5 5 = −23 x 20 + 6 y 5 + 15
= 4 ( 22 x 2 )
1
Power rule (b) = −23 x 26 y 20 or − 8 x 26 y 20
5
22 x 2 4 x2 8. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle,
= 4 or A = LW .
5 625
( )( 4x )
A = 8x4 2
Area formula
= 8 ⋅ 4 ⋅ x4 + 2 Product rule
= 32 x 6

N8. Use the formula for the area of a triangle, In −34 , 3 is the base.
1
A = bh, with b = 10 x8 and h = 3 x7 . −34 = − ( 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3) = −81
2
1
( )( ) 14. In ( 5 x ) , 5 x is the base.
3
A = 10 x8 3x 7 Area formula
2
In 5 x3 , x is the base.
1
= ⋅ 10 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x8 + 7 Product rule
2 ( 5 x )3 = ( 5 x )( 5 x )( 5 x ) = 125 x3 ≠ 5 x3
= 15 x15
15. In the exponential expression 35 , the base is 3
and the exponent is 5.
Exercises
35 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 243
1. 33 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 27, so the statement 33 = 9 is
false. 16. In the exponential expression 27 , the base is 2
and the exponent is 7.
(x ) 2 3
= x ( ) = x 6 , so the statement x 2 ( )
3
= x5
23
2. 27 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 128
is false.
17. In the expression ( −3) , the base is −3 and
5
3. ( −3 ) 4
= ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3) = 9 ⋅ 9 = 81 and the exponent is 5.
3 = 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 ⋅ 9 = 81, so the statement
4 ( −3)5 = ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3) = −243
( −3)4 = 34 is true.
18. In the expression ( −2 ) , the base is −2 and
7
2 the exponent is 7.
⎛1⎞ 1 1 1 1 1 1
4. ⎜ ⎟ = ⋅ = and 2 = = , so the
⎝5⎠ 5 5 25 5 5 ⋅ 5 25 ( −2 )7 = ( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )( −2 )
2 = −128
⎛1⎞ 1
statement ⎜ ⎟ = 2 is true.
⎝5⎠ 19. In the expression ( −6 x ) , the base is −6 x and
4
5
the exponent is 4.
5. w ⋅ w ⋅ w ⋅ w ⋅ w ⋅ w = w6

20. In the expression ( −8 x ) , the base is −8 x and
4
6 w’s
the exponent is 4.
6. t ⋅ t ⋅ t ⋅ t ⋅ t ⋅ t ⋅ t = t 7

7t’s 21. In the expression −6 x 4 , − 6 is not part of the
6 base. The base is x and the exponent is 4.
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
7. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 22. In the expression −8 x 4 , −8 is not part of the
base. The base is x and the exponent is 4.
5
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
8. ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ 23. 82 ⋅ 85 = 82 +5 Product rule
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
=8 7
9. ( −4 )( −4 )( −4 )( −4 ) = ( −4 )4
(
24. 5m 2 ⋅ 2m6 = ( 5 ⋅ 2 ) ⋅ m 2 ⋅ m6 )
10. ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3) = ( −3) 6
(
= 10 m 2+ 6 )
11. ( −7 y )( −7 y )( −7 y )( −7 y ) = ( −7 y )4 = 10m 8
12. ( −8 p )( −8 p )( −8 p )( −8 p )( −8 p ) = ( −8 p )5 25. 52 ⋅ 56 = 52 + 6 = 58
13. In ( −3) , − 3 is the base. 26. 36 ⋅ 37 = 36 + 7 = 313

4
( −3)4 = ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3) = 81 27. 42 ⋅ 47 ⋅ 43 = 42 + 7 + 3 = 412

28. 53 ⋅ 58 ⋅ 52 = 53 + 8 + 2 = 513 43. (4 )

3 2
= 43 ⋅ 2 Power rule (a)
29. ( −7 )3 ( −7 )6 = ( −7 )3 + 6 = ( −7 )9 = 46
30. ( −9 )8 ( −9 )5 = ( −9 )8 + 5 = ( −9 )13 44. (8 )

3 6
= 83 ⋅ 6 Power rule (a)
31. t 3 ⋅ t 8 ⋅ t13 = t 3 + 8 + 13 = t 24 = 818
32. n5 ⋅ n6 ⋅ n9 = n5 + 6 + 9 = n 20 45. (t )
4 5
= t 4 ⋅ 5 = t 20 Power rule (a)
33. ( −8r )( 7r ) = −8 ⋅ 7 ⋅ r
4 3 4
⋅ r3
46. (y )
6 5
= y 6 ⋅ 5 = y 30 Power rule (a)
4+3
= −56r
= −56r 7 47. ( 7 r )3 = 7 3 r 3 Power rule (b)
34. (10a )( −4a ) = 10 ( −4) a

7 3 7
⋅ a3 48. (11x )4 = 114 x 4 Power rule (b)
= −40a 7 + 3
49. ( 5 xy )5 = 55 x5 y5 Power rule (a)
= −40a10
( 9 pq )6 = 96 p 6 q 6
( −6 p )( −7 p ) = ( −6)( −7 ) p
50. Power rule (b)
35. 5 5 5
⋅ p5
= 42 p5 + 5 51. ( −5 ) = ( −1 ⋅ 5 )
2 6 2 6
= 42 p10
= ( −1) ⋅ ( 5 ) 2 6
6
Power rule (b)
36. ( −5w )( −9w ) = ( −5)( −9) w
8 8 8
⋅w8
= 1 ⋅ 52 ⋅ 6 Power rule (a)
8+8
= 45w = 1⋅ 5 12
=5 12
= 45w16
52. ( −9 ) = ( −1 ⋅ 9 )
4 8 4 8
37. ( 5x )( −2 x )( 3x )
2 3 4
= ( −1) ⋅ ( 9 ) 4 8
8
Power rule (b)
= ( 5 )( −2 )( 3) x ⋅ x ⋅ x 2 3 4
= ( −10 )( 3) x 2 + 3 + 4 = 1 ⋅ 94 ⋅ 8 Power rule (a)

= 1 ⋅ 932 = 932
= −30 x9
38. (12 y ) ( 4 y ) ( −3 y )
3 5
53. ( −8 ) = ( − 1 ⋅ 8 )
3 5 3 5
= (12 )( 4 )( −3) y 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y 5 = ( −1) ⋅ ( 8 )

5 3 5
Power rule (b)
= ( 48)( −3) y 3 +1+ 5
= −1 ⋅ 83 ⋅ 5 Power rule (a)
= −144 y 9
= −8 15
39. 3 + 3 is a sum, so the product rule does not

8 9
apply. 54. ( −7 ) = ( −1 ⋅ 7 )
5 7 5 7
= ( −1) ⋅ ( 7 ) 5 7
7
40. 412 + 45 is a sum, so the product rule does not Power rule (b)
apply.
= −1 ⋅ 7 5 ⋅ 7 Power rule (a)
41. 5 ⋅ 3 is a product with different bases, so the
8 9
= −7 35
product rule does not apply.

55. 8 ( qr ) = 8q 3 r 3
3
Power rule (b)
42. 63 ⋅ 89 is a product with different bases, so the
product rule does not apply.

56. 4 ( vw ) = 4v5 w5
5 3 2 3+ 2
Power rule (b) ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞
67. ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ Product rule
8
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 2 ⎝2⎠
⎛9⎞ 98
57. ⎜ ⎟ = 8 Power rule (c) ⎛5⎞
5
⎝5⎠ 5 =⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
33
⎛ 12 ⎞ 12 55
58. ⎜ ⎟ = 3 Power rule (c) = Power rule (c)
⎝7⎠ 7 25
3 5 6 5+6
⎛1⎞ 13 1 ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛3⎞
59. ⎜ ⎟ = 3 = 3 Power rule (c) 68. ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ Product rule
⎝2⎠ 2 2 ⎝4⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎝4⎠
11
5 ⎛3⎞
⎛1⎞ 15 1 =⎜ ⎟
60. ⎜ ⎟ = 5 = 5 Power rule (c) ⎝4⎠
⎝3⎠ 3 3
311
3 3 = Power rule (c)
⎛a⎞ a 411
61. ⎜ ⎟ = 3 Power rule (c), ( b ≠ 0 )
⎝b⎠ b 3
⎛9⎞ 93 9 2
4 4 69. ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 92 = 3 ⋅ Power rule (c)
⎛r⎞ r ⎝8⎠
62. ⎜ ⎟ = 4 Power rule (c), ( t ≠ 0 ) 8 1
⎝t⎠ t 93 ⋅ 9 2
= Multiply fractions
3
x3 83 ⋅ 1
⎛x⎞
63. ⎜ ⎟ = 3 Power rule (c)
⎝2⎠ 2 93 + 2
=
83
4 4 Product rule
⎛ y⎞ y 95
64. ⎜ ⎟ = 4 Power rule (c) =
⎝3⎠ 3 83
5 5
⎛ 2x ⎞ ⎛ 2x ⎞ ⎛8⎞
4
84 83
65. ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ −1 ⋅ ⎟ 70. ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 83 = 4 ⋅ Power rule (c)
⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠ ⎝5⎠ 5 1
5
5 ⎛ 2x ⎞ 84 ⋅ 83
= ( −1) ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ Power rule (b) = Multiply fractions
⎝ y ⎠ 54 ⋅ 1
( 2 x )5 =
84 + 3
= −1 ⋅ Power rule (c)
y5 54
Product rule
7
25 x5 8
=− Power rule (b) =
y5 54
⎛ 4p ⎞ ⎛
3 3 71. ( 2 x )9 ( 2 x )3 = ( 2 x )9 + 3 Product rule
4p ⎞
66. ⎜ − ⎟ = ⎜ −1 ⋅ ⎟ = (2x )
12
⎝ q ⎠ ⎝ q ⎠
3 = 212 x12 Product rule (b)
⎛ 4p ⎞
= ( −1) ⋅ ⎜
3
⎟ Power rule (b)
⎝ q ⎠ 72. ( 6 y )5 ( 6 y )8 = ( 6 y )5 + 8 Product rule
(4 p) 3
= (6 y )
13
= −1 ⋅ Power rule (c)
q3 = 613 y13 Product rule (b)
3 3
4 p
=− Power rule (b)
q3

( −6 p )4 ( −6 p ) ( −r s ) ( − r s )
2 2 3 5
73. 81. 4
= ( −6 p ) ( −6 p )
4 1
2 5
= ⎡⎣( −1) r 4 s ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣( −1) r 2 s 3 ⎤⎦
= ( −6 p )
5
Product rule
( )
= ⎡⎢( −1) r 4 s 2 ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢( −1) r 2 ( ) ( s ) ⎤⎥⎦
2 2 5 5 3 5
= ( −1) 65 p 5
5
Power rule (b) ⎣ ⎦⎣
= −65 p5 ⎡ 2 8 2⎤⎡
= ( −1) r s
⎣ ⎦⎣
( −1)5 r10 s15 ⎤⎦
74. ( −13q )3 ( −13q ) = ( −1) r18 s17
7
= ( −13q ) ( −13q )
3 1
= −r18 s17
= ( −13q )
4
Product rule
= ( −1) (13) q 4
4 4
Power rule (b)
82. ( −ts ) ( −t s )
6 4 3 5 3
= 13 q 4 4 = ( −1 ⋅ ts ) ( −1 ⋅ t s )
6 4 3 5 3
= ⎡⎢( −1) t ( s ) ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢( −1) ( t ) ( s ) ⎤⎥

6 4 3 3 5 3
(6x y ) ( ) (y )
4 4 3
2 3 5 5 3 5
75. = 65 x 2 Power rule (b) ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
= 65 x 2 ⋅ 5 y 3 ⋅ 5 = ( −1) t 4 s 24 ⋅ ( −1) t 9 s15
4 3
Power rule (a)
= 65 x10 y15 4 + 3 4 + 9 24 + 15
= ( −1) t s
= ( −1) t s
( 5r t ) ( ) (t )
7 13 39
5 6 7 7 6 7
76. = 57 r 5 Power rule (b)
= −1 ⋅ t13 s 39
= 57 r 35t 42 Power rule (a)
= −t13 s 39
77. (x ) (x )
2 3 3 5
= x 6 ⋅ x15 Power rule (a)
⎛ 5a 2 b 5 ⎞
3
= x 21 Power rule
83. ⎜ 6 ⎟
⎜ c ⎟ ( c ≠ 0)
⎝ ⎠
78. (y ) (y )
4 5 3 5
= y 20 ⋅ y15 Power rule (a)
=
( 5a b )
2 5 3
Power rule (c)

= y 35 Power rule (c ) 6 3
5 ( a ) (b )
2 3 5 3
( 2w x y ) ( x y )
2 5 3
2 3 4
79.
= Power rule (b)
⎡
= ⎢2 ( w ) ( x )
2 2
2
3 2 ⎤
( )
y 2 ⎥ ⎡⎢ x 4
5
y 5 ⎤⎥
(c ) 6 3
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ 125a 6 b15
= Power rule (a)
(
= 2 2 w4 x 6 y 2 )( x y ) 20 5 c18
4
= 2 2 w4 ( x x )( y y )
6 20 2 5 ⎛ 6 x3 y 9
84. ⎜ 5
⎜ z
⎞
⎟⎟ ( z ≠ 0)
⎝ ⎠
= 4w x y4 26 7
(6x y )3 9 4
( 3x ) ( yz ) =
4 2 3 4 5 Power rule (c)
(z )
80. y z 5 4
( ) ( y2 ) z3 ⎤⎥⎦ ⎡⎢⎣ y5 ( z 4 ) ⎤⎥⎦

= ⎡⎢33 x 4
3 3 5
⎣ 6 (x ) ( y )
4 3 4 9 4
=
= ( 33 x12 y 6 z 3 )( y5 z 20 )
Power rule (b)
(z ) 5 4
= 33 x12 ( y 6 y 5 )( z 3 z 20 )
1296 x12 y 36
= Power rule (a)
= 27 x y z 12 11 23
z 20

( ) 90. Use the formula for the area of a circle,

3
85. To simplify using 102 as 10006 is not
A = π r 2 , with r = 6a 3 .
correct. Using power rule (a) to simplify
( )
2
A = π 6a 3
(10 ) 2 3
, we obtain
= π ( 6 )( a )
2 3 2
(10 ) 2 3
= 10 2⋅3
= π ( 36a ) 3⋅ 2
= 106
= 10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 10 = π ( 36a ) 6
= 1,000, 000. = 36π a 6
( )
4
86. The expression 3x 2 y 3 may be simplified by 91. Use the formula for the volume of a cube,
V = e3 , with e = 5 x 2 .
using power rule (b):
( )
3
( ) ( )( ) V = 5 x2
4 4 4
3x 2 y3 = 34 x 2 y3
= 81x8 y12 . = 5 (x )
3 2 3
Note that we have raised 3 to the fourth power.

= 125 x6
On the other hand, in the expression
( 3 ⋅ 4 ) x8 y12 = 12 x8 y12 , 3 is multiplied by 4. 92. Use the formula for the volume of a rectangular
solid, V = LWH , with L = 9 xy 3 , W = 5 x3 y,
Since 81x8 y12 ≠ 12 x8 y12 , we see that the two
given expressions are not equivalent. and H = 4 x 2 y 4 .
87. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle, ( )(

V = 9 xy 3 5 x3 y 4 x 2 y 4 )( )
A = LW , with L = 4 x3 and W = 3 x 2 . = (9 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 4) x ⋅ x ⋅ x ( 3 2
)( y 3
⋅ y ⋅ y4 )
( )( )
A = 4 x3 3 x 2
= 180 x 6 y8
= 4⋅3⋅ x ⋅ x 3 2
93. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with P = $250,

n
= 12 x5
r = 0.04, and n = 5.
88. Use the formula for the area of a triangle,
A = 250 (1 + 0.04 )
5
1
A = bh, with b = 4m 4 and h = m 2 .
= 250 (1.04 )
5
2
A = ( 4m 4 )( m 2 )
1 ≈ 304.16
2 The amount of money in the account will be
= ( 4m 6 )
1 $304.16.
2
94. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with P = $400,
n
= 2m 6
r = 0.04, and n = 3.
89. Use the formula for the area of a parallelogram,
A = 400 (1 + 0.04 )
3
A = bh, with b = 2 p 5 and h = 3 p 2 .
( )( ) = 400 (1.04 )
3
A = 2 p5 3 p 2
≈ 449.95
= 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ p5 ⋅ p 2 The amount of money in the account will be
= 6 p7 $449.95.

4.2 Integer Exponents and the Quotient Rule 283
95. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with

n 1 1
(d) 2−1 + 5−1 = 1
+ 1
P = $1500, r = 0.015, and n = 6. 2 5
1 1
A = 1500 (1 + 0.015) = +
6
2 5
= 1500 (1.015 )
6
5 2
= +
≈ 1640.16 10 10
The amount of money in the account will be 7
=
$1640.16. 10
96. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with

n
1
(e) m −3 = ,m≠0
P = $2000, r = 0.015, and n = 4. m3
A = 2000 (1 + 0.015 )
4
1
N2. (a) 2−3 = Definition of negative exponent
23
= 2000 (1.015 )
4
1
≈ 2122.73 =
8
The amount of money in the account will be
−2 2
$2122.73. ⎛1⎞ ⎛7⎞ 1
(b) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ and 7 are reciprocals.
⎝7⎠ ⎝1⎠ 7
4.2 Integer Exponents and the Quotient = 49
Rule
−4 4
⎛3⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 16
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises (c) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝2⎠ ⎝3⎠ 81
1. (a) 7 0 = 1 Definition of zero exponent 1 1
(d) 3−2 + 4−2 = +
(b) ( −7 ) = 1 Definition of zero exponent 32 42
0
1 1
= +
(c) −70 = − ( 7 ) = −1
0
9 16
16 9
(d) 130 + 20 = 1 + 1 = 2 = +
144 144
25
N1. (a) 60 = 1 Definition of zero exponent =
144
(b) −120 = − (120 ) = −1
1
(e) p −4 = , p≠0
p4
(c) ( −12 x ) = 1 ( x ≠ 0 )
0
5−2 33 27
(d) 140 − 120 = 1 − 1 = 0 3. (a) −3
= 2 , or
3 5 25
1
2. (a) 4−2 = Definition of negative exponent 4h −5 4 h −5 4 m 2 4m 2
42 (b) = ⋅ = ⋅ = 5
m −2 k k m −2 k h5 hk
1
=
16
⎛ x2 ⎞
−3
⎛ 2 y3 ⎞
(c) ⎜ 3 ⎟ = ⎜ 2 ⎟ =
(2y ) 3 3 3
( x2 )
−3 3 3
⎛1⎞ ⎛4⎞ 1 ⎝ 2y ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
(b) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ and 4 are reciprocals.
⎝4⎠ ⎝1⎠ 4
23 ( y 3 )
3
= 64 8 y9
= =
x2 ⋅ 3 x6
−2 2
⎛ 3⎞ ⎛5⎞ 25
(c) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝5⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 9

N3. (a)
5−3 62
−2
= 3 , or
36
5. (a)
(3 )
4 2
=
38
= 38 − 3 = 35 , or 243
6 5 125 3
3 33
2 2
(b) ( 4 x 2 ) ( 4 x ) = 4 x 2 ⋅ ( 42 x 2 )
m 1 m
(b) m 2 n −4 = ⋅ =
2
1 n4 n4
2 −3 2 −3 2 4 2 4
= ( 4 ⋅ 42 ) ⋅ ( x 2 ⋅ x 2 )
x y x y x z x z
(c) = ⋅ = ⋅ = = 43 x 4 , or 64 x 4
5 z −4 5 z −4 5 y3 5 y3
−2 2
47 ⎛ 5 y2 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
4. (a) 5 = 47 − 5 = 42 , or 16 (c) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 2 ⎟
4 ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 5y ⎠
45 62
1
= 45 − 7 = 4−2 = 2 , or
1 =
(b)
(5 y2 )
2
47 4 16
x −6 62
(c) −12 = x −6 − ( −12) = x −6 + 12 = x 6 =
52 ( y 2 )
2
x
1 4 62 36
(d) 4 y −6 = 4 ⋅ = = 2 4
, or
y6 y6 5 y 25 y 4
39 ⋅ ( x 2 y ) 39 ( x y )
−2 −2
84 m9 n −3 84 m9 n −3 2
1
(e) 5 10 2 = 5 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 2 (d) = ⋅ ⋅
8 m n 8 m n 33 ⋅ x −4 y 33 x −4 y
= 84 − 5 ⋅ m9 −10 ⋅ n −3− 2 x4 1
−1 −1 −5 = 39 − 3 ⋅ ⋅
=8 ⋅m ⋅n
( x y)
2
2 y
1 1 1
= ⋅ ⋅ 5 ⎛ 1 ⎞
8 m n = 36 x 4 − 4 ⎜ 2 + 1 ⎟
1 ⎝y ⎠
= 6 0
8mn5 3 x 36 729
= 3 = 3 , or 3
y y y
63 1 1
N4. (a) = 63 − 4 = 6−1 = 1 =
(8r ) ( 8r ) ( 8r ) ( )
4 −3 4 + −3
6 6 6 4
(e) =
( 8r ) ( 8r ) (8r )
−8 10 −8 +10
t4
(b) −5 = t 4 − ( −5) = t 4 + 5 = t 9
t
( 8r )
1
=
( p + q)
−3
( 8r )
2
= ( p + q)
−3 − ( −7)
(c)
( )
−7
= ( 8r )
1− 2
p + q
= ( p + q)
−3 + 7
= ( 8r )
−1
= ( p + q)
4
1
=
8r
52 xy −3 52 x y −3
(d) = ⋅ ⋅ 315 315
3−1 x −2 y 2 3−1 x −2 y 2 N5. (a) = = 315 − 12 = 33 , or 27
= 52 31 ⋅ x
1 − ( −2 )
+ y −3 − 2 (3 )
3 4 312
= 25 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x3 ⋅ y −5 (b) ( 4t ) ( 4t ) = ( 4t )
5 −3 5 + ( −3)
3
75 x 1
= ⋅ ⋅ = ( 4t )
2
1 1 y5
= 42 t 2 , or 16t 2
75 x 3
= 5
y

−3 −2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛4⎞
3
⎛ 7 y4 ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ 5. ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 16
(c) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎝4⎠ ⎝1⎠
⎝ 10 ⎠ ⎝ 7y ⎠
The expression is positive.
103
=
(7 y4 )
3 −2 2
⎛1⎞ ⎛5⎞
6. ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 25
⎝ ⎠
5 ⎝1⎠
103
= The expression is positive.
73 ( y 4 )
3
3
7. 1 − 50 = 1 − 1 = 0
10 1000 The expression is zero.
= , or
73 y12 343 y12
8. 1 − 7 0 = 1 − 1 = 0
(d) ( a 2 b −2 c ) ( a ) (b ) c
−3 2 −3 −2 −3 −3 The expression is zero.
=
9. By definition, a 0 = 1 ( a ≠ 0 ) , so 90 = 1.
( 2ab c 3 −4 5
) 2 a (b ) (c )
5 5 3 5 −4 5
a −6 b 6 c −3 10. 30 = 1 Definition of zero exponent

=
2 a5 b15 c −20
5
( −2 ) = 1 Definition of zero exponent

0
11.
b6 c 20
= 5 5 6 15 3
2 aab c ( −12 ) = 1 Definition of zero exponent
0
12.
c 20 − 3
= 5 5 + 6 15 − 6
2 a b 13. −80 = − ( 80 ) = − (1) = −1
c17 c17
= 5 11 9 , or
2 a b 32a11b9 14. −60 = − ( 60 ) = − (1) = −1
( 5k ) ( 5k ) ( 5k )
−6 −6 + 8
15. − ( −6 ) = −1 ⋅ ( −6 ) = −1 ⋅ 1 = −1
8 0 0
(e) =
( 5k ) ( 5k ) ( 5k )7 + (−4)
7 −4
16. − ( −13) = −1 ⋅ ( −13) = −1 ⋅ 1 = −1

0 0
( 5k )
2
=
( 5k ) ( −4 ) − 40 = 1 − 1 = 0
3 0
17.
= ( 5k )
2−3
( −11) − 110 = 1 − 1 = 0
0
18.
= ( 5k )
−1
010 0
1 19. = =0
= 120 1
5k
05 0
20. = =0
Exercises 20 1
1. ( −2 )
−3
=
1
=
1
=−
1 21. 80 − 120 = 1 − 1 = 0
( −2 ) −8
3
8
22. 60 − 130 = 1 − 1 = 0
The expression is negative.
1 1 02 0 0
( −3 ) = = =0
−2
2. = = 23.
( −3)
2
9 2 +0
0 0
1+ 0 1
The expression is positive. 20 1 1
24. = = =1
3. −2 4 = −1⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = −16 0 +2
2 0
0 +1 1
The expression is negative.
25. (a) x 0 = 1 ( Choice B )
4. −3 = −1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 = −729
6
The expression is negative. (b) − x 0 = −1 ⋅ x 0 = −1 ⋅ 1 = −1 ( Choice C )

(c) 7 x 0 = 7 ⋅ x 0 = 7 ⋅ 1 = 7 ( Choice D ) 1
30. 5−4 = Definition of negative exponent
54
(d) ( 7 x ) = 1 ( Choice B )
0
1
=
625
(e) −7 x 0 = −7 ⋅ x 0 = −7 ⋅ 1 = −7 ( Choice E )
31. When we evaluate a fraction raised to a
( −7 x ) = 1 ( Choice B )
0
(f) negative exponent, we can use a shortcut. Note
−n n
⎛a⎞ 1 1 bn ⎛ b ⎞
= = = n =⎜ ⎟ .
26. (a) −2 −4
= − (2 −4
) that ⎜ ⎟
⎝b⎠
n n
⎝a⎠
⎛a⎞ a a
⎜ ⎟ n
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎝b⎠ b
= −⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ In words, a fraction raised to the negative of a
1 number is equal to its reciprocal raised to the
=− ( Choice C ) a
16 number. We will use the simple phrase “ and
b
1
(b) ( −2 ) =
−4
b
( −2 ) are reciprocals” to indicate our use of this
4
a
1 evaluation shortcut.
= ( Choice F ) −4
16 ⎛1⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟ = 24 = 16 and 2 are reciprocals.
1 ⎝2⎠ 2
(c) 2−4 =
24 −3
⎛1⎞ 1
1 32. ⎜ ⎟ = 33 = 27 and 3 are reciprocals.
= ( Choice F ) ⎝3⎠ 3
16
−2 2
⎛6⎞ ⎛7⎞ 6 7
1 24 33. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ and are reciprocals.
(d) −4 = ⎝7⎠ ⎝6⎠ 7 6
2 1
= 16 ( Choice B ) 72
= 2 Power rule (c)
6
1 1 49
(e) = =
−2−4 2−4 36
24
=− ⎛2⎞
−3
⎛3⎞
3
2 3
1 34. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ and are reciprocals.
= −16 ( Choice E ) ⎝3⎠ ⎝2⎠ 3 2
33
= 3 Power rule (c)
( −2 )
4
1 2
(f) =
( −2 )
−4 27
1 =
8
= 16 ( Choice B )
1
( −3 )
−4
27. 60 + 80 = 1 + 1 = 2 35. =
( −3)
4
28. 40 + 20 = 1 + 1 = 2 1
=
81
1
29. 4−3 = Definition of negative exponent
43 1
( −4 )
−3
36. =
( −4 )
3
1
=
64 1 1
= =−
−64 64

1 1 6−5
37. 5−1 + 3−1 = + 44.
5 3 6 −2
3 5 8 −5 − ( −2 )
= + = =6
15 15 15
= 6−3
1 1 1
38. 6−1 + 2−1 = + =
6 2 63
1 3 1
= + =
6 6 216
4 2
= = 58
6 3 45. = 58 − 5 = 53 , or 125
55
1 1
39. 3−2 − 2−1 = 2
− 1 116
3 2 46. = 116 − 3 = 113 , or 1331
1 1 113
= −
9 2 3−2 53 125
2 9 7 47. = , or
= − =− 5−3 32 9
18 18 18
4−3 32 9
1 1 48. −2
= 3 , or
40. 6−2 − 3−1 = 2 − 1 3 4 64
6 3
1 1 5 51
= − 49. = = 51 ⋅ 51
36 3 5−1 5−1
1 12 11 = 51 + 1 = 52 , or 25
= − =−
36 36 36
6 61
−1 −1 1 1 50. = −2 = 61 ⋅ 62
⎛1⎞ ⎛2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ 6 −2
6
41. ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2 ⎝ ⎠
3 ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ = 61 + 2 = 63 , or 216
4 3
= + x12
2 2 51. = x12 ⋅ x3
7 x −3
=
2 = x12 + 3 = x15
−1 −1 1 1 y4
⎛1⎞ ⎛4⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ = y4 ⋅ y6
42. ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟ 52.
y −6
⎝ ⎠
3 ⎝ ⎠
3 ⎝1⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
12 3 y 4 + 6 = y10
= +
4 4
1
15 53. = 63 , or 216
= 6 −3
4
1
511 54. = 52 , or 25
43. 5−2
58
= 511−8 2
55. = 2r 4
=5 3 r −4
= 125 3
56. = 3s 8
s −8
4−3 52 25
57. = , or
5−2 43 64

( x + 2y)
−3
6 − 2 54 625 −3 − ( −5 )
58. −4
= 2 , or 67. = ( x + 2y)
( x + 2y)
5 6 36 −5
= ( x + 2y)
−3 + 5
p5
59. p 5 q −8 =
q8
= ( x + 2y)
2
y4
60. x −8 y 4 = ( p − 3q )
−2
−2 − ( −4 )
x8 68. = ( p − 3q )
( p − 3q )
−4
r5
= r5 ⋅ r 4 = r5 + 4 = r9 = ( p − 3q )
−2 + 4
61.
r −4
= ( p − 3q )
2
Or we can use the quotient rule:
r5
= r ( ) = r5 + 4 = r9
5 − −4
r −4
69.
(7 )4 3
=
7 4⋅3
Power rule (a)
a6 79 79
62. = a 6 ⋅ a 4 = a 6 + 4 = a10 712
a −4 = 9
Or we can use the quotient rule: 7
a6 = 712 − 9 Quotient rule
= a 6 − ( −4) = a 6 + 4 = a10
a −4 = 7 , or 343
3
63.
x −3 y yz 2
= (5 )3 2
=
53 ⋅ 2
4 z −2 4 x3 70. Power rule (a)
52 52
p −5 q −4 r3 56
64. = = 2
9r −3 9 p5 q4 5
= 56 − 2 Quotient rule
65. Treat the expression in parentheses as a single
= 5 , or 625
4
variable; that is, treat ( a + b ) as you would

treat x. 71. x −3 ⋅ x5 ⋅ x −4
(a + b)
−3 −3 + 5 + ( −4 )
−3 − ( −4 ) =x Product rule
= (a + b)
(a + b)
−4 −2
=x
= (a + b)
−3 + 4 1
= Definition of negative exponent
x2
= (a + b) = a + b
1
Another method: 72. y −8 ⋅ y 5 ⋅ y −2

−8 + 5 + ( −2 )
(a + b) (a + b) =y
−3 4
Product rule
= −5
(a + b) (a + b)
−4 3 =y
1
= (a + b)
4−3
= Definition of negative exponent
y5
= (a + b) = a + b
1
( x + y)
−8
−8 − ( −9 )
66. = ( x + y)
( x + y)
−9
= ( x + y)
−8 + 9
= ( x + y) = x + y
1

( 3x ) ( 4 x ) 77. (6 x)4 (6 x) −3 = (6 x) 4 + ( −3)

−2 3
Product rule
73. =
( 4 x ) ( 3x ) = (6 x) = 6 x
−3 2 1
43 x 3 78. (10 y )9 (10 y ) −8 = (10 y )9 + ( −8) Product rule

= Power rule (b)
32 x 2 = (10 y ) = 10 y
1
43 x 3 − 2
= Quotient rule
( m n) (m )
32 79. −2 7 −2
7
n −2
3
4 x =
= 2 m −4 n 3 m −4 n3
3 7( −2)
m n −2
64 x =
= m −4 n3
9
m −14 n −2
= −4 3
( 2 y ) (5 y )
−3 4
m n
74. =
(5 y ) ( 2 y )
−4 3 = m −14 − ( −4) n −2 − 3
54 y 4 = m −10 n −5
= 3 3 Power rule (b) 1
2 y = 10 5
m n
54 y 4 − 3
= Quotient rule
23 80.
(m n −4 ) (m ) (n )
−8 2 −8 2 −4 2
54 y 625 y =
= 3 = m2 n5 m 2 n5
2 8
m −8⋅2 n −4⋅2
=
( x y)
−2
⎛ x −1 y ⎞
−2 −1 m 2 n5
75. ⎜ 2 ⎟ = Power rule (c) m −16 n −8
⎝ z ⎠ (z ) 2 −2 =
m2 n5
=
(x ) y
−1 −2 −2
Power rule (b)

= m −16 − 2 n −8 − 5
(z ) 2 −2 = m −18 n −13
1
x 2 y −2 = 18 13
= Power rule (a) m n
z −4
(x y2 z ) (x ) ( y )
−1 −2 −1 −2 2 −2
x2 z 4 z −2
= 2 81. =
(x y z) (x ) ( y )
y −3 −1 −3 −1 3 −1
3
z −1
( p −4 q )
−3 −3
76. ⎛ p −4 q ⎞ x 2 y −4 z −2
⎜ −3 ⎟ = Power rule (c) =
x3 y −3 z −1
( r −3 )
−3
⎝ r ⎠
x 2 y 3 z1
=
(p ) q−4 −3 −3
Power rule (b)

=
x3 y 4 z 2
(r ) −3 −3
=
1
xyz
p12 q −3
= Power rule (a)
r9
p12
=
r 9 q3

(a b c )
2 3 4 −4
( −4 y ) ( −4 y ) ( −4 y ) ( )
8 −8 8 + −8
82. 87. =
( −4 y ) ( −4 y ) ( −4 y )
−26 −26 + 27
(a )
27
−2 −3 −4 −5
b c
( −4 y )
0
( a ) (b ) ( c )
2 −4 3 −4 4 −4
=
= ( −4 y )
1
( a ) (b ) (c )
−2 −5 −3 −5 −4 −5
1
=
a −8 b −12 c −16 −4 y
= 10 15 20
a b c
( −9 p ) ( −9 p ) ( −9 p ) ( )
16 −16 16 + −16
= a −8−10 b −12 −15 c −16 − 20
88. =
( −9 p ) ( −9 p ) ( −9 p )
−41 42 −41+ 42
= a −18b −27 c −36
1 ( −9 p )
0
= 18 27 36 =
a b c
( −9 p )
1
x −3 ( y −2 )
−3 −3
⎛ xy −2 ⎞ 1
83. ⎜ 2 ⎟ = =
−9 p
( x 2 ) y −3
−3
⎝x y⎠
89. The student attempted to use the quotient rule
x −3 y 6
= with unequal bases. The correct way to simplify
x −6 y −3 this expression is
163 ( 2 )
x6 y 6 y 3 4 3
= 212
x3 2
= 2
= 2 = 210 = 1024.
2 2 2
=x y
3 9
90. The student incorrectly assumed that the

⎛ wz ⎞
84. ⎜ −3 ⎟
−5 −2
=
w (z )
−2 −5 −2 negative sign was part of the base. The correct
way to simplify this expression is
⎝w z⎠ (w ) z
−3 −2 −2
−54 = −1( 54 ) = −1 ⋅ 625 = −625.
w−2 z10
=
w6 z −2 91.
( 4a b ) ( 2ab )
2 3 −2 −1 3
(a b)
−4
z10 z 2 3
= 2 6
ww
( a b ) ( 2ab )
3 4 −1 3
z12 =
= 8
w ( 4a b ) 2 3 2
85.
( 2r ) ( 2r ) ( 2r )
−4
=
5 −4 + 5
=
( a ) b 2 a (b )
3 4 4 3 3 −1 3
( 2r ) ( 2r ) ( 2r )9+ ( −7)
−7
4 ( a ) (b )
9
2 2 2 3 2
( 2r )
1
= a12 b 4 8a3b −3
=
( 2r )
2
16a 4 b6
1 8a15b1
= =
2r 16a 4 b6
a11
(8x ) (8x )
−8
(8 x )
9 −8 + 9
= 5
86. = 2b
(8x ) (8x ) (8 x ) ( )
13 −11 13 + −11
(8x )
1
=
(8 x )
2
1
=
8x

Summary Exercises Applying the Rules for Exponents 291
( m n) (m n ) (4 a −1b −2 ) ( 5a )
6 −2 2 −2 3 −1 −2 −3 4 −2
b
92. 96.
( 3a b )
−1 −2 −3 −5 2
m n
m n (m n
1 2 2 −2 3
) 42 a 2 b 4 5−2 a 6 b −8
= 6 2 =
( m n) 32 a −6 b −10
m n ( m 2 ) ( n −2 ) 16a8b −4
1 2 3 3
=
= 9 ⋅ 52 a −6 b −10
(m ) 6 2
n2
16a14 b6
mn m n 2 6 −6 =
= 225
m12 n 2
m7 n −4 Summary Exercises Applying the Rules for
= 12 2
m n Exponents
1
= 5 6 1. (10 x 2 y 4 ) 2 (10 xy 2 )3
mn
= 102 ( x 2 ) 2 ( y 4 )2 ⋅ 103 x3 ( y 2 )3
93.
(2y −1 2 2
z ) (3 y −2 −3 3
z ) = 102 x 4 y 8103 x 3 y 6
(y z ) 3 2 −1
= 105 x 7 y14
22 y −2 z 4 33 y −6 z −9 2. (−2ab3 c)4 (−2a 2 b)3
=
y −3 z −2
= (−2) 4 a 4 (b3 ) 4 c 4 (−2)3 (a 2 )3 b3
−8 −5
4 ⋅ 27 y z
= = 16a 4 b12 c 4 (−8)a 6 b3
y −3 z −2
−5 −3
= −128a10 b15 c 4
= 108 y z
( 9wx3 )
3 3
108 ⎛ 9wx 3 ⎞
= 5 3 3. ⎜ 4 ⎟ =
( y4 )
3
y z ⎝ y ⎠
(3 p q 3 ) ( 5 p −1q −4 ) 93 w3 ( x 3 )
−2 2 −1 3
94. =
(p q ) 2 −2 −3 y12
729w3 x9
32 p −4 q 6 5−1 p1q 4 =
= y12
p −6 q 6
9 p −3 q10 4. (4 x −2 y −3 ) −2 = 4−2 ( x −2 )−2 ( y −3 ) −2
=
5 p −6 q 6 1 ( −2)( −2) ( −3)( −2)
= x y
9p q 3 4
42
=
5 x4 y6
=
16
(9 z −2 x ) ( 4z x )
−1 −1 2 4 −2
95. c11 (c 2 ) 4 c11c8

(5z −2
x ) −3 2 5. 3 3
(c ) ( c )2 −6
= 9 −12
cc
91 z 2 x −1 4−2 z −4 x −8 c19
= =
52 z −4 x −6 c −3
9 z −2 x −9 = c19 − ( −3)
=
25 ⋅ 42 z −4 x −6
= c 22
2 −3
9z x
=
400
9z2
=
400 x3

−2 −2 −2
⎛ k 4t 2 ⎞ 4 − 2 2 − ( −4) −2 ⎛ r 2 st 5 ⎞ ⎛ rst 5 ⎞
6. ⎜ 2 −4 ⎟ = (k t ) 12. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝k t ⎠ ⎝ 3r ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
= (k 2 t 6 ) −2 ⎛ 3 ⎞
2
=⎜ 5 ⎟
= (k 2 ) −2 (t 6 ) −2 ⎝ rst ⎠
= k −4 t −12 32
=
1 (rst 5 )2
= 4 12
k t 9
= 2 2 10
r st
1 1
7. 5−1 + 6−1 = + 1
(3−1 x −3 y )−1 (2 x 2 y −3 )2
1
5 6
13.
=
6
+
5 (5 x −2 y 2 ) −2
30 30 (5 x −2 y 2 ) 2 (2 x 2 y −3 )2
11 =
= (3−1 x −3 y )1
30
52 x −4 y 4 22 x 4 y −6
−1 3 −1 2 =
8.
(3 y z ) (3 y ) 3−1 x −3 y
( y 3 z 2 ) −3 25 x 0 y −2 ⋅ 4
=
3−1 x −3 y
3 2 3 2
( y z ) (3 y )
=
(3 y −1 z 3 )1 = 100 x 3 y −3 ⋅ 3
( y 3 )3 ( z 2 )3 (3 y 2 ) 300 x 3
= =
3 y −1 z 3 y3
y9 z 6 3 y 2
= −1 −1
3 y −1 z 3 ⎛ 5x2 ⎞ ⎛ 5x6 ⎞
14. ⎜ −4 ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟
3 y11 z 6 ⎝ 3x ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
=
3 y −1 z 3
1
⎛ 3 ⎞
=⎜ 6 ⎟
= y12 z 3 ⎝ 5x ⎠
3
(2 xy −1 )3 23 x 3 y −3 = 6
9. = 5x
23 x −3 y 2 23 x −3 y 2
−2 2
= x 6 y −5 ⎛ −9 x −2 ⎞ ⎛ 9x2 ⎞
15. ⎜ 2 ⎟
=⎜ −2 ⎟
x6 ⎝ 9x ⎠ ⎝ −9 x ⎠
= 2
y5 ⎛ x4 ⎞ ( x4 )2
=⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ −1 ⎠ (−1) 2
10. −40 + ( −4 ) = − 1 ⋅ 40 + 1
0
x8
= −1 ⋅ 1 + 1 =
1
= −1 + 1
= x8
=0
11. ( z 4 ) −3 ( z −2 ) −5
1
= z −12 z10 = z −2 =
z2

Summary Exercises Applying the Rules for Exponents 293
( x −4 y 2 )3 ( x 2 y ) −1 ⎛ 7a 2b3 ⎞
3
(7 a 2 b3 )3
⎟ =
16. 21. ⎜
( xy 2 )−3 23
⎝ 2 ⎠
( x −4 )3 ( y 2 )3 ( x 2 ) −1 y −1 73 a 6 b9
= =
x −3 ( y 2 ) −3 8
x −12 y 6 x −2 y −1 343a 6 b9
= =
x −3 y −6 8
x −14 y 5 22. −(−190 ) = −(−1 ⋅190 )
=
x −3 y −6
= −(−1 ⋅ 1)
= x −11 y11 = −(−1)
y11 =1
=
x11
23. − ( −13) = −1
0
−2 3 −4
(a b )
17.
(a −3b 2 ) −2 (ab) −4 24.
013 0
= =0
a8 b −12 130 1
=
a 6 b −4 a −4 b −4 (2 xy −3 ) −2
a8b −12 25.
= 2 −8 (3x −2 y 4 )−3
ab
(3x −2 y 4 )3
= a 6 b −4 =
(2 xy −3 )2
a6
= 33 x −6 y12
b4 =
22 x 2 y −6
18. (2a −30 b −29 )(3a 31b30 ) 27 x −8 y18
=
= ( 2 ⋅ 3) a −30 + 31b −29 + 30 4
= 6a1b1 27 y18
=
= 6ab 4 x8
−2
1 1 ⎛ a 2b3c 4 ⎞
19. 5−2 + 6−2 = + 26. ⎜ −2 −3 −4 ⎟
52 6 2 ⎝a b c ⎠
1 1
= + = ( a 4 b 6 c 8 ) −2
25 36
1
36 25 = 4 6 8 2
= + (a b c )
25 ⋅ 36 25 ⋅ 36
1
36 + 25 = 8 12 16
= ab c
900
61 27. (6 x −5 z 3 ) −3
=
900 = 6−3 x15 z −9
⎛ ( x 43 y 23 )2 ⎞
0 x15
=
20. ⎜ −26 −42 ⎟ = 1 zero exponent 63 z 9
⎝ x y ⎠
x15
=
216 z 9

28. (2 p −2 qr −3 )(2 p) −4 36. (13x −6 y )(13x −6 y ) −1

= 2 p −2 qr −3 2−4 p −4 = (13x −6 y )1 + ( −1)
= 2−3 p −6 qr −3 = (13x −6 y )0
q =1
= 6 3
8p r
(8 pq −2 ) 4
37.
( xy ) −3 ( xy )5 −3 + 5 − ( −4 )
(8 p −2 q −3 )3
29. −4
= ( xy )
( xy ) 84 p 4 q −8
=
= ( xy )6 83 p −6 q −9
4 − ( −6 ) −8 − ( −9 )
= x6 y 6 = 84 − 3 p q
= 8 p10 q
30. 520 − (−8)0 = 1 − 1 = 0
−2 3
(7 −1 x −3 ) −2 ( x 4 ) −6 ⎛ mn −2 p ⎞ ⎛ mn −2 p ⎞
31. 38. ⎜ 2 4 ⎟ ⎜ 2 4 ⎟
7 −1 x −3 ⎝ m np ⎠ ⎝ m np ⎠
7 2 x 6 x −24 ⎛ mn −2 p ⎞
−2 + 3
= −1 −3 =⎜ 2 4 ⎟
7 x
⎝ m np ⎠
= 7 2 − ( −1) x 6 − 24 − ( −3) 1
⎛ mn −2 p ⎞
= 73 x −15 =⎜ 2 4 ⎟
⎝ m np ⎠
343
= 15 1
x = 2 − 1 1 − ( −2) 4 − 1
m n p
−2 −2
⎛ 3−4 x −3 ⎞ ⎛ x3 ⎞ 1
32. ⎜ −3 −6 ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝3 x ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ mn3 p 3
2
⎛ 3⎞ 39. −(−80 )0 = −1
=⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝x ⎠
9 40. (a) 20 + 20 = 1 + 1 = 2 (D)
= 6
x (b) 21 ⋅ 20 = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2 ( D)
−2 −3 3 4
33. (5 p q) (5 pq )
1 1
= 5−3 p 6 q −3 54 p 4 q12 (c) 20 − 2−1 = 1 − = (E)
2 2
= 5p q 10 9
(d) 21 − 20 = 2 − 1 = 1 ( B)
1 1
34. 8−1 + 6−1 = + 1 1 1
81 61 (e) 20 ⋅ 2−2 = 1 ⋅ 2
= 1⋅ = (J)
3 4 2 4 4
= +
3⋅8 4⋅6 (f) 21 ⋅ 21 = 2 ⋅ 2 = 4 ( F)
7
= 1 1
24 (g) 2−2 − 2−1 = 2
− 1
2 2
−1
⎛ 4r −6 s −2 t ⎞ 1 1 1 2 1
35. ⎜ 8 −4 2 ⎟ = − = − =− ( I)
⎝ 2r s t ⎠ 4 2 4 4 4
⎛ 2s 2 ⎞
−1
(h) 20 ⋅ 20 = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 ( B)
= ⎜ 14 ⎟
⎝r t⎠
r14 t
= 2
2s

4.3 Scientific Notation 295
1 1 2. (a) 8.7 × 105 = 870, 000

(i) 2−2 ÷ 2−1 = 2
÷ 1
2 2 Since the exponent is positive, move the
1 1 1 2 1 decimal point five places to the right.
= ÷ = ⋅ = (E)
4 2 4 1 2
(b) 3.28 × 10−6 = 0.00000328
1 Since the exponent is negative, move the
(j) 20 ÷ 2−2 = 1 ÷
22 decimal point six places to the left.
1 4
= 1 ÷ =1⋅ = 4 ( F) (c) −9 × 10−4 = −0.0009
4 1
Since the exponent is negative, move the
decimal point four places to the left.
4.3 Scientific Notation
N2. (a) 5.71 × 104 = 57,100
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises Since the exponent is positive, move the
decimal point four places to the right.
1. (a) 0.0571 = 5.71× 10−2
The decimal point has been moved two (b) 2.72 × 10−5 = 0.0000272
places to put it after the first nonzero digit. Since the exponent is negative, move the
Since 5.71 is greater than the original decimal point five places to the left.
number, it must be multiplied by a number
less than 1 to get 0.0571. Thus, the (c) −8.81× 10−4 = −0.000881
exponent on 10 must be negative. Since the exponent is negative, move the
(b) 2,140,000, 000 = 2.14 × 109 decimal point five places to the left.
The decimal point has been moved nine 3. (a) (3 × 105 ) (5 × 10−2 )
places to put it after the first nonzero digit.
Since 2.14 is less than the original number, = (3 × 5)(105 × 10−2 )
it must be multiplied by a number greater = 15 × 103
than 1 to get 2,140,000,000. Thus, the
exponent on 10 must be positive. = (1.5 × 101 ) × 103
= 1.5 × (101 × 103 )
(c) −0.000062 = −6.2 × 10−5
Work with the absolute value of the = 1.5 × 104 , or 15,000
number, and then apply the negative sign to
the answer. 4.8 × 102 4.8 102
(b) = ×
2.4 × 105 2.4 105
N1. (a) 12, 600, 000 = 1.26 × 107
The decimal point has been moved seven = 2 × 102 −5
places to put it after the first nonzero digit. = 2 × 10−3 , or 0.002
Since 1.26 is less than the original number,
it must be multiplied by a number greater N3. (a) (6 × 107 )(7 × 10−4 )
than 1 to get 12,600,000. Thus, the
exponent on 10 must be positive. = (6 × 7)(107 × 10−4 )
= 42 × 103
(b) 0.00027 = 2.7 × 10−4
The decimal point has been moved four = (4.2 × 101 ) × 103
places to put it after the first nonzero digit.
= 4.2 × (101 × 103 )
Since 2.7 is greater than the original
number, it must be multiplied by a number = 4.2 × 104 , or 42, 000
less than 1 to get 0.00027. Thus, the
exponent on 10 must be negative. 18 × 10−3 18 10−3
(b) = ×
6 × 104 6 104
(c) −0.0000341 = −3.41× 10−5
Work with the absolute value of the = 3 × 10−3− 4
number, and then apply the negative sign to
= 3 × 10−7 , or 0.0000003
the answer.

4. ( 3.0 × 10 )( 6.0 × 10 )
5 1 (c) Move the decimal point to the right five
places due to the exponent, 5.
= (3.0 × 6.0) × (105 × 101 ) 4.6 × 105 = 460, 000
= 18.0 × 105 + 1 Choice B is correct.
= 18.0 × 106 (d) 4.6 × 10−5 = 0.000046
= 1.8 × 107 , or 18, 000, 000 Choice D is correct.
Light travels 18,000,000 km in 6.0 × 101 sec, or 2. (a) 1 × 109 = 1, 000, 000, 000
1 minute. This is 1 billion — choice A.
N4. (8, 000, 000 )( 0.00000003937 ) (b) 1 × 106 = 1, 000,000
= (8 × 106 ) × (3.937 × 10−8 ) This is 1 million — choice C.
= (8 × 3.937) × (106 × 10−8 ) (c) 1 × 108 = 100, 000, 000
6 + ( −8)
= 31.496 × 10 This is 100 million — choice B.
= 31.496 × 10−2 (d) 1 × 1010 = 10, 000, 000, 000
= 3.1496 × 10−1 , or 0.31496 This is 10 billion — choice D.
Thus, 8,000,000 nanometers would measure
3. 4.56 × 104 is written in scientific notation
3.1496 × 10−1 in., or 0.31496 in.
because 4.56 is between 1 and 10, and 10 4 is a
1.5 × 108 1.5 108 power of 10.
5. = ×
3.0 × 105 3.0 105 4. 7.34 × 106 is written in scientific notation.
= 0.5 × 108 − 5 5. 5,600,000 is not in scientific notation. It can be
= 0.5 × 10 3
written in scientific notation as 5.6 × 106.
= 500
6. 34,000 is not written in scientific notation. It
It takes light 500 sec to travel approximately
can be written in scientific notation as
1.5 × 108 km from the sun to Earth.
3.4 × 104.
N5. Divide the land area by the population.
7. 0.8 × 102 is not in scientific notation because
1.6 × 105 1.6 105
= × 0.8 = 0.8 is not greater than or equal to 1 and
3.8 × 10 7
3.8 107
less than 10. It can be written in scientific
= 0.42 × 105 − 7
notation as 8 × 101.
= 0.42 × 10−2
= 4.2 × 10−3 8. 0.9 × 103 is not written in scientific notation
= 0.0042 because 0.9 = 0.9 < 1.
In 2008, the number of square miles per person This number can be written in scientific
living in California was about 4.2 × 10−3 mi 2 , notation as 9 × 102.
or 0.0042 mi 2 . 9. 0.004 is not in scientific notation because
0.004 = 0.004 is not between 1 and 10. It can
Exercises
be written in scientific notation as 4 × 10−3.
1. (a) Move the decimal point to the left four
places due to the exponent, −4. 10. 0.0007 is not written in scientific notation. It
−4
4.6 × 10 = 0.00046 can be written in scientific notation as 7 × 10−4.
Choice C is correct.
(b) 4.6 × 104 = 46, 000

Choice A is correct.

11. (a) 63, 000 16. 78,330

The first nonzero digit is 6. The decimal Moving the decimal point to the right of the
point should be moved four places. first nonzero digit requires moving it four
63,000 = 6.3 ×104 places to the left. Since this makes the number
smaller, we must multiply by a positive power
(b) 0.0571 of 10. Thus, 78,330 = 7.833 × 104.
The first nonzero digit is 5. The decimal
point should be moved two places. 17. 0.000007
0.0571 = 5.71× 10−2 Move the decimal point to the right of the first
nonzero digit.
12. (a) 4.2 ×103 The decimal point was moved six places.
Move the decimal point three places to the Since moving the decimal point to the right
right. made the number larger, we must multiply by a
negative power of 10 so that the product
4.2 ×103 = 4200
7 × 10n will equal the smaller number. Thus,
(b) 6.42 × 10−3 n = −6, and 0.000007 = 7 × 10−6.
Move the decimal point three places to the
left. 18. 0.0000004
6.42 × 10−3 = 0.00642 Move the decimal point to the right of the first
nonzero digit.
13. 5,876,000,000 The decimal point was moved seven places.
Move the decimal point to the right of the first Since moving the decimal point to the right
nonzero digit and count the number of places made the number larger, we must multiply by a
the decimal point was moved. negative power of 10 so that the product
The decimal point was moved nine places.
4 × 10n will equal the smaller number. Thus,
Because moving the decimal point to the left
made the number smaller, we must multiply by n = −7, and 0.0000004 = 4 × 10−7.
a positive power of 10 so that the product
19. 0.00203
5.876 × 10n will equal the larger number. Thus,
To move the decimal point to the right of the
n = 9, and 5,876, 000,000 = 5.876 × 109. first nonzero digit, we move it three places.
Since 2.03 is larger than 0.00203, the exponent
14. 9,994,000,000 on 10 must be negative.
Move the decimal point to the right of the first
0.002 03 = 2.03 × 10−3
nonzero digit and count the number of places
the decimal point was moved. 20. 0.0000578
The decimal point was moved nine places. To move the decimal point to the right of the
Since moving the decimal point to the left made first nonzero digit, we move it five places.
the number smaller, we must multiply by a Since 5.78 is larger than 0.0000578, the
positive power of 10 so that the product exponent on 10 must be negative.
9.994 × 10n will equal the larger number. Thus, 0.0000578 = 5.78 × 10−5
n = 9, and 9,994, 000, 000 = 9.994 × 109.
21. −13,000, 000
15. 82,350 Move the decimal point to the right of the first
Move the decimal point left four places so it is nonzero digit and count the number of places
to the right of the first nonzero digit. the decimal point was moved.
The decimal point was moved four places. The decimal point was moved seven places.
Since the number got smaller, multiply by a Because moving the decimal point to the left
positive power of 10. made the number smaller, we must multiply by
82,350 = 8.2350 × 104 = 8.235 × 104 a positive power of 10 so that the product
(Note that the final zero need not be written.) −1.3 × 10n will equal the larger number. Thus,
n = 7, and −13, 000, 000 = −1.3 × 107.

22. −25, 000,000, 000 We need to add 12 zeros.

Move the decimal point to the right of the first 1 × 1012 = 1, 000, 000, 000,000
nonzero digit and count the number of places
the decimal point was moved. 30. 1 × 107
The decimal point was moved 10 places. Since the exponent is positive, make 1 larger by
Because moving the decimal point to the left moving the decimal point seven places to the
made the number smaller, we must multiply by right. We need to add seven zeros.
a positive power of 10 so that the product
1 × 107 = 10, 000, 000
−2.5 × 10n will equal the larger number. Thus,
n = 10, and −25, 000, 000, 000 = −2.5 × 1010. 31. 6.21 × 100
Because the exponent is 0, the decimal point
23. −0.006 should not be moved.
6.21 × 100 = 6.21
first nonzero digit, we move it three places.
Since 6 is larger than 0.006, the exponent on 10 We know this result is correct because 100 = 1.
must be negative. Remember to include the
negative sign. 32. 8.56 × 100
−0.006 = −6 × 10−3 Because the exponent is 0, the decimal point
should not be moved.
24. −0.01234 8.56 × 100 = 8.56
first nonzero digit, we move it two places. 33. 7.8 × 10−4
Since 1.234 is larger than 0.01234, the
Since the exponent is negative, make
exponent on 10 must be negative. Remember to
7.8 smaller by moving the decimal point
include the negative sign.
four places to the left.
−0.01234 = −1.234 × 10−2 7.8 × 10−4 = 0.00078
25. 7.5 × 105
34. 8.9 × 10−5
Since the exponent is positive, make 7.5 larger
by moving the decimal point five places to the
8.9 smaller by moving the decimal point
right. five places to the left.
7.5 × 105 = 750, 000 8.9 × 10−5 = 0.000089
26. 8.8 × 106
35. 5.134 × 10−9
Since the exponent is positive, make 8.8 larger
by moving the decimal point six places to the 5.134 smaller by moving the decimal point
right. nine places to the left.
8.8 × 106 = 8,800, 000
5.134 × 10−9 = 0.000000005134
27. 5.677 × 1012 36. 7.123 × 10−10
Since the exponent is positive, make 5.677 Move the decimal point 10 places to the left.
larger by moving the decimal point 12 places to
the right. We need to add 9 zeros. 7.123 × 10−10 = 0.0000000007123
5.677 × 1012 = 5, 677, 000, 000, 000
37. −4 × 10−3
28. 8.766 × 109 Move the decimal point three places to the left.
Move the decimal point nine places to the right. −4 × 10−3 = −0.004
8.766 × 109 = 8, 766, 000, 000
38. −6 × 10−4
29. 1 × 1012 Move the decimal point four places to the left.
Since the exponent is positive, make 1 larger by −6 × 10−4 = −0.0006
moving the decimal point 12 places to the right.

39. −8.1 × 105 47. (a) (6 × 103 ) (4 × 10−2 )

Move the decimal point five places to the right. = (6 × 4)(103 × 10−2 )
−8.1 × 105 = −810, 000
= 24 × 101
40. −9.6 × 106 = 2.4 × 102
Move the decimal point six places to the right.
(b) 2.4 × 102 = 240
−9.6 × 106 = −9, 600, 000
48. (a) (7 × 105 )(3 × 10−4 )
41. (a) (2 × 108 ) (3 × 103 )
= (7 × 3)(105 × 10−4 )
= ( 2 × 3) (108 × 103 )
= 21 × 101
= 6 × 1011
= 2.1 × 102
(b) 6 × 10 = 600, 000,000, 000
11
(b) 2.1 × 102 = 210

42. (a) (4 × 10 )(3 × 10 )
7 3
49. (a) (9 × 104 )(7 × 10−7 )

= (4 × 3)(107 × 103 )
= (9 × 7)(104 × 10−7 )
= 12 × 1010
= 63 × 10−3
= 1.2 × 1011
= 6.3 × 10−2
(b) 1.2 × 10 = 120, 000, 000, 000
11
(b) 6.3 × 10−2 = 0.063

43. (a) (5 × 10 ) (3 × 10 )
4 2
50. (a) (6 × 104 )(8 × 10−8 )

= (5 × 3) (104 × 102 )
= (6 × 8)(104 × 10−8 )
= 15 × 106
= 48 × 10−4
= 1.5 × 107
= 4.8 × 10−3
(b) 1.5 × 10 = 15, 000, 000
7
(b) 4.8 × 10−3 = 0.0048

44. (a) (8 × 10 ) (2 × 10 )
5 3
9 × 10−5 9 10−5
= (8 × 2) (105 × 103 ) 51. (a) = ×
−1
3 × 10 3 10−1
= 16 × 108
= 3 × 10−5 − ( −1)
= 1.6 × 109
= 3 × 10−4
(b) 1.6 × 10 = 1, 600, 000, 000
9
(b) 3 × 10−4 = 0.0003

−4
45. (a) (3 × 10 ) (−2 × 10 ) 8
12 × 10−4 12 10−4
= (3 × (−2)) (10−4 × 108 ) 52. (a) = ×
4 × 10 3
4 10−3
= −6 × 104
= 3 × 10−4 − ( −3)
(b) −6 × 10 = −60, 000
4
= 3 × 10−1
46. (a) (4 × 10−3 ) (−2 × 107 ) (b) 3 × 10−1 = 0.3

−3
= (4 × (−2)) (10 × 10 )
7
= −8 × 10 4
(b) −8 × 104 = −80, 000

8 × 103 8 103 −7.2 × 103 −7.2 103

53. (a) = × 60. (a) −1
= ×
−2 × 10 2
−2 102 6.0 × 10 6.0 10−1
= −4 × 101 = −4 × 10 = −1.2 × 103 − ( −1)
= −1.2 × 104
(b) −4 × 101 = −40
(b) −1.2 × 104 = −12, 000
15 × 10415 104
54. (a) = ×
−3 × 103 −3 103 −8 × 10−4 −8 10−4
61. (a) = ×
= −5 × 10 = −5 × 10
1
−4 × 10 3
−4 103
(b) −5 × 101 = −50 = 2 × 10−4 − 3

= 2 × 10−7
2.6 × 10−3 2.6 10−3
55. (a) = × 2
2 × 102 2 10 (b) 2 × 10−7 = 0.0000002
= 1.3 × 10−5 −5 × 10−6 −5 10−6
62. (a) = ×
(b) 1.3 × 10−5 = 0.000013 −2 × 10 2
−2 102
= 2.5 × 10−6 − 2
9.5 × 10 −1 9.5 10−1
56. (a) = × 3 = 2.5 × 10−8
5 × 103 5 10
= 1.9 × 10−1−3 (b) 2.5 × 10−8 = 0.000000025
= 1.9 × 10−4
63. 0.00000047 = 4.7 × 10−7
(b) 1.9 × 10−4 = 0.00019 Prediction: 4.7 Ε − 7
4 × 105 4 105 64. 0.000021 = 2.1 × 10−5

57. (a) = ×
8 × 102 8 102 Prediction: 2.1Ε − 5
5− 2
= 0.5 × 10
8 × 105
= 0.5 × 103 65. (8 Ε5) / (4 Ε − 2) =
4 × 10−2
= 5 × 10 2
= 8 × 105 − ( −2)
4
(b) 5 × 10 = 500
2
= 2 × 107
3 × 109 3 109 Prediction: 2 Ε7
58. (a) = ×
6 × 105 6 105
9 × 10−4
= 0.5 × 109 −5 66. (9 Ε − 4) / (3 Ε3) =
3 × 103
= 0.5 × 104
= 9 × 10−4 − 3
= 5 × 10 3 3
= 3 × 10−7
(b) 5 × 103 = 5000
Prediction: 3 Ε − 7
−4.5 × 10 4
−4.5 10 4
59. (a) = ×
1.5 × 10−2 1.5 10−2
4 − ( −2 )
= −3 × 10
= −3 × 106
(b) −3 × 106 = −3, 000, 000

67. (2 Ε6) * (2 Ε − 3) / (4 Ε 2) 71.

0.00000072(0.00023)
(2 × 106 )(2 × 10−3 )

0.000000018
= (7.2 × 10−7 ) (2.3 × 10−4 )
4 × 102 =
1.8 × 10−8
(2 × 2) × (106 × 10−3 ) 16.56 × 10−11
= =
4 × 102 1.8 × 10−8
4 × 103 = 9.2 × 10−3
=
4 × 102 0.000000081( 0.000036 )
3−2 72.
= 4 × 10 0.00000048
(8.1 × 10 )( 3.6 × 10 )
4 −8 −5
= 1 × 101 =
Prediction: 1 Ε1 4.8 × 10−7
29.16 × 10−13
−
68. (5 Ε 3) * (1Ε9) / (5 Ε3) =
4.8 × 10−7
−3
(5 × 10 )(1 × 10 ) 9
= 6.075 × 10−6
=
5 × 10 3
0.0000016( 240, 000, 000 )

5 × 106 73.
= 0.00002( 0.0032 )
5 × 103
= 1 × 103 =
(1.6 × 10 )( 2.4 × 10 )
−6 8
Prediction: 1 Ε3 ( 2 × 10 )( 3.2 × 10 )
−5 −3
650, 000, 000 ( 0.0000032 ) 3.84 × 102

69. =
0.00002 6.4 × 10−8
(6.5 × 108 )(3.2 × 10−6 ) = 0.6 × 1010
=
2 × 10−5 = 6 × 109
20.8 × 102
= 0.000015( 42,000, 000 )
2 × 10−5 74.
0.000009( 0.000005 )
20.8 102
=
2
× −5
10 =
(1.5 × 10 )( 4.2 × 10 )
−5 7
= 10.4 × 107 ( 9 × 10 )( 5 × 10 )
−6 −6
= 1.04 × 108 6.3 × 102

=
45 × 10−12
3, 400, 000, 000 ( 0.000075 )
70. = 0.14 × 1014
0.00025
(3.4 × 109 )(7.5 × 10−5 ) = 1.4 × 1013
=
2.5 × 10−4
75. 2 × 10−6 = 0.000002
25.5 × 10 4
= 76. 1.6 × 10−12 = 0.0000000000016
2.5 × 10−4
25.5 104
= ×
2.5 10−4
= 10.2 × 108
= 1.02 × 109

77. Move the decimal point to the right of the first $1, 000, 000, 000, 000 $1 × 1012
nonzero digit and count the number of places =
313.9 million 313,900, 000
the decimal point was moved. The decimal
point was moved 42 places. Because moving $1 × 1012
=
the decimal point to the left made the number 3.139 × 108
smaller, we must multiply by a positive power
of 10. The electromagnetic attraction is written $1 1012
= × 8
as 4.2 × 1042 in scientific notation. 3.139 10
= $0.3186 × 104
78. Move the decimal point to the right of the first
nonzero digit and count the number of places = $3.186 × 103
the decimal point was moved. The decimal = $3186
point was moved 100 places. A googol is Each person would have to contribute about
written as 1 × 10100 in scientific notation. $3186.
79. To find the number of miles, multiply the 82. To find how much was collected, multiply the
number of light-years by the number of miles amount collected per person by the population.
per light-year. $4105( 310, 000, 000 )
( 25, 000 )( 6, 000, 000, 000,000 )
( )(
= $4.105 × 103 3.10 × 108 )
(
= 2.5 × 10 4
)( 6 × 10 ) 12
= ( $4.105 × 3.10 ) (10 × 10 )

3 8
= ( 2.5 × 6 ) (10 × 10 )
4 12
= $12.7255 × 1011
= 15 × 1016
= $1.27255 × 1012
= 1.5 × 10 17
= $1, 272,550, 000, 000
The nebula is about 1.5 × 10 17
miles from In 2011, the U.S. government collected about
Earth. $1, 272,550, 000, 000 in taxes.
80. To find the number of miles, multiply the 83. To find the debt per person, divide the debt by
number of light-years by the number of miles the population.
per light-year. $1.67 × 1013 $1.67 × 1013
( 33.7 )( 6, 000,000, 000, 000 ) =
314 million 314,000, 000
(
= 3.37 × 101 6 × 1012 )( ) =
$1.67 × 1013
(
= ( 3.37 × 6 ) 101 × 1012 ) 3.14 × 108
= $0.53185 × 105
= 20.22 × 1013
= $5.3185 × 104
= 2.022 × 1014
= $53,185
Pollux is about 2.022 × 1014 miles from Earth. The debt will be about $53,185 for every
81. To find the amount each person would have to person.
contribute, divide the amount by the 84. To find the total number of acres is, multiply
population. the number of farms by the number of acres per
farm.
(8.1 × 10 )(3.44 × 10 )
4 2
= ( 8.1 × 3.44 ) (10 × 10 )

4 2
= 27.864 × 106
= 2.7864 × 107
In 2010, about 2.7864 × 107 , or 27,864,000,
acres were devoted to farmland in Minnesota.

85. Use the formula d = rt. 89. First, write 10,000,000,000,000,000 in

distance = rate × time scientific notation.
(
6.68 × 107 = 1.86 × 105 × time ) 10, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 = 1016
Multiply by the number of seconds in a minute.
6.68 × 107
= time ( ) (
60 1016 = 6 × 101 1016)( )
1.86 × 105
6.68 107
(
= ( 6 ) 101 × 1016 )
time = ×
1.86 105 = 6 × 1017
≈ 3.59 × 102 The computer can perform 6 × 1017 , or
It takes about 3.59 × 102 , or 359, seconds for 600,000,000,000,000,000, calculations in one
minute.
light to travel from the sun to Venus. Multiply the number of calculations in a minute
86. Solve the formula d = rt for t. by the number of minutes in an hour.
t=
d ( ) (
60 6 × 1017 = 6 × 101 6 × 1017 )( )
r
4.58 × 109
(
= ( 6 × 6 ) 10 × 10 1 17
)
=
3.00 × 105 = 36 × 10 18
4.58 = 3.6 × 1019

= × 109 − 5
3.00 The computer can perform 3.6 × 1019 , or
≈ 1.53 × 10 4
36,000,000,000,000,000,000, calculations in
It took about 1.53 × 104 , or 15,300, seconds for one hour.
the signals to reach Earth. 90. 1 quadrillion = 1015
87. To get the average ticket price, divide the total 33.86 ×1015 = 3.386 × 1016
gross by the attendance. Multiply by the number of seconds in a minute.
$1.14 × 109
=
$1.14 109
× ( ) (
60 3.386 × 1016 = 6 × 101 3.386 × 1016 )( )
1.16 × 107
( )
1.16 107
= ( 6 × 3.386 ) 10 × 10 1 16
$1.14
= × 109 −7
1.16 = 20.316 × 1017
= $0.9828 × 102 = 2.0316 × 1018
= $98.28 The computer can perform 2.0316 × 1018 , or
The average ticket price was about $98.28. 2,031,600,000,000,000,000, calculations in one
88. To get the average ticket price, divide the total minute.
gross by the attendance. Multiply the number of calculations in a minute
1.36 billion = 1,360, 000,000 by the number of minutes in an hour.
$1.08 × 1010 $1.08 1010 ( ) (

60 2.0316 × 1018 = 6 × 101 2.0316 × 1018 )( )
= ×
1.36 × 10 9 1.36 109 = ( 6 × 2.0316 ) 10 × 10 ( 1 18
)
$1.08
= × 1010 − 9 = 12.1896 × 1019
1.36
= 1.21896 × 1020
= $0.794 × 101
= $7.94 The computer can perform 1.21896 × 1020 , or
The average ticket price was about $7.94. 121,896,000,000,000,000,000, calculations in
one hour.

91. Calculate the ratio of the earthquake intensities N1. The coefficient of t, or 1t, is 1 and the
to compare them. coefficient of −10t 2 , is −10. There are two
intensity 9.5 I 0 × 109.5 109.5 terms.
= =
intensity 8.5 I 0 × 108.5 108.5
2. (a) r 2 + 3r + 5r 2
9.5 −8.5
= 10
= 1r 2 + 5r 2 + 3r Commutative property
= 10
( ) + 3r
1
The 1960 Chile earthquake was 10 times as = 1r + 5r2 2

Associative property
intense as the 2007 Southern Sumatra = (1 + 5 ) r 2 + 3r Distributive property
earthquake.
= 6r + 3r
2
92. Calculate the ratio of the earthquake intensities
to compare them. (b) 2 x 2 − x
intensity 6.9 I 0 × 106.9 106.9 These are unlike terms and cannot be
= =
intensity 5.9 I 0 ×105.9 105.9 combined.
= 106.9−5.9 2
N2. (a) x − x
= 101 5
The 2013 Obihoro earthquake was 10 times as 5 2
= x− x
intense as the 2002 Hindu Kush earthquake. 5 5
⎛5 2⎞
93. Calculate the ratio of the earthquake intensities = ⎜ − ⎟ x Distributive property
to compare them. ⎝5 5⎠
intensity 6.9 I 0 × 109 109 3
= x
= = 8.5
intensity 5.9 I 0 × 10 8.5
10 5
= 109 −8.5 (b) 3x 2 − x 2 + 2 x

= 100.5 ( )
= 3x 2 − 1x 2 + 2 x Associative property
= 10 = ( 3 − 1) x 2 + 2 x Distributive property
≈ 3.16
The 1952 Karchatka earthquake was about 3.16 = 2x + 2x
2
times as intense as the 2007 Southern Sumatra

earthquake. 3. (a) −6 x3 + 3
The terms are unlike terms and the
94. Calculate the ratio of the earthquake intensities polynomial cannot be simplified. The
to compare them. largest exponent on the variable x is 3, so
intensity 9.5 I 0 ×109.5 109.5 the degree of the polynomial is 3. The
= = polynomial has two terms, so it is a
intensity 7.5 I 0 × 107.5 107.5
binomial.
= 109.5− 7.5
(b) 12 x − 14 x + 3x
= 102 = (12 − 14 + 3) x Distributive property
= 100 =x
The 1960 Chile earthquake would be 100 times
The largest exponent on the variable x is 1,
as intense as an earthquake measuring 7.5 on
so the degree of the polynomial is 1. The
the Richter scale.
polynomial has one term, so it is a
monomial.
4.4 Adding, Subtracting, and Graphing
Polynomials

1. The coefficient of 2 x3 is 2 and the coefficient
of − x, or −1x, is −1. There are two terms.

4.4 Adding, Subtracting, and Graphing Polynomials 305
(c) 6 xy − 7 xy + 3 xy N4. Replace t with −3.

= ( 6 − 7 + 3) xy Distributive property 4t 3 − t 2 − t
= 2 xy = 4( −3) − ( −3) − ( −3)
3 2
= 4( −27 ) − ( 9 ) + 3
The largest exponent on the variable x is 1
and the largest exponent on the variable y is
1, so the degree of the polynomial is 2. = −108 − 9 + 3
The polynomial has one term, so it is a = −117 + 3
monomial.
= −114
N3. (a) 3x + 2 x − 42
5. (a) Add, column by column.
The terms are unlike terms and the
4 x3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x
polynomial cannot be simplified. The
largest exponent on the variable x is 2, so 6 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x
the degree of the polynomial is 2. 10 x3 − x2 − x
The polynomial has three terms, so it is a
trinomial. (b) Add, column by column.
(b) x + 4 x
3 3 x2 − 2x + 5
= (1 + 4 ) x3 Distributive property 4 x2 − 2
= 5x 3
5x − 2x + 3
2

so the degree of the polynomial is 3. N5. (a) Add, column by column.
The polynomial has one term, so it is a 7 y3 − 4 y 2 + 2
monomial.
−6 y 3 + 5 y 2 − 3
(c) x − x + 2 x
8 7 8
y3 + y2 − 1
= 1x8 + 2 x8 − 1x 7 Commutative property
( ) − 1x
(b) Add, column by column.
= 1x + 2 x
8 8 7
Associative property
−5 x 4 − 2x + 3
= (1 + 2 ) x8 − 1x 7 Distributive property x3 − 5 x
= 3 x8 − x 7 −5 x 4 + x 3 − 7 x + 3
so the degree of the polynomial is 8. 6. Combine like terms.
The polynomial has two terms, so it is a
binomial.
( 2 x − 6 x + 7 ) + ( −3x + 5x + 2)
4 2 4 2
4. Replace y with −1. = ( 2 x − 3 x ) + ( −6 x + 5 x ) + ( 7 + 2 )

4 4 2 2
2 y3 + 8 y − 6 = − x4 − x2 + 9
= 2 ( −1) + 8 ( −1) − 6
3
N6. Combine like terms.
= 2 ( −1) + 8 ( −1) − 6 (10 x − 3x − x ) + ( x − 3x + 5x )
4 2 4 2
= −2 − 8 − 6
= (10 x + x ) + ( −3 x − 3x ) + ( − x + 5 x )
4 4 2 2
= −16
= 11x 4 − 6 x 2 + 4 x

7. (a) Change subtraction to addition. (b) Change subtraction to addition.

( 7 y − 11y + 8) − ( −3 y + 4 y + 6 )
2 2 (4t 4 − t 2 + 7) − (5t 4 − 3t 2 + 1)
= ( 7 y − 11 y + 8 ) + ( 3 y − 4 y − 6 )
2 2 = (4t 4 − t 2 + 7) + (−5t 4 + 3t 2 − 1)
Combine like terms.
Combine like terms.
( 7 y 2 − 11y + 8 + 3 y 2 − 4 y − 6 ) ( ) ( 4t − t + 7 ) + ( −5t + 3t − 1)
4 2 4 2
= ( 4t − 5t ) + ( −t + 3t ) + ( 7 − 1)
4 4 2 2
(
= 7 y + 3y 2 2
) + ( −11y − 4 y ) + (8 − 6)
= −t 4 + 2t 2 + 6
= 10 y 2 − 15 y + 2
Check by adding.
Check by adding.
5t 4 − 3t 2 + 1 Second polynomial
−3 y 2 + 4 y + 6 Second polynomial
− t + 2t + 6
4 2
Answer
10 y 2 − 15 y + 2 Answer
4t − t + 7
4 2
First polynomial
7 y 2 − 11 y + 8 First polynomial
8. Arrange like terms in columns. Insert zeros for
(b) Change subtraction to addition. missing terms.
(14 y − 6 y + 2 y − 5) − ( 2 y − 7 y
3 2 3 2
− 4y + 6 ) 14 y 3 − 6 y 2 + 2 y + 0
= (14 y − 6 y + 2 y − 5 )
3 2 2 y3 − 7 y 2 + 0 y + 6
Change all signs in the second row, and then
+ ( −2 y + 7 y + 4 y − 6 )3 2
add.
Combine like terms. 14 y 3 − 6 y 2 + 2 y + 0
(14 y − 6 y + 2 y − 5)
3 2
−2 y 3 + 7 y 2 − 0 y − 6
+ ( −2 y + 7 y + 4 y − 6 )3 2 12 y 3 + y 2 + 2 y − 6
= (14 y − 2 y ) + ( −6 y + 7 y )
3 3 2 2 N8. Arrange like terms in columns. Insert zeros for
missing terms.
+ ( 2 y + 4 y ) + ( −5 − 6 ) 12 x 2 − 9 x + 4
= 12 y + y + 6 y − 11
3 2
−10 x 2 − 3x + 7
Check by adding. Change all signs in the second row, and then
2 y 3 − 7 y 2 − 4 y + 6 Second polynomial add.
12 y 3 + y 2 + 6 y − 11 Answer 12 x 2 − 9 x + 4
14 y 3 − 6 y 2 + 2 y − 5 First polynomial 10 x 2 + 3 x − 7
22 x 2 − 6 x − 3
N7. (a) Change subtraction to addition.
( 3x − 8 ) − ( 5 x − 9 ) 9. Change subtraction to addition.
= ( 3x − 8 ) + ( −5 x + 9 ) ( 3t + 7t − 8t + 3)
4 3
+ ( 2t − 3t + 6 )
Combine like terms. 4 2
( 3 x − 8 ) + ( −5 x + 9 )
= ( 3 x + ( −5 x ) ) + ( −8 + 9 ) + ( t − 6t + 6 )
4
= −2 x + 1 Combine like terms. Arrange like terms in

Check by adding. columns. Insert zeros for missing terms.
5 x − 9 Second polynomial 3t 4 + 7t 3 + 0 − 8t + 3
−2 x + 1 Answer 2t 4 + 0 − 3t 2 + 0 + 6
3x − 8 First polynomial
t 4 + 0 + 0 − 6t + 6
6t 4 + 7t 3 − 3t 2 − 14t + 15

N9. Change subtraction to addition. N11. Graph y = − x 2 − 1.

( 6 p − 8 p + 2 p − 1)
4 3
Make a table of ordered pairs whose x-values
+ ( 7 p − 6 p + 12 )
4 2
are on either side of the vertex's x-value of
x = 0.
+ ( p − 3 p + 8)
4
x y = − x2 − 1
Combine like terms. Arrange like terms in 0 −(0) 2 − 1 = 0 − 1 = −1
columns. Insert zeros for missing terms.
±1 − ( ± 1) 2 − 1 = −1 − 1 = −2
6 p 4 − 8 p3 + 0 + 2 p − 1
±2 − ( ± 2)2 − 1 = −4 − 1 = −5
7 p4 + 0 − 6 p 2 + 0 + 12
Plot these seven ordered pairs and connect them
p4 + 0 + 0 − 3p + 8 with a smooth curve.
14 p − 8 p − 6 p − p + 19
4 3 2
10. (5m3 n + 3m 2 n 2 − 4mn)

− (7m3 n − m 2 n 2 + 6mn)
= 5m3 n + 3m 2 n2 − 4mn − 7 m3 n + m 2 n 2 − 6mn
= (5m3 n − 7m3 n) + (3m 2 n2 + m 2 n 2 )
+ (−4mn − 6mn) Exercises
= − 2m3 n + 4m 2 n 2 − 10mn 1. In the term 4 x 6 , the coefficient of x 6 is 4
N10. (4 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 ) − (6 x 2 − 7 xy + 2 y 2 ) and the exponent is 6 .
= 4 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 − 6 x 2 + 7 xy − 2 y 2 2. The expression 4 x3 − 5 x 2 has exactly two

= (4 x 2 − 6 x 2 ) + (−2 xy + 7 xy ) + ( y 2 − 2 y 2 ) terms, 4 x3 and −5 x 2 .
= −2 x 2 + 5 xy − y 2
3. The degree of the term −3x 9 is 9 , which is
11. Graph y = 2 x 2 . the exponent.
Make a table of ordered pairs whose x-values 4. The polynomial 4 x 2 + y 2 is not an example of
are on either side of the vertex's x-value of
a trinomial since it has two terms, whereas a
x = 0.
trinomial has three terms.
x y = 2 x2
5. When x 2 + 10 is evaluated for x = 3, the result
0 2(0) 2 = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 is 32 + 10 = 9 + 10 = 19 .
±1 2( ± 1) = 2 ⋅ 1 = 2
2
6. For the expression to have degree 6, the
± 1.5 2( ± 1.5)2 = 2 ⋅ 2.25 = 4.5 missing exponent must be 6. So,
±2 2( ± 2) 2 = 2 ⋅ 4 = 8 5 x 6 + 3x3 − 7 x is a trinomial of degree 6.
Plot these seven ordered pairs and connect them 7. −3xy − 2 xy + 5 xy = (−3 − 2 + 5) xy
with a smooth curve.
= ( 0 ) xy
=0
So, combining like terms in −3 xy − 2 xy + 5 xy
gives 0 .
8. 8 x5 is an example of a monomial with

coefficient 8, in the variable x, having degree 5.
9. The polynomial 6x 4 has one term.

The coefficient of this term is 6.

10. The polynomial −9 y 5 has one term. 24. 6 x3 − 9 x3 + 10 x3 = (6 − 9 + 10) x3

The coefficient of this term is −9. = 7 x3
11. The polynomial t 4 has one term. Since 25. −4 p 7 + 8 p 7 + 5 p9 = (−4 + 8) p 7 + 5 p9
t 4 = 1 ⋅ t 4 , the coefficient of this term is l. = 4 p 7 + 5 p9
12. The polynomial s 7 has one term. Since In descending powers of the variable, this
s 7 = 1 ⋅ s 7 , the coefficient of this term is l. polynomial is written 5 p9 + 4 p 7 .
13. The polynomial −19r 2 − r has two terms. The 26. −3a8 + 4a8 − 3a 2 = (−3 + 4)a8 − 3a 2
coefficient of r 2 is −19 and the coefficient of = a8 − 3a 2

r is −1.
27. −1.5 x 2 + 5.3x 2 − 3.8 x 2
14. The polynomial 2 y 3 − y has two terms. The = ( −1.5 + 5.3 − 3.8 ) x 2
coefficients are 2 and −1.
= 0 x2 = 0
15. The polynomial x + 8 x 2 + 5 x3 has three terms.
28. 8.6 y 4 − 10.3 y 4 + 1.7 y 4
2
The coefficient of x is l, the coefficient of x is
= ( 8.6 − 10.3 + 1.7 ) y 4
8, and the coefficient of x3 is 5.
= 0 y4 = 0
16. The polynomial v − 2v − v has three terms.
3 7
The coefficients are l, −2, and −1. 29. −4 xy 2 + 3 xy 2 − 2 xy 2 + xy 2

= (−4 + 3 − 2 + 1) xy 2
17. −3m5 + 5m5 = (−3 + 5)m5
= −2 xy 2
= 2 m5
30. 3 pr 5 − 8 pr 5 + pr 5 + 2 pr 5
18. −4 y 3 + 3 y 3 = (−4 + 3) y 3
= (3 − 8 + 1 + 2) pr 5
= −1y 3 = − y 3
= −2 pr 5
19. 2r + (−3r ) = [2 + (−3)]r
5 5 5
1 2 1 8
= −1r 5 = −r 5 31. − tu 7 + tu 7 + tu 7 − tu 7
3 5 15 5
20. 9 y 2 + (−19 y 2 ) = [9 + (−19)] y 2 ⎛ 1 2 1 8⎞
= ⎜ − + + − ⎟ tu 7
= −10 y 2 ⎝ 3 5 15 5 ⎠
⎛ 5 6 1 24 ⎞
= ⎜ − + + − ⎟ tu 7
21. The polynomial 0.2m5 − 0.5m 2 cannot be ⎝ 15 15 15 15 ⎠
simplified. The two terms are unlike because 22
the exponents on the variables are different, so = − tu 7
15
they cannot be combined.
3 2 1 7 1
22. The polynomial −0.9 y + 0.9 y 2 cannot be 32. − p q − p2 q + p2q − p2q
4 3 12 6
simplified. The two terms are unlike because
⎛ 3 1 7 1⎞
the exponents on the variables are different, so = ⎜ − − + − ⎟ p2 q
they cannot be combined. In descending powers ⎝ 4 3 12 6 ⎠
of the variable, the polynomial is written ⎛ 9 4 7 2⎞
= ⎜ − − + − ⎟ p2 q
0.9 y 2 − 0.9 y. ⎝ 12 12 12 12 ⎠
23. −3x5 + 3x5 − 5 x5 = (−3 + 3 − 5) x5 ⎛ 8⎞
= ⎜ − ⎟ p2 q
⎝ 12 ⎠
= −5 x5
2
= − p2q
3

33. This polynomial has no like terms, so it is Since 9 can be written 9t 0 , the degree of the
already simplified. It is already written in polynomial is 0. The simplified polynomial has
descending powers of the variable x. The one term, so it is a monomial.
highest degree of any nonzero term is 4, so the
degree of the polynomial is 4. There are two 41. −11ab + 2ab − 4ab
terms, so this is a binomial. = ( −11 + 2 − 4 ) ab
34. The polynomial has no like terms, so it is = −13ab
already simplified. It is already written in The variables each have an exponent of 1, so
descending powers of the variable t. The the degree of the polynomial is 2. The
highest degree of any nonzero term is 3, so the simplified polynomial has one term, so it is a
degree of the polynomial is 3. There are two monomial.
terms, so this is a binomial.
42. 5 xy + 13xy − 12 xy
35. 5m 4 − 3m 2 + 6m 4 − 7 m3 = ( 5 + 13 − 12 ) xy
= (5m 4 + 6m 4 ) + (−7m3 ) + (−3m 2 ) = 6 xy
= 11m − 7m − 3m
4 3 2 The variables each have an exponent of 1, so
The resulting polynomial is a trinomial of the degree of the polynomial is 2. The
degree 4. simplified polynomial has one term, so it is a
monomial.
36. 6 p 5 + 4 p3 − 8 p 5 + 10 p 2
43. (a) 2 x 2 − 3x − 5
= (6 p5 − 8 p5 ) + 4 p3 + 10 p 2
= 2 ( 2 ) − 3 ( 2 ) − 5 Let x = 2.
2
= − 2 p + 4 p + 10 p
5 3 2
The resulting polynomial is a trinomial of = 2 ( 4) − 6 − 5

degree 5. =8−6−5
5 4 2 4 ⎛5 2⎞ 4 =2−5
37. x − x =⎜ − ⎟x = −3
3 3 ⎝3 3⎠
3 (b) 2 x 2 − 3x − 5
= x4 = x4
3
The resulting polynomial is a monomial of = 2(−1) 2 − 3(−1) − 5 Let x = −1.
degree 4. = 2 (1) + 3 − 5
4 6 1 6 4 1 =2+3−5
38. r + r = ( + )r 6 =5−5
5 5 5 5
5 =0
= r6 = r6
5
The resulting polynomial is a monomial of 44. (a) x 2 + 5 x − 10
degree 6. = (2) 2 + 5(2) − 10 Let x = 2.
39. 0.8 x 4 − 0.3x 4 − 0.5 x 4 + 7 = 4 + 10 − 10
=4
= ( 0.8 − 0.3 − 0.5 ) x 4 + 7
= 0x4 + 7 = 7 (b) x 2 + 5 x − 10
Since 7 can be written as 7 x 0 , the degree of the = (−1) 2 + 5(−1) − 10 Let x = −1.
polynomial is 0. The simplified polynomial has = 1 − 5 − 10
one term, so it is a monomial. = −14
40. 1.2t 3 − 0.9t 3 − 0.3t 3 + 9
= (1.2 − 0.9 − 0.3) t 3 + 9
= 0t 3 + 9 = 9

45. (a) −3x 2 + 14 x − 2 48. (a) x 4 − 6 x3 + x 2 − x

= −3(2) 2 + 14(2) − 2 Let x = 2. = (2) 4 − 6(2)3 + (2) 2 − 2 Let x = 2.
= −3 ( 4 ) + 28 − 2 = 16 − 6(8) + 4 − 2
= −12 + 28 − 2 = 16 − 48 + 4 − 2
= 16 − 2 = −30
= 14
(b) x 4 − 6 x3 + x 2 − x
(b) −3x 2 + 14 x − 2 = (−1) 4 − 6(−1)3 + (−1) 2 − (−1) Let x = −1.
= −3(−1) 2 + 14(−1) − 2 Let x = −1. = 1 − 6(−1) + 1 + 1
= −3(1) − 14 − 2 =1+ 6 +1+1
= −3 − 14 − 2 =9
= −17 − 2 49. Add, column by column.
= −19 2 x2 − 4 x
46. (a) −2 x 2 + 5 x − 1 3x 2 + 2 x
= − 2(2)2 + 5(2) − 1 Let x = 2. 5x2 − 2 x
= − 2(4) + 10 − 1
50. Add, column by column.
= −8 + 10 − 1
−5 y 3 + 3 y
= 2 −1
8 y3 − 4 y
=1
3 y3 − y
(b) −2 x + 5 x − 1
2

= − 2(−1)2 + 5(−1) − 1 Let x = −1.
3m 2 + 5m + 6
= − 2(1) − 5 − 1
2m 2 − 2m − 4
= −2 − 5 − 1
= −8 5m 2 + 3m + 2
47. (a) 2 x5 − 4 x 4 + 5 x3 − x 2 52. Add, column by column.

4a 3 − 4a 2 − 4
= 2(2)5 − 4(2)4 + 5(2)3 − (2) 2 Let x = 2.
= 2(32) − 4(16) + 5(8) − 4 6 a 3 + 5a 2 − 8
= 64 − 64 + 40 − 4 10a3 + a 2 − 12
= 36
(b) 2 x5 − 4 x 4 + 5 x3 − x 2 2 2 1 1
x + x +
Let x = −1. 3 5 6
2 x5 − 4 x 4 + 5 x3 − x 2 1 2 1 2
x − x +
= 2(−1)5 − 4(−1)4 + 5(−1)3 − (−1) 2 2 3 3
Rewrite the fractions so that the fractions in
= 2(−1) − 4(1) + 5(−1) − 1
each column have a common denominator; then
= −2 − 4 − 5 − 1 add column by column.
= −12 4 2 3 1
x + x +
6 15 6
3 2 5 4
x − x +
6 15 6
7 2 2 5
x − x +
6 15 6

54. Add, column by column. 59. Subtract, column by column.

4 2 1
y + y +
7 12 x 4 − x 2 + x
7 5 9 8 x 4 + 3x 2 − 3x
1 2 1 2
y − y + Change all signs in the second row, and then
3 3 5 add.
Rewrite the fractions so that the fractions in
12 x 4 − x 2 + x
each column have a common denominator; then
add column by column. −8 x 4 − 3 x 2 + 3 x
12 2 3 35
y + y + 4x4 − 4x2 + 4 x
21 15 45
7 2 5 18 60. Subtract, column by column.
y − y +
21 15 45 13 y 5 − y 3 − 8 y 2
19 2 2 53
y − y + 7 y5 + 5 y3 + y 2
21 15 45
add.
55. (9m3 − 5m 2 + 4m − 8) + (−3m3 + 6m 2 − 6)
13 y 5 − y 3 − 8 y 2
= (9m3 − 3m3 ) + (−5m 2 + 6m 2 ) + 4m + (−8 − 6)
−7 y 5 − 5 y 3 − y2
= 6m3 + m 2 + 4m − 14
6 y5 − 6 y 3 − 9 y 2
56. (12r 5 + 11r 4 − 7r 3 − 2r 2 ) + (−8r 5 + 3r 3 + 2r 2 )
61. Subtract, column by column.
= (12r 5 − 8r 5 ) + 11r 4 + (−7r 3 + 3r 3 )
12m3 − 8m 2 + 6m + 7
+ ( −2 r 2 + 2 r 2 )
−3m3 + 5m 2 − 2m − 4
= 4r + 11r − 4r + 0
5 4 3
= 4r 5 + 11r 4 − 4r 3 add.
12m3 − 8m 2 + 6m + 7
5 y3 − 3 y 2 3m3 − 5m 2 + 2m + 4
2 y3 + 8 y 2 15m3 − 13m 2 + 8m + 11
Change all signs in the second row, and then 62. Subtract, column by column.
add.
5a 4 − 3a3 + 2a 2 − a + 6
5 y3 − 3 y 2
−6 a 4 + a 3 − a 2 + a − 1
−2 y − 8 y
3 2
3 y 3 − 11y 2 add.
5a 4 − 3a3 + 2a 2 − a + 6
−6t 3 + 4t 2 6a 4 − a 3 + a 2 − a + 1
8t 3 − 6t 2 11a 4 − 4a3 + 3a 2 − 2a + 7
add. 63. (8m 2 − 7m) − (3m 2 + 7m − 6)
−6t 3 + 4t 2 = (8m 2 − 7 m) + (−3m 2 − 7m + 6)
−8t 3 + 6t 2 = (8 − 3)m 2 + (−7 − 7)m + 6
−14t 3 + 10t 2 = 5m 2 − 14m + 6

64. ( x 2 + x) − (3x 2 + 2 x − 1) 71. [(8m 2 + 4m − 7) − (2m 2 − 5m + 2)]

= ( x 2 + x) + (−3 x 2 − 2 x + 1) − (m 2 + m + 1)
= (1 − 3) x 2 + (1 − 2) x + 1 ( ) (
= 8m 2 + 4m − 7 + −2m 2 + 5m − 2 )
= −2 x − x + 1
2
+ (−m − m − 1)
2
65. (16 x 3 − x 2 + 3 x) + (−12 x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x) = (8 − 2 − 1)m 2 + (4 + 5 − 1)m + (−7 − 2 − 1)
= 16 x3 − x 2 + 3 x − 12 x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x = 5m 2 + 8m − 10
= (16 − 12) x3 + (−1 + 3) x 2 + (3 + 2) x 72. [(9b3 − 4b 2 + 3b + 2) − (−2b3 − 3b 2 + b)]

= 4x + 2x + 5x
3 2
− (8b3 + 6b + 4)
66. (−2b6 + 3b 4 − b 2 ) + (b6 + 2b4 + 2b 2 ) = (9b3 − 4b 2 + 3b + 2) + (2b3 + 3b 2 − b)
= −2b6 + 3b 4 − b2 + b6 + 2b4 + 2b 2 + (−8b3 − 6b − 4)
= (−2 + 1)b6 + (3 + 2)b 4 + (−1 + 2)b 2 = (9 + 2 − 8)b3 + (−4 + 3)b 2

+ (3 − 1 − 6)b + (2 − 4)
= −b6 + 5b 4 + b 2
= 3b3 − b 2 − 4b − 2
67. (7 y + 3 y + 2 y ) − (18 y − 5 y + y )
4 2 4 2
73. [(3x 2 − 2 x + 7) − (4 x 2 + 2 x − 3)]

= (7 y 4 + 3 y 2 + 2 y ) + (−18 y 4 + 5 y 2 − y )
− [(9 x 2 + 4 x − 6) + (−4 x 2 + 4 x + 4)]
= ( 7 − 18) y 4 + ( 3 + 5 ) y 2 + ( 2 − 1) y
= [(3 − 4) x 2 + (−2 − 2) x + (7 + 3)]
= −11 y 4 + 8 y 2 + y
− [(9 − 4) x 2 + (4 + 4) x + (−6 + 4)]
68. (8t + 3t + 5t ) − (19t − 6t + t )
5 3 5 3
= (− x 2 − 4 x + 10) − (5 x 2 + 8 x − 2)
= (8t 5 + 3t 3 + 5t ) + (−19t 5 + 6t 3 − t ) = − x 2 − 4 x + 10 − 5 x 2 − 8 x + 2
= (8 − 19)t + (3 + 6)t + (5 − 1)t
5 3
= −6 x 2 − 12 x + 12
= −11t + 9t + 4t
5 3
74. [(6t 2 − 3t + 1) − (12t 2 + 2t − 6)]

(9a − 3a + 2) + (4a − 4a + 2)
4 2 4 2
− [(4t 2 − 3t − 8) + (−6t 2 + 10t − 12)]
69.
+ (−12a 4 + 6a 2 − 3) = [(6 − 12)t 2 + (−3 − 2)t + (1 + 6)]
= (9a 4 + 4a 4 − 12a 4 ) + (−3a 2 − 4a 2 + 6a 2 ) − [(4 − 6)t 2 + (−3 + 10)t + (−8 − 12)]
+ (2 + 2 − 3)
= (−6t 2 − 5t + 7) − (−2t 2 + 7t − 20)
= a − a +1
4 2
= − 6t 2 − 5t + 7 + 2t 2 − 7t + 20
70. (4m 2 − 3m + 2) + (5m 2 + 13m − 4) = − 4t 2 − 12t + 27
+ (−16m 2 − 4m + 3)
75. The coefficients of the x 2 terms are
= (4m + 5m − 16m ) + ( −3m + 13m − 4m )
2 2 2
−4, − (−2), and −8. The sum of these numbers
+ ( 2 − 4 + 3) is −4 + 2 − 8 = −10.
= −7 m 2 + 6 m + 1 76. The coefficients of the x terms are −3, − (−3),
and −(−1). The sum of these numbers is
−3 + 3 + 1 = 1.
77. (6b + 3c) + (−2b − 8c)

= (6b − 2b) + (3c − 8c)
= 4b − 5c

78. (−5t + 13s ) + (8t − 3s ) 84. Use the formula for the perimeter of a
= (−5t + 8t ) + (13s − 3s ) rectangle, P = 2 L + 2W , with length
= 3t + 10s L = 5 y 2 + 3 y + 8 and width W = y + 4.
P = 2 L + 2W
79 (4 x + 2 xy − 3) − (−2 x + 3xy + 4)
= 2(5 y 2 + 3 y + 8) + 2( y + 4)
= (4 x + 2 xy − 3) + (2 x − 3xy − 4)
= (4 x + 2 x) + (2 xy − 3xy ) + (−3 − 4) = 10 y 2 + 6 y + 16 + 2 y + 8
= 6 x − xy − 7 = 10 y 2 + 8 y + 24
A polynomial that represents the perimeter of
80. (8ab + 2a − 3b) − (6ab − 2a + 3b) the rectangle is 10 y 2 + 8 y + 24.
= (8ab + 2a − 3b) + (−6ab + 2a − 3b)
85. Use the formula for the perimeter of a square,
= (8ab − 6ab) + (2a + 2a) + (−3b − 3b)
1
= 2ab + 4a − 6b P = 4s, with s = x 2 + 2 x.
2
P = 4s
81. (5 x 2 y − 2 xy + 9 xy 2 )
⎛1 ⎞
− (8 x 2 y + 13 xy + 12 xy 2 ) = 4 ⎜ x2 + 2 x ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
= (5 x 2 y − 2 xy + 9 xy 2 )
⎛ 1 ⎞
+ (−8 x 2 y − 13xy − 12 xy 2 ) = 4 ⎜ x 2 ⎟ + 4(2 x)
⎝2 ⎠
= (5 x 2 y − 8 x 2 y ) + (−2 xy − 13xy ) = 2 x2 + 8x
+ (9 xy − 12 xy )
2 2
= −3x 2 y − 15 xy − 3xy 2 the square is 2 x 2 + 8 x.
86. Use the formula for the perimeter of a square,

82. (16t 3 s 2 + 8t 2 s 3 + 9ts 4 )
3
− (−24t 3 s 2 + 3t 2 s 3 − 18ts 4 ) P = 4s, with s = x 2 + x.
4
= (16t 3 s 2 + 8t 2 s 3 + 9ts 4 ) P = 4s
+ (24t 3 s 2 − 3t 2 s 3 + 18ts 4 ) ⎛3 ⎞
= 4 ⎜ x2 + x ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
= (16t 3 s 2 + 24t 3 s 2 ) + (8t 2 s 3 − 3t 2 s 3 )
⎛3 ⎞
+ (9ts 4 + 18ts 4 ) = 4 ⎜ x 2 ⎟ + 4( x)
⎝4 ⎠
= 40t 3 s 2 + 5t 2 s 3 + 27ts 4
= 3x2 + 4 x
83. Use the formula for the perimeter of a A polynomial that represents the perimeter of
rectangle, P = 2 L + 2W , with length the square is 3x 2 + 4 x.
L = 4 x 2 + 3x + 1 and width W = x + 2. 87. Use the formula for the perimeter of a triangle,
P = 2 L + 2W
P = a + b + c, with a = 3t 2 + 2t + 7,
= 2(4 x 2 + 3x + 1) + 2( x + 2) b = 5t 2 + 2, and c = 6t + 4.
= 8x + 6x + 2 + 2x + 4
2
P = (3t 2 + 2t + 7) + (5t 2 + 2) + (6t + 4)
= 8x + 8x + 6
2
= (3t 2 + 5t 2 ) + (2t + 6t ) + (7 + 2 + 4)
= 8t 2 + 8t + 13
the rectangle is 8 x 2 + 8 x + 6.
the triangle is 8t 2 + 8t + 13.

88. Use the formula for the perimeter of a triangle, (b) (8 x + 3)° + (3x)° + (6 x + 7)° = 180°
P = a + b + c, with a = 9 p3 + 2 p 2 + 1, (8 x + 3x + 6 x ) + (3 + 7) = 180
b = 6 p + p, and c = 2 p + 5.
2
17 x + 10 = 180
P = (9 p 3 + 2 p 2 + 1) + (6 p 2 + p) + (2 p + 5) 17 x = 170
= 9 p3 + (2 p 2 + 6 p 2 ) + ( p + 2 p) + (1 + 5) x = 10
Let x = 10.
= 9 p3 + 8 p 2 + 3 p + 6 8 x + 3 = 8(10) + 3 = 83
A polynomial that represents the perimeter of 3x = 3(10) = 30
the triangle is 9 p3 + 8 p 2 + 3 p + 6.
6 x + 7 = 6(10) + 7 = 67
89. (a) Use the formula for the perimeter of a The measures of the angles are 30°, 67°,
triangle, P = a + b + c, with and 83°.
a = 2 y − 3t , b = 5 y + 3t , and c = 16 y + 5t. 91. First find the two sums and then find their
P = (2 y − 3t ) + (5 y + 3t ) + (16 y + 5t ) difference.
= (2 y + 5 y + 16 y ) + (−3t + 3t + 5t ) [(5 x 2 + 2 x − 3) + ( x 2 − 8 x + 2)]
= 23 y + 5t − [(7 x 2 − 3x + 6) + (− x 2 + 4 x − 6)]
The perimeter of the triangle is 23 y + 5t. = (6 x 2 − 6 x − 1) − (6 x 2 + x)
(b) Use the fact that the sum of the angles of = (6 x 2 − 6 x − 1) + (−6 x 2 − x)
any triangle is 180°. = (6 x 2 − 6 x 2 ) + (−6 x − x) + (−1)
(7 x − 3)° + (5 x + 2)° + (2 x − 1)° = 180°
= −7 x − 1
( 7 x + 5 x + 2 x ) + ( −3 + 2 − 1) = 180
14 x − 2 = 180 92. First find the two sums and then find their
difference.
14 x = 182
[(12t + 8) + (t 2 − 10t + 3)]
x = 182 = 13 − [(9t 3 − 3t + 8) + (t 2 − 8t + 4)]
14
Let x = 13. = (t 2 + 2t + 11)
7 x − 3 = 7(13) − 3 = 88
− (9t 3 + t 2 − 11t + 12)
5 x + 2 = 5(13) + 2 = 67
= (t 2 + 2t + 11)
2 x − 1 = 2(13) − 1 = 25
The measures of the angles are 25°, 67°, + (−9t 3 − t 2 + 11t − 12)
and 88°. = −9t 3 + 13t − 1
90. (a) Use the formula for the perimeter of a
93. y = x 2 − 4
triangle, P = a + b + c,
with a = −t 2 s + 6ts, b = 4t 2 s − 3ts 2 + 2ts, x y = x2 − 4
and c = −8t 2 s + 6ts 2 + ts. −2 (−2) 2 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
P = (−t 2 s + 6ts ) + (4t 2 s − 3ts 2 + 2ts ) −1 (−1)2 − 4 = 1 − 4 = −3
+ (−8t 2 s + 6ts 2 + ts ) 0 (0) 2 − 4 = 0 − 4 = −4
= (−t 2 s + 4t 2 s − 8t 2 s ) 1 (1) 2 − 4 = 1 − 4 = −3
+ (−3ts + 6ts ) + (6ts + 2ts + ts )
2 2
2 (2)2 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
= −5t 2 s + 3ts 2 + 9ts

96. y = 2 x 2 + 2
x y = 2 x2 + 2
−2 2(−2) 2 + 2 = 2 ⋅ 4 + 2 = 10
−1 2(−1)2 + 2 = 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 = 4
0 2(0) 2 + 2 = 2 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 2
94. y = x − 62
1 2(1) 2 + 2 = 2 ⋅ 1 + 2 = 4
x y=x −62
2 2(2)2 + 2 = 2 ⋅ 4 + 2 = 10
−2 (−2) 2 − 6 = 4 − 6 = −2
−1 (−1)2 − 6 = 1 − 6 = −5
0 (0) 2 − 6 = 0 − 6 = −6
1 (1) 2 − 6 = 1 − 6 = −5
2 (2)2 − 6 = 4 − 6 = −2
97. y = − x 2 + 4
x y = − x2 + 4
−2 − (−2)2 + 4 = − 4 + 4 = 0
−1 − (−1) 2 + 4 = −1 + 4 = 3
0 − (0)2 + 4 = −0 + 4 = 4
95. y = 2 x 2 − 1
1 − (1) 2 + 4 = −1 + 4 = 3
x y = 2x − 12
2 − (2) 2 + 4 = −4 + 4 = 0
−2 2(−2) 2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 4 − 1 = 7
−1 2(−1)2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 1 − 1 = 1
0 2(0) 2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 0 − 1 = −1
1 2(1) 2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 1 − 1 = 1
2 2(2)2 − 1 = 2 ⋅ 4 − 1 = 7
98. y = − x 2 + 2
x y = − x2 + 2
−2 − (−2) 2 + 2 = − 4 + 2 = −2
−1 − (−1) 2 + 2 = −1 + 2 = 1
0 − (0)2 + 2 = −0 + 2 = 2
1 − (1) 2 + 2 = −1 + 2 = 1
2 − (2)2 + 2 = −4 + 2 = −2

102. (a) Let x = 5.

y = −0.1133x 2 + 6.966 x + 4.915
= −0.1133 ( 5) + 6.966 ( 5 ) + 4.915
2
= −0.1133 ( 25 ) + 6.966 ( 5 ) + 4.915

= −2.8325 + 34.83 + 4.915
= 36.9125
99. y = ( x + 3)
2
≈ 37
If a dog is 5 in dog years, then it is 37 in
y = ( x + 3)
2
x human years.
−5 (−5 + 3) 2 = (−2)2 = 4 (b) Let x = 11.
−4 (−4 + 3) = (−1) = 1
2 2
y = −0.1133x 2 + 6.966 x + 4.915
−3 (−3 + 3) 2 = (0)2 = 0 = −0.1133 (11) + 6.966 (11) + 4.915
2
−2 (−2 + 3)2 = (1)2 = 1 = −0.1133 (121) + 6.966 (11) + 4.915

−1 (−1 + 3) = (2) = 4
2 2
= −13.7093 + 76.626 + 4.915
= 67.8317
≈ 68
If a dog is 11 in dog years, then it is 68 in
human years.
(c) Let x = 14.
y = −0.1133x 2 + 6.966 x + 4.915
= −0.1133 (14 ) + 6.966 (14 ) + 4.915
2
y = ( x − 4)
2
= −0.1133 (196 ) + 6.966 (14 ) + 4.915
100.
x y = ( x − 4)2 = −22.2068 + 97.524 + 4.915

= 80.2322
2 (2 − 4) 2 = (−2)2 = 4
≈ 80
3 (3 − 4)2 = (−1)2 = 1 If a dog is 14 in dog years, then it is 80 in
4 (4 − 4)2 = (0) 2 = 0 human years.
5 (5 − 4) 2 = (1) 2 = 1 103. −16 x 2 + 60 x + 80
(6 − 4) 2 = (2) 2 = 4 = −16 ( 2.5) + 60 ( 2.5) + 80 Let x = 2.5.
6 2
= −16 ( 6.25) + 150 + 80

= −100 + 150 + 80
= 130
If 2.5 seconds have elapsed, the height of the
object is 130 feet.
104. If x = 6, 2 x + 15 = 2 ( 6) + 15 = 12 + 15 = 27.
If the saw is rented for 6 days, the cost is $27.
101. If x = 9, then y = 7 x = 7 ( 9) = 63. If a dog is 9
in dog years, then it is 63 in human years.

4.5 Multiplying Polynomials 317
4.5 Multiplying Polynomials 4. 5 x3 − 10 x 2 + 20

1 x2 + 2
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises 5 5
1. 2 x 4 (3x 2 + 2 x − 5) ⎛ 2⎞
2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 8 ⎜ times ⎟
⎝ 5⎠
= 2 x 4 (3x 2 ) + 2 x 4 (2 x) + 2 x 4 (−5)
⎛ 1 2⎞
= 6 x6 + 4 x5 + (−10 x 4 ) x5 − 2 x 4 + 4 x2 ⎜ times x ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠
= 6 x6 + 4 x5 − 10 x 4 x5 − 2 x 4 + 2 x3 + 8 Add.
N1. −3x5 (2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 10) The product is x5 − 2 x 4 + 2 x3 + 8.
= −3x5 (2 x3 ) + (−3x5 ) (−5 x 2 ) + (−3x5 ) (10) N4. 9 x3 − 12 x 2 + 3
= −6 x8 + 15 x7 + (−30 x5 ) 1 2 2
x −
= −6 x + 15 x − 30 x
8 7 5 3 3
⎛ 2⎞
2. ( )(
m3 − 2 m + 1 2 m 2 + 4 m + 3 ) − 6 x3 + 8 x 2 − 2 ⎜ times − ⎟
⎝ 3⎠
= m 2m 3
( ) + m ( 4m) + m (3)
2 3 3
3x5 − 4 x 4 + x2
⎛ 1 2⎞
⎜ times x ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
− 2m ( 2m 2 ) − 2m ( 4m ) − 2m ( 3)
3x5 − 4 x 4 − 6 x3 + 9 x 2 − 2 Add.
+ 1( 2 m 2 ) + 1 ( 4 m ) + 1 ( 3) The product is 3x − 4 x − 6 x + 9 x 2 − 2.
5 4 3
= 2m5 + 4m 4 + 3m3 − 4m3 − 8m 2 − 6m 5. ( x − 2 )( x − 6 )

+ 2m 2 + 4m + 3 F: x ( x ) = x2
= 2 m5 + 4 m 4 − m3 − 6 m 2 − 2 m + 3 O : x ( −6 ) = −6 x
−2 ( x ) = − 2 x
N2. ( x2 − 4)( 2 x2 − 5x + 3) I:
L : −2 ( −6 ) = 12
= x 2 ( 2 x 2 ) + x 2 ( −5 x ) + x 2 ( 3)
( x − 2)( x − 6) = x 2 − 6 x − 2 x + 12
− 4 ( 2 x 2 ) − 4 ( −5 x ) − 4 ( 3) = x 2 − 8 x + 12
= 2 x 4 − 5 x3 + 3 x 2 − 8 x 2 + 20 x − 12
N5. (t − 6)(t + 5)
= 2 x 4 − 5 x3 − 5 x 2 + 20 x − 12
F: t (t ) = t 2
3. 3x 2 + 4 x − 5 O: t ( 5 ) = 5t
x+ 4 I : −6 ( t ) = −6t
L : −6 ( 5 ) = −30
12 x + 16 x − 20 ← 4(3x 2 + 4 x − 5)
2
3x3 + 4 x 2 − 5 x ← x(3 x 2 + 4 x − 5) ( t − 6 )( t + 5 ) = t 2 + 5t − 6t − 30
3x3 + 16 x 2 + 11x − 20 ← Add like terms. = t 2 − t − 30
6. (5 x − 6)( 2 y + 3)
N3. 5t 2 − 7t + 4
F : 5 x ( 2 y ) = 10 xy
2t − 6
O: 5 x ( 3) = 15 x
−30t + 42t − 24 ← − 6(5t 2 − 7t + 4)
2
I : −6 ( 2 y ) = −12 y
10t 3 − 14t 2 + 8t ← 2t (5t 2 − 7t + 4) L: −6 ( 3) = −18
10t 3 − 44t 2 + 50t − 24 ← Add like terms. The product (5 x − 6)( 2 y + 3) is equal to
10 xy + 15 x − 12 y − 18.

N6. ( 7 y − 3)( 2 x + 5) F: 3x ( x ) = 3x2

F : 7 y ( 2 x ) = 14 yx O : 3 x ( −5 ) = −15 x
O : 7 y ( 5 ) = 35 y I: 1( x ) = x
I : −3 ( 2 x ) = − 6 x L: 1( −5 ) = −5
−3 ( 5 ) = −15
L:
(
5 x 2 (3 x + 1)( x − 5) = 5 x 2 3x 2 − 15 x + x − 5 )
The product ( 7 y − 3)( 2 x + 5)
= 5 x 2 (3x 2 − 14 x − 5)
is equal to
14 yx + 35 y − 6 x − 15.
= 15 x 4 − 70 x3 − 25 x 2
7. (a) ( −4 y + x )( 2 y − 3x )
F : − 4 y ( 2 y ) = −8 y Exercises
2
O : −4 y ( −3 x ) = 12 xy
( )
1. (a) 5 x3 6 x7
I: x ( 2 y ) = 2 xy
= 5 ⋅ 6 x3 + 7
L: x ( −3 x ) = −3 x 2
= 30 x10
( −4 y + x )( 2 y − 3 x ) Choice B is correct.
= −8 y 2 + 12 xy + 2 xy − 3x 2
= −8 y 2 + 14 xy − 3x 2
( )
(b) −5 x7 6 x3
= −5 ⋅ 6 x 7 + 3
(b) 3x 3
( x − 2 )( 2 x + 1) = −30 x10
First multiply the binomials and then Choice D is correct.
multiply that result by 3x 2 .
( ) ( )
3 3
= ( 5) x 7
3
F: x ( 2x ) = 2 x2 (c) 5 x 7
O: x (1) = x = 125 x7 ⋅ 3
I : −2 ( 2 x ) = −4 x
= 125 x 21
L: −2 (1) = −2 Choice A is correct.
(
3x3 ( x − 2)( 2 x + 1) = 3x3 2 x 2 + x − 4 x − 2 ) (
(d) −6 x3 )
3
= ( −6)
3
( x3 )
3
= 3x ( 2 x − 3x − 2)
3 2
= −216 x3⋅3
= 6x − 9x − 6x
5 4 3
= −216 x9
N7. (a) (3 p − 5q )( 4 p − q ) Choice C is correct.
F: 3 p ( 4 p ) = 12 p 2 2. (a) ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) Use FOIL.

O : 3 p ( −q ) = −3 pq = x 2 + 4 x − 5 x − 20
I : −5q ( 4 p ) = −20 pq = x 2 − x − 20
L : −5q ( − q ) = 5q 2 Choice C is correct.
(3 p − 5q )( 4 p − q ) (b) ( x + 5)( x + 4) Use FOIL.
= 12 p − 3 pq − 20 pq + 5 p
2 2
= x 2 + 4 x + 5 x + 20
= 12 p 2 − 23 pq + 5q 2 = x 2 + 9 x + 20
Choice A is correct.
(b) 5 x 2 (3x + 1)( x − 5)
First multiply the binomials and then (c) ( x − 5)( x − 4) Use FOIL.
multiply that result by 5 x 2 . = x 2 − 4 x − 5 x + 20
= x 2 − 9 x + 20
Choice B is correct.

(d) ( x + 5 ) ( x − 4 ) Use FOIL. 17. ( 4 x3 )( 2x2 )( − x5 ) = ( −4 ⋅ 2) x3 + 2 + 5

= x − 4 x + 5 x − 20
2
= −8 x10
= x + x − 202
Choice D is correct. 18. (7t 5 )(3t 4 )( −t 8 ) = ( −7 ⋅ 3) t 5 + 4 + 8

3. In multiplying a monomial by a polynomial, the = −21t17
first property that is used is the distributive
property. 19. 2m ( 3m + 2) = 2m ( 3m ) + 2m ( 2)
4. The FOIL method can only be used to multiply = 6m 2 + 4m

two polynomials when both polynomials are
20. 4 x ( 5 x + 3) = 4 x ( 5 x ) + 4 x ( 3)
binomials.
= 20 x 2 + 12 x
(
5. The product 2 x 2 −3x5 has exactly one term )
after the multiplication is performed. ( )
21. 3 p −2 p3 + 4 p 2 = 3 p −2 p3 + 3 p 4 p 2 ( ) ( )
6. The product ( a + b )( c + d ) has exactly four = −6 p + 12 p 4 3
terms after the multiplication is performed.

(
22. 4 x 3 + 2 x + 5 x3 )
( )
7. 5 y 4 3 y 7 = 5 ( 3) y 4 + 7
= 4 x ( 3) + 4 x ( 2 x ) + 4 x 5 x 3 ( )
= 15 y11
= 12 x + 8 x + 20 x 2 4
2+3
8. 10 p (5 p ) = 10(5) p
( )
2 3
23. −8 z 2 z + 3z 2 + 3z 3
= 50 p 5
= −8 z ( 2 z ) + ( −8 z ) ( 3z 2 ) + ( −8 z ) ( 3z 3 )
9. −15a 4 (−2a 5 ) = −15(−2)a 4 + 5
= −16 z 2 − 24 z 3 − 24 z 4
= 30a 9
(
24. −7 y 3 + 5 y 2 − 2 y 3 )
10. −3m −5m 6
( 4
) = −3 ( −5) m 6+ 4
( )
= −7 y ( 3) + ( −7 y ) 5 y 2 + ( −7 y ) −2 y 3 ( )
= 15m 10
= −21 y − 35 y 3 + 14 y 4
11. 5 p(3q ) = 5(3) pq
2 2
= 15 pq 2 (
25. 2 y 3 3 + 2 y + 5 y 4 )
12. 4a 3 (3b 2 ) = 4(3)a3b 2
= 2 y 3 ( 3) + 2 y 3 ( 2 y ) + 2 y 3 5 y 4 ( )
= 12a 3b 2 = 6 y + 4 y + 10 y
3 4 7
13. −6m3 (3n 2 ) = −6(3)m3 n 2 (

26. 2m 4 6 + 5m + 3m 2 )
= −18m n
( )
3 2
= 2m ( 6) + 2m ( 5m ) + 2m 4 3m 2
4 4
14. 9r −2s 3
( 2
) = 9 ( −2 ) r s 3 2
= 12m + 10m + 6m4 5 6
= −18r s
( )
3 2
27. −4r 3 −7r 2 + 8r − 9
( ) ( ) ( )
5 +1+ 4
15. y ⋅ 9 y ⋅ y = 9 y
5 4
= −4r 3 −7r 2 + −4r 3 ( 8r ) + −4r 3 ( −9 )
= 9 y10
= 28r − 32r + 36r
5 4 3
16. x ⋅ 3x ⋅ 2 x = ( 3 ⋅ 2) x 2 + 3+1
( )
2 3
28. −9a5 −3a 6 − 2a 4 + 8a 2
= 6x 6
= −9a5 ( −3a 6 ) + ( −9a5 )( −2a 4 ) + ( −9a5 )( 8a 2 )
= 27a11 + 18a 9 − 72a 7

(
29. 3a 2 2a 2 − 4ab + 5b 2 ) 36. ( 2r − 1) (3r 2 + 4r − 4)
( )
= 3a 2 2a 2 + 3a 2 ( −4ab ) + 3a 2 5b 2 ( ) ( )
= 2r 3r 2 + 2r ( 4r ) + 2r ( −4)
= 6a 4 − 12a3b + 15a 2 b 2 + ( −1) ( 3r 2 ) + ( −1)( 4r ) + ( −1)( −4)
(
30. 4 z 3 8 z 2 + 5 zy − 3 y 2 ) = 6r 3 + 8r 2 − 8r − 3r 2 − 4r + 4
= 6r 3 + 5r 2 − 12r + 4
( )
= 4 z 3 8 z 2 + 4 z 3 ( 5 zy ) + 4 z 3 −3 y 2 ( )
= 32 z + 20 z y − 12 z y
5 4 3 2 37. ( 4m + 3) (5m3 − 4m2 + m − 5)
Multiply vertically.
(
31. 7m3 n 2 3m 2 + 2mn − n3 ) 5m3 −4 m 2 + m −5
( )
= 7m3 n 2 3m 2 + 7m3 n 2 ( 2mn ) + 7m3 n 2 − n3 ( ) 4 m +3
15m −12m
3 2
+3m −15
= 21m5 n 2 + 14m 4 n3 − 7m3 n5
20m 4 −16m3 +4m 2 −20m
(
32. 2 p q 3 p q − 5 p + 2q
2 2 2 2
) 20m 4 − m3 −8m 2 −17 m −15
( )
= 2 p 2 q 3 p 2 q 2 + 2 p 2 q ( −5 p ) + 2 p 2 q 2q 2 ( ) 38. ( 2 y + 8) (3 y 4 − 2 y 2 + 1)
= 6 p 4 q3 − 10 p3 q + 4 p 2 q3 Multiply horizontally. Treat 2 y + 8 as a single
quantity and use the distributive property. Then
33. ( 6 x + 1) (2 x 2 + 4 x + 1) distribute again and combine like terms.
= 6 x ( 2 x 2 ) + 6 x ( 4 x ) + 6 x (1) ( 2 y + 8) (3 y 4 − 2 y 2 + 1)
( )
+ 1 2 x 2 + 1( 4 x ) + 1(1) ( ) ( )
= ( 2 y + 8) 3 y 4 + ( 2 y + 8) −2 y 2 + ( 2 y + 8)(1)
= 12 x3 + 24 x 2 + 6 x + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = 6 y 5 + 24 y 4 − 4 y 3 − 16 y 2 + 2 y + 8
= 12 x3 + 26 x 2 + 10 x + 1
39. ( 2 x − 1) (3 x5 − 2 x3 + x 2 − 2 x + 3)
34. (9a + 2) (9a 2 + a + 1) Multiply vertically.
Multiply vertically. 3 x5 − 2 x3 + x2 −2 x +3
9a 2
+ a +1 2 x −1
9 a +2 −3 x5 + 2 x3 − x2 + 2 x −3
18a 2
+2 a +2 6x 6
− 4x 4
+ 2 x −4 x
3 2
+ 6x
81a 3
+9 a 2
+9 a 6 x −3 x − 4 x
6 5 4
+ 4 x −5 x
3 2
+ 8 x −3
81a +27 a +11a +2
3 2
40. ( 2a + 3) ( a 4 − a 3 + a 2 − a + 1)
35. (9 y − 2) (8 y 2 − 6 y + 1) Multiply vertically.
Multiply vertically. a4 −a3 +a2 −a + 1
8y 2
−6 y +1 2a + 3
9 y −2 3a 4 −3a3 +3a 2 −3a + 3
−16 y 2 +12 y −2 2a 5 −2a 4 +2a3 −2a 2 +2a
72 y 3 −54 y 2 +9 y 2a 5 +a 4 −a3 +a2 −a + 3
72 y −70 y
3 2
+21y −2

41. (5x2 + 2 x + 1)( x2 − 3x + 5) x 2 + 3 x + 4 x + 12 = x 2 + 7 x + 12

Multiply vertically. Product: x 2 + 7 x + 12
5 x 2 +2 x + 1 46 ( x + 5)( x + 2 )
x2 −3 x + 5 x 2
25 x 2 +10 x + 5
x x2 2x
−15 x 3
− 6x 2
− 3x 5 5x 10
5x4 +2 x3 + x2
The product is the sum of the four monomial
5 x 4 −13x3 +20 x 2 +7 x +5 products.
x 2 + 5 x + 2 x + 10 = x 2 + 7 x + 10
42. ( 2m2 + m − 3)( m2 − 4m + 5) Product: x 2 + 7 x + 10
m2 −4 m +5 47 ( 2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3x + 2 )
2m 2 +m −3 x2 3x 2
−3m 2
+12m −15 2x 2x 3
6x 2
4x
m 3
−4 m 2
+5m 1 x 2
3x 2
2m 4
−8m 3
+10m 2
The product is the sum of the six monomial
2m − 7m + 3m + 17 m − 15
4 3 2 products.
2 x3 + 6 x 2 + x 2 + 4 x + 3x + 2
43. (6x 4 ⎛1 ⎞
− 4 x2 + 8x ⎜ x + 3 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
) = 2 x3 + 7 x 2 + 7 x + 2
Product: 2 x3 + 7 x 2 + 7 x + 2
⎛ 1
⎝2 ⎠
⎞ ⎛
( )
1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
= 6 x 4 ⎜ x ⎟ + −4 x 2 ⎜ x ⎟ + 8 x ⎜ x ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠ 48. ( x + 4 ) ( 3x 2 + 2 x + 1)
+ 6 x4 ( 3 ) + ( −4 x ) ( 3 ) + 8 x ( 3 )
2
3x 2 2x 1
= 3 x − 2 x + 4 x + 18 x − 12 x + 24 x
5 3 2 4 2
x 3x3 2 x2 x
= 3 x + 18 x − 2 x − 8 x + 24 x
5 4 3 2
4 12 x 2
8x 4
( ⎛3 ⎞
44. 8 y 6 + 4 y 4 − 12 y 2 ⎜ y 2 + 2 ⎟
⎝4 ⎠
) The product is the sum of the six monomial
products.
3x3 + 2 x 2 + 12 x 2 + x + 8 x + 4
⎛3 ⎞
4 ⎠
⎛3 ⎞
⎝ 4 ⎠
⎛3 ⎞
= 8 y 6 ⎜ y 2 ⎟ + 4 y 4 ⎜ y 2 ⎟ + −12 y 2 ⎜ y 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎝4 ⎠
( ) = 3x3 + 14 x 2 + 9 x + 4
+ 8 y 6 ( 2 ) + 4 y 4 ( 2 ) + −12 y 2 ( ) ( 2) Product: 3x3 + 14 x 2 + 9 x + 4
= 6 y8 + 3 y 6 − 9 y 4 + 16 y 6 + 8 y 4 − 24 y 2 49. (a) Product of first terms:

= 6 y8 + 19 y 6 − y 4 − 24 y 2 ( )
2 p 3 p = 6 p2
45. ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) (b) Outer product:

x 4 2 p ( 7 ) = 14 p
x 2 (c) Inner product:

x 4x
3 3x 12 ( )
−5 3 p = −15 p
The product is the sum of the four monomial (d) Product of last terms:
products.
−5 ( 7 ) = −35

(e) The product is the sum of the four 55. ( 2 x + 3)( 6 x − 4 )

monomial products.
Complete product in simplified form: = 2 x ( 6 x ) + 2 x ( −4 ) + 3 ( 6 x ) + 3 ( −4 )
6 p 2 + 14 p + ( −15 p ) + ( −35 ) = 12 x 2 − 8 x + 18 x − 12
= 6 p 2 − p − 35 = 12 x 2 + 10 x − 12
50. (a) Product of first terms: 56. ( 3 y + 5)( 8 y − 6 )

2 p ( 2 p ) = 4 p2 = 3 y ( 8 y ) + 3 y ( −6 ) + 5 ( 8 y ) + 5 ( −6 )
(b) Outer product: = 24 y 2 − 18 y + 40 y − 30

2 p ( 5) = 10 p = 24 y 2 + 22 y − 30
(c) Inner product: 57. ( 9 + t )( 9 − t )

−5 ( 2 p ) = −10 p = 9 ( 9 ) + 9 ( −t ) + t ( 9 ) + t ( −t )
(d) Product of last terms: = 81 − 9t + 9t − t 2
−5 ( 5 ) = −25 = 81 − t 2
(e) The product is the sum of the four 58. (10 + r )(10 − r )
monomial products.
The results from parts b and c are opposites, = 10 (10 ) + 10 ( − r ) + r (10 ) + r ( − r )
10 p and −10 p. = 100 − 10r + 10r − r 2
Complete product in simplified form.
= 100 − r 2
4 p 2 + 10 p + ( −10 p ) + ( −25 )
= 4 p 2 + 0 p − 25
59. ( 3x − 2 )( 3x − 2 )
= 3 x ( 3 x ) + 3 x ( −2 ) + ( −2 )( 3 x ) + ( −2 )( −2 )
= 4 p 2 − 25
= 9 x2 − 6x − 6 x + 4
51. ( m + 7 )( m + 5 ) = 9 x 2 − 12 x + 4
= m ( m ) + m (5) + 7 ( m ) + 7 ( 5)
60. ( 4m + 3)( 4m + 3)
= m 2 + 5m + 7m + 35
= 4m ( 4m ) + 4m ( 3 ) + 3 ( 4m ) + 3 ( 3 )
= m 2 + 12m + 35
= 16m 2 + 12m + 12m + 9
52. ( n + 9 )( n + 3) = 16m 2 + 24m + 9
= n ( n ) + n ( 3) + 9 ( n ) + 9 ( 3 )
61. ( 5a + 1)( 2a + 7 )
= n 2 + 3n + 9n + 27
= 5a ( 2 a ) + 5a ( 7 ) + 1 ( 2 a ) + 1 ( 7 )
= n 2 + 12n + 27
= 10a 2 + 35a + 2a + 7
53. ( n − 1)( n + 4 ) = 10a 2 + 37a + 7
= n ( n ) + n ( 4 ) + ( −1)( n ) + ( −1)( 4 )
62. ( b + 8 )( 6b − 2 )
= n 2 + 4n + ( −1n ) + ( −4 )
= b ( 6b ) + b ( −2 ) + 8 ( 6b ) + 8 ( −2 )
= n 2 + 3n − 4
= 6b 2 − 2b + 48b − 16
54. ( t − 3)( t + 8 ) = 6b 2 + 46b − 16
= t ( t ) + t ( 8 ) + ( −3)( t ) + ( −3)( 8 )
63. ( 6 − 5m )( 2 + 3m )
= t 2 + 8t + ( −3t ) + ( −24 )
= 6 ( 2 ) + 6 ( 3m ) + ( −5m )( 2 ) + ( −5m )( 3m )
= t 2 + 5t − 24
= 12 + 18m − 10m − 15m 2
= 12 + 8m − 15m 2

64. (8 − 3a )( 2 + a ) 73. 3 y 3 ( 2 y + 3)( y − 5 )

= 8 ( 2 ) + 8 ( a ) + ( −3a )( 2 ) + ( −3a )( a ) ( 2 y + 3)( y − 5 )
= 16 + 8a − 6a − 3a 2
= 2 y ( y ) + 2 y ( −5) + 3 ( y ) + 3 ( −5 )
= 16 + 2a − 3a 2 = 2 y 2 − 10 y + 3 y − 15
65. ( 5 − 3 x )( 4 + x ) = 2 y 2 − 7 y − 15
= 5 ( 4 ) + 5 ( x ) + ( −3x )( 4 ) + ( −3 x )( x ) Now multiply this result by 3 y 3 .
= 20 + 5 x − 12 x − 3x 2 (
3 y 3 2 y 2 − 7 y − 15 )
= 20 − 7 x − 3x ( )
= 3 y 3 2 y 2 + 3 y 3 ( −7 y ) + 3 y 3 ( −15 )
2
66. ( 6 − 5 x )( 2 + x ) = 6 y 5 − 21y 4 − 45 y 3
= 6 ( 2 ) + 6 ( x ) + ( −5 x )( 2 ) + ( −5 x )( x )
74. 2 x 2 ( 2 x − 5 )( x + 3)
= 12 + 6 x − 10 x − 5 x 2
( 2 x − 5 )( x + 3)
= 12 − 4 x − 5 x 2
= 2 x ( x ) + 2 x ( 3) + ( −5 )( x ) + ( −5 )( 3)
67. ( 3t − 4s )( t + 3s ) = 2 x 2 + 6 x − 5 x − 15
= 3t ( t ) + 3t ( 3s ) + ( −4s )( t ) + ( −4s )( 3s )
= 2 x 2 + x − 15
= 3t + 9st − 4 st − 12 s
2 2
Now multiply this result by x.
= 3t 2 + 5st − 12s 2 (
2 x 2 2 x 2 + x − 15 )
68. ( 2m − 3n )( m + 5n ) ( )
= 2 x 2 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 ( x ) + 2 x 2 ( −15 )
= 2m ( m ) + 2m ( 5n ) + ( −3n )( m ) + ( −3n )( 5n ) = 4 x + 2 x3 − 30 x 2
4
= 2m 2 + 10mn − 3mn − 15n 2

= 2m 2 + 7mn − 15n 2
(
75. −8r 3 5r 2 + 2 5r 2 − 2 )( )
69. ( 4 x + 3)( 2 y − 1) ( 5r 2
+ 2 5r 2 − 2)( )
= 4 x ( 2 y ) + 4 x ( −1) + 3 ( 2 y ) + 3 ( −1) ( )
= 5r 2 5r 2 + 5r 2 ( −2 ) + 2 5r 2 + 2 ( −2 ) ( )
= 8 xy − 4 x + 6 y − 3 = 25r − 10r + 10r − 4
4 2 2
70. ( 5 x + 7 )( 3 y − 8) = 25r 4 − 4
= 5 x ( 3 y ) + 5 x ( −8 ) + 7 ( 3 y ) + 7 ( −8 ) Now multiply this result by −8r 3 .
= 15 xy − 40 x + 21 y − 56 −8r 3 25r 4 − 4( )
71. ( 3x + 2 y )( 5 x − 3 y ) = −8r 3
( 25r 4
) + ( −8r ) ( −4) 3
= 3 x ( 5 x ) + 3 x ( −3 y ) + 2 y ( 5 x ) + 2 y ( −3 y ) = −200r 7 + 32r 3
= 15 x 2 − 9 xy + 10 xy − 6 y 2
(
76. −5t 4 2t 4 + 1 2t 4 − 1 )( )
= 15 x + xy − 6 y
2 2
( 2t 4
+ 1 2t 4 − 1)( )
72. ( 5a + 3b )( 5a − 4b )
= 5a ( 5a ) + 5a ( −4b ) + 3b ( 5a ) + 3b ( −4b ) ( )
= 2t 4 2t 4 + 2t 4 ( −1) + 1 2t 4 + 1( −1) ( )
= 25a 2 − 20ab + 15ab − 12b 2 = 4t − 2t + 2t − 1
8 4 4
= 25a 2 − 5ab − 12b 2 = 4t 8 − 1

Now multiply this result by −5t 4 . 81. ( a − 4 )( a + 4 ) Use FOIL.

−5t ( 4t − 1)
4 8
= a 2 + 4a − 4a − 16
= −5t ( 4t ) + ( −5t ) ( −1)

4 8 4 = a 2 − 16
= −20t12 + 5t 4 82. ( b − 10 )( b + 10 ) Use FOIL.

= b + 10b − 10b − 100
2
77. (a) Use the formula for the area of a rectangle,
A = LW , with L = 3 y + 7 and W = y + 1. = b 2 − 100
A = ( 3 y + 7 )( y + 1)
83. ( 2 p − 5 )2 = ( 2 p − 5 )( 2 p − 5 ) Use FOIL.
= ( 3 y + 7 )( y ) + ( 3 y + 7 )(1)
= 4 p − 10 p − 10 p + 25
2
= 3y2 + 7 y + 3y + 7 = 4 p 2 − 20 p + 25
= 3 y + 10 y + 7
2
84. ( 3m − 1)2 = ( 3m − 1)( 3m − 1) Use FOIL.

(b) Use the formula for the perimeter of a
rectangle, P = 2 L + 2W , with L = 3 y + 7 = 9m − 3m − 3m + 1
2
and W = y + 1. = 9m 2 − 6m + 1
P = 2 ( 3 y + 7 ) + 2 ( y + 1)
85. ( 5k − 3q )2 = ( 5k + 3q )( 5k + 3q ) Use FOIL.
= 2 ( 3 y ) + 2 ( 7 ) + 2 ( y ) + 2 (1)
= 25k + 15kq + 15kq + 9q 2
2
= 6 y + 14 + 2 y + 2
= 25k 2 + 30kq + 9q 2
= 8 y + 16
78. (a) Use the formula for the area of a square, 86. (8m + 3n )2 = ( 8m + 3n )( 8m + 3n ) Use FOIL.
A = s 2 , with s = 6 x + 2. = 64m + 24mn + 24mn + 9n 2
2
A = (6x + 2)
2
= 64m 2 + 48mn + 9n 2
= ( 6 x + 2 )( 6 x + 2 )
87. Recall that a3 means ( a )( a )( a ) , so
= 6x (6x ) + 6x ( 2) + 2 (6x ) + 2 ( 2)
( m − 5 )3 = ( m − 5)( m − 5)( m − 5 ) .
= 36 x + 12 x + 12 x + 4
2
We’ll start by finding ( m − 5 )( m − 5 ) .
= 36 x 2 + 24 x + 4
( m − 5)( m − 5 ) = m2 − 5m − 5m + 25
(b) Use the formula for the perimeter of a
square, P = 4s, with s = 6 x + 2. = m 2 − 10m + 25
Now multiply that result by m − 5.
P = 4 ( 6x + 2)
m 2 −10m +25
= 4 ( 6x ) + 4 ( 2)
m −5
= 24 x + 8
−5m +50m −125
2
79. ( x + 7 )2 = ( x + 7 )( x + 7 ) Use FOIL.

m −10m 2 +25m
3
= x + 7 x + 7 x + 49
2
m3 −15m 2 +75m −125
= x 2 + 14 x + 49
88. ( p − 3)3 = ( p − 3)( p − 3)( p − 3)
80. ( m + 6) 2
= ( m + 6 )( m + 6 ) Use FOIL.
( p − 3)( p − 3) = p 2 − 3 p − 3 p + 9
= m + 6m + 6m + 36
2
= p2 − 6 p + 9
= m 2 + 12m + 36

Now multiply vertically. 93. 7 ( 4m − 3)( 2m + 1)

−6 p +9
( )
2
p
= 7 8m 2 + 4 m − 6 m − 3 FOIL
p −3
−3 p 2 +18 p −27 = 7 ( 8m 2
− 2m − 3 )
p 3 −6 p 2 +9 p = 56m − 14m − 21
2
p3 −9 p 2 +27 p −27 94. 5 ( 3k − 7 )( 5k + 2 )
89. ( 2a + 1)3 = ( 2a + 1)( 2a + 1)( 2a + 1) (

= 5 15k 2 + 6k − 35k − 14 ) FOIL
( 2a + 1)( 2a + 1) = 4a 2 + 2a + 2a + 1 = 5 (15k 2
− 29k − 14 )
= 4a + 4a + 1 2
= 75k − 145k − 70
2
Now multiply vertically.

4a 2 +4a +1 95. ( 3r − 2s )4 = ( 3r − 2s )2 ( 3r − 2s )2
2a +1 First we find ( 3r − 2s ) .
2
4a 2 +4a +1 ( 3r − 2s )2 = ( 3r − 2s )( 3r − 2s )
8a 3 +8a 2 +2a
= 9r 2 − 6rs − 6rs + 4s 2
8a +12a +6a +1
3 2
= 9r 2 − 12rs + 4s 2
Now multiply this result by itself.
90. ( 3m + 1)3 = ( 3m + 1)( 3m + 1)( 3m + 1) 9r 2 −12rs +4 s 2
( 3m + 1)( 3m + 1) = 9m2 + 3m + 3m + 1 9r 2 −12rs +4 s 2
= 9m + 6m + 1 2
36r 2 s 2 −48rs 3 +16s 4
Now multiply vertically.
−108r 3 s +144r 2 s 2 −48rs 3
9m 2 +6m +1
3m +1 81r 4 −108r 3 s +36r 2 s 2
9m 2 +6m +1 81r 4 − 216r 3 s + 216r 2 s 2 − 96rs 3 + 16s 4
27m3 +18m 2 +3m

96. ( 2 z − 5 y )4 = ( 2 z − 5 y )2 ( 2 z − 5 y )2
27m +27m +9m +1
3 2
( 2 z − 5 y )2 = ( 2 z − 5 y )( 2 z − 5 y )
91. −3a ( 3a + 1)( a − 4 ) = 4 z 2 − 10 zy − 10 zy + 25 y 2
(
= −3a 3a 2 − 12a + a − 4 ) FOIL = 4 z 2 − 20 zy + 25 y 2
= −3a ( 3a )
Now multiply this result by itself.
2
− 11a − 4
4z2 −20 zy +25 y 2
= −9a3 + 33a 2 + 12a 4z2 −20 zy +25 y 2
92. −4r ( 3r + 2 )( 2r − 5) +100 z 2 y 2 −500 zy 3 + 625 y 4
(
= −4r 6r 2 − 15r + 4r − 10 ) FOIL −80 z 3 x +400 z 2 y 2 −500 zy 3
16 z 4 −80 z 3 y +100 z 2 y 2
= −4 r ( 6 r 2
− 11r − 10 ) 16 z 4 − 160 z 3 y + 600 z 2 y 2 − 1000 zy 3 + 625 y 4
= −24r + 44r + 40r
3 2
(
97. 3 p3 2 p 2 + 5 p )( p 3
+ 2 p +1 )
( )
= ⎡3 p 3 2 p 2 + 3 p 3 ( 5 p ) ⎤ p 3 + 2 p + 1
⎣ ⎦ ( )
(
= 6 p5 + 15 p 4 )( p 3
+ 2 p +1 )

Now multiply vertically. ⎛ 5 ⎞⎛ 5 ⎞

101. ⎜ 3 p 2 + q ⎟ ⎜ 2 p 2 − q ⎟
p3 +2 p +1 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠
6 p5 +15 p 4
( ) ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5
= 3 p2 2 p2 + 3 p2 ⎜ − q ⎟ + q 2 p2
⎝ 3 ⎠ 4
( )
15 p 7 +30 p5 + 15 p 4
5 ⎛ 5 ⎞
6 p8 +12 p 6 +6 p5 + q⎜− q⎟
4 ⎝ 3 ⎠
6 p8 + 15 p 7 + 12 p 6 +36 p5 + 15 p 4
5 2 25
= 6 p4 − 5 p2 q +p q − q2
(
98. 5k 2 k 3 − 3 k 2 − k + 4 )( ) 4 ⎛ 10
2
5⎞ 2
12
25
= 6 p + ⎜ − + ⎟ p q − q2
(
= 5k − 15k 5 2
)( k 2
−k+4 ) ⎝ 2 2⎠ 12
( )
5 25
= 5k 5 k 2 + 5k 5 ( −k ) + 5k 5 ( 4 ) = 6 p4 − p2 q − q2
2 12
(
+ −15k 2 )( k ) + ( −15k ) ( −k ) 2 2
⎛
102. ⎜ 2 x 2 +
2 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
y ⎟ ⎜ 3x 2 − y ⎟
+ ( −15k ) ( 4 ) 2 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠
= 5k 7 − 5k 6 + 20k 5 − 15k 4 + 15k 3 − 60k 2 ( ) ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2

( )
= 2 x 2 3x 2 + 2 x 2 ⎜ − y ⎟ + y 3x 2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 3
(
99. −2 x5 3 x 2 + 2 x − 5 ( 4 x + 2 ) ) 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞
+ y⎜− y⎟
3 ⎝ 4 ⎠
( ) ( ) (2x)
= ⎡ −2 x5 3x 2 + −2 x5
⎣ 3
= 6 x4 − x2 y + 2 x2 y − y2
1
+ ( −2 x ) ( −5 ) ⎤ ( 4 x + 2 )
5 2 2
⎦ 1 2 1 2
= 6x + x y − y
4
= ( −6 x − 4 x + 10 x ) ( 4 x + 2 )
7 6 5
2 2
Now multiply vertically. 103. The area A of the shaded region is the
− 6x 7
−4 x 6
+10 x 5 difference between the area of the larger
square, which has sides of length x + 7, and the
4x + 2
area of the smaller square, which has sides of
−12 x 7 −8 x 6 +20 x5 length x.
A = ( x + 7) − ( x)
2 2
−24 x8 −16 x 7 +40 x 6
−24 x8 − 28 x 7 + 32 x 6 + 20 x5 = ( x + 7 )( x + 7 ) − x 2
(
100. −4 x3 3 x 4 + 2 x 2 − x ( −2 x + 1) ) (
= x 2 + 7 x + 7 x + 49 − x 2)
= x + 14 x + 49 − x
2 2
(
= −12 x 7 − 8 x5 + 4 x 4 ) ( −2 x + 1) = 14 x + 49
= ( −12 x ) ( −2 x ) + ( −12 x ) (1)
7 7
104. The area A of the shaded region is the
+ ( −8 x ) ( −2 x ) + ( −8 x ) (1)
5 5 difference between the area of the rectangle,
which has length 2 x + 5 and width x + 1, and
+ 4 x 4 ( −2 x ) + 4 x 4 (1) the area of the triangle, which has base x and
height 4.
= 24 x8 − 12 x 7 + 16 x 6 − 8 x5 − 8 x5 + 4 x 4 1
A = LW − bh
= 24 x8 − 12 x 7 + 16 x 6 − 16 x5 + 4 x 4 2
1
= ( 2 x + 5 )( x + 1) − ( x )( 4 )
2
(
= 2 x2 + 2 x + 5x + 5 − 2x )
= 2 x2 + 5x + 5

4.6 Special Products 327
105. The area A of the shaded region is the 111. Multiply the area of the rectangle by the cost
difference between the area of the circle, which per square foot.
has radius x, and the area of the square, which C = 600 ⋅ $0.75
has sides of length 3. = $450
A = π r 2 − s2 It would cost $450 to sod the entire lawn.
= π ( x ) − ( 3)
2 2
112. Multiply the perimeter of the rectangle by the
= π x −9
2 cost per foot.
C = 140 ⋅ $20.50
106. The area A of the shaded region is the
= $2870
difference between the area of the rectangle,
which has length 5 x + 1 and width 2 x + 3, and It would cost $2870 to fence the entire lawn.
the area of the circle, which has radius x.
4.6 Special Products
A = LW − π r 2

= ( 5 x + 1)( 2 x + 3) − π ( x )
2
= 10 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x + 3 − π x 2 1. ( x + 4 )2 = x 2 + 2 ( x )( 4 ) + 42
= (10 − π ) x 2 + 17 x + 3 = x 2 + 8 x + 16
107. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle, N1. ( x + 5)2 = x 2 + 2 ( x )( 5) + 52
A = LW , with L = 3x + 6 and W = 10. = x 2 + 10 x + 25
A = ( 3x + 6 )(10 )
2. (a) ( 2 x + 1) = ( 2 x ) + 2 ( 2 x )(1) + 12
2 2
= ( 3x )(10 ) + ( 6 )(10 )
= 30 x + 60 = 4 x2 + 4x + 1
The area of the rectangle can be represented
with the polynomial 30 x + 60. (b) ( 5r − 6s )2 = ( 5r )2 − 2 ( 5r )( 6s ) + ( 6 s )2
108. Set the polynomial 30 x + 60 equal to the area, = 25r 2 − 60rs + 36s 2
600, and solve the equation for x. 2 2
30 x + 60 = 600 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
(c) ⎜ 3k − ⎟ = ( 3k ) − 2 ( 3k ) ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
2
30 x = 540 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
x = 18 1
= 9k 2 − 3k +
The solution set of the equation is {18} . 4
109. The length of the rectangle is 3x + 6 , where (

(d) x ( 2 x + 7 ) = x 4 x 2 + 28 x + 49
2
)
x = 18.
= 4 x + 28 x + 49 x
3 2
3x + 6 = 3 (18) + 6
= 54 + 6 (
(e) − ( 4t − 2 ) = − 16t 2 − 16t + 4
2
)
= 60 = −16t 2 + 16t − 4
The length of the rectangle is 60 ft. The width
N2. (a) ( 3x − 1) = ( 3 x ) − 2 ( 3x )(1) + 12
2 2
of the rectangle is given as 10 ft. So, the
dimensions of the rectangle are 10 ft by
60 ft. = 9x2 − 6x + 1
(b) ( 4 p − 5q ) = ( 4 p ) − 2 ( 4 p )( 5q ) + ( 5q )
2 2 2
110. Use the formula for the perimeter of a
rectangle, P = 2 L + 2W , with L = 60 and
= 16 p 2 − 40 pq + 25q 2
W = 10.
P = 2 ( 60 ) + 2 (10 ) ⎛ 1⎞
2
2⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
2
(c) ⎜ 6t − ⎟ = ( 6t ) − 2 ( 6t ) ⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
2
= 120 + 20 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
= 140 1
The perimeter of the rectangle is 140 ft. = 36t 2 − 4t +
9

(
(d) − ( 3 y + 2 ) = − 9 y 2 + 12 y + 4
2
) (c) y ( 3 y + 1)( 3 y − 1)
First use the rule for the product of the sum
= −9 y 2 − 12 y − 4 and difference of two terms.
(e) m ( 2m + 3) = m 4m 2 + 12m + 9
2
( ) ( 3 y + 1)(3 y − 1) = ( 3 y )2 − 12
= 9 y2 −1
= 4m3 + 12m 2 + 9m
Now multiply this result by y.
3. ( 3 + y )(3 − y ) = 32 − y 2 ( ) ( )
y 9 y 2 − 1 = y 9 y 2 + y ( −1)
=9− y 2
= 9 y3 − y
( t + 10 )( t − 10 ) = t 2 − 102
N3.
(
(d) −5 p + q 2 )( p − q ) 2
= t − 100
2
and difference of two terms.
4. (a) (10m + 7 )(10m − 7 ) = (10m ) − 7
2 2
= 100m − 492 ( p + q )( p − q ) = ( p ) − ( q )
2 2 2 2 2
2 = p2 − q4
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 2 ⎛1⎞
(b) ⎜ 3r − ⎟⎜ 3r + ⎟ = ( 3r ) − ⎜ ⎟ Now multiply this result by −5.
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2⎠
1 ( )
−5 p 2 − q 4 = −5 p 2 + ( −5) − q 4 ( ) ( )
= 9r 2 −
4 = −5 p 2 + 5q 4
(c) x ( 6 x + 5)( 6 x − 5) 5. (a) ( 4 x + 1)
3

Since ( 4 x + 1) = ( 4 x + 1) ( 4 x + 1) , the first
3 2
( 6 x + 5)( 6 x − 5) = ( 6 x )2 − 52 step is to find the product ( 4 x + 1) .
2
= 36 x 2 − 25 ( 4 x + 1)2 = ( 4 x )2 + 2 ( 4 x )(1) + 12
Now multiply this result by x.
= 16 x 2 + 8 x + 1
( ) (
x 36 x 2 − 25 = x 36 x 2 + x(−25) ) Now multiply this result by 4 x + 1.
= 36 x 2 − 25 x ( 4 x + 1)3 = ( 4 x + 1) (16 x 2 + 8 x + 1)
(
(d) −7 t 2 − q t 2 + q)( ) = 64 x3 + 32 x 2 + 4 x + 16 x 2 + 8 x + 1
First use the rule for the product of the sum = 64 x3 + 48 x 2 + 12 x + 1
(b) Note that ( 3k − 2 ) = ( 3k − 2 ) ( 3k − 2 ) .
4 2 2
(t 2
)(
−q t +q = t
2
) ( ) 2 2
−q 2
Since ( 3k − 2 ) = ( 3k ) − 2 ( 3k )( 2 ) + ( 2 )
2 2 2
=t −q 4 2
= 9k 2 − 12k + 4,
Now multiply this result by −7.
( )
2
( ) ( ) ( ) we have ( 3k − 2 ) = 9k 2 − 12k + 4 .
4
−7 t 4 − q 2 = −7 t 4 + ( −7 ) − q 2
= −7t 4 + 7 q 2
9k 2 − 12k + 4
N4. (a) ( 4 x − 6 )( 4 x + 6 ) = ( 4 x ) − 6
2 2
9k 2
− 12k + 4
= 16 x − 36 2
36k 2
− 48k + 16
2 − 108k 3
+ 144k 2
− 48k
⎛ 4 ⎞⎛ 4⎞ 2 ⎛4⎞
(b) ⎜ 5r − ⎟⎜ 5r + ⎟ = ( 5r ) − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 5 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝5⎠ 81k 4
− 108k 3
+ 36k 2
16 81k 4
− 216k 3
+ 216k 2 − 96k + 16
= 25r 2 −
25

(c) −3x ( x − 4 ) (b) The product of the outer terms is

3
( 7 x )( −3 y ) = −21xy.
Since ( x − 4 ) = ( x − 4 ) ( x − 4 ) , the first
3 2
The product of the inner terms is
step is to find the product ( x − 4 ) .
2
( 7 x )( 3 y ) = 21xy.
( x − 4 )2 = ( x )2 + 2 ( x )( −4 ) + ( −4 )2 The sum of these is 0.
= x 2 − 8 x + 16 (c) The last term of ( 7 x + 3 y ) is 3y , and the

Now multiply this result by x − 4. last term of ( 7 x − 3 y ) is −3 y. The product
( x − 4) 3
(
= ( x − 4 ) x − 8 x + 16
2
) of the last terms is ( 3 y )( −3 y ) = −9 y 2 .
= x3 − 8 x 2 + 16 x − 4 x 2 + 32 x − 64 (d) The final product is the binomial
= x3 − 12 x 2 + 48 x − 64 49 x 2 − 9 y 2 .
Finally, multiply this polynomial by −3x.
(
−3x ( x − 4 ) = −3x x 3 − 12 x 2 + 48 x − 64
3
) 3. ( m + 2 )2 = m2 + 2 ( m )( 2 ) + 22
= −3x 4 + 36 x3 − 144 x 2 + 192 x = m 2 + 4m + 4
N5. ( 2m − 1)3 4. ( x + 8)2 = x 2 + 2 ( x )(8) + 82

Since ( 2m − 1) = ( 2m − 1) ( 2m − 1) ,
3 2
the first = x 2 + 16 x + 64
step is to find the product ( 2m − 1) . ( r − 3)2 = r 2 − 2 ( r )( 3) + 32

2
5.
( 2m − 1)2 = ( 2m )2 − 2 ( 2m )(1) + 12 = r 2 − 6r + 9
= 4m 2 − 4m + 1
Now multiply this result by 2m − 1.
6. ( z − 5)2 = z 2 − 2 ( z )( 5) + 52
( 2m − 1)3 = ( 2m − 1) ( 4m2 − 4m + 1) = z 2 − 10 z + 25
= 8m 3 − 8m 2 + 2 m − 4 m 2 + 4 m − 1 7. ( x + 2 y )2 = x 2 + 2 ( x )( 2 y ) + ( 2 y )2
= 8m3 − 12m 2 + 6m − 1 = x 2 + 4 xy + 4 y 2
Exercises 8. ( p − 3m )2 = p 2 − 2 ( p )( 3m ) + ( 3m )2
1. (a) The square of the first term is = p 2 − 6mp + 9m 2
( 4 x )2 = ( 4 x )( 4 x ) = 16 x 2 .
9. ( 5 p + 2q )2 = ( 5 p )2 + 2 ( 5 p )( 2q ) + ( 2q )2
(b) Twice the product of the two terms is
= 25 p 2 + 20 pq + 4q 2
2 ( 4 x )( 3) = 24 x.
10. (8a + 3b )2 = (8a )2 + 2 (8a )( 3b ) + ( 3b )2
(c) The square of the last term is 32 = 9.
= 64a 2 + 48ab + 9b 2
(d) The final product is the trinomial
16 x 2 + 24 x + 9. 11. ( 4 x − 3)2 = ( 4 x )2 + 2 ( 4 x )( −3) + ( −3)2
2. ( 7 x + 3 y )( 7 x − 3 y ) = 16 x 2 − 24 x + 9
(a) The first term of ( 7 x + 3 y ) is 7 x , and the 12. ( 9 x − 4 )2 = ( 9 x )2 + 2 (9 x )( −4 ) + ( −4 )2

first term of ( 7 x − 3 y ) is 7 x. The square of = 81x 2 − 72 x + 16
the first term of each is
( 7 x )2 = ( 7 x )( 7 x ) = 49 x 2 . 13. ( 4a + 5b )2 = ( 4a )2 + 2 ( 4a )( 5b ) + (5b )2
= 16a 2 + 40ab + 25b2

14. ( 9 y + 4 z )2 = ( 9 y )2 + 2 ( 9 y )( 4 z ) + ( 4 z )2 23. 3t ( 4t + 1)
2
= 81y 2 + 72 yz + 16 z 2 ( 4t + 1)2 = ( 4t )2 + 2 ( 4t )(1) + 12

2 2 = 16t 2 + 8t + 1
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛4 ⎞ ⎛4 ⎞
15. ⎜ 6m − n ⎟ = ( 6m ) − 2 ( 6m ) ⎜ n ⎟ + ⎜ n ⎟
2
Now multiply by 3t.
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠
48 16 ( )
3t 16t 2 + 8t + 1 = 48t 3 + 24t 2 + 3t
= 36m 2 − mn + n 2
5 25
24. 2 x ( 7 x − 2 )
2
2 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ ⎛2 ⎞ ( 7 x − 2 )2 = ( 7 x )2 − 2 ( 7 x )( 2 ) + 22
16. ⎜ 5 x + y ⎟ = ( 5 x ) + 2 ( 5 x ) ⎜ y ⎟ + ⎜ y ⎟
2
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠
= 49 x 2 − 28 x + 4
4 2
= 25 x 2 + 4 xy + y Now multiply by 2x.
( )
25
2 x 49 x 2 − 28 x + 4 = 98 x3 − 56 x 2 + 8 x
2 2 2
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
17. ⎜ x + ⎟ = ⎜ x ⎟ + 2 ⎜ x ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
25. − ( 4r − 2 )
2
⎝ 2 3 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
1 1
= x2 + x +
1
( 4r − 2 )2 = ( 4r )2 − 2 ( 4r )( 2 ) + 22
4 3 9
= 16r 2 − 16r + 4
2 2 2
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ Now multiply by −1.
18. ⎜ x + ⎟ = ⎜ x ⎟ + 2 ⎜ x ⎟⎜ ⎟ + ⎜ ⎟
⎝4 5⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠ ( )
−1 16r 2 − 16r + 4 = − 16r 2 + 16r − 4
1 2 1 1
= x + x+
26. − ( 3 y − 8)
2
16 10 25
19. 2 ( x + 6 ) = 2 ⎡⎣ x 2 + 2 ( x )( 6 ) + 62 ⎤⎦
2
( 3 y − 8)2 = (3 y )2 − 2 (3 y )(8) + 82
(
= 2 x 2 + 12 x + 36 ) = 9 y 2 − 48 y + 64
Now multiply by −1.
= 2 x 2 + 24 x + 72
( )
−1 9 y 2 − 48 y + 64 = −9 y 2 + 48 y − 64
20. 4 ( x + 3) = 4 ⎡⎣ x 2 + 2 ( x )( 3) + 32 ⎤⎦
2
27. ( k + 5)( k − 5) = k 2 − 52
(
= 4 x2 + 6 x + 9 ) = k 2 − 25
= 4 x 2 + 24 x + 36
28. ( a + 8)( a − 8) = a 2 − 82
t ( 3t − 1)
21. 2
= a 2 − 64
( 3t − 1)2 = ( 3t )2 − 2 ( 3t )(1) + 12 29. ( 4 − 3t )( 4 + 3t ) = 42 − ( 3t )2

= 9t 2 − 6t + 1 = 16 − 9t 2
Now multiply by t.
( )
t 9t 2 − 6t + 1 = 9t 3 − 6t 2 + t 30. ( 7 − 2 x )( 7 + 2 x ) = 7 2 − ( 2 x )2
= 49 − 4 x 2
22. x ( 2 x + 5)
2
( 2 x + 5)2 = ( 2 x )2 + 2 ( 2 x )( 5) + 52
31. ( 5 x + 2 )( 5 x − 2 ) = (5 x )2 − 22
= 25 x 2 − 4
= 4 x 2 + 20 x + 25
Now multiply by x. 32. ( 2m + 5)( 2m − 5) = ( 2m )2 − 52
( 2
)
x 4 x + 20 x + 25 = 4 x + 20 x + 25 x 3 2
= 4m 2 − 25

33. ( 5 y + 3x )( 5 y − 3x ) = (5 y )2 − ( 3x )2 44. p ( 3 p + 7 )( 3 p − 7 )
= 25 y 2 − 9 x 2 ( 3 p + 7 )( 3 p − 7 ) = ( 3 p )2 − 7 2
= 9 p 2 − 49
34. ( 3x + 4 y )( 3x − 4 y ) = (3 x )2 − ( 4 y )2 Now multiply by p.
= 9 x 2 − 16 y 2
( )
p 9 p 2 − 49 = 9 p3 − 49 p
(10 x + 3 y )(10 x − 3 y ) = (10 x ) 2

− (3 y )
2
( )( )
35.
45. −5 a − b3 a + b3
= 100 x − 9 y 2 2
( a − b )( a + b ) = ( a ) − (b )
3 3 2 3 2
36. (13r + 2 z )(13r − 2 z ) = (13r ) 2

− (2z )
2
= a 2 − b6
= 169r 2 − 4 z 2
Now multiply by −5.
37. (2x 2
)( ) ( )
− 5 2 x 2 + 5 = 2 x2
2
− 52 ( ) ( )
−5 a 2 − b6 = −5 a 2 − ( −5) b6 ( )
= −5a + 5 b 2 6
= 4 x 4 − 25
38. ( )( ) ( )
9 y2 − 2 9 y2 + 2 = 9 y2
2
− 22
( )(
46. −6 r − s 4 r + s 4 )
= 81 y 4 − 4 ( r − s )( r + s ) = ( r ) − ( s )
4 4 2 4 2
2 = r 2 − s8
⎛3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3⎞ Now multiply by −6.
39. ⎜ − x ⎟⎜ + x ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ − x 2
⎝4 ⎠⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4⎠
9
( ) ( )
−6 r 2 − s8 = −6 r 2 − ( −6 ) s8 ( )
= − x2
16 = −6 r 2 + 6 s 8
2
⎛2 ⎞⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛2⎞ 1
( 2k − 1)( 2k + 1)
40. ⎜ + r ⎟⎜ − r ⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ − r 2 47.
⎝3 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3⎠ 2
4 ( 2k − 1)( 2k + 1) = ( 2k )2 − (1)2
= − r2
9 = 4k 2 − 1
2 1
⎛
41. ⎜ 9 y +
⎝
2 ⎞⎛ 2⎞
( ) ⎛ 2⎞
⎟⎜ 9 y − ⎟ = 9 y − ⎜ ⎟
3 ⎠⎝ 3⎠
2
⎝ 3⎠
Now multiply by
2
.
= 81y 2 −
4
1
2
( 1
) ( ⎛1⎞
4k 2 − 1 = 4k 2 − ⎜ ⎟ (1)
2 ⎝2⎠
)
9
1
2 = 2k 2 −
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3⎞ 2 ⎛3⎞
42. ⎜ 7 x + ⎟⎜ 7 x − ⎟ = ( 7 x ) − ⎜ ⎟
2
⎝ 7 ⎠⎝ 7⎠ ⎝7⎠ 1
9 48. (3m − 5)( 3m + 5)
= 49 x 2 − 3
49
( 3m − 5)( 3m + 5) = ( 3m )2 − ( 5)2
43. q ( 5q − 1)( 5q + 1)
= 9m 2 − 25
( 5q − 1)( 5q + 1) = (5q ) 2
−12
Now multiply by .
1
= 25q 2 − 1 3
Now multiply by q. 1
( 1
) ( 1
9m 2 − 25 = 9m 2 − ( 25) )
( )
q 25q 2 − 1 = 25q 3 − q 3 3
25
3
= 3m 2 −
3

49. −
1
(10 x + 10 )(10 x − 10 ) 54. ( m − 5)3
100
= ( m − 5 ) ( m − 5)
2
(10 x + 10 )(10 x − 10 ) = (10 x )2 − (10 )2

= 100 x 2 − 100
(
= m 2 − 10m + 25 ( m − 5) )
1 = m − 10m + 25m − 5m 2 + 50m − 125
3 2
Now multiply by − .
100 = m3 − 15m 2 + 75m − 125
−
1
100
(
100 x 2 − 100 ) 55. ( r + 5)3
( ⎛ 1 ⎞
) = ( r + 5) ( r + 5)
1 2
=− 100 x 2 − ⎜ − ⎟ (100 )
⎝ 100 ⎠
( )
100
= r 2 + 10r + 25 ( r + 5)
= − x2 + 1
= r + 10r + 25r + 5r 2 + 50r + 125
3 2
1
50. − ( 20 y + 20 )( 20 y − 20 ) = r 3 + 15r 2 + 75r + 125
200
( 20 y + 20 )( 20 y − 20 ) = ( 20 y )2 − ( 20 )2 56. ( p + 3)3 = ( p + 3)2 ( p + 3)
= 400 y 2 − 400 = ( p 2 + 6 p + 9 ) ( p + 3)
1
Now multiply by − . = p3 + 6 p 2 + 9 p + 3 p 2 + 18 p + 27
200
= p3 + 9 p 2 + 27 p + 27
−
1
200
(
400 y 2 − 400 )
57. ( 2a + 1)3
=−
1
200
( ⎛ 1 ⎞
400 y 2 − ⎜ −
⎝ 200 ⎠
)
⎟ ( 400 )
= ( 2a + 1) ( 2a + 1)
2
= −2 y 2 + 2 ( )
= 4a 2 + 4a + 1 ( 2a + 1)
51. ( x + 1) 3
= 8a 3 + 8a 2 + 2 a + 4 a 2 + 4 a + 1
= ( x + 1) ( x + 1) = 8a3 + 12a 2 + 6a + 1
2
= ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) ( x + 1) 58. ( 3m + 1)3
= x3 + 2 x 2 + x + x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( 3m + 1) ( 3m + 1)
2
= x3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 1 = ( 9m 2 + 6m + 1) ( 3m + 1)
52. ( y + 2 )3 = 27m3 + 9m 2 + 18m 2 + 6m + 3m + 1
= ( y + 2) ( y + 2) = 27m3 + 27m 2 + 9m + 1
2
= ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) ( y + 2) 59. ( 4 x − 1)4
= y3 + 4 y 2 + 4 y + 2 y 2 + 8 y + 8 = ( 4 x − 1) ( 4 x − 1)
2 2
= y 3 + 6 y 2 + 12 y + 8
( )(
= 16 x 2 − 8 x + 1 16 x 2 − 8 x + 1 )
53. ( t − 3)
3
= 256 x 4 − 128 x3 + 16 x 2 − 128 x3 + 64 x 2 − 8 x
= ( t − 3) ( t − 3) + 16 x 2 − 8 x + 1
2
(
= t 2 − 6t + 9 ( t − 3)) = 256 x 4 − 256 x3 + 96 x 2 − 16 x + 1
= t 3 − 6t 2 + 9t − 3t 2 + 18t − 27
= t 3 − 9t 2 + 27t − 27

60. ( 2 x − 1)4 65. −4t ( t + 3)

3
= ( 2 x − 1) ( 2 x − 1) = −4t ( t + 3)( t + 3)
2 2 2
(
= 4 x2 − 4 x + 1 4 x 2 − 4 x + 1 )( ) (
= −4t ( t + 3) t 2 + 6t + 9 )
= 16 x − 16 x + 4 x − 16 x + 16 x − 4 x + 4 x
4 3 2 3 2 2
(
= −4t t 3 + 6t 2 + 9t + 3t 2 + 18t + 27 )
− 4x + 1
= −4t ( t 3
+ 9t 2 + 27t + 27 )
= 16 x − 32 x + 24 x − 8 x + 1
4 3 2
= −4t − 36t − 108t − 108t

4 3 2
61. ( 3r − 2t ) 4
66. −5r ( r + 1)
3
= ( 3r − 2t ) ( 3r − 2t )
2 2
= −5r ( r + 1)( r + 1)
2
(
= 9r 2 − 12rt + 4t 2 9r 2 − 12rt + 4t 2 )( )
= 81r − 108r t + 36r t − 108r t + 144r 2 t 2
4 3 2 2 3 (
= −5r ( r + 1) r 2 + 2r + 1 )
− 48rt 3 + 36r 2 t 2 − 48rt 3 + 16t 4 (
= −5r r 3 + 2r 2 + r + r 2 + 2r + 1 )
= 81r 4 − 216r 3t + 216r 2t 2 − 96rt 3 + 16t 4 = −5r ( r 3
+ 3r + 3r + 1
2
)
62. ( 2 z + 5 y )4 = −5r 4 − 15r 3 − 15r 2 − 5r
= (2z + 5 y ) (2z + 5 y) ( x + y )2 ( x − y ) 2
2 2
67.
(
= 4 z 2 + 20 zy + 25 y 2 4 z 2 + 20 zy + 25 y 2 )( ) = ⎡⎣( x + y )( x − y )⎤⎦
2
= 16 z 4 + 80 z 3 y + 100 z 2 y 2
( )
2
= x2 − y 2
+ 80 z 3 y + 400 z 2 y 2 + 500 zy 3
= ( x ) − 2x
2 2
( )
2
y + y2
2 2
+ 100 z 2 y 2 + 500 zy 3 + 625 y 4
= 16 z 4 + 160 z 3 y + 600 z 2 y 2 + 1000 zy 3 + 625 y 4 = x4 − 2x2 y 2 + y4
63. 2 x ( x + 1)
3
68. ( s + 2 )2 ( s − 2 )2
= 2 x ( x + 1)( x + 1) = ⎡⎣( s + 2 )( s − 2 )⎤⎦
2 2
(
= 2 x ( x + 1) x 2 + 2 x + 1 ) ( )
= s2 − 4
2
(
= 2 x x3 + 2 x 2 + x + x 2 + 2 x + 1 ) = ( s ) − 2s
2 2 2
⋅ 4 + 42
= 2x ( x 3
+ 3 x 2 + 3x + 1 ) = s 4 − 8s 2 + 16
= 2 x 4 + 6 x3 + 6 x 2 + 2 x
69. No. For example, ( a + b ) equals
2
64. 3 y ( y + 2 )
3
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 , which is not equivalent to
= 3 y ( y + 2 )( y + 2 )
2
a 2 + b2 .
(
= 3 y ( y + 2) y 2 + 4 y + 4 ) 70. Answers may vary. One example is
a = 0, b = 1, and n = 1. In general, if either
(
= 3 y y3 + 4 y 2 + 4 y + 2 y 2 + 8 y + 8 ) a = 0 or b = 0, or if n = 0 or n = 1, then
= 3y( y 3
+ 6 y + 12 y + 8
2
) ( a + b )n = ( a )n + ( b )n .
= 3 y 4 + 18 y 3 + 36 y 2 + 24 y

71. 101 × 99 = (100 + 1)(100 − 1) 77. Use the formula for the area of a triangle,
1
= 1002 − 12 A = bh, with b = m + 2n and h = m − 2n.
2
= 10,000 − 1
1
= 9999 A = ( m + 2n )( m − 2n )
2
72. 103 × 97 = (100 + 3)(100 − 3) 1
= ⎡ m 2 − ( 2n ) ⎤
2
2⎣ ⎦
= 1002 − 32
= 10,000 − 9
1 2
(
= m − 4n 2
2
)
= 9991 1 2
= m − 2n 2
73. 201 × 199 = ( 200 + 1)( 200 − 1) 2
= 2002 − 12 78. Use the formula for the area of a square,

= 40,000 − 1 A = s 2 , with s = 6 p + q.
A = (6 p + q )
2
= 39,999
= ( 6 p ) + 2 ( 6 p )( q ) + q 2
2
74. 301 × 299 = ( 300 + 1)( 300 − 1)
= 3002 − 12 = 36 p 2 + 12 pq + q 2
= 90,000 − 1 79. Use the formula for the area of a parallelogram,
= 89,999 A = bh, with b = 3a + 2 and h = 3a − 2.
A = ( 3a + 2 )( 3a − 2 )
1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
75. 20 × 19 = ⎜ 20 + ⎟⎜ 20 − ⎟
= ( 3a ) − 22
2
2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
2
⎛1⎞ = 9a 2 − 4
= 202 − ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ 80. Use the formula for the area of a triangle,
1
= 400 − 1
A = Bh, with B = 4b + 1 and h = 4b − 1.
4 2
3
= 399 1
A = ( 4b + 1)( 4b − 1)
4 2
1 2 ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1⎞ 1⎡
= ( 4b ) − 12 ⎤
2
76. 30 × 29 = ⎜ 30 + ⎟⎜ 30 − ⎟
3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠⎝ 3⎠ 2⎣ ⎦
⎛1⎞
= 302 − ⎜ ⎟
2 1
2
(
= 16b 2 − 1 )
⎝ 3⎠ 1
1 = 8b 2 −
= 900 − 2
9
8 81. Use the formula for the area of a circle,
= 899 A = π r 2 , with r = x + 2.
9
A = π ( x + 2)
2
(
= π x2 + 4 x + 4 )
= π x 2 + 4π x + 4π

4.7 Dividing Polynomials 335
82. Use the formula for the area of a trapezoid, 92. ( a + b )2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
1
A = h ( B + b ) , with h = 4, B = 5 x + 3, and ( 30 + 5)2 = 302 + 2 (30 )( 5) + 52
2
b = 3 x + 1.
93. 302 + 2 ( 30 )( 5) + 52
1
A= ( 4 ) ⎡⎣( 5 x + 3) + ( 3x + 1)⎤⎦ = 900 + 60 ( 5) + 25
2
= 2 (8 x + 4 ) = 900 + 300 + 25
= 16 x + 8 = 1225
94. The answers are equal.
83. Use the formula for the volume of a cube,
V = e3 , with e = x + 2.
4.7 Dividing Polynomials
V = ( x + 2)
3

= ( x + 2) ( x + 2)
2
= ( x2 + 4 x + 4) ( x + 2) 1.
12m6 + 18m5 + 30m4
6m 2
= x3 + 4 x 2 + 4 x + 2 x 2 + 8 x + 8 12m 6
18m5 30m 4
= + +
= x3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8 6m 2 6m 2 6m 2
= 2m 4 + 3m3 + 5m 2
84. If x = 6, V = ( 6 + 2 ) = 83 = 512.
3
If the value of x is 6, the volume of the cube is 16a 6 − 12a 4

512 cubic units. N1.
4a 2
85. The large square has sides of length a + b, so 16a 6 12a 4
= −
its area is ( a + b ) .
2
4a 2 4a 2
= 4a 4 − 3a 2
86. The red square has sides of length a, so its area
is a 2 . 50m 4 − 30m3 + 20m
2.
87. Each blue rectangle has length a and width b, 10m3
so each has an area of ab. Thus, the sum of the 50m 4
30m3 20m
areas of the blue rectangles is ab + ab = 2ab. = − +
10m3 10m3 10m3
88. The yellow square has sides of length b, so its 2
= 5m − 3 + 2
area is b 2 . m
89. Sum = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 36 x5 + 24 x 4 − 12 x3

N2.
90. The area of the largest square equals the sum of 6 x4
the areas of the two smaller squares and the two 36 x5 24 x 4 12 x3
= + −
rectangles. Therefore, ( a + b ) must equal
2
6 x4 6 x4 6 x4
2
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 . = 6x + 4 −
x
91. 352 = ( 35)( 35) 35
3. Divide −8 p 4 − 6 p3 − 12 p 5 by −3 p3 .
× 35
175 −8 p 4 − 6 p3 − 12 p5
+ 105 −3 p 3
1225 −8 p 4 6 p3 12 p5
= − −
−3 p 3 −3 p 3 − 3 p 3
8p 8p
= + 2 + 4 p 2 or 4p 2 + +2
3 3

N3. Divide 7 y 4 − 40 y 5 + 100 y 2 by −5 y 2 . Check: Multiply the divisor, x + 5, by the

quotient, 2 x − 5. The product must be the
7 y 4 − 40 y 5 + 100 y 2
−5 y 2 original dividend, 2 x 2 + 5 x − 25.
7 y4 40 y 5 100 y 2 ( x + 5 )( 2 x − 5)
= − +
−5 y 2 −5 y 2 −5 y 2 = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 10 x − 25
7 y2 7 y2 = 2 x 2 + 5 x − 25
=− + 8 y 3 − 20 or 8y 3 − − 20
5 5
4 x 2 + x − 18
N5. Divide.
4. Divide 45 x 4 y 3 + 30 x3 y 2 − 60 x 2 y by 15 x 2 y. x−2
45 x 4 y 3 + 30 x3 y 2 − 60 x 2 y Step 1 (see the division following Step 4)
15 x 2 y 4x 2 divided by x is 4 x;
45 x 4 y 3 30 x3 y 2 60 x 2 y 4 x ( x − 2 ) = 4 x 2 − 8 x.
= + − Step 2
15 x 2 y 15 x 2 y 15 x 2 y
Subtract 4 x 2 − 8 x from 4 x 2 + x.
= 3 x 2 y 2 + 2 xy − 4
Bring down −18.
N4. Divide 35m5 n 4 − 49m 2 n3 + 12mn by 7m 2 n. Step 3
9x divided by x is 9;
35m5 n 4 − 49m 2 n3 + 12mn 9 ( x − 2 ) = 9 x − 18.
7m2 n Step 4
35m5 n 4 49m 2 n3 12mn Subtract 9 x − 18 from 9 x − 18.
= − +
7m2 n 7m2 n 7m2 n The remainder is 0.
12 The answer is the quotient, 4 x + 9.
= 5m 3 n 3 − 7 n 2 +
7m 4x + 9
x − 2 4 x + x − 18
2
2 x 2 + 5 x − 25
5. Divide. 4 x2 − 8x
x+5
Step 1 (see the division following Step 4) 9 x − 18
2x 2 divided by x is 2x; 9 x − 18
2 x ( x + 5 ) = 2 x + 10 x.
2
0
Step 2 Check: Multiply the divisor, x − 2, by the
Subtract 2 x 2 + 10 x from 2 x 2 + 5 x. quotient, 4 x + 9. The product must be the
Bring down −25. original dividend, 4 x 2 + x − 18.
Step 3
−5x divided by x is −5;
( x − 2 )( 4 x + 9 )
−5( x + 5) = −5 x − 25. = 4 x 2 − 8 x + 9 x − 18
Step 4 = 4 x 2 + x − 18
Subtract −5 x − 25 from −5 x − 25.
The remainder is 0.
The answer is the quotient, 2 x − 5.
2x − 5
x + 5 2 x + 5 x − 25
2
2 x 2 + 10 x
− 5 x − 25
−5 x − 25
0

6. Divide 2 x3 + 5 x + x 2 + 13 by 2 x + 3. N7. Divide m3 − 1000 by m − 10.

Write the numerator in descending powers and Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing m 2 - and
divide. m-terms.
x2 − x + 4 m 2 + 10m + 100
2 x + 3 2 x3 + x 2 + 5 x + 13 m − 10 m3 + 0m 2 + 0m − 1000
2 x + 3x3 2
m3 − 10m 2
− 2x + 5x
2
10m 2 + 0m
−2 x − 3x
2
10m 2 − 100m
8 x + 13 100m − 1000
8 x + 12 100m − 1000
1 0
(m )
The remainder is 1. 3
− 1000 divided by ( m − 10 ) is
1
The answer is x 2 − x + 4 + .
2x + 3 m + 10m + 100.
2
N6. Divide 6k 3 − 20k − k 2 + 1 by 2k − 3. 8. Divide 2m5 + m 4 + 6m3 − 3m 2 − 18 by

Write the numerator in descending powers and m 2 + 3.
divide.
2 m3 + m 2 − 6
3k 2 + 4 k − 4
m + 0m + 3 2m + m + 6m − 3m + 0m − 18
2 5 4 3 2
2k − 3 6k 3 − k 2 − 20k + 1
2 m5 + 0 m 4 + 6 m3
6k 3 − 9k 2
m 4 + 0m3 − 3m 2
8k 2 − 20k
m 4 + 0m3 + 3m 2
8k − 12k
2
− 6m 2 + 0m − 18
− 8k + 1
−6m 2 + 0m − 18
−8k + 12
0
− 11
The remainder is −11. ( 2m + m + 6m − 3m − 18) divided by
5 4 3 2
The answer is 3k 2 + 4k − 4 +
−11
2k − 3
. ( m + 3) is 2m + m − 6.
2 3 2
N8. Divide y 4 − 5 y 3 + 6 y 2 + y − 4 by y 2 + 2.
7. Divide x3 − 8 by x − 2.
y2 − 5 y + 4
Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing x 2 - and
x-terms. y 2 + 0 y + 2 y 4 − 5 y3 + 6 y 2 + y− 4
x2 + 2 x + 4 y + 0y + 2y
4 3 2
x − 2 x + 0x 3 2
+ 0x − 8 − 5 y3 + 4 y 2 + y
x 3
− 2x 2
−5 y − 0 y − 10 y
3 2
2x 2
+ 0x 4 y 2 + 11y − 4
2x 2
− 4x 4 y2 + 0 y + 8
4x − 8 11 y − 12
4x − 8
0
(x 3
)
− 8 divided by ( x − 2 ) is x 2 + 2 x + 4.

(y 4
)
− 5 y 3 + 6 y 2 + y − 4 divided by y 2 + 2 ( ) The length of the rectangle is x 2 + 4 x + 2
units.
11y − 12
is y 2 − 5 y + 4 + .
y2 + 2 N10. Divide x3 + 7 x 2 + 17 x + 20 by x + 4.
x2 + 3x + 5
9. Divide 3x3 + 7 x 2 + 7 x + 11 by 3 x + 6.
x + 4 x3 + 7 x 2 + 17 x + 20
1 5
x2 + x +
3 3 x3 + 4 x 2
3x + 6 3x3 + 7 x 2 + 7 x + 11 3x 2 + 17 x
3x3 + 6 x 2 3x 2 + 12 x
x2 + 7 x 5 x + 20
x 2
+ 2x 5 x + 20
5 x + 11 0
5 x + 10 The length of the rectangle is x 2 + 3x + 5
1 units.
( 3x 3
)
+ 7 x 2 + 7 x + 11 divided by ( 3x + 6 ) is Exercises
1 5 1
x2 + x + + . 10 x 2 + 8
3 3 3x + 6 1. In the statement = 5 x 2 + 4, 10 x 2 + 8
2
N9. Divide 10 x3 + 21x 2 + 5 x − 8 by 2 x + 4. is the dividend, 2 is the divisor, and 5 x 2 + 4 is
1 3 the quotient.
5x2 + x +
2 2
3 x + 13
2 x + 4 10 x + 21x + 5 x − 8
3 2
2. The expression is undefined if x = 0.
x
10 x 3 + 20 x 2
3. To check the division shown in Exercise 1,
x2 + 5x multiply 5 x 2 + 4 by 2 (or 2 by 5 x 2 + 4 ) and
x2 + 2 x
show that the product is 10 x 2 + 8.
3x − 8
3x + 6 4. The expression 5 x 2 − 4 x + 6 +
2
is not a
x
− 14
(10 x )
2
3
+ 21x + 5 x − 8 divided by ( 2 x + 4 ) is
2 polynomial. The term is equal to 2x −1 and
x
1 3 −14 the exponent is not a whole number.
5x2 + x+ + .
2 2 2x + 4
6 p 4 + 18 p 7
5.
10. Divide x3 + 7 x 2 + 14 x + 6 by x + 3. 3 p2
x2 + 4 x + 2 6 p4 18 p 7
= +
x + 3 x3 + 7 x 2 + 14 x + 6 3 p2 3 p2
x3 + 3x 2 6 18
= p 4−2 + p7 −2
3 3
4 x 2 + 14 x
= 2 p2 + 6 p5
4 x 2 + 12 x
2x + 6
2x + 6
0

20 x 4 − 25 x3 + 5 x 8r 4 − 4 r 3 + 6 r 2
6. 2
12.
5x 2r
4
20 x 4
25 x3 5x 8r 4r 3 6r 2
= 2
− 2
+ = − +
5x 5x 5x2 2r 2r 2r
20 4− 2 25 3− 2 5 1− 2 = 4r − 2r + 3r
3 2
= x − x + x
5 5 5
4a 5 − 4a 2 + 8
−1 13.
= 4 x − 5 x + 1x
2 1
4a
1
= 4 x2 − 5x + 4a 5 4a 2 8
x = − +
4a 4a 4a
60 x 4 − 20 x 2 + 10 x 2
7. = a4 − a +
2x a
60 x 4 20 x 2 10 x 5t 8 + 5t 7 + 15
= − + 14.
2x 2x 2x 5t
60 4 −1 20 2 −1 10 1−1 5t 8 5t 7 15
= x − x + x = + +
2 2 2 5t 5t 5t
= 30 x3 − 10 x + 5 3
=t +t +
7 6
t
120 x 6 − 60 x3 + 80 x 2
8.
2x 18 p 5 + 12 p3 − 6 p 2
15.
120 x 6 60 x 3 80 x 2 −6 p3
= − +
2x 2x 2x 18 p5 12 p3 6 p2
120 6 −1 60 3 −1 80 2 −1 = + −
= x − x + x −6 p 3 −6 p 3 −6 p 3
2 2 2
1
= 60 x5 − 30 x 2 + 40 x = −3 p 2 − 2 +
p
20m5 − 10m 4 + 5m 2
9. 32 x8 + 24 x5 − 8 x 2
5m 2 16.
−8 x 2
20m5 10m 4 5m 2
= − + 32 x8 24 x5 8 x 2
5m 2 5m 2 5m 2 = + −
−8 x 2 −8 x 2 −8 x 2
20 5 − 2 10 4 − 2 5 2 − 2
= m − m + m = −4 x 6 − 3 x 3 + 1
5 5 5
= 4 m3 − 2 m 2 + 1 −7 r 7 + 6r 5 − r 4
17.
−r 5
12t 5 − 6t 3 + 6t 2
10. −7r 7 6r 5 r4
6t 2 = + −
−r 5
−r 5
−r 5
= 12 t 5 − 2 − 6 t 3 − 2 + 6 t 2 − 2 1
6 6 6 = 7r 2 − 6 +
= 2t 3 − t + 1 r
−13t 9 + 8t 6 − t 5
8t 5 − 4t 3 + 4t 2 18.
11. −t 6
2t
8t 5 4t 3 4t 2 −13t 9 8t 6 t 5
= − + = + 6− 6
2t 2t 2t −t 6 −t −t
1
= 4t 4 − 2t 2 + 2t = 13t − 8 +
3
t

12 x5 − 9 x 4 + 6 x3 5 x 4 − 6 x3 + 8 x
19. 2
26.
3x 3x 2
12 x5 9 x4 6 x3 5 x 4 6 x3 8 x
= − + = 2− 2+ 2
3x 2 3x 2 3x 2 3x 3x 3x
= 4 x3 − 3x 2 + 2 x 5x 2
8
= − 2x +
3 3x
24 x 6 − 12 x5 + 30 x 4
20.
3x 2 −81x5 + 30 x 4 + 12 x 2
27.
24 x 6 12 x5 30 x 4 3x 2
= − 2 +
3x 2 3x 3x2 −81x5 30 x 4 12 x 2
= + + 2
= 8 x 4 − 4 x3 + 10 x 2 3x 2 3x 2 3x
= −27 x + 10 x + 4
3 2
3 x 2 + 15 x3 − 27 x 4
21.
3x 2 −60 x5 − 30 x 4 + 20 x3
28.
3x 2 15 x3 27 x 4 3x 2
= 2+ 2 −
3x 3x 3x2 −60 x5 30 x 4 20 x 3
= − +
= 1 + 5 x − 9 x 2 or − 9 x 2 + 5 x + 1 3x 2 3x2 3x 2
20 x
= −20 x3 − 10 x 2 +
3 x 2 − 18 x 4 + 30 x5 3
22.
3x2 The coefficients of the third- and second-degree
terms are −20 and −10, respectively. The sum
3x 2 18 x 4 30 x5
= 2− 2 + of those coefficients is −20 + ( −10 ) = −30.
3x 3x 3x 2
= 1 − 6 x 2 + 10 x3 or 10 x 3 − 6 x 2 + 1 −27r 4 + 36r 3 − 6r 2 − 26r + 2
29.
−3r
36 x + 24 x 2 + 6 x3
23. −27r 4 36r 3 6r 2 26r 2
3x 2 = + − − +
−3r −3r −3r −3r −3r
36 x 24 x 2 6 x3
= 2+ + 26 2
3x 3x 2 3x 2 = 9r − 12r + 2r +
3 2
−
3 3r
12 12
= + 8 + 2 x or 2 x + 8 +
x x −8k 4 + 12k 3 + 2k 2 − 7k + 3
30.
−2k
9 x − 12 x 2 + 9 x3
24. −8k 4 12k 3 2k 2 7k 3
3x 2 = + + − +
−2k −2k −2k −2k −2k
9 x 12 x 2 9 x3
= 2− 2 + 2 7 3
3x 3x 3x = 4k 3 − 6k 2 − k + −
2 2k
3 3
= − 4 + 3x or 3x − 4 +
x x 2m5 − 6m 4 + 8m 2
31.
−2m3
4 x 4 + 3x3 + 2 x 5
25. 2m 6m 4 8m 2
3x 2 = − +
−2m3 −2m3 −2m3
4 x 4 3 x3 2 x
= 2+ 2+ 2 4
3x 3x 3x = −m 2 + 3m −
m
2
4x 2
= +x+
3 3x

32.
6r 5 − 8r 4 + 10r 2 37. (120 x y − 80x
5 4
y + 40 x 2 y 4 − 20 x 5 y 3
2 3
)
−2r
÷ ( 20 xy )
4
2
6r 5 8r 4 10r 2
= − +
−2r 4−2 r 4 −2 r 4 120 x5 y 4 − 80 x 2 y 3 + 40 x 2 y 4 − 20 x5 y 3
=
5 20 xy 2
= −3r + 4 − 2
r 120 x5 y 4 80 x 2 y 3 40 x 2 y 4 20 x5 y 3
= − + −
33. ( 20a 4
− 15a5 + 25a3 ÷ 5a 4 ) ( ) 20 xy 2 20 xy 2 20 xy 2 20 xy 2
= 6 x 4 y 2 − 4 xy + 2 xy 2 − x 4 y
20a 4 − 15a5 + 25a3
=
5a 4 38. ( 200a b − 160a b
5 6 4 7
− 120a3b9 + 40a 2 b 2 )
20a 4 15a5 25a3
= − + ÷ ( 40a b )
2
5a 4 5a 4 5a 4
5 5 200a5b6 − 160a 4 b7 − 120a3b9 + 40a 2b 2
= 4 − 3a + or − 3a + 4 + =
a a 40a 2 b
34. ( 36 y 2
− 12 y 3 + 20 y ÷ 4 y 2 ) ( ) =
200a5b6 160a 4 b7 120a3b9 40a 2 b 2
40a 2 b
−
40a 2b
−
40a 2 b
+
40a 2 b
36 y 2 − 12 y 3 + 20 y = 5a3b5 − 4a 2 b6 − 3ab8 + b
=
4 y2
36 y 2 12 y 3 20 y x2 − x − 6
= − + 39. Divide:
x −3
4 y2 4 y2 4 y2
x+2
5 5
= 9 − 3y + or − 3 y + 9 + x − 3 x2 − x − 6
y y
x2 − 3x
35. (120 x 11
− 60 x + 140 x − 100 x
10 9 8
) ÷ (10 x )
12
2x − 6
120 x − 60 x + 140 x − 100 x
11 10 9 8
2x − 6
=
10 x12 0
120 x11 60 x10 140 x9 100 x8 The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
= − + −
10 x12 10 x12 10 x12 10 x12 x + 2.
12 6 14 10
= − 2+ 3− 4 m 2 − 2m − 24
x x x x 40. Divide:
m− 6
36. ( 45 y 7
+ 9 y 6 − 6 y 5 + 12 y 4 ÷ 3 y8 ) ( ) m +4
m − 6 m − 2m − 24
2
45 y 7 + 9 y 6 − 6 y 5 + 12 y 4
= m 2 − 6m
3 y8
4m − 24
45 y 7 9 y6 6 y5 12 y 4
= + − + 4m − 24
3 y8 3 y8 3 y8 3 y8
45 7 −8 9 6 −8 6 5−8 12 4 −8 0
= y + y − y + y The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
3 3 3 3
−1 −2 −3 −4 m + 4.
= 15 y + 3 y − 2 y + 4 y
15 3 2 4
= + 2− 3+ 4
y y y y

2 y 2 + 9 y − 35 x 2 + 11x + 16
41. Divide: 44. Divide:
y+7 x+8
2y − 5 x+ 3
y + 7 2 y + 9 y − 35
2
x + 8 x + 11x + 16
2
2 y + 14 y
2
x2 + 8x
− 5 y − 35 3x + 16
−5 y − 35 3x + 24
0 −8
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, The remainder is −8. Write the remainder as
2 y − 5. the numerator of a fraction that has the divisor
x + 8 as its denominator. The answer is
2 y2 + 9 y + 7 −8
42. Divide: x + 3+
y +1 x+8
.
2y + 7
y + 1 2y + 9y + 7
2 12m 2 − 20m + 3
45. Divide:
2m − 3
2 y2 + 2 y
6m − 1
7y + 7
2m − 3 12m 2
− 20m + 3
7y + 7
12m 2
− 18m
0
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, − 2m + 3
2 y + 7. −2m + 3
0
p 2 + 2 p + 20
43. Divide: The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
p+6
6m − 1.
p − 4
p + 6 p + 2 p + 20
2 12 y 2 + 20 y + 7
46. Divide:
2y + 1
p2 + 6 p
6y + 7
− 4 p + 20
2 y + 1 12 y 2
+ 20 y + 7
−4 p − 24
12 y 2
+ 6y
44
The remainder is 44. Write the remainder as the 14 y + 7
numerator of a fraction that has the divisor 14 y + 7
p + 6 as its denominator. The answer is
0
44
p−4+ . The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
p+6 6 y + 7.

4a 2 − 22a + 32 12t 3 − 11t 2 + 9t + 18

2a + 3 4t + 3
2a − 14 3t 2 − 5t + 6
2a + 3 4a 2 − 22a + 32 4t + 3 12t 3 − 11t 2 + 9t + 18
4a 2 + 6a 12t 3 + 9t 2
− 28a + 32 − 20t 2 + 9t
−28a − 42
−20t 2 − 15t
74
24t + 18
The remainder is 74. The answer is
24t + 18
74
2a − 14 + .
2a + 3 0
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
9 w2 + 6w + 10 3t 2 − 5t + 6.
48. Divide:
3w − 2
3w + 4 8k 4 − 12k 3 − 2k 2 + 7k − 6
51. Divide:
3w − 2 9w2 + 6 w + 10 2k − 3
9 w2 − 6 w 4k 3 − k +2
2k − 3 8k − 12k
4 3
− 2k 2
+ 7k − 6
12w + 10
12 w − 8 8k − 12k
4 3
18 − 2k 2 + 7 k
The remainder is 18. The answer is −2k 2 + 3k
18
3w + 4 + . 4k − 6
3w − 2
4k − 6
8 x3 − 10 x 2 − x + 3 0
49. Divide:
2x + 1 The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
4 x2 − 7 x + 3 4k 3 − k + 2.
2 x + 1 8 x3 − 10 x 2 − x + 3 27r 4 − 36r 3 − 6r 2 + 26r − 24
52. Divide:
8x + 4x
3 2
3r − 4
− 14 x 2 − x 9r 3 − 2r + 6
−14 x − 7 x
2 3r − 4 27 r − 36r
4 3
− 6r 2
+ 26r − 24
6x + 3 27 r − 36r
4 3
6x + 3 − 6r 2 + 26r
0 −6 r 2 + 8r
18r − 24
4 x 2 − 7 x + 3.
18r − 24
0
9r 3 − 2r + 6.

5 y 4 + 5 y3 + 2 y 2 − y − 8 The quotient is 3k 2 + 2k − 2.
53. Divide:
y +1 6
The answer is 3k 2 + 2k − 2 + .
5y 3
+ 2y − 3 k−2
y + 1 5y + 5y
4 3
+ 2y 2
− y−8
5 z 3 − z 2 + 10 z + 2
56. Divide:
5y + 5y
4 3
z+2
2 y2 − y 5 z 2 − 11z + 32
2 y2 + 2 y z + 2 5z 3 − z 2 + 10 z + 2
− 3y − 8 5 z 3 + 10 z 2
−3 y − 3 − 11z 2 + 10 z
−5 −11z 2 − 22 z
The remainder is −5.
32z + 2
The quotient is 5 y 3 + 2 y − 3.
32 z + 64
−5
The answer is 5 y 3 + 2 y − 3 + . − 62
y +1
The remainder is −62.
2r − 5r − 6r + 15
3 2
The quotient is 5 z 2 − 11z + 32.
54. Divide:
r −3 −62
The answer is 5 z 2 − 11z + 32 + .
2r + r − 3
2 z+2
r − 3 2r − 5r 2 − 6r + 15
3
6 p 4 − 16 p3 + 15 p 2 − 5 p + 10
57. Divide:
2r − 6r
3 2
3p + 1
r 2 − 6r 2 p3 − 6 p 2 + 7 p − 4
r 2 − 3r 3 p + 1 6 p 4 − 16 p3 + 15 p 2 − 5 p + 10
− 3r + 15 6 p 4 + 2 p3
−3r + 9 − 18 p3 + 15 p 2
6 −18 p3 − 6 p 2
The remainder is 6.
The quotient is 2r 2 + r − 3. 21p 2 − 5 p
6 21 p 2 + 7 p
The answer is 2r + r − 3 + 2
.
r −3 − 12 p + 10
−12 p − 4
3k 3 − 4k 2 − 6k + 10
55. Divide: 14
k−2
The remainder is 14.
3k 2 + 2k − 2 The quotient is 2 p3 − 6 p 2 + 7 p − 4.
k − 2 3k 3 − 4k 2 − 6k + 10 14
The answer is 2 p3 − 6 p 2 + 7 p − 4 + .
3k 3 − 6k 2 3p + 1
2k 2 − 6k
2k 2 − 4k
− 2k + 10
−2 k + 4
6
The remainder is 6.

58. Divide:
6r 4 − 11r 3 − r 2 + 16r − 8 (
60. Divide: x3 − 2 x 2 − 9 ÷ ( x − 3) )
2r − 3 Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing x-term.
3r 3 − r 2 − 2r + 5 x2 + x + 3
2r − 3 6r 4 − 11r 3 − r 2 + 16r − 8 x − 3 x3 − 2 x 2 + 0 x − 9
6r 4 − 9r 3 x3 − 3x 2
− 2r 3 − r 2 x2 + 0 x
−2r 3 + 3r 2 x2 − 3x
− 4r 2 + 16r 3x − 9
−4r 2 + 6r 3x − 9
10r − 8 0
10r − 15 (x 3
)
− 2 x 2 − 9 ÷ ( x − 3) = x 2 + x + 3
( )
7
61. Divide: 2 x3 + x + 2 ÷ ( x + 1)
The remainder is 7.
The quotient is 3r 3 − r 2 − 2r + 5. Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing
7 x 2 -term.
The answer is 3r 3 − r 2 − 2r + 5 + . 2 x2 − 2 x + 3
2r − 3
x + 1 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + x + 2
(
59. Divide: x + 2 x − 3 ÷ ( x − 1)
3 2
) 2 x3 + 2 x 2
Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing x-term.
− 2 x2 + x
x2 + 3x + 3
−2 x 2 − 2 x
x − 1 x3 + 2 x 2 + 0 x − 3
3x + 2
x3 − x 2
3x + 3
3x2 + 0 x
−1
3 x 2 − 3x
−1
3x − 3 (2x 3
)
+ x + 2 ÷ ( x + 1) = 2 x 2 − 2 x + 3 +
x +1
3x − 3
0 (
62. Divide: 3x3 + x + 5 ÷ ( x + 1) )
(x 3
)
+ 2 x 2 − 3 ÷ ( x − 1) = x 2 + 3x + 3
Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing
x 2 -term.
3x 2 − 3x + 4
x + 1 3x3 + 0 x 2 + x + 5
3x3 + 3x 2
− 3x2 + x
−3 x 2 − 3 x
4x + 5
4x + 4
1
( 3x 3
)
+ x + 5 ÷ ( x + 1) = 3x 2 − 3x + 4 +
1
x +1

5 − 2r 2 + r 4 −4 x + 3 x3 + 2
r −1 2 x −1
Use 0 as the coefficient for the missing terms. Use 0 as the coefficient for the missing terms.
Rearrange terms of the dividend in descending Rearrange terms of the dividend in descending
powers. powers.
r2 −1 3x 2 + 3x − 1
r 2 + 0r − 1 r 4 + 0r 3 − 2r 2 + 0r + 5 x − 1 3x3 + 0 x 2 − 4 x + 2
r 4 + 0r 3 − r 2 3x3 − 3x 2
− r 2 + 0r + 5 3x2 − 4 x
− r 2 + 0r + 1 3 x 2 − 3x
4 −x+2
The remainder is 4. −x + 1
The quotient is r 2 − 1. 1
4 −4 x + 3x + 2
3
1
The answer is r 2 − 1 + . = 3 x2 + 3x − 1 +
r −1
2 x −1 x −1
4t 2 + t 4 + 7 −5 x + 6 x3 + 5
t2 +1 x −1
Use 0 as the coefficient for the missing terms. Use 0 as the coefficient for the missing terms.
Rearrange terms of the dividend in descending Rearrange terms of the dividend in descending
powers. powers.
t2 +3 6x2 + 6 x + 1
t 2 + 0t + 1 t 4 + 0t 3 + 4t 2 + 0t + 7 x − 1 6 x3 + 0 x2 − 5x + 5
t 4 + 0t 3 + t 2 6 x3 − 6 x 2
3t 2 + 0t + 7 6 x2 − 5x
3t 2 + 0t + 3 6 x2 − 6 x
4 x+5
4t + t + 7
2 4
4 x −1
= t2 + 3 +
t2 + 1 t2 + 1 6
−5 x + 6 x + 5
3
6
= 6 x2 + 6x + 1 +
x −1 x −1

y 3 + 27 a 4 − 36
y+3 a2 + 6
y2 − 3y + 9 a2 − 6
y + 3 y + 0 y + 0 y + 27
3 2
a + 0a + 6 a + 0a + 0a + 0a − 36
2 4 3 2
y + 3y
3 2
a 4 + 0a 3 + 6a 2
− 3y2 + 0 y − 6a 2 + 0a − 36
−3 y 2 − 9 y −6a 2 + 0a − 36
9y + 27 0
9y + 27 The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
0 a 2 − 6.
x 4 − 4 x3 + 5 x 2 − 3 x + 2
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, 71. Divide:
x2 + 3
y 2 − 3 y + 9.
x2 − 4 x + 2
y − 64
3
x 2 + 0 x + 3 x 4 − 4 x3 + 5 x 2 − 3x + 2
68. Divide:
y −4
x 4 + 0 x3 + 3x 2
y 2 + 4 y + 16
− 4 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x
y − 4 y 3 + 0 y 2 + 0 y − 64
−4 x 3 + 0 x 2 − 12 x
y3 − 4 y 2
2 x2 + 9 x + 2
4 y2 + 0 y
2 x2 + 0 x + 6
4 y 2 − 16 y
9x − 4
16y − 64
16y − 64 The remainder is 9 x − 4. The answer is
0 x 4 − 4 x3 + 5 x 2 − 3x + 2 9x − 4
= x2 − 4 x + 2 + .
x +3
2
x2 + 3
y 2 + 4 y + 16. 3t 4 + 5t 3 − 8t 2 − 13t + 2
72. Divide:
t2 − 5
a 4 − 25
69. Divide: 3t 2 + 5t + 7
a2 − 5
t 2 + 0t − 5 3t 4 + 5t 3 − 8t 2 − 13t + 2
a2 + 5
3t 4 + 0t 3 − 15t 2
a 2 + 0a − 5 a 4 + 0a3 + 0a 2 + 0a − 25
5t 3 + 7t 2 − 13t
a 4 + 0 a 3 − 5a 2
5t 3 + 0t 2 − 25t
5a + 0a − 25
2
7t 2 + 12t + 2
5a 2 + 0a − 25
7t 2 + 0t − 35
0
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, 12t + 37
a 2 + 5.
The remainder is 12t + 37. The answer is
3t 4 + 5t 3 − 8t 2 − 13t + 2 12t + 37
= 3t 2 + 5t + 7 + .
t −5
2
t2 − 5

2 x5 + 9 x 4 + 8 x3 + 10 x 2 + 14 x + 5 3
The quotient is a − 10.
73. Divide:
2 x + 3x + 1
2 2
3 77
x3 + 3x 2 − x+5 The answer is a − 10 + .
2 2a + 6
2 x + 3 x + 1 2 x + 9 x + 8 x + 10 x + 14 x + 5
2 5 4 3 2
2 x5 + 3x 4 + x3 76. Divide: (4 x 2 + 11x − 8) ÷ ( 3x + 6 )

4
6 x 4 + 7 x3 + 10 x 2 x +1
3
6 x 4 + 9 x3 + 3x 2 3x + 6 4 x 2 + 11x − 8
− 2 x3 + 7 x 2 + 14 x 4 x2 + 8x
−2 x3 − 3 x 2 − x 3x − 8
10 x + 15 x + 5
2 3x + 6
10 x 2 + 15 x + 5 − 14
4 −14
0 (4 x 2 + 11x − 8) ÷ (3x + 6) = x +1+
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, 3 3x + 6
x3 + 3 x 2 − x + 5. 3 x3 + 5 x 2 − 9 x + 5
77. Divide:
3x − 3
4t 5 − 11t 4 − 6t 3 + 5t 2 − t + 3
74. Divide: 8 1
4t 2 + t − 3 x2 + x−
3 3
t 3 − 3t 2 −1
3x − 3 3x3 + 5 x 2 − 9 x + 5
4t + t − 3 4t − 11t − 6t + 5t − t + 3
2 5 4 3 2
3x3 − 3x 2
4t +
5
t − 3t
4 3
8x2 − 9 x
− 12t − 3t + 5t
4 3 2
8 x2 − 8x
−12t − 3t + 9t
4 3 2
−x+5
− 4t 2 − t + 3 −x + 1
−4t 2 − t + 3 4
0
(3 x3 + 5 x 2 − 9 x + 5) divided by (3 x − 3) is
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, 8 1 4
t 3 − 3t 2 − 1. x2 + x− + .
3 3 3x − 3
75. Divide: (3a 2 − 11a + 17) ÷ (2a + 6)
3
a − 10
2
2a + 6 3a 2 − 11a + 17
3a 2 + 9a
− 20a + 17
−20a − 60
77
The remainder is 77.

5 x3 + 4 x 2 + 10 x + 20 81. Use the formula for the area of a triangle,

78. Divide:
5x + 5 A = 1 bh, with A = 24m3 + 48m 2 + 12m and
2
x2 −
1
x+
11 h = m.
5 5 1
24m3 + 48m 2 + 12m = ( b ) m
5 x + 5 5 x 3 + 4 x 2 + 10 x + 20 2
5x3 + 5 x 2 48m3 + 96m 2 + 24m = bm
− x 2 + 10 x 48m3 + 96m 2 + 24m
=b
m
− x2 − x
48m3 96m 2 24m
11x + 20 + + =b
m m m
11x + 11
48m 2 + 96m + 24 = b
9
82. Use the formula for the area of a parallelogram,
A = bh, with A = 2 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 1 and
(5 x3 + 4 x 2 + 10 x + 20) divided by (5 x + 5) is
h = x − 1.
1 11 9
x − x+ +
2
. 2 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 1 = b ( x − 1)
5 5 5x + 5
2 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 1
79. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle, =b
x −1
A = LW , with A = 5 x3 + 7 x 2 − 13x − 6 and
W = 5 x + 2. 2 x2 + 4 x + 1
5 x3 + 7 x 2 − 13 x − 6 = L(5 x + 2) x − 1 2 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 1
5 x3 + 7 x 2 − 13x − 6 2 x3 − 2 x 2
=L
5x + 2 4x 2 − 3 x
x2 + x−3 4 x2 − 4 x
5 x + 2 5 x3 + 7 x 2 − 13x − 6 x −1
5x + 2x
3 2 x −1
5 x 2 − 13x 0
5x2 + 2 x
The base b is (2 x 2 + 4 x + 1) units.
− 15 x − 6
−15 x − 6 83. Use the distance formula, d = rt , with
0 d = (5 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 14) miles and
r = ( x + 1) miles per hour.
The length L is ( x 2 + x − 3) units. (5 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 14) = ( x + 1)t
80. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle, (5 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 14)

=t
A = LW , with A = 15 x3 + 12 x 2 − 9 x + 3 and ( x + 1)
W = 3.
15 x3 + 12 x 2 − 9 x + 3 = L ( 3)
15 x3 + 12 x 2 − 9 x + 3
=L
3
15 x3 12 x 2 9 x 3
+ − + =L
3 3 3 3
5 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3x + 1 = L

5 x 2 − 11x + 14 6. (−4 y )7 = (−4)7 y 7

x + 1 5 x3 − 6 x 2 + 3x + 14
7. 5( pt )4 = 5 p 4 t 4
5x + 5 x
3 2
6
⎛7⎞ 76
− 11x 2 + 3x 8. ⎜ ⎟ = 6
⎝5⎠ 5
−11x 2 − 11x
14 x + 14 9. (3 x 2 y 3 )3 = 33 ( x 2 )3 ( y 3 )3
14 x + 14 = 33 x 2⋅3 y 3⋅3
0 = 33 x 6 y 9
10. (t 4 )8 (t 2 )5 = t 4 ⋅ 8t 2 ⋅ 5
The time t is (5 x 2 − 11x + 14) hours.
= t 32 t10
84. To find the area A, we divide the total cost by
= t 32 + 10
the cost per square yard.
(4 x5 + 3x 4 + 2 x3 + 9 x 2 − 29 x + 2) = t 42
A=
( x + 2) 11. (6 x 2 z 4 )2 ( x3 yz 2 ) 4
4 x − 5 x + 12 x − 15 x + 1
4 3 2
= 62 ( x 2 ) 2 ( z 4 ) 2 ( x 3 ) 4 ( y ) 4 ( z 2 ) 4
x + 2 4 x + 3 x + 2 x + 9 x − 29 x + 2
5 4 3 2
= 62 x 4 z 8 x12 y 4 z 8
4x + 8x
5 4
= 62 x 4 + 12 y 4 z 8 + 8
− 5 x 4 + 2 x3 = 62 x16 y 4 z16
−5 x − 10 x
4 3
3
⎛ 2 m3 n ⎞ 23 ( m 3 ) 3 n 3
12 x + 9 x
3 2 12. ⎜ 2 ⎟ =
⎜ p ⎟ ( p 2 )3
⎝ ⎠
12 x3 + 24 x 2
23 m 9 n 3
=
− 15 x − 29 x
2
p6
−15 x 2 − 30 x
13. −100 = −(100 ) = −(1) = −1
x+2
x+2 14. −(−23)0 = −1 ⋅ (−23)0 = −1 ⋅ 1 = −1
0
15. 60 + (−6)0 = 1 + 1 = 2
The total area A is
(4x 4
)
− 5 x 3 + 12 x 2 − 15 x + 1 square yards. 16. −30 − 20 = −1 − 1 = −2
1 1
Chapter 4 Review Exercises 17. −7 −2 = − 2
=−
7 49
1. 43 ⋅ 48 = 43 + 8 = 411 −2 2
⎛5⎞ ⎛8⎞ 64
18. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
2. (−5)6 (−5)5 = (−5)6 + 5 = (−5)11 ⎝8⎠ ⎝5⎠ 25
3. (−8 x 4 )(9 x3 ) = −8(9)( x 4 )( x3 ) 19. (2−2 )−3 = 2( −2)( −3)

= −72 x 4 + 3 = −72 x 7 = 26 = 64
4. (2 x 2 )(5 x3 )( x9 ) = 2(5)( x 2 )( x3 )( x9 ) 20. 93 ⋅ 9−5 = 93 + ( −5) = 9−2 =

1
=
1
2 81
2+3+9 9
= 10 x = 10 x14
5. (19 x)5 = 195 x5

Chapter 4 Review Exercises 351
1 1 28,988,000,000 is greater than 2.8988, so the

21. 2−1 + 4−1 = 1
+ 1 power is positive.
2 4
1
= +
1 31. 0.0000000824 = 8.24 × 10−8
2 4 Move the decimal point right eight places so it
2 1 3 is to the right of the first nonzero digit.
= + =
4 4 4 0.0000000824 is less than 8.24, so the power
is negative.
6 −5 63 1 1
22. −3
= = = 32. −4,820,000 = −4.82 × 106
6 65 62 36
Move the decimal point left six places so it is to
x −7 x9 the right of the first nonzero digit. −4,820,000
23. −9
= = x9 − 7 = x 2
x x7 is greater than −4.82 , so the power
y 4 ⋅ y −2 y 4 ⋅ y5 y9 is positive.
24. −5
= 2
= 2
= y7
y y y 33. 2.4 × 104 = 24,000
Move the decimal point four places to the right.
25. (3r −2 )−4 = (3)−4 (r −2 ) −4
= (3−4 )(r −2( −4) ) 34. 7.83 × 107 = 78,300,000
1 Move the decimal point seven places to
= r8 the right.
34
r8 35. 8.97 × 10−7 = 0.000000897
= Move the decimal point seven places to the left.
81
26. (3 p )4 (3 p −7 ) = (34 p 4 )(3 p −7 ) 36. −7.6 × 10−4 = −0.00076

Move the decimal point four places to the left.
= 34 + 1 ⋅ p 4 + ( −7)
= 35 p −3 37. (2 × 10−3 )(4 × 105 )
35 = (2 × 4)(10−3 × 105 )
=
p3 = 8 × 10−3 + 5 = 8 × 102 = 800
ab−3 a 1 38. (2.5 × 10−51 )(2.0 × 1051 )

27. = =
a 4b2 a 4 b 2 b3 a 3b 5 = (2.5 × 2.0)(10−51 × 1051 )
(6r −1 )2 (2r −4 ) (62 r −2 )(2r −4 ) = 5.0 × 10−51+ 51 = 5.0 × 100 = 5

28. =
r −5 (r 2 ) −3 r −5 r − 6
8 × 104 8 104
−6 39. = × −2 = 4 × 104 − ( −2)
=
72r 2 × 10−2 2 10
−11
r
= 4 × 106 = 4,000,000
72r11
=
r6 60 × 10−1 60 10−1 5
40. = × 1 = × 10−1 − 1
= 72r 5 24 × 10 24 10 2
= 2.5 × 10−2 = 0.025
29. 48,000,000 = 4.8 × 107
Move the decimal point left seven places so it is 41. 8.1887 × 1016 = 81,887,000,000,000,000
to the right of the first nonzero digit.
Move the decimal point 16 places to the right.
48,000,000 is greater than 4.8, so the power
is positive. 42. 3.72174 × 107 = 37,217,400
30. 28,988,000,000 = 2.8988 × 1010 Move the decimal point seven places to the
right.
Move the decimal point left 10 places so it is to
the right of the first nonzero digit.

43. 1,008,600,000,000,000 = 1.0086 × 1015 50. Add.

Move the decimal point left 15 places so it is to −2 a 3 + 5a 2
the right of the first nonzero digit. 3a3 − a 2
1,008,600,000,000,000 is greater than
1.0086, so the power is positive. a 3 + 4a 2
44. 67,800,000,000,000 = 6.78 × 1013 51. Subtract.

Move the decimal point left 13 places so it is to 6 y2 − 8 y + 2
the right of the first nonzero digit. 5 y2 + 2 y − 7
67,800,000,000,000 is greater than 6.78, so
Change all signs in the second row and then
the power is positive. add.
45. 9m 2 + 11m 2 = (9 + 11)m 2 6 y2 − 8 y + 2
= 20m 2 −5 y 2 − 2 y + 7
The degree is 2. There is one term, so this is a y 2 − 10 y + 9
monomial.
46. −4 p + p3 − p 2 = p3 − p 2 − 4 p 52. Subtract.

The degree is 3.There are three terms, so this is −12k 4 − 8k 2 + 7k
a trinomial. k 4 + 7k 2 − 11k
47. −7 y 5 − 8 y 4 − y 5 + y 4 Change all signs in the second row and then
add.
= −7 y 5 − 1y 5 − 8 y 4 + 1y 4
−12k 4 − 8k 2 + 7 k
= (−7 − 1) y + (−8 + 1) y
5 4
− k 4 − 7k 2 + 11k
= −8 y − 7 y
5 4
−13k 4 − 15k 2 + 18k
The degree is 5. There are two terms, so the
polynomial is a binomial.
53. y = − x 2 + 5
48. Change all signs in the second polynomial and
x = −2 : y = −(−2) 2 + 5 = −4 + 5 = 1
then add.
(12r 4 − 7r 3 + 2r 2 ) − (5r 4 − 3r 3 + 2r 2 − 1) x = −1: y = −(−1) 2 + 5 = −1 + 5 = 4
− (7r 4 − 3r 3 + 2r − 6) x = 0 : y = −(0)2 + 5 = 0 + 5 = 5
= (12r 4 − 7r 3 + 2r 2 ) + (−5r 4 + 3r 3 − 2r 2 + 1) x = 1: y = −(1)2 + 5 = −1 + 5 = 4
+ (−7r 4 + 3r 3 − 2r + 6) x = 2 : y = −(2) 2 + 5 = −4 + 5 = 1
= 12r 4 − 7r 3 + 2r 2 − 5r 4 + 3r 3 − 2r 2 + 1 x −2 −1 0 1 2
− 7r + 3r − 2r + 6
4 3
y 1 4 5 4 1
= − r − 2r + 7
3
49. (5 x3 y 2 − 3xy 5 + 12 x 2 )
− (−9 x 2 − 8 x3 y 2 + 2 xy 5 )
= (5 x3 y 2 − 3 xy 5 + 12 x 2 )
+ (9 x 2 + 8 x3 y 2 − 2 xy 5 )
= (5 x3 y 2 + 8 x3 y 2 ) + (−3xy 5 − 2 xy 5 )
+ (12 x 2 + 9 x 2 )
= 13x3 y 2 − 5 xy 5 + 21x 2

54. y = 3x 2 − 2 59. (3k − 6)(2k + 1)

x = −2 : y = 3(−2) 2 − 2 = 3 ⋅ 4 − 2 = 10 = 3k (2k ) + 3k (1) + (−6)(2k ) + (−6)(1)
x = −1: y = 3(−1)2 − 2 = 3 ⋅ 1 − 2 = 1 = 6k 2 + 3k − 12k − 6
x = 0 : y = 3(0)2 − 2 = 3 ⋅ 0 − 2 = −2 = 6k 2 − 9k − 6
x = 1: y = 3(1) 2 − 2 = 3 ⋅ 1 − 2 = 1 60. (a + 3b)(2a − b)

x = 2 : y = 3(2)2 − 2 = 3 ⋅ 4 − 2 = 10 = a(2a) + a(−b) + 3b(2a) + 3b(−b)
= 2a 2 − ab + 6ab − 3b2
x −2 −1 0 1 2
= 2a 2 + 5ab − 3b 2
y 10 1 −2 1 10
61. (6k + 5q)(2k − 7 q)
= 6k (2k ) + 6k (−7q) + 5q(2k ) + 5q(−7q)
= 12k 2 − 42kq + 10kq − 35q 2
= 12k 2 − 32kq − 35q 2
62. ( s − 1)3 = ( s − 1)2 ( s − 1)
55. Multiply vertically. = ( s 2 − 2s + 1)( s − 1)

Now, use vertical multiplication.
a 2 − 4a + 1
s 2 − 2s + 1
a + 2
s − 1
2 a 2 − 8a + 2
− s + 2s − 1
2
a 3 − 4a 2 + a
s − 2s 2 + s
3
a 3 − 2a 2 − 7 a + 2
s 3 − 3s 2 + 3s − 1
56. Multiply vertically.
( s − 1)3 = s 3 − 3s 2 + 3s − 1
2r 2 + 4r − 3
3r − 2 63. (a + 4)2 = a 2 + 2(a)(4) + 42
−4r 2 − 8r + 6 = a 2 + 8a + 16
6r 3 + 12r 2 − 9r 64. (2r + 5t ) 2 = (2r ) 2 + 2(2r )(5t ) + (5t )2
6r + 3
8r 2
− 17 a + 6 = 4r 2 + 20rt + 25t 2
57. (5 p 2 + 3 p)( p3 − p 2 + 5) 65. (6m − 5)(6m + 5) = (6m)2 − 52

= 5 p 2 ( p3 ) + 5 p 2 (− p 2 ) + 5 p 2 (5) = 36m 2 − 25
+ 3 p ( p3 ) + 3 p (− p 2 ) + 3 p (5)
66. (5a + 6b)(5a − 6b) = (5a )2 − (6b)2
= 5 p 5 − 5 p 4 + 25 p 2 + 3 p 4 − 3 p3 + 15 p
= 25a 2 − 36b 2
= 5 p − 2 p − 3 p + 25 p + 15 p
5 4 3 2
67. (r + 2)3 = (r + 2) 2 (r + 2)
58. (m − 9)(m + 2)
= (r 2 + 4r + 4)(r + 2)
= m(m) + m(2) + (−9)(m) + (−9)(2)
= r 3 + 4r 2 + 4r + 2r 2 + 8r + 8
= m 2 + 2m − 9m − 18
= r 3 + 6r 2 + 12r + 8
= m 2 − 7m − 18
68. t (5t − 3) 2 = t (25t 2 − 30t + 9)
= 25t 3 − 30t 2 + 9r

69. Answers will vary. One example is given here. 4

V = π ( x + 1)
3
(a) ( x + y )2 ≠ x 2 + y 2 3
4
= π ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2
Let x = 2 and y = 3.
3
( x + y )2 = (2 + 3)2 = 52 = 25
x 2 + y 2 = 22 + 32 = 4 + 9 = 13
4
(
= π x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)
3
)
Since 25 ≠ 13, Now use vertical multiplication.
( x + y )2 ≠ x 2 + y 2 . x2 + 2x + 1
x + 1
(b) ( x + y )3 ≠ x3 + y 3
x + 2x + 1
2
Let x = 2 and y = 3.
x + 2x2 +
3
x
( x + y )3 = ( 2 + 3) = 53 = 125
3
x3 + 3x 2 + 3 x + 1
x3 + y 3 = 23 + 33 = 8 + 27 = 35
Since 125 ≠ 35, 4
(
V = π x3 + 3x 2 + 3 x + 1
3
)
( x + y )3 ≠ x 3 + y 3 .
4 4
= π x3 + 4π x 2 + 4π x + π
70. To find the third power of a binomial, such as 3 3
(a + b)3 , first square the binomial and then The volume of the sphere is
4 3 4
multiply that result by the binomial: π x + 4π x 2 + 4π x + π cubic inches.
( a + b ) 3 = ( a + b ) 2 ( a + b) 3 3
= (a 2 + 2ab + b 2 )(a + b) −15 y 4 −15 y 4 − 2 −5 y 2

73. = =
= (a 3 + 2a 2 b + ab2 ) 9 y2 9 3
+ (a 2 b + 2ab 2 + b3 )
= a3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab2 + b3
74 ( −10m n 4 2
) (
+ 5m3 n 2 + 6m 2 n 4 ÷ 5m 2 n )
−10m 4 n 2 + 5m3 n 2 + 6m 2 n4
71. Use the formula for the volume of a cube, =
5m 2 n
V = e3 , with e = x 2 + 2 centimeters.
−10m n 4 2
5m 3 n 2 6 m 2 n 4
V = ( x 2 + 2)3 = + +
5m 2 n 5m 2 n 5m 2 n
= ( x 2 + 2)2 ( x 2 + 2) 6n3
= −2m 2 n + mn +
= ( x 4 + 4 x 2 + 4)( x 2 + 2) 5
Now use vertical multiplication.
6 y 4 − 12 y 2 + 18 y 6 y 4 12 y 2 18 y
x2 + 4 x 2 + 4 75. = − +
6y 6y 6y 6y
x2 + 2
= y3 − 2 y + 3
2 x4 + 8x 2 + 8
x6 + 4 x4 + 4 x 2 24r 8 s 6 + 12r 7 s 5 − 8r
76.
−4 r 3 s 5
x 6 + 6 x 4 + 12 x 2 + 8
24r 8 s 6 12r 7 s 5 8r
The volume of the cube is = + −
−4 r s
3 5
−4r s3 5
−4r 3 s 5
x 6 + 6 x 4 + 12 x 2 + 8 cubic centimeters.
2
= −6r 5 s − 3r 4 + 2 5
72. Use the formula for the volume of a sphere, r s
4
V = π r 3 , with r = x + 1 inches.
3

77. Let P be the polynomial that when multiplied x 2 + 3x − 4

by 6m 2 n gives the product x 2 + 0 x − 1 x 4 + 3 x3 − 5 x 2 − 3x + 4
12m3 n2 + 18m6 n3 − 24m 2 n 2 .
x 4 + 0 x3 − x 2
( P ) ( 6m 2
)
n = 12m n + 18m n − 24m n
3 2 6 3 2 2
3x3 − 4 x 2 − 3x
12m3 n2 + 18m6 n3 − 24m 2 n 2 3x3 + 0 x 2 − 3x
P= 2
6m n
− 4x2 + 0x + 4
12m3 n2 18m6 n3 24m 2 n 2
= + − −4 x 2 + 0 x + 4
6m 2 n 6m 2 n 6m 2 n
= 2mn + 3m 4 n 2 − 4n 0
78. The error made was not dividing both terms in
x 2 + 3 x − 4.
the numerator by 6. The correct method is as
follows:
m 4 + 4m3 − 12m − 5m 2 + 6
6 x 2 − 12 x 6 x 2 12 x 82. Divide:
= − = x 2 − 2 x. m2 − 3
6 6 6
Write the dividend in descending powers and
2r 2 + 3r − 14 use 0 as the coefficient of the missing term.
79. Divide: m 2 + 4m − 2
r−2
2r + 7 m 2 + 0m − 3 m 4 + 4m3 − 5m 2 − 12m + 6
r − 2 2r 2 + 3r − 14 m 4 + 0m3 − 3m 2
2r 2 − 4r 4m3 − 2m 2 − 12m
7r − 14 4m3 + 0m 2 − 12m
7r − 14
− 2 m 2 + 0m + 6
0
−2m 2 + 0m + 6
The remainder is 0.
The answer is the quotient, 2r + 7. 0
10a 3 + 9a 2 − 14a + 9 m 2 + 4m − 2.
80. Divide:
5a − 3
16 x 2 − 25
2a 2 + 3a − 1 83. Divide:
4x + 5
5a − 3 10a3 + 9a 2 − 14a + 9
4x − 5
10a3 − 6a 2
4 x + 5 16 x + 0 x − 25
2
15a − 14a
2
16 x 2 + 20 x
15a 2 − 9a − 20 x − 25
− 5a + 9 −20 x − 25
−5a + 3 0
6 The remainder is 0.
6 The answer is the quotient, 4 x − 5.
The answer is 2a 2 + 3a − 1 + .
5a − 3
x 4 − 5 x 2 + 3x3 − 3x + 4
81. Divide:
x2 − 1
Write the dividend in descending powers and
use 0 as the coefficient of the missing term.

25 y 2 − 100 6 y 4 − 15 y 3 + 14 y 2 − 5 y − 1
5 y + 10 3y2 + 1
5 y − 10 2 y2 − 5 y + 4
5 y + 10 25 y + 0 y − 100
2
3 y 2 + 1 6 y 4 − 15 y 3 + 14 y 2 − 5 y − 1
25 y + 50 y
2
6 y 4 + 0 y3 + 2 y 2
− 50 y − 100
− 15 y 3 + 12 y 2 − 5 y
−50 y − 100
−15 y 3 + 0 y 2 − 5 y
0
The remainder is 0. 12 y 2 + 0 y − 1
The answer is the quotient, 5 y − 10. 12 y 2 + 0 y + 4
−5
y3 − 8
85. Divide: −5
y−2 The answer is 2 y 2 − 5 y + 4 + .
3y2 + 1
y + 2y + 4
2
y − 2 y + 0 y2 + 0 y − 8
3
4 x5 − 8 x 4 − 3x3 + 22 x 2 − 15
88. Divide:
y3 − 2 y 2 4x2 − 3
2 y2 + 0 y x3 − 2 x 2 +4
2 y2 − 4 y 4 x − 3 4 x − 8 x − 3 x + 22 x + 0 x − 15
2 5 4 3 2
4y −8 4 x5 + 0 x 4 − 3x3
4y −8 − 8 x 4 + 0 x3 + 22 x 2
0 −8 x 4 + 0 x3 + 6 x 2
The remainder is 0.
16 x 2 + 0 x − 15
The answer is the quotient, y 2 + 2 y + 4.
16 x 2 + 0 x − 12
1000 x + 1 6
−3
86. Divide:
10 x 2 + 1 −3
The answer is x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 + .
100 x 4 − 10 x 2 + 1 4x2 − 3
10 x 2 + 1 1000 x 6 + 0x4 + 0x2 + 1
1000 x 6 + 100 x 4 Chapter 4 Mixed Review Exercises
− 100 x 4 + 0 x 2 1. 50 + 70 = 1 + 1 = 2
−100 x 4 − 10 x 2
( )
3 3 2 3
⎛ 6r 2 p ⎞ 6 r p3
10 x + 1
2 2. ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =
⎝ 5 ⎠ 53
10 x 2 + 1
216r 6 p3
0 =
53
The remainder is 0.
The answer is the quotient, 100 x 4 − 10 x 2 + 1. 3. (12a + 1)(12a − 1) = (12a)2 − 12
= 144a 2 − 1
1 1
4. 2−4 = 4
=
2 16

Chapter 4 Mixed Review Exercises 357
2 2 10. Use the following formula for the square of a

( ) ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1
2
5. 4−2 =⎜ 2 ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = binomial: ( x + y ) = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
2
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠16 256
2 p3 − 6 p 2 + 5 p 2 p3 6 p2 5p
( 2r + 5s )2 = ( 2r )2 + 2 ( 2r )( 5s ) + (5s )2
6. = − + = 4r 2 + 20rs + 25s 2
2 p2 2 p2 2 p2 2 p2
2 6 5 2 y 3 + 17 y 2 + 37 y + 7
= p3− 2 − p 2 − 2 + p1− 2 11.
2 2 2 2y + 7
5
= 1 p1 − 3 p 0 + p −1 y2 + 5y + 1
2
5 2 y + 7 2 y 3 + 17 y 2 + 37 y + 7
= p −3+
2p 2 y3 + 7 y2
10y 2 + 37 y
( 2m )(3m )
−5 2 −1
7. 10 y 2 + 35 y
m (m )−2 −1 2
2y + 7
=
2 ⋅ m −5 ⋅ ( 3 ) ⋅ m ( )
−1 2 −1 2y + 7
⋅(m )
−2 −1 2
0
m
The answer is y + 5 y + 1.
2
−5 −1 −2
2⋅ m ⋅3 ⋅m
= 12. ( 2r + 5)(5r − 2)
m −2 ⋅ m − 2
2 ⋅ m2 ⋅ m2 F : 2r ( 5r ) = 10r 2
= O : 2r ( −2 ) = −4r
m5 ⋅ m 2 ⋅ 31
2m 4 I: 5 ( 5r ) = 25r
= L : 5 ( −2 ) = −10
3m7
2
= m 4 −7 ( 2r + 5)(5r − 2) = 10r 2 − 4r + 25r − 10
3
= 10r 2 + 21r − 10
2 2
= m −3 = 13. Add, column by column.
3 3m3
−5 y 2 +3 y −11
8. (3k − 6) ( 2k 2
+ 4k + 1 ) 4 y 2 −7 y +15
− y 2 −4 y +4
2k 2 + 4k + 1
3k − 6 14. ( 25x y − 8 xy 2 + 15 x3 y ÷ 10 x 2 y 3
2 3
) ( )
−12k 2 − 24k − 6
25 x y − 8 xy + 15 x y
2 3 2 3
=
6k + 12k
3 2
+ 3k 10 x 2 y 3
6k 3 − 21k − 6 25 x 2 y 3 8 xy 2 15 x3 y
= − +
10 x 2 y 3 10 x 2 y 3 10 x 2 y 3
−5 9 + ( −5 )
r ⋅r
9
r
9. = =
25 0 0 8 −1 −1 15 1 −2
x y − x y + x y
r ( )
−2 −7 −2 + −7
r ⋅r 10 10 10
r4 5 4 3x
= = − +
r −9 2 5 xy 2 y 2
=r ( )
4 − −9
= r13

15. ( 6 p − p − 8 ) − ( −4 p + 2 p − 3 )
2 2 The area of the rectangle can be expressed
as 2 x 2 + x − 6.
= ( 6 p − p − 8 ) + ( 4 p − 2 p + 3)
2 2
20 (a) Use the formula for the perimeter of a
= ( 6 p + 4 p ) + [ − p + (−2 p)] + [ (−8) + 3]
2 2
square, P = 4s, with s = 5 x 4 + 2 x 2 .
= 10 p 2 − 3 p − 5 (
P = 4 5 x4 + 2 x 2 )
16. Use 0 as the coefficient of the missing x-term. = 4 (5x ) + 4 ( 2x )
4 2
3x 2 + 9x + 25 = 20 x 4 + 8 x 2
x − 3 3x + 0 x − 2 x + 5
3 2
(b) Use the formula for the area of a square,
3x3 − 9 x 2 A = s 2 , with s = 5 x 4 + 2 x 2 .
9x 2 − 2 x
( )
2
A = 5x4 + 2 x2
9 x 2 − 27 x Use the following formula for the square of
25 x + 5 a binomial: ( x + y ) = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
2
25 x − 75
80
(5 x + 2 x )
4 2 2
3x − 2 x + 5
3
80 = ( 5 x ) + 2 ( 5 x )( 2 x ) + ( 2 x )
4 2 4 2 2 2
= 3 x 2 + 9 x + 25 +
x−3 x−3
= 25 x8 + 20 x 6 + 4 x 4
17. Use the following formula for the square of a
binomial: ( x + y ) = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
2
Chapter 4 Test
( −7 + 2 k ) 2
= ( −7 ) + 2 ( −7 )( 2k ) + ( 2k )
2 2
1. 5−4 =
1
=
1
4 625
= 49 − 28k + 4k 2 5
−4 2. ( −3) 0 + 4 0 = 1 + 1 = 2
⎛ x ⎞ x −4
18. ⎜⎜ −3 ⎟⎟ =
⎝y ⎠ (y ) −3 −4
3. 4−1 + 3−1 =
1
1
+
1
1
=
3 4 7
+ =
12 12 12
4 3
1
=
(3x y ) ( xy ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2 2 2
x 4 y12 2
32 x 2 y 2 x 2 y3
4. =
19. (a) Use the formula for the perimeter of a ( xy )3 x3 y 3
rectangle, P = 2 L + 2W , with L = 2 x − 3
9 x4 y2 x2 y6
and W = x + 2. =
P = 2 ( 2 x − 3) + 2 ( x + 2 ) x3 y 3
= ( 4x − 6) + ( 2x + 4) 9 x 6 y8
=
x3 y 3
= ( 4 x + 2 x ) + ( −6 + 4 )
= 6x − 2 = 9 x3 y 5
The perimeter of the rectangle can be
8( )
−1 + 4
8 −1 ⋅ 8 4 83
expressed as 6 x − 2. = 8 ( ) = 85
3 − −2
5. = =
8 −2 8 −2 8 −2
(b) Use the formula for the area of a rectangle,
A = LW , with L = 2 x − 3 and W = x + 2.
A = ( 2 x − 3)( x + 2 )
= 2 x ( x ) + 2 x ( 2 ) + ( −3)( x ) + ( −3)( 2 )
= 2 x 2 + 4 x − 3x − 6
= 2 x2 + x − 6

Chapter 4 Test 359
( x ) ( x y) = ( x ) ( x ) ( y)
−3 −2 −1 2 −3 − 2 −1 2 2
(
(b) 1 × 103 5.89 × 1012)( )
6.
( xy ) −2 2
( x) ( y ) 2 −2 2 = 5.89 × 103 + 12
= 5.89 × 1015
x 6 x −2 y 2
= The Large Magellanic Cloud is 5.89 × 1015
x 2 y −4
miles across.
x4 y 2
=
x 2 y −4 10. 5 x 2 + 8 x − 12 x 2 = 5 x 2 − 12 x 2 + 8 x
= x4 − 2 y
2 − ( −4 ) = −7 x 2 + 8 x
degree 2; binomial (2 terms)
= x2 y6
11. 13n3 − n 2 + n 4 + 3n 4 − 9n 2
1 1
7. (a) 3−4 = 4 = , which is positive. = n 4 + 3n4 + 13n3 − n 2 − 9n 2
3 81
A negative exponent indicates a reciprocal, = 4n 4 + 13n3 − 10n 2
not a negative number. degree 4; trinomial (3 terms)
(b) ( −3) = 81, which is positive.
4
12. y = 2 x 2 − 4
x = −2 : y = 2( −2 ) − 4 = 2 ⋅ 4 − 4 = 4
2
(c) −34 = −1 ⋅ 34 = −81, which is negative.
x = −1: y = 2( −1) − 4 = 2 ⋅ 1 − 4 = −2
2
(d) 3 = 1, which is positive.
0
x = 0 : y = 2 ( 0 ) − 4 = 2 ⋅ 0 − 4 = −4
2
(e) ( −3) − 3 = 1 − 1 = 0
0 0
(zero)
x = 1: y = 2(1) − 4 = 2 ⋅ 1 − 4 = −2
2
(f) ( −3)
−3 1 1 x = 2 : y = 2( 2 ) − 4 = 2 ⋅ 4 − 4 = 4
2
= = , which is negative.
( −3) 3 −27
x −2 −1 0 1 2
8. (a) 45,000,000,000 = 4.5 × 10 10 y 4 −2 −4 −2 4
Move the decimal point left 10 places so it
is to the right of the first nonzero digit.
45,000,000,000 is greater than 4.5, so the
power is positive.
(b) 3.6 × 10−6 = 0.0000036

Move the decimal point six places to the
left.
−1 −1
13. (2 y 2
) ( )
− 8 y + 8 + −3 y 2 + 2 y + 3
9.5 × 10
− ( y + 3 y − 6)
9.5 10
(c) = × 2
5 × 103 5 103
= 1.9 × 10−1 − 3 = ( 2 y − 8 y + 8 ) + ( −3 y + 2 y + 3 )
2 2
= 1.9 × 10−4 + ( − y − 3 y + 6)
2
= 0.00019
= ( 2 y − 3 y − y ) + ( −8 y + 2 y − 3 y )
2 2 2
9. (a) 1000 = 1 × 103

+ (8 + 3 + 6)
5,890,000,000,000 = 5.89 × 1012
= −2 y 2 − 9 y + 17

14. ( −9a b + 13ab + 5a b )

3 2 5 2 2
22. ( 2r − 3) ( r 2 + 2r − 5 )
− ( 6ab + 12a b + 10a b )
5 3 2 2 2
= ( −9a b + 13ab + 5a b )
3 2 5 2 2 r 2 + 2r − 5
2r − 3
+ ( −6ab − 12a b − 10a b )
5 3 2 2 2
−3r 2 − 6r + 15
= ( −9a b − 12a b ) + (13ab − 6ab )
3 2 3 2 5 5
2r 3 + 4r 2 − 10r
+ ( 5a b − 10a b )
2 2 2 2 2r 3 + r 2 − 16r + 15
= −21a3b 2 + 7ab5 − 5a 2 b2 23. Use the formula for the perimeter of a square,
P = 4s, with s = 3 x + 9.
15. Add. P = 4s
−6r 5 +4r 2 −3 = 4( 3 x + 9 )
6r 5
+12r 2
−16 = 4( 3 x ) + 4( 9 )
16r 2
−19 = 12 x + 36
The perimeter of the square is
16. Subtract.
(12 x + 36 ) units.
9t 3 − 4t 2 + 2t + 2
9t 3 + 8t 2 − 3t − 6 24. Use the formula for the area of a square,
Change all signs in the second row and then A = s 2 , with s = 3 x + 9.
add. A = s2
9t 3 − 4t 2 + 2t + 2 = ( 3x + 9 )
2
−9t − 3
8t + 3t + 6
2
= ( 3x ) + 2( 3x )( 9 ) + 92
2
−12t + 5t + 82
= 9 x 2 + 54 x + 81
(
17. 3x 2 −9 x3 + 6 x 2 − 2 x + 1 ) (
The area of the square is 9x 2 + 54 x + 81 )
= 3 x −9 x2
( 3
) + 3x 2
( 6 x ) + 3x ( −2 x ) + 3x (1)
2 2 2 square units.
= −27 x5 + 18 x 4 − 6 x3 + 3x 2 8 y 3 − 6 y 2 + 4 y + 10
25.
2y
18. ( t − 8)( t + 3) 8 y 3 6 y 2 4 y 10
= − + +
= t 2 + 3t − 8t − 24 2y 2y 2y 2y
= t 2 − 5t − 24 = 4 y2 − 3y + 2 +
5
y
19. ( 4 x + 3 y )( 2 x − y )
= 8 x 2 − 4 xy + 6 xy − 3 y 2 26. ( −9 x 2 3
)
y + 6 x 4 y 3 + 12 xy 3 ÷ ( 3xy )
= 8 x 2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2 −9 x y + 6 x y + 12 xy 3
2 3 4 3
=
3 xy
20. ( 5 x − 2 y )2 = ( 5 x )2 − 2( 5 x )( 2 y ) + ( 2 y )2 −9 x 2 y 3 6 x 4 y 3 12 xy 3
= + +
= 25 x − 20 xy + 4 y
2 2
3xy 3 xy 3xy
= −3xy 2 + 2 x3 y 2 + 4 y 2
21. (10v + 3w)(10v − 3w) = (10v )2 − ( 3w)2
= 100v 2 − 9w2

Chapters R–4 Cumulative Review Exercises 361
5 x 2 − x − 18 4. Use the formula for simple interest, I = Prt ,

27. Divide: with P = $34,000, r = 5.4%, and t = 1.
5x + 9
x− 2 I = Prt
5 x + 9 5 x − x − 18
2 = ( 34,000 )( 0.054 )(1)
= 1836
5 x2 + 9 x
She earned $1836 in interest.
− 10 x − 18
5. The positive integer factors of 45 are
−10 x − 18 1, 3, 5, 9,15, and 45.
0
4 x − 2 y 4( −2 ) − 2( 4 )
The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient, 6. =
x − 2. x+ y ( −2 ) + 4
−8 − 8 −16
( )
28. Divide: 3x3 − x + 4 ÷ ( x − 2 )
=
2
=
2
= −8
3x 2 + 6 x + 11 ( −13 + 15) − (3 + 2 ) 2 − 5 −3 1
7. = = =
x − 2 3x + 0 x −
3 2
x+ 4 6 − 12 −6 −6 2
3x − 6 x
3 2
8. −7 − 3⎡⎣ 2 + ( 5 − 8) ⎤⎦ = −7 − 3⎡⎣2 + ( −3)⎤⎦
6x − = −7 − 3[ −1]
2
x
6 x − 12 x
2
= −7 + 3 = −4
11x + 4
9. ( 9 + 2 ) + 3 = 9 + ( 2 + 3)
11x − 22
The numbers are in the same order but grouped
26 differently, so this is an example of the
26 associative property of addition.
The answer is 3x 2 + 6 x + 11 + .
x−2 10. 6( 4 + 2 ) = 6( 4 ) + 6( 2 )
The number 6 outside the parentheses is
Chapters R–4 Cumulative Review “distributed” over the 4 and the 2. This is an
Exercises example of the distributive property.
1.
28 7 ⋅ 4 7
= = ( ) (
11. −3 2 x 2 − 8 x + 9 − 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 )
16 4 ⋅ 4 4
= −6 x + 24 x − 27 − 4 x − 3x − 2
2 2
55 5 ⋅ 11 5 = −10 x 2 + 21x − 29
2. = = =5
11 1 ⋅ 11 1
12. 2 − 3( t − 5) = 4 + t
1
3. Each shed requires 1 cubic yards of concrete, 2 − 3t + 15 = 4 + t
4
−3t + 17 = 4 + t
so the total amount of concrete needed for 25
sheds would be −4t + 17 = 4
1 5 −4t = −13
25 × 1 = 25 ×
4 4 −13 13
t= =
=
125 −4 4
4 ⎧13 ⎫
1 The solution set is ⎨ ⎬.
= 31 cubic yards. ⎩4⎭
4

13. 2( 5 x + 1) = 10 x + 4 ⎛1 1 ⎞
6⎜ p − p ⎟ = ( 6 )( −2 )
10 x + 2 = 10 x + 4 ⎝3 6 ⎠
2=4 False ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
6⎜ p ⎟ − 6⎜ p ⎟ = −12
The false statement indicates that the equation ⎝3 ⎠ ⎝6 ⎠
has no solution, symbolized by ∅. 2 p − p = −12
14. Solve d = rt for r. p = −12
d rt The solution set is {−12}.
= Divide by t.
t t 19. 4 − ( 3 x + 12 ) = −7 − ( 3 x + 1)
d
=r 4 − 3 x − 12 = −7 − 3x − 1
t
−3x − 8 = −3x − 8 True
x x−2 The true statement indicates that the solution
15. =
5 7 set is {all real numbers}.
7 x = 5( x − 2 ) Cross products are equal. 20. Let x = the number of calories burned in
7 x = 5 x − 10 thermoregulation.
2 x = −10 3 43
Then 5 x = x = the number of calories
x = −5 8 8
burned in exertion.
The solution set is {−5}.
43
x + x = 11,200
16. 3x − ( 4 + 2 x ) = −4 8
⎛ 43 ⎞
Write without parentheses. 8⎜ x + x ⎟ = 8(11,200 )
3x − 4 − 2 x = −4 Write without parentheses ⎝ 8 ⎠
x − 4 = −4 Combine like terms. 8 x + 43x = 89,600
x=0 Add 4 to both sides 51x = 89,600
The solution set is {0}. 89,600
x= ≈ 1757
51
17. 0.05 x + 0.15( 50 − x ) = 5.50 A husky burns approximately 1757 calories for
To clear decimals, multiply both sides of the 43 ⎛ 89,600 ⎞
equation by 100. thermoregulation and ⎜ ⎟ ≈ 9443
8 ⎝ 51 ⎠
100 ⎡⎣0.05 x + 0.15( 50 − x )⎤⎦ = 100( 5.50 ) calories for exertion.
100( 0.05 x ) + 100 ⎡⎣0.15( 50 − x )⎤⎦ = 100( 5.50 ) 21. Let x = one side of the triangle.
5 x + 15( 50 − x ) = 550 Then 2 x = the other (unknown) side. The third
side is 17 feet. The perimeter of the triangle
5 x + 750 − 15 x = 550 cannot be more than 50 feet. This is equivalent
−10 x + 750 = 550 to stating that the sum of the lengths of the
−10 x = −200 sides must be less than or equal to 50 feet.
Write this statement as an inequality and solve.
x = 20 x + 2 x + 17 ≤ 50
The solution set is {20}.
3 x + 17 ≤ 50
1 1 3 x ≤ 33
18. p − p = −2
3 6 x ≤ 11
To clear fractions, multiply both sides of the One side cannot be more than 11 feet. The
equation by the least common denominator, other side cannot be more than 2 ⋅ 11 = 22 feet.
which is 6.

Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
Chapters R–4 Cumulative Review Exercises 363
22. −2( x + 4 ) > 3x + 6 8−5 ⋅ 87 8 −5 + 7 82

27. = = =1
−2 x − 8 > 3 x + 6 8 2
8 2
82
−2 x > 3x + 14
−5 x > 14
28.
(a −3 2 2
b ) =
( a ) (b )
−3 2 2 2
( ) ( a ) (b )
−1 − 4 −1 − 3 −1
−5 x 14 2a −4 b −3 2 −1
<
−5 −5
a −6 b 4
14 =
x<− 2 −1 a 4 b 3
5
⎛ 14 ⎞ 2b 4 2b
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ . = 6 4 3 = 10
⎝ 5⎠ a a b a
23. −3 ≤ 2 x + 5 < 9 29. (3.6 × 10 )(3.0 × 10 )

1 5
−8 ≤ 2 x < 4 Subtract 5. = 3.6 × 3.0 × 101 + 5

−8 2x 4
≤ < Divide by 2. = 10.8 × 106
2 2 2
− 4≤ x <2 = 1.08 × 107
The solution set is [ −4, 2 ) . Venus is about 10,800,000 km from the sun.
24. We recognize y = −3 x + 6 as the equation of a 30. (7 x 3

− 12 x 2 − 3x + 8 + 6 x 2 + 4 ) ( )
line with y - intercept ( 0, 6 ) and slope −3. ( )
− −4 x3 + 8 x 2 − 2 x − 2
= ( 7 x − 12 x − 3 x + 8) + ( 6 x )
From the point (0, 6), we can move right 1 unit 3 2 2
+4
and down 3 units to the point (1, 3) to get
another point on the graph. + ( 4 x − 8x + 2 x + 2)
3 2
= ( 7 + 4 ) x3 + ( −12 + 6 − 8) x 2
+ ( −3 + 2 ) x + (8 + 4 + 2 )
= 11x3 − 14 x 2 − x + 14
31. ( 7 x + 4 )(9 x + 3)
25. (a) Use the definition of slope with = 63 x 2 + 21x + 36 x + 12 FOIL
( x1 , y1 ) = ( −1, 5) and ( x2 , y2 ) = ( 2, 8). = 63 x 2 + 57 x + 12
change in y y2 − y1
m= = y3 − 3 y 2 + 8 y − 6
change in x x2 − x1 32. Divide:
8−5 3 y −1
= = =1
2 − ( −1) 3 y2 − 2 y + 6
y − 1 y3 − 3 y 2 + 8 y − 6
(b) Use the point-slope form of the equation of
a line with m = 1 and ( x1 , y1 ) = ( −1, 5) . y3 − y 2
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) − 2 y2 + 8 y
y − 5 = 1⎡⎣ x − ( −1)⎦⎤ −2 y 2 + 2 y
y − 5 = x +1 6y − 6
y=x+6 6y − 6
1 1 5 0
26. 4−1 + 30 = + 1 = 1 , or The remainder is 0. The answer is the quotient,
41 4 4
y 2 − 2 y + 6.
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276 Chapter 4 Exponents and Polynomials

Chapter 4 (f) 64 + 62 : the product rule does not apply

Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises

N2. (a) ( −3) = ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3)

(e) 42 ⋅ 35 : the product rule does not apply

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= ( −1) ⋅ 33 ⋅ (m ) 2 3 = Power rule (b)

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13. In ( −3) , − 3 is the base. 26. 36 ⋅ 37 = 36 + 7 = 313

( −3)4 = ( −3)( −3)( −3)( −3) = 81 27. 42 ⋅ 47 ⋅ 43 = 42 + 7 + 3 = 412

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28. 53 ⋅ 58 ⋅ 52 = 53 + 8 + 2 = 513 43. (4 )

30. ( −9 )8 ( −9 )5 = ( −9 )8 + 5 = ( −9 )13 44. (8 )

31. t 3 ⋅ t 8 ⋅ t13 = t 3 + 8 + 13 = t 24 = 818

34. (10a )( −4a ) = 10 ( −4) a

= ( −10 )( 3) x 2 + 3 + 4 = 1 ⋅ 94 ⋅ 8 Power rule (a)

= (12 )( 4 )( −3) y 3 ⋅ y ⋅ y 5 = ( −1) ⋅ ( 8 )

39. 3 + 3 is a sum, so the product rule does not

product rule does not apply.

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

= ⎡⎢( −1) t ( s ) ⎤⎥ ⎡⎢( −1) ( t ) ( s ) ⎤⎥

Power rule (c)

( ) ( y2 ) z3 ⎤⎥⎦ ⎡⎢⎣ y5 ( z 4 ) ⎤⎥⎦

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( ) 90. Use the formula for the area of a circle,

= 1,000, 000. = 36π a 6

Note that we have raised 3 to the fourth power.

87. Use the formula for the area of a rectangle, ( )(

93. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with P = $250,

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95. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with

96. Use the formula A = P (1 + r ) with

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

a −6 b 6 c −3 10. 30 = 1 Definition of zero exponent

( −2 ) = 1 Definition of zero exponent

16. − ( −13) = −1 ⋅ ( −13) = −1 ⋅ 1 = −1

The expression is negative. (b) − x 0 = −1 ⋅ x 0 = −1 ⋅ 1 = −1 ( Choice C )

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

variable; that is, treat ( a + b ) as you would

Another method: 72. y −8 ⋅ y 5 ⋅ y −2

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( 3x ) ( 4 x ) 77. (6 x)4 (6 x) −3 = (6 x) 4 + ( −3)

43 x 3 78. (10 y )9 (10 y ) −8 = (10 y )9 + ( −8) Product rule

Power rule (b)

Power rule (b)

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90. The student incorrectly assumed that the

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95. c11 (c 2 ) 4 c11c8

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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.