Test Bank for Julien’s Primer of Drug Action Thirteenth Edition

Test Bank for Julien’s Primer of Drug

Action Thirteenth Edition
Full download chapter at: https://testbankbell.com/product/test-bank-for-
juliens-primer-of-drug-action-thirteenth-edition/

1. Pharmacokinetics involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) drug absorption.
B) distribution of a drug.
C) metabolism of a drug.
D) drug tolerance.

2. Pharmacokinetics is about drug and .

A) distribution; tolerance
B) absorption; effect magnitude
C) movement; time
D) half-life; dosage

3. The name of a drug is unique in the sense that it is given this name by the
original patent holder that developed the drug.
A) structural
B) generic
C) legal
D) trade

4. Enteral routes of drug administration involves:

A) inhalation.
B) the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
C) snorting or sniffing the drug.
D) injection into a vein.

5. Oral drug administration:

A) involves passive diffusion.
B) requires drug movement across the stomach wall.
C) means that a drug is absorbed within 30 minutes.
D) may be affected by the presence of orange juice.

6. Rectal drug administration is preferred if a patient is:

A) hyperactive.
B) vomiting.
C) aggressive.
D) anxious.

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1. “Metabolism” of a drug refers to the process of:
A) absorption.
B) distribution.
C) detoxification.
D) elimination.

2. The quantity of drug that reaches its target is determined by its:

A) absorption.
B) distribution and metabolism.
C) metabolism and elimination.
D) absorption, distribution, and metabolism.

3. The study of the movement of drugs through the body over time is termed:
A) pharmacology.
B) physiology.
C) pharmacodynamics.
D) pharmacokinetics.

4. In its simplest form, “pharmacokinetics” describes a drug's:

A) strength.
B) time course.
C) main effects.
D) toxicity levels.

5. The term kinetics implies and time.

A) place
B) direction
C) space
D) movement

6. The main difference between the two anti-anxiety drugs, lorazepam (Ativan) and
triazolam (Halcion), can best be described as:
A) psychological.
B) pharmacodynamic.
C) homeostatic.
D) pharmacokinetic.
1. At the most basic level, pharmacokinetics involves drug absorption.
A) True
B) False

2. Pharmacokinetics involves the study of drug movement over time.

A) True
B) False

3. Drugs may have three names consisting of the structural, generic, and trade names.
A) True
B) False

4. There are three general routes of drug administration.

A) True
B) False

5. A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through mucous membranes.

A) True
B) False

6. A drug must be lipid-soluble to pass through intestinal membranes.

A) True
B) False

7. Grapefruit juice increases the absorption of certain drugs.

A) True
B) False

8. Drugs administered orally may be destroyed by stomach acid thus requiring that they be
administered by injection.
A) True
B) False

9. Drugs administered via inhalation may produce a faster onset of effects than drugs that
are injected into a vein.
A) True
B) False
 Another random document
un-related content on Scribd:
Texas was formed, and five after the State Alliance, the
'Farmers' Union' of Louisiana united with it, under the name
of the 'Farmers' Alliance and Co-operative Union of America.'
Branches were quickly established," in other Southern States.
"Later in the same year, the 'Agricultural Wheel,' a similar
society operating in the States of Arkansas, Missouri,
Kentucky, and Tennessee, was amalgamated with the Alliance,
the new organization being called 'The Farmers' and Laborers'
Union of America.' The spirit of the movement had
simultaneously been embodied in the 'National Farmers'
Alliance' of Illinois, which was started in 1877, and quickly
extended into Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas,
and Dakota. A minor organization, the 'Farmers' Mutual Benefit
Association,' was started in 1887, in the southern part of
Illinois. Finally, in 1889, at a meeting held in St. Louis,
these different bodies were all practically formed into a
union for political purposes, aiming at legislation in the
interests of farmers and laborers; and the present name of the
'Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Union' was chosen. … Its
main professed object is the destruction of the money power in
public affairs, and the opposition of all forms of monopoly.
It demands the substitution of legal tender treasury notes for
National bank notes; also an extension of the public currency
sufficient for the transaction of all legitimate business; the
money to be given to the people on security of their land, at
the lowest rates consistent with the cost of making and
handling it. It demands government control, not only of money,
but of the means of transportation and every other public
function."

Quarterly Register of Current History,

volume 1, page 132.

ALSO IN:
F. M. Drew,
The Present Farmers' Movement
(Political Science Quarterly, June, 1891).
 See, also,
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: A. D. 1866-1875.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1878.

The Bland Silver Bill.

The act familiarly known as the Bland Bill was passed by

Congress in 1878. "Although the silver dollar of which the
coinage was resumed in 1878 dates back as a coin to the
earlier days of the Republic, its reissue in that year marks a
policy so radically new that the experience of previous years
throws practically no light on its working. The act of 1878
provided for the purchase by the government, each month, of
not less than two million dollars' worth, and not more than
four million dollars' worth, of silver bullion, for coinage
into silver dollars at the rate of 412½ grains of standard
silver (or 371¼ grains of fine silver) for each dollar. The
amount of the purchases, within the specified limits, was left
to the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury. As every
Secretary of the Treasury, throughout the period in which the
act was in force, kept to the minimum amount, the practical
result was a monthly purchase of two million dollars' worth of
silver bullion. The act is sometimes described as having
called for a monthly issue of two million silver dollars; but
this was not the exact situation.
{3579}
The amount of silver obtainable with two million dollars
obviously varies according to the price of the metal in terms
of the dollars with which the purchases are made. In February,
1878, when the first purchases were made, those dollars were
the inconvertible United States notes, or greenbacks, worth
something less than their face in gold. … When specie payments
were resumed, on the first of January, 1879, and the
greenbacks became redeemable in gold, the measure of value in
the United States became gold, and the extent of the coinage
of silver dollars under the act of 1878 became simply a
question of how much silver bullion could be bought with two
million dollars of gold. The price of silver in 1878 was, in
terms of gold, not far from a dollar for an ounce of standard
silver. After 1878 it went down almost steadily. … The silver
dollar of 412½ grains contains less than an ounce (480 grains)
of standard silver. The monthly purchase of two million
dollars' worth of silver therefore yielded more than two
million silver dollars, the amount being obviously greater as
the price of silver went lower. On the average, the monthly
yield was not far from two and a half millions of silver
dollars. So much each month, therefore, or thirty millions of
silver dollars a year, was roughly the addition to the
currency of the community from the act of 1878. An important
provision of the act of 1878 was that authorizing the issue of
silver certificates against the deposit of silver dollars. …
The dollars and certificates between them constitute what we
may call the silver currency of the act of 1878. The passage
of that act was due to causes easily described. It was part of
the opposition to the contraction of the currency and the
resumption of specie payments, which forms the most important
episode of our financial history between 1867 and 1879. … No
doubt some additional force was given to the movement in favor
of the use of silver from the desire of the silver-mining
States and their representatives, that the price of the metal
should be kept up through a larger use of it for coinage. But
this element, while sometimes prominent in the agitation, was
not then, as it has not been in more recent years, of any
great importance by itself. The real strength of the agitation
for the wider use of silver as money comes from the conviction
of large masses of the people that the community has not
enough money."

F. W. Taussig,
The Silver Situation in the United States,
part 1.

See, also, MONEY AND BANKING: A. D. 1848-1893.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1880.
The Twenty-fourth Presidential Election.

For the twenty-fourth Presidential election, in 1880, the

Republicans, meeting at Chicago, June 2, named General James
A. Garfield, of Ohio, as its candidate for President and
Chester A. Arthur, of New York, for Vice President. The
so-called Greenback party (which had appeared four years
before, in the election of 1876), meeting at Chicago on the
9th of June, put in nomination, for President, James B. Weaver
of Iowa, and, for Vice President, B. J. Chambers, of Texas.
The main object and principle of the Greenback party was set
forth in the following declarations of its platform: "That the
right to make and issue money is a sovereign power to be
maintained by the people for the common benefit. The
delegation of this right to corporations is a surrender of the
central attribute of sovereignty. … All money, whether
metallic or paper, should be issued and its volume controlled
by the government, and not by or through banking corporations,
and, when so issued, should be a full legal tender for all
debts, public and private. … Legal tender currency [the
greenback notes of the civil-war period] should be substituted
for the notes of the national banks, the national banking
system abolished, and the unlimited coinage of silver, as well
as gold, established by law." The Prohibitionists
(Temperance), in convention at Cleveland, June 17, nominated
Neal Dow, of Maine, for President, and A. M. Thompson, of
Ohio, for Vice President. On the 22d of June, at Cincinnati,
the Democratic party held its convention and nominated General
Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, for President, and
William H. English, of Indiana, for Vice President. At the
election, in November, the popular vote cast was 4,454,416 for
Garfield, 4,444,952 for Hancock, 308,578 for Weaver, and
10,305 for Dow. The electoral votes were divided between
Garfield and Hancock, being 214 for the former and 155 for the
latter. Every former slave-state was carried by the Democratic
 party, together with New Jersey, California and Nevada.

E. McPherson,
Handbook of Politics for 1880 and 1882.

ALSO IN:
J. C. Ridpath,
Life and Work of James A. Garfield,
chapters 10-11.

J. G. Blaine,
Twenty Years of Congress,
chapter 29.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1880.

The Tenth Census.

Total population, 50,155,783 (exceeding that of 1870 by

11,5117,412), classed and distributed as follows:

North Atlantic division.

White. Black.
Maine. 646,852 1,451
New Hampshire. 346,229 685
Vermont. 331,218 1,057
Massachusetts. 1,763,782 18,697
Rhode Island. 269,939 6,488
Connecticut. 610,769 11,547
New York. 5,016,022 65,104
New Jersey. 1,092,017 38,853
Pennsylvania. 4,197,016 85,535

Total 14,273,844 229,417

South Atlantic division.
Delaware. 120,160 26,442
Maryland. 724,693 210,230
District of Columbia. 118,006 59,596
Virginia. 880,858 631,616
West Virginia. 592,537 25,886
North Carolina. 867,242 531,277
South Carolina. 391,105 604,332
Georgia. 816,906 725,133
Florida. 142,605 126,690

Total 4,654,112 2,941,202

North Central division.

Ohio. 3,117,920 79,900
Indiana. 1,938,798 39,228
Illinois. 3,031,151 46,368
Michigan. 1,614,560 15,100
Wisconsin. 1,309,618 2,702
Minnesota. 776,884 1,564
Iowa. 1,614,600 9,516
Missouri. 2,022,826 145,350
Dakota. 133,147 401
Nebraska. 449,764 2,385
Kansas. 952,155 43,107

Total 16,961,423 385,621

{3580}

South Central division.

 White. Black.
Kentucky. 1,377,179 271,451
Tennessee. 1,138,831 403,151
Alabama. 662,185 600,103
Mississippi. 479,398 650,291
Louisiana. 454,954 483,655
Texas. 1,197,237 393,384
Arkansas. 591,531 210,666

Total 5,901,315 3,012,701

Western division.

Montana. 35,385 346

Wyoming. 19,437 298
Colorado. 191,126 2,435
New Mexico. 108,721 1,015
Arizona. 35,160 155
Utah. 142,423 232
Nevada. 53,556 488
Idaho. 29,013 53
Washington. 67,199 325
Oregon. 163,075 487
California. 767,181 6,018

Total 1,612,276 11,852

Grand total. 43,402,970 6,580,793

In addition the census shows 105,465 Chinese, 148 Japanese,

and 66,407 civilized Indians, making a total of 50,155,783, as
stated above. The immigrants arriving in the country during
 the preceding ten years numbered 2,944,695, of whom 989,163
were from the British Islands and 1,357,801 from other parts
of Europe.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1881.

The brief administration of President Garfield.
His assassination.

"President Hayes had left the new administration a heritage of

hatred from the Stalwart element of the Republican party. It
was President Garfield's chief wish, politically, to heal up
the chasm which the past had opened, and not to recognize one
faction more than another. … The defeat of the Stalwarts at
Chicago, by Garfield, naturally tended to transfer their
hostility from the outgoing to the incoming President."

See STALWARTS AND HALF-BREEDS.

"For months before the inauguration, the embarrassment which

threatened Garfield was foreseen by the country." The
inevitable outbreak of hostilities occurred the moment that
the President made a nomination in New York which was
distasteful to the arrogant Senator from that State, Roscoe
Conkling, who imperiously led the Stalwart forces. This
happened upon the presentation of the name of William H.
Robertson for Collector of the Port of New York. In order to
force a division in the Republican party upon the quarrel
between himself and President Garfield, Senator Conkling
resigned his seat in the Senate of the United States and
presented himself to the Legislature of New York as a
candidate for re-election. He counted, without doubt, upon an
easy triumph, expecting to be returned to Washington, bearing
the mandate of his party, so to speak, and humbling the
President into submissive obedience to his behests. He was
disappointed; his re-election was defeated; but the furious
contest which went on during some weeks, engendered bitter
passions, which had their effect, no doubt, in producing the
awful tragedy that soon ensued. By the end of June the clamor
of the strife had greatly subsided; the Senate had adjourned,
and the weary President made ready to join Mrs. Garfield at
Long Branch, where she was just recovering from a serious
illness. "On the morning of the 2d of July … the President
made ready to put his purpose into execution. Several members
of the Cabinet, headed by Secretary Blaine, were to accompany
him to Long Branch. A few ladies, personal friends of the
President's family, and one of his sons, were of the company;
and as the hour for departure drew near they gathered at the
depot of the Baltimore and Potomac Railway to await the train.
The President and Secretary Blaine were somewhat later than
the rest. … When the carriage arrived at the station at
half-past nine o'clock, the President and Mr. Blaine left it
and entered the ladies' waiting-room, which they passed
through arm in arm. A moment afterwards, as they were passing
through the door into the main room, two pistol shots suddenly
rang out upon the air. Mr. Blaine saw a man running, and
started toward him, but turned almost immediately and saw that
the President had fallen. It was instantly realized that the
shots had been directed with fatal accuracy at the beloved
President. Mr. Blaine sprang toward him, as did several
others, and raised his head from the floor. … A moment after
the assassin was discovered … and, in the middle of B Street,
just outside of the depot, was seized by the policemen and
disarmed. A pistol of very heavy caliber was wrenched out of
his hand, and it became clear that a large ball had entered
the President's body. The assassin gave his name as Charles
Jules Guiteau. … [He] was found to be a mixture of fool and
fanatic, who, in his previous career, had managed to build up,
on a basis of total depravity, a considerable degree of
scholarship. He was a lawyer by profession, and had made a
pretense of practicing in several places—more particularly in
Chicago. … In the previous spring, about the time of the
inauguration, he had gone to Washington to advance a claim to
be Consul-General at Paris. … Hanging about the Executive
Mansion and the Department of State for several weeks, he
 seemed to have conceived an intense hatred of the President,
and to have determined on the commission of the crime." The
wounded President lingered for eighty days, during which long
period of suffering there were many alternations of hope and
fear in his case. He died on the 19th of September. His
assassin was tried and executed for the crime, though much
doubt of his sanity exists. The Vice-President, Chester A.
Arthur, became President for the remainder of the term.

J. C. Ridpath,
Life and Work of James A. Garfield,
chapters 12-13.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1882.

Passage of the Edmunds Bill, to suppress Polygamy in Utah.

See UTAH: A. D. 1882-1893.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1883.

Passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill.

See CIVIL-SERVICE REFORM IN THE UNITED STATES.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.

Financial Disasters.

"The month of May, 1884, concludes the prosperous period which

followed the crisis of 1873. During this period the most
gigantic speculations in railroads occurred; the zenith of the
movement was in 1880, and as early as 1881 a retrograde
movement began, only to end in the disasters in question. The
decline in prices had been steady for three years; they had
sunk little by little under the influence of a ruinous
competition, caused by the number of new lines and the
lowering of rates, but above all through the manipulations by
the managers on a scale unexampled until now.
{3581}
 In connection with the disasters of May, 1884, the names of
certain speculators who misused other people's money, such as
Ward, of Grant & Ward; Fish, President of the Marine Bank; and
John C. Eno, of the Second National Bank, will long be
remembered. General Grant, who was a silent partner in Ward's
concern, was an innocent sufferer, both in fortune and
reputation."

C. Juglar,
Brief History of Panics,
pages 102-103.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1884.

The Twenty-fifth Presidential Election.
Appearance of the Independents or "Mugwumps."

James G. Blaine, of Maine, and General John A. Logan, of

Illinois, nominated at Chicago, June 3, were the Republican
candidates for President and Vice President, in the election
of 1884. The Democratic National Convention, held, likewise,
at Chicago, July 8, put forward Governor Grover Cleveland, of
New York, as its candidate for President, with Thomas A.
Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice President. General Benjamin F.
Butler, of Massachusetts, and General A. M. West, of
Mississippi, received double nominations, from the National or
Greenback party and an Anti-Monopoly party (so-called) for
President and Vice President, respectively; while the
Prohibitionists put in nomination John P. St. John, of Kansas,
and William Daniel, of Maryland. The election was an
exceedingly close one, its result turning upon a plurality of
only 1,149 in New York, by which that state was given to
Cleveland, with its 36 electoral votes, securing his election.
The total popular vote counted as follows: Cleveland,
4,874,986; Blaine, 4,851,981; Butler, 175,370; St. John,
150,369. The electoral vote was divided between Cleveland and
Blaine, 219 for the former and 182 for the latter.
 E. McPherson,
Hand-book of Politics, 1884 and 1886.

Annual Cyclopœdia, 1884.

"At the presidential election of 1884 a section of the

Republican party, more important by the intelligence and
social position of the men who composed it than by its voting
power, 'bolted' (to use the technical term) from their party,
and refused to support Mr. Blaine. Some simply abstained,
some, obeying the impulse to vote which is strong in good
citizens in America, voted for Mr. St. John, the
Prohibitionist candidate, though well aware that this was
practically the same thing as abstention. The majority,
however, voted against their party for Mr. Cleveland, the
Democratic candidate; and it seems to have been the
transference of their vote which turned the balance in New
York State, and thereby determined the issue of the whole
election in Mr. Cleveland's favour." This group "goes by the
name of Mugwumps. … The name is said to be formed from an
Indian word denoting a chief or aged wise man, and was applied
by the 'straight-out' Republicans to their bolting brethren as
a term of ridicule. It was then taken up by the latter as a
term of compliment; though the description they used formally
in 1884 was that of 'Independent Republicans.' … The chief
doctrine they advocate is … the necessity of reforming the
civil service by making appointments without reference to
party, and a general reform in the methods of politics by
selecting men for Federal, State, and municipal offices, with
reference rather to personal fitness than to political
affiliations."

J. Bryce,
The American Commonwealth (3d edition, revised),
chapter 56, with foot-note (volume 2).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1885-1888.

 Termination of the Fishery Articles of the Treaty of Washington.
Renewed controversies.
The rejected Treaty.

See FISHERIES, NORTH AMERICAN: A. D. 1877-1888.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1886-1893.

The Bering Sea controversy and arbitration.

"Four serious international controversies have arisen out of

the rival claims of Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and the
United States to the shores and waters of the northwest coast
of the continent of North America. The first of these was in
consequence of an attempt of the Spanish Government, in 1790,
to prevent the British from trading with the natives of that
coast. It was settled by the Nootka Sound Convention of
October 28, 1790, by which the subjects of both powers enjoyed
equal privileges of trade to all points not already occupied.
The second controversy was the result of an attempt of Russia
in 1821 to prohibit England and the United States from trading
anywhere north of the 51st parallel, or to approach within 100
Italian miles of the coast. Both governments energetically
protested and secured treaties in 1824 and 1825, by which they
retained the right of fishing and of landing on unoccupied
points of that coast. The third controversy was as to the
division of the coast between Great Britain and the United
States, Spain having by the treaties of 1824 and 1825 accepted
the parallel of 54° 40' as her southern boundary. The rival
claims of the two remaining powers, after long diplomatic
discussion, were settled by the treaty of July 17, 1846,
according to which the parallel of 49° was made the dividing
line. By the treaty of March 30, 1867, with Russia, all the
dominions and claims of that country on the continent of North
America and the outlying islands thereof were transferred to
the United States. A further, and still pending, controversy
arose in 1886 through the seizure by United States vessels of
Canadian vessels engaged in the taking of seals in waters not
 far distant from the Aleutian Islands. The claim of the United
States was that it had acquired from Russia exclusive rights
in Behring Sea, at least with regard to seal fishing. The
British Government representing the Canadians denied that
there could be any exclusive rights outside three miles off
shore. By an agreement of February 29, 1892, the question has
been submitted to arbitration," the arbitrators to give "a
distinct decision" upon each of the following five points:

"1. What exclusive jurisdiction in the sea now known as the

Behring's Sea, and what exclusive rights in the seal fisheries
therein, did Russia assert and exercise prior and up to the
time of the cession of Alaska to the United States?

2. How far were these claims of jurisdiction as to the seal

fisheries recognized and conceded by Great Britain?

3. Was the body of water now known as the Behring's Sea

included in the phrase 'Pacific Ocean,' as used in the treaty
of 1825 between Great Britain and Russia, and what rights, if
any, in the Behring's Sea, were held and exclusively exercised
by Russia after said treaty?

{3562}

4. Did not all the rights of Russia as to the jurisdiction and

as to the seal fisheries in Behring's Sea east of the water
boundary, in the treaty between the United States and Russia
of the 30th of March, 1867, pass unimpaired to the United
States under that treaty?

5. Has the United States any right, and if so, what right, of
protection or property in the fur-seals frequenting the
islands of the United States in Behring's Sea, when such seals
are found outside the ordinary three-mile limit?"

American History Leaflets, no. 6.

The arbitrators to whom these points of the question were
submitted under the treaty were seven in number, as follows:
Justice John M. Harlan, of the Supreme Court of the United
States, and Senator John T. Morgan, of Alabama, appointed by
the United States; Rt. Hon. Lord Hannan, and Sir John S. D.
Thompson, Prime Minister of Canada, appointed by Great
Britain; Senator Baron Alphonse de Courcelles, formerly French
Ambassador at Berlin, appointed by the French government;
Senator Marquis E. Visconti Venosta, appointed by the Italian
government; and Judge Mons. Gregers Gram, Minister of State,
appointed by the government of Sweden. The Court of
Arbitration met at Paris, beginning its sessions on March 23,
1893. The award of the Tribunal, signed on the 15th of August,
1893, decided the five points submitted to it, as follows:

(1) That Russia did not, after 1825, assert or exercise any
exclusive jurisdiction in Bering Sea, or any exclusive rights
in the seal fisheries;

(2) that no such claims on the part of Russia were recognized

or conceded by England;

(3) that the body of water now known as Bering Sea was
included in the phrase "Pacific Ocean," as used in the treaty
of 1825 between Great Britain and Russia, and that no
exclusive rights of jurisdiction in Bering Sea or as to the
seal fisheries there were held or exercised by Russia after
the treaty of 1825;

(4) that all the rights of Russia as to jurisdiction and the

seal fisheries in Bering Sea east of the water boundary did
pass unimpaired to the United States under the treaty of March
30, 1867;

(5) that the United States has not any right of protection or
property in the fur seals frequenting the islands of the
 United States in Bering Sea, when such seals are found outside
the ordinary three-mile limit.

Mr. Morgan alone dissented from the decision rendered on the

first and second points, and on the second division of the
third point. Justice Harlan and Mr. Morgan both dissented on
the fifth point. On the fourth point, and on the first
division of the third, the decision was unanimous. These
points of controversy disposed of, the Arbitrators proceeded
to prescribe the regulations which the Governments of the
United States and Great Britain shall enforce for the
preservation of the fur seal. The regulations prescribed
prohibit the killing, capture or pursuit of fur seals, at any
time or in any manner, within a zone of sixty miles around the
Pribilov Islands; prohibit the same from May 1 to July 31 in
all the part of the Pacific Ocean, inclusive of Bering Sea,
which is north of 35° north latitude and eastward of the 180th
degree of longitude from Greenwich till it strikes the water
boundary described in Article I. of the Treaty of 1867 between
the United States and Russia; and following that line up to
Bering Straits; allow only sailing vessels, with licenses, to
take part in fur seal fishing operations, and forbid the use
of nets, firearms and explosives, except as to shot guns
outside of Bering Sea. As promulgated, the Award bore the
signatures of all the Arbitrators.

The Behring Sea Arbitration:

Letters to The Times.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1887-1888.

Tariff Message of President Cleveland.
Attempted revision of the Tariff.
Defeat of the Mills Bill.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES): A. D. 1884-1888.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1888.

The Twenty-sixth Presidential election.

President Cleveland was nominated for re-election by the

Democratic National Convention, held at St. Louis, June 5,
with Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, for Vice President. The
Republican Convention, at Chicago, June 19, named Benjamin
Harrison, of Indiana, for President, and Levi P. Morton, of
New York, for Vice President. At Indianapolis, May 30, the
Prohibition party had already put in nomination General
Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey, and John A. Brooks, of
Missouri, for President and Vice President, respectively. The
Union Labor Party, convening at Cincinnati, May 15, had
nominated Alson J. Streeter, of Illinois, and Charles E.
Cunningham, of Arkansas; the United Labor Party, a rival
organization, had put forward Robert H. Cowdrey, of Illinois,
and William H. T. Wakefield, of Kansas; and still another
labor ticket had been brought forward in February, at
Washington, where an organization calling itself the
Industrial Reform party, put Albert E. Redstone, of
California, and John Colvin, of Kansas, in nomination. At Des
Moines, Iowa, May 15, the National Equal Rights party had
named a woman for the Presidency, in the person of Mrs. Belva
Lockwood, of Washington, with Alfred H. Love, of Philadelphia,
named for Vice President. Finally, in August, an organization
attempting to revive the American Party of former days,
convening at Washington, presented James L. Curtis, of New
York, for President, and James R. Greer of Tennessee (who
declined the honor) for Vice President. In the ensuing
election, the popular vote was distributed as follows:

Cleveland, 5,540,329;
Harrison, 5,439,853;
Fisk, 249,506;
Streeter, 146,935;
Cowdrey, 2,818;
Curtis, 1,591.
 Notwithstanding the greater number of votes cast for Cleveland
(his plurality being 100,476), Harrison was chosen President
by the electoral votes, receiving 233. while 168 were given
for Cleveland.

Appletons Annual Cyclopœdia, 1888,

pages 773-782, and 799-828.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1889-1890.

The opening of Oklahoma.
The Johnstown Flood.
The Pan-American Congress.
Admission of seven new States.

"In the centre of Indian Territory there is a large district

called, in the Indian language, Oklahoma, or the 'Beautiful
Land.' This tract was finally purchased from the Indians by
the United States, early in 1889. On the 22d of April, of that
year, some 50,000 persons were waiting impatiently on the
borders of Oklahoma for President Harrison's signal, giving
them permission to enter and take up lands in the coveted
region. At precisely twelve o'clock noon, of that day, the
blast of a bugle announced that Oklahoma was open to
settlement. Instantly an avalanche of human beings rushed
wildly across the line, each one eager to get the first
chance. Towns made of rough board-shanties and of tents sprang
up in all directions. The chief of these were Oklahoma City
and Guthrie. At the end of four months, the latter had a
population of about 5,000, with four daily papers and six
banks; and arrangements, doubtless since completed, were being
made to start a line of street cars, and light the city with
electricity.
{3583}
A week after the opening of Oklahoma, the centennial
anniversary of the inauguration of Washington, and of the
beginning of our government under the Constitution, was
celebrated in New York City [April 29-May 1]. … In a little
less than a month from that occasion, the most terrible
disaster of the kind ever known in our history occurred (May
31, 1889) in Western Pennsylvania. By the breaking of a dam, a
body of water forty feet high and nearly half a mile in width
swept down through a deep and narrow valley. In less than
fifteen minutes, the flood had traversed a distance of
eighteen miles. In that brief time, it dashed seven towns out
of existence, and ended by carrying away the greater part of
Johnstown. The whole valley at that place was choked with
ruins; at least 5,000 persons lost their lives, and property
worth ten million dollars was utterly destroyed. In the autumn
(October 2, 1889), representatives of the leading governments
of Central and of South America, together with the Republic of
Mexico, met representatives chosen by the United States in a
conference or congress held at Washington. The object of the
congress was to bring about a closer union of the Americas,
for purposes of trade, and of mutual advantage. The delegates
spent six weeks in visiting the principal commercial and
manufacturing cities of the United States. They then returned
to Washington, and devoted the greater part of the remainder
of the year and part of 1890 to the discussion of business."

D. H. Montgomery,
Leading Facts of American History,
sections 390-392.

"An act to provide for the division of Dakota into two States,
and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Dakota,
Montana, and Washington, to form constitutions and State
governments … was approved by President Cleveland, February
22, 1889. This act provided that the Territory of Dakota
should be divided on the line of the seventh standard
parallel. … On the 4th of July, 1889, the four conventions
assembled-for North Dakota at Bismarck, for South Dakota at
Sioux Falls, for Montana at Helena, and for Washington at
Olympia."
 F. N. Thorpe,
Recent Constitution-making in the United States
(Annals of the American Academy of
Political and Social Science, September, 1891).

Acceptable constitutions having been framed and adopted in the

several proposed new states, North Dakota and South Dakota
were admitted to the Union by proclamation of President
Harrison, November 3, 1889, Montana, November 8, and
Washington, November 11, in the same year. "Early in the
session of the fifty-first Congress, Wyoming presented her
claims for Statehood, asking for admission to the Union under
the Constitution of September, 1889, which was adopted by the
people on November 5 following. The bill for admission passed
the House of Representatives on March 27, 1890, passed the
Senate on June 27, and received the President's signature on
July 10. By its terms Wyoming became a state from and after
the date of the President's approval." Idaho had previously
been admitted, by a bill which received the President's
signature on the 3d of July, 1890.

Appletons' Annual Cyclopœdia, 1890 and 1889.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1890.

McKinley Tariff Act.

See TARIFF LEGISLATION (UNITED STATES); A. D. 1890.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1890.

The Eleventh Census.

Total population 62,622,250 (exceeding that of 1880 by

12,466,467, classed and distributed as follows;

North Atlantic division.