CHAPTER 1.

CHEMICAL BONDING

1. LEWIS THEORY: AN OVERVIEW

 Valence e- are crucial to produce bonds.

 E- tranfer generate ionic bonds between ions
 Sharing of e- leads to covalent bonds.
 e- are organized to obtain a stable structure,v which mimics a noble gas with the octet rule.

Lewis structure is not usually used to describe ionic bonding.

2.COVALENT BONDING: AN INTRODUCTION

Concepts: Single (double, trple) covalent bond, bond pair, lone pair

Coordinate covalent bond: a single atom contributes both e

PARAMAGNETISM

With paramagnetism atoms are repelled by a magnetic field, while diamagnetism creates attraction to
the magnetic field.

3. LEWIS POLAR COVALENT BONDS AND ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL MAPS

ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN)

Atoms hability to compete for electrons. EN is proportional to I (Ionización)- EA (Electro affinity)

Electronegativity difference (ΔEN): difference in EN values between bonded atoms.

ΔEN is small: covalent

Intermidiate value: polar covalent bond

ΔEN is large: ionic bond (>2)

4. WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURES

FORMAL CHARGE

FC = number valence e- - number lone paire- - ½ number BBVbond pair e

General Rules for Formal Charge • Sum of FC is the overall charge • FC should be as small as possible •
Negative FC usually on most electronegative elements • FC of same sign on adjacent atoms is unlikely

7. SHAPES OF MOLECULES. VSEPR THEORY

Sigma (s) bond: end-to-end overlap (frontal) of orbitals along the straight line joining the nuclei of the
bonded atoms. Electron density betweenthe nuclei of the bonding atoms

Pi (π) bond: side-to-side overlap (lateral) of p orbitals, producing a high electron density above and
below the line joining the bonded atoms
Sigma con asterisco: antibonding