This document discusses the properties of several elements including carbon, silicon, and their compounds. Carbon monoxide is produced through reactions such as the water-gas shift reaction and is highly toxic when bonded to hemoglobin. Silicon dioxide is a covalent network solid that is almost non-reactive due to strong Si-O bonds. Carbon dioxide is acidic, consumed in photosynthesis, and produced through combustion of fuels like methane. Silicones are polymers containing repeating units of R2Si(OH)2 that are water-repelling due to non-polar alkyl groups. The properties of group 13 elements like ionization energy and oxidation state stability decrease down the group.
This document discusses the properties of several elements including carbon, silicon, and their compounds. Carbon monoxide is produced through reactions such as the water-gas shift reaction and is highly toxic when bonded to hemoglobin. Silicon dioxide is a covalent network solid that is almost non-reactive due to strong Si-O bonds. Carbon dioxide is acidic, consumed in photosynthesis, and produced through combustion of fuels like methane. Silicones are polymers containing repeating units of R2Si(OH)2 that are water-repelling due to non-polar alkyl groups. The properties of group 13 elements like ionization energy and oxidation state stability decrease down the group.
This document discusses the properties of several elements including carbon, silicon, and their compounds. Carbon monoxide is produced through reactions such as the water-gas shift reaction and is highly toxic when bonded to hemoglobin. Silicon dioxide is a covalent network solid that is almost non-reactive due to strong Si-O bonds. Carbon dioxide is acidic, consumed in photosynthesis, and produced through combustion of fuels like methane. Silicones are polymers containing repeating units of R2Si(OH)2 that are water-repelling due to non-polar alkyl groups. The properties of group 13 elements like ionization energy and oxidation state stability decrease down the group.
. Basic Unit is SiO44– . Preparation: . Preparation
. Covalent, three dimensional Electronic configuration: [Noble gas] ns2np1 . They exist in different structures like C + 2H2 O → CO + H 2 network solid. CaCO 3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O chain, ring, sheet or 3-D structure. Watergas CH4 + 2O2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) . Almost non-reactive due to . Zeolites are 3-D silicates in which some high Si—O bond enthalpy. of the Si atoms are replaced by Al+3 ions. 123 K . 2C + O2 + 4N 2 → 2CO + 4N2 . It is consumed during photosynthesis Oxidation state: +1 & +3 They are used in water softening. . Acidic in nature. 6CO3 + 12H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O Pr oducergas SiO2 + 2NaOH Na2SiO3 + H2O . Highly poisnous due to formation of a Metalliccharacter : B Al Ge In Tl complex with haemoglobin. NonMetal Metals Silicones . acts as reducing agent Chemical ZnO(s) + CO(g) Zn(s) + CO2(g) Properties . Contains repeated R 2Si(OH)2units held Atomic radii, ionic radii, density & stability of +1 oxidation state: Generally increase by Si - O - Si linkage. Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) Cu powder down the group. 2RQ + Si R2SiCl2 . Reactivity towards air: They form R2SiCl2 + 2H2O R2Si(OH)2 + 2HCL Important Compounds oxides of the formula EO and EO2 of C & Si on heating with air. Boiling point & stability of +3 oxidation state: n[R2Si(OH)2 ] Polymerise Silicone Decreases down the group. . Acidic strength of their oxides dec. down . They are water repelling due to non-polar the group. alkyl group. CO2, SiO2 GeO2 SnO PbO 2, 2
Electronegativity: B > Tl > In > Ga > Al Acidic Less Acidic Amphoteric
. Reactivity towards water: only Sn
reacts with steam. Al Ga Si Ge Melting point: Dec. from B to Ga then increases. B > Al > Ga > In > Tl THE P-BLOCK B GROUP 13 I ELEMENTS C GROUP 14 Pb . Reactivity towards halogen: They form halide of formula EX2 and EX4 most of BORON FAMILY CARBON FAMILY the EX4 are covalent in nature. Ionisation Energy: B > Tl > Ga > Al > In Tl S . Except CCl4 , Other halides are easily Hydrolysed by water Lewis Acid: BCl3, AlCl3 etc behaves as Lewis SiCl4 + 4H2O Si(OH)4 + 4HCl Acid due to incomplete octet. Silicic acid Important Compounds of Boron
Atomic and Physical
Chemical Properties Borax Diborane Properties Orthoboric Acid Na2B4O7.10H2O B2H6 H3BO3 ∆ Reactivity towards Air→ 4E + 3O 2 → 2E2 O3 White Crystalline Solid Preparation . Electronic configuration: Colourless, highly toxic gas White crystalline solid, Non protic acid [Noble gas] ns2 np2 B 2 O3 Al 2O3 Ga 2O3 In 2O3 Tl 2 O3 4H3 BO3 + Na 2 CO3 → Na 2 B 4O7 + 6H2O + CO2 preparation preparation Acidi Amphoteri Basic 456 K . Oxidation state: +2 & +4 Reactions 2BF3 + 6NaH → B 2 H6 + 6NaF Na2 B 4O7 + 2HCl + 5H2 O → 2NaCl + 4H3 BO3 . Atomic radii, metallic ∆ Na 2 B 4O7 + 7H 2O → 2NaOH + 4H3 BO3 2E + N2 → 2En{ Excep Ga, In, Tl } 2NaBH4 + I2 B2H6 + 2NaI + H2 reaction character & stability of +2 Oxidation state generally increase Heating 370K H3 BO3 → HBO2 + H 2 O down the group. Reactivity towards halogens: Na2B4O7 → 2NaBO2 + B2O3 reaction Monoboric acid C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
2E + 3X 2 → 2EX 3 (Except TlI3) B 2H6 + 3O2 → B2 O 3 + 3H2 O HBO2 B2O3 H
O . Catenation: Decreases down 3B2H6 + 6NH3 3[BH2 (NH3)2]+[BH4]- the group. ( X = F, Cl, Br, I ) Sp2 hybridized HO Sp3 hybridized H B B ∆ O O Pb does not show catenation. Boron Atom Boron Atom 2B3N3H6 + 12H2 O O H H C >> Si > Ge ≈ Sn Reactivity towards Acids and alkalies HO B O OH 2Na+ . 8H2O B H H O O . Ionization enthalpy H H H 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq.) 2Al3+ + 6Cl-(aq.) + 3H2(q) H B O (aq.) O O O C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn B B O H O B O H B B H O O . Elutronegativity 2Na+[Al(OH)4]-(aq) + 3H2(q) HO 2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq.) + 6H2O H H H H H C > Pb > Si ≈ Ge ≈ Sn