A Gronwall Inequality and Its Applications To

Sudsutad et al.
Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2023) 2023:20

https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-023-02929-x
RESEARCH Open Access
A Gronwall inequality and its applications to

the Cauchy-type problem under ψ-Hilfer
proportional fractional operators
Weerawat Sudsutad1 , Chatthai Thaiprayoon2 , Bounmy Khaminsou3 , Jehad Alzabut4,5 and
Jutarat Kongson2*
*
Correspondence:
jutarat_k@go.buu.ac.th Abstract
2
Research Group of Theoretical and
Computational Applied Science, In this paper, we propose a generalized Gronwall inequality in the context of the
Department of Mathematics, ψ -Hilfer proportional fractional derivative. Using Picard’s successive approximation
Faculty of Science, Burapha and the definition of Mittag–Leffler functions, we construct the representation
University, Chonburi 20131,
Thailand formula of the solution for the ψ -Hilfer proportional fractional differential equation
Full list of author information is with constant coefficient in the form of the Mittag–Leffler kernel. The uniqueness
available at the end of the article result is proved by using Banach’s fixed-point theorem with some properties of the
Mittag–Leffler kernel. Additionally, Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler stability results are
analyzed. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the theory’s
application.
MSC: 26A33; 34A08; 34B10; 33E12
Keywords: Generalized Gronwall inequality; Fixed-point theorem; ψ -Hilfer
proportional fractional operators; Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler stability
1 Introduction
Fractional calculus has a long and illustrious history, with applications in fields as di-
verse as mathematics, physics, biology, engineering, and so on. The number of definitions
is made greater and clearer when novel fractional integral and derivative operators are
evolved. Differential equations with noninteger order can be encountered in a variety of
fields, so-called fractional differential equations (FDEs), including viscoelasticity, electri-
cal circuits, nonlinear oscillations, earthquakes, and so on. The books and sources listed
here are recommended to the readers [1–5]. Nonetheless, in order to acquire a better un-
derstanding and more realistic real-world modeling, researchers sought additional forms
of fractional operators that were not confined to the Riemann–Liouville (RL) type. Many
works have provided a variety of definitions of the fractional operator [6–11]. However,
fractional integral and derivative operators were essentially variants of fractional opera-
tors with kernel-function dependency [1, 2, 12].
In 2014, Khalil et al. [13] first introduced conformable fractional derivatives and es-
sential ideas about these derivatives were proposed by Abdeljawad [14]. The fractional
© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which
permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit
to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The
images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise
in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright
holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Sudsutad et al. Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2023) 2023:20 Page 2 of 35
operators presented [7, 8] are the nonlocal operators equivalents of the local operators
proposed in [13]. Furthermore, [11] shows the nonlocal fractional frame of [14]. Subse-
quently, Anderson corrected the derivative in the sense of being conformable by applying
the proportional derivative (PD) and its application to control theory [15, 16]. In 2017,
Jarad et al. [17] created a new class of generalized fractional operators using a special case
of PDs in the context of RL and Caputo types. In 2019, Alzabut et al. [18] investigated the
generalized Gronwall inequality involving the proportional fractional operators (PFOs) to
study some qualitative results of solutions for FDEs within proportional fractional deriva-
tives (PFDs). Then, in 2020, the definitions of the PFDs in RL and Caputo senses of a
function with respect to another function (w.r.t.a.f ) and some important properties were
developed by [19, 20]. This type of formulation is limited to fractional derivatives with the
differential operator working on the integral operator. A fractional differentiable operator
is possibly proposed that merges these previous operators and overcomes a large num-
ber of formulations to propose a FDE and verify qualitative properties of solutions to the
FDEs, like existence and uniqueness results and stability properties. In 2021, Ahmed et
al. [21] created the Hilfer generalized PFD operator, that combines the operators given in
[17]. They also included several significant lemmas and essential properties. Later, Mallah
et al. [22] initiated the ψ-Hilfer generalized PFD of a function w.r.t.a.f, which serves as
a link between PFDs in RL and Caputo senses, as stated in [19, 20]. It combines a large
number of fractional derivatives into a single fractional operator, which opens the door to
new applications. In addition, they discussed the existence and uniqueness of solutions for
nonlinear FDE with a nonlocal condition applying the fixed-point theory of Krasnoselskii
and Banach types.
Over the last few years, sufficient conditions of qualitative properties of solutions for
nonlinear FDEs have been rigorously investigated by using standard fixed-point theory.
Ulam’s stability is also one of the strongest stability strategies. Ulam [23] initiated Ulam’s
stability of functional equations in 1940. In 1941, Hyers [24] discussed this in the sense
of Banach spaces. This is the so-called Ulam–Hyers (UH) stability. Then, in 1978, Ras-
sias [25] developed UH stability to a novel formation of stability recognized as Ulam–
Hyers–Rassias (UHR) stability. The properties of Ulam’s stability guarantee the existence
of solutions when the problem under consideration is Ulam’s stability. In 2014, by using
a generalized Gronwall’s inequality, Wang and Li [26] first established a variety of Ulam–
Mittag–Leffler (U–ML) stability like Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler (UH–ML) stability,
generalized Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler (GUH–ML) stability, Ulam–Hyers–Rassias–
Mittag–Leffler (UHR–ML) stability, and generalized Ulam–Hyers–Rassias–Mittag–
Leffler (GUHR–ML) stability for FDEs. In 2019, Sousa and Oliveira [27] presented a
generalized Gronwall inequality involving ψ-Hilfer fractional derivatives and studied a
nonlinear FDE for the ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem. Liu et al. [28] investigated the
existence properties and U–ML stability of solutions to a class of ψ-Hilfer FDEs under
a delay term by applying the Picard iterative technique and a ψ–RL fractional Gronwall
inequality. Subsequently, Harikrishnan et al. [29] established the qualitative results of so-
lutions for the FDEs with a boundary condition. Abdo et al. [30] analyzed the existence
properties of solutions for the ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem involving the fractional
integrodifferential equation under nonlocal condition using Krasnoselskii’s and Banach’s
fixed-point theorems. Kucche et al. [31] represented the formula of the solution for the
Cauchy-type problem in the form of the ML function and they established the existence
properties of solutions for the nonlinear ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem under FDEs. In

2021, Almalahi and Panchal [32] investigated the existence results of the solutions for a
nonlinear ψ-Hilfer FDE by employing the fixed-point theories of Banach and Schaefer.
In addition, they used the generalized Gronwall inequality to analyze the UH–ML sta-
bility. For the study correlative to the qualitative properties of solutions for the fractional
initial/boundary value problems (IVPs/BVPs), we recommend a series of works [33–46],
and the references therein.
Inspired by the works of [18, 22, 26, 27] in this paper, we investigate novel qualitative
results of the solutions like uniqueness and U–ML stability properties of a nonlinear ψ-
Hilfer PFDE via mixed boundary conditions (ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs):
⎧
⎪ H α,β,ψ
⎨ρ Da+ x(t) = λx(t) + f (t, x(t)), α ∈ (1, 2), β ∈ [0, 1], t ∈ (a, b],
⎪
x(a) = 0, (1.1)
⎪
⎪
⎩m n δj ,ψ r H φk ,β,ψ
i=1 θi x(ηi ) + j=1 ωjρ Ia+ x(ξj ) + k=1 μk ρ Da+ x(σk ) = A,
u,β,ψ
where H
ρ Da+ is the ψ-Hilfer PFD of order u = {α, φk } and type β with 1 < φk < α ≤ 2, γ =
δj ,ψ
α + β(2 – α), λ < 0, ρ Ia+ denotes the ψ-RL proportional fractional integral (PFI) of order
δj > 0, f ∈ C ([a, b] × R, R), θi , ωj , μk , A ∈ R, ηi , ξj , σk ∈ [a, b], i = 1, 2, . . . , m, j = 1, 2, . . . , n,
and k = 1, 2, . . . , r.
The paper is organized as follows: in Sect. 2, we review the fundamental concepts
and demonstrate some of the lemmas used throughout this work. The idea of a fixed-
point theorem is also introduced. In addition, we analyze the Gronwall inequality under
PFOs w.r.t.a.f. In Sect. 3, we derive a description formula for the solution of the linear ψ-
Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem with constant coefficient in the layout of ML kernel form.
Next, we construct an equivalent integral equation to the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1).
In Sect. 4, we investigate the uniqueness result of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) by
using properties of ML functions and fixed-point theory. We examine U–ML stability of
solutions to the proposed problem in Sect. 5. In Sect. 6, we provide numerical examples
to demonstrate our results. Finally, some thoughts on the results are presented in Sect. 7.
2 Preliminaries
Assume that [a, b] ⊂ R+ is a finite interval with 0 < a < b < +∞. Suppose α, β, γ verify
the following equation γ = α + β(n – α), where α, γ ∈ (n – 1, n], β ∈ [0, 1] and γ ≥ α,
γ > β, n – γ < n – β(n – α). Let ψ ∈ C 1 ([a, b]) be an increasing function with ψ = 0, for
all t ∈ [a, b]. Let X = C ([a, b] × R, R) be the Banach space of the continuous function x
on [a, b] equipped with the norm given by [1], x(t) X = supt∈[a,b] {|x(t)|}. The space of the
n-times absolutely continuous function x on [a, b] is given by AC n ([a, b]) = {x : [a, b] →
R; x(n–1) ∈ AC ([a, b])}.
2.1 The ψ -Hilfer proportional fractional calculus

Let Lp ([a, b], R) be the Banach space of all Lebesgue measurable σ : [a, b] → R equipped
with the norm σ Lp ([a,b]) < +∞. For easy benefit, we determine the symbol
ρ–1 u–1
Kψu–1 (t, s) = e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(s)) ψ(t) – ψ(s) . (2.1)
Definition 2.1 ([19, 20]) Let α ∈ C, Re(α) > 0, ρ ∈ (0, 1]. The ψ–RL PFI of order α of the
function f ∈ L1 ([a, b]) w.r.t.a.f ψ is given by
t
1
α,ψ
ρ Ia+ f (t) = Kψα–1 (t, τ )f (τ )ψ (τ ) dτ ,
ρ α (α) a
∞ α–1 –τ
where (α) = 0 τ e dτ , τ > 0.
Definition 2.2 ([19, 20]) Let ρ ∈ [0, 1] and κ0 , κ1 : [0, 1] × R → [0, ∞) be continuous so
that for any t ∈ R we obtain limρ→0+ κ1 (ρ, t) = 1, limρ→0+ κ0 (ρ, t) = 0, limρ→1– κ1 (ρ, t) = 0,
limρ→1– κ0 (ρ, t) = 1, and κ1 (ρ, t) = 0, ρ ∈ [0, 1), κ0 (ρ, t) = 0, ρ ∈ (0, 1]. Let ψ(t) be a contin-
uously differentiable and increasing function. Then, the PDO of order ρ of the function f
w.r.t.a.f ψ is defined by
ψ f (t)
ρ D f (t) = κ1 (ρ, t)f (t) + κ0 (ρ, t) . (2.2)
ψ (t)
In particular, if κ1 (ρ, t) = 1 – ρ and κ0 (ρ, t) = ρ, then (2.2) can be written as
ψ f (t)
ρ D f (t) = (1 – ρ)f (t) + ρ . (2.3)
ψ (t)
Definition 2.3 ([19, 20]) Let α ∈ C, Re(α) > 0, ρ ∈ (0, 1]. The ψ–RL PFD of order α of
α,ψ n–α,ψ
the function f ∈ C n ([a, b]) w.r.t.a.f ψ is given by ρ Da+ f (t) = ρ Dn,ψ ρ Ia+ f (t) or
n,ψ t
ρ Dt
α,ψ
ρ Da+ f (t) = Kψn–α–1 (t, τ )f (τ )ψ (τ ) dτ , (2.4)
ρ n–α (n – α) a
where n = [Re(α)] + 1, [Re(α)] is the integer part of α and ρ Dn,ψ = ρ Dψ · ρ Dψ · · · ρ Dψ .

n-times
Definition 2.4 ([19, 20]) Let α ∈ C, Re(α) > 0, ρ ∈ (0, 1]. The ψ-Caputo PFD of order α
α,ψ n–α,ψ
of the function f w.r.t.a.f ψ is given by Cρ Da+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ ρ Dn,ψ f (t) or
t
1
C α,ψ
ρ Da+ f (t) = Kψn–α–1 (t, τ )ρ Dn,ψ f (τ )ψ (τ ) dτ . (2.5)
ρ n–α (n – α) a
Corollary 2.5 ([19, 20]) Let ρ ∈ (0, 1], Re(α1 ), Re(α2 ) > 0. Hence, if f is continuous and
defined for any t ≥ a, we obtain
α1 ,ψ α2 ,ψ α1 +α2 ,ψ α ,ψ α ,ψ
ρ Ia+ ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+2 ρ Ia+1 f (t).
Corollary 2.6 ([19, 20]) If 0 < Re(α2 ) < Re(α1 ), Re(α1 ), Re(α2 ) ∈ (n – 1, n], n ∈ N, and ρ ∈
(0, 1], then, we obtain
α2 ,ψ α1 ,ψ α1 –α2 ,ψ
ρ Da+ ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ f (t).
Definition 2.7 ([22]) Let α ∈ (n – 1, n), n ∈ N, ρ ∈ (0, 1], β ∈ [0, 1], and f , ψ ∈ C n ([a, b]),
(–∞ < a < b < +∞), be two functions so that ψ is increasing and ψ = 0, for all t ∈ [a, b].
The ψ-Hilfer PFD of order α and type β of the function f w.r.t.a.f ψ is given by
H α,β,ψ β(n–α),ψ (1–β)(n–α),ψ β(n–α),ψ γ ,ψ

ρ Da+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ ρD
n,ψ
ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ ρ Da+ f (t). (2.6)
Remark 2.8 By Definition 2.7, we have the following relations:

(i) If β = 0, then Definition 2.7 reduces to Definition 2.3.
(ii) If β = 1, then Definition 2.7 reduces to Definition 2.4.
Lemma 2.9 ([22]) Let α ∈ (n – 1, n), n ∈ N, ρ ∈ (0, 1], β ∈ [0, 1], γ = α + β(n – α) so that
n–γ ,ψ
γ ∈ (n – 1, n). If f ∈ Cγ ([a, b]) and ρ Ia+ f ∈ Cγn,ψ ([a, b]), then
α,ψ H α,β,ψ

n γ –j
Kψ (t, a) j–γ ,ψ
ρ Ia+ ρ Da+ f (t) = f (t) – ρ Ia+ f (a) . (2.7)
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1)
Lemma 2.10 Let δ, α ∈ (n – 1, n), n ∈ N, β ∈ [0, 1], ρ ∈ (0, 1], and δ ≥ α + β(n – α). If
f ∈ C n ([a, b]), then
H α,β,ψ δ,ψ δ–α,ψ

ρ Da+ ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ f (t). (2.8)
Proof Let γ = α + β(n – α) with γ ∈ (n – 1, n), where n ∈ N. By applying Definition 2.7 with
Corollaries 2.5 and 2.6, we obtain
H α,β,ψ δ,ψ β(n–α),ψ γ ,ψ δ,ψ β(n–α),ψ δ–γ ,ψ δ–α,ψ

ρ Da+ ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ ρ Da+ ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ ρ Ia+ f (t) = ρ Ia+ f (t).
This completes the proof.
Next, we provide some basic results of the ML functions Eα (·) and Eα,β (·) that will be
employed throughout this work.
Lemma 2.11 ([37, 47]) Take z ∈ (0, 1), c > 0. Hence, Ez and Ez,c are nonnegative functions,
and for each u < 0, Ez (u) ≤ 1, Ez,c (u) ≤ 1/(c), where the ML functions Ez and Ez,c are
given by
∞
∞

un un
Ez (u) = and Ez,c (u) = , u ∈ R.
n=0
(zn + 1) n=0
(zn + c)
Moreover, for any λ < 0 and τ1 , τ2 ∈ [a, b], we obtain
z z
Ez,z+c λ ψ(τ2 ) – ψ(a) → Ez,z+c λ ψ(τ1 ) – ψ(a) as τ2 → τ1 ,
where Ez (0) = 1 and Ez,c (0) = 1/(c).
Proposition 2.12 ([19, 20]) Let α ≥ 0 and c > 0. Then, for any ρ ∈ (0, 1] and n = [α] + 1,
we have
α,ψ c–1 (c)

ρ Ia+ Kψ (t, a) = Kc+α–1 (t, a). (2.9)
ρ α (c + α) ψ
Proposition 2.13 ([22]) Let α ∈ (n – 1, n), n = [α] + 1, β ∈ [0, 1], ρ ∈ (0, 1], γ = α + β(n – α).
Then, for each c ∈ R with c > n, we obtain
H α,β,ψ
c–1 ρ α (c) c–α–1
ρ Da+ Kψ (t, a) = K (t, a). (2.10)
(c – α) ψ
Next, we are going to demonstrate essential properties, which will be employed through-
out our main results.
Lemma 2.14 Take α, c, γ ∈ R+ , λ ∈ R. Then,
H α,β,ψ
c–1 γ
ρ Da+ Kψ (t, a)Eγ ,c λρ –γ ψ(t) – ψ(a)
Kψc–α–1 (t, a) γ
= Eγ ,c–α λρ –γ ψ(t) – ψ(a) , (2.11)
ρ –α
where Eu,v (·) is defined in Lemma 2.11.
Proof By Definition 2.7, Lemma 2.11, and Proposition 2.13, we obtain
H α,β,ψ
c–1 γ
ρ Da+ Kψ (t, a)Eγ ,c λρ –γ ψ(t) – ψ(a)
∞

α,β,ψ
(λρ –γ (ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ )n
=H
ρ Da+ Kψc–1 (t, a)
n=0
(nγ + c)
∞
λn H α,β,ψ
nγ +c–1
= D + Kψ (t, a)
n=0
ρ nγ (nγ + c) ρ a
∞
α
λn ρ (nγ + c) nγ +c–α–1
= K (t, a)
n=0
ρ nγ (nγ + c) (nγ + c – α) ψ
∞
nγ +c–α–1
λn K ψ (t, a)
=
n=0
ρ nγ –α (nγ + c – α)
∞
Kψc–α–1 (t, a) (λρ –γ (ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ )n
= ,
ρ –α n=0
(nγ + c – α)
which allows the required (2.11).
Lemma 2.15 Take α, c, γ ∈ R+ , λ ∈ R. Hence,
α,ψ c–1 –γ γ
ρ Ia+ Kψ (t, a)Eγ ,c λρ ψ(t) – ψ(a)
Kψc+α–1 (t, a) γ
= Eγ ,α+c λρ –γ ψ(t) – ψ(a) , (2.12)
ρα
where Eu,v (·) is defined in Lemma 2.11.
Proof By Definition 2.1, Lemma 2.11, and Proposition 2.12, we obtain
α,ψ c–1 –γ γ
ρ Ia+ Kψ (t, a)Eγ ,c λρ ψ(t) – ψ(a)
1 t γ
= α
Kψα–1 (t, τ ) Kψc–1 (τ , a)Eγ ,c λρ –γ ψ(τ ) – ψ(a) ψ (τ ) dτ
ρ (α) a
1 t ρ–1 α–1 c–1

= e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(a)) ψ(t) – ψ(τ ) ψ(τ ) – ψ(a)
ρ α (α) a
∞

(λρ –γ (ψ(τ ) – ψ(a))γ )n
× ψ (τ ) dτ
n=0
(nγ + c)
ρ–1 ∞
t
e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(a)) λn α–1 nγ +c–1
= ψ(t) – ψ(τ ) ψ(τ ) – ψ(a) ψ (τ ) dτ
ρ α (α) n=0
ρ nγ (nγ + c) a
∞
Kψc+α–1 (t, a) λn (ψ(t) – ψ(a))nγ
= ,
ρα n=0
ρ nγ (nγ + α + c)
which gives the desired (2.12).
Lemma 2.16 Take α > 0, β > 0, ρ ∈ (0, 1] k > 0, λ, z ∈ R, f ∈ C ([a, b]). Hence, we have

t α
k,ψ
ρ Ia+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f (s)ψ (s) ds
a
1 t α
= k Kψα+k–1 (t, s)Eα,k+α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f (s)ψ (s) ds. (2.13)
ρ a
Proof By Definition 2.1 and Lemma 2.15, we have

z α
k,ψ
ρ Ia+ Kψα–1 (z, t)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(z) – ψ(t) f (t)ψ (t) dt
a
z
1
= Kψk–1 (z, τ )
ρ k (k) a

τ α
× Kψα–1 (τ , t)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(τ ) – ψ(t) f (t)ψ (t) dt ψ (τ ) dτ
a
z z
1
= Kψk–1 (z, τ )
a ρ k (k) t

α
× Kψα–1 (τ , t)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(τ ) – ψ(t) ψ (τ ) dτ f (t)ψ (t) dt
1 z α
= Kψα+k–1 (z, t)Eα,k+α λρ –α ψ(z) – ψ(t) f (t)ψ (t) dt,
ρk a
which yields the required (2.13).
Lemma 2.17 Let (n + 1)α > k > 0, β > 0, ρ ∈ (0, 1], λ, z ∈ R, and f ∈ C ([a, b]). Then, we
obtain

t –α α
H k,β,ψ
ρ Da+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f (s)ψ (s) ds
a
t α
= ρk Kψα–k–1 (t, s)Eα,α–k λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f (s)ψ (s) ds. (2.14)
a
Proof By using Lemma 2.15, Definition 2.1, Lemma 2.10, respectively, we have

t –α α
H k,β,ψ
ρ Da+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f (s)ψ (s) ds
a
∞

λn t
=H
k,β,ψ
ρ Da+ Kψnα+α–1 (t, s)f (s)ψ (s) ds
n=0
ρ nα (nα + α) a
∞
H k,β,ψ nα+α,ψ
= ρα λn ρ Da+ ρ Ia+ f (t)
n=0
∞
nα+α–k,ψ
= ρα λn ρ Ia+ f (t)
n=0
∞
t
1
= ρα λn nα+α–k
Kψnα+α–k–1 (t, s)f (s)ψ (s) ds
n=0
ρ (nα + α – k) a
∞

t (λρ –α (ψ(t) – ψ(s))α )n
=ρ k
Kψα–k–1 (t, s) f (s)ψ (s) ds
a n=0
(nα + α – k)
t α
= ρk Kψα–k–1 (t, s)Eα,α–k λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f (s)ψ (s) ds.
a
This completes the proof.
2.2 The Gronwall inequality via ψ -Hilfer PFOs

In this section, we analyze a generalized Gronwall inequality by means of the PFOs w.r.t.a.f
ψ and other properties. In addition, ML functions are used to represent a specific version.
Theorem 2.18 (A generalized Gronwall inequality under the ψ-Hilfer PFOs) Let α, ρ > 0,
and ψ ∈ C 1 ([a, b]) be an increasing function so that ψ (t) = 0, for all t ∈ [a, b]. Suppose that
(i) u(t) and v(t) are two nonnegative functions locally integrable on [a, b];
(ii) w(t) is a nonnegative, nondecreasing, and continuous function defined on t ∈ [a, b] so
that w(t) ≤ M, where M ∈ R.
If
α,ψ
u(t) ≤ v(t) + ρ α (α)w(t) ρ Ia+ u(t) , (2.15)
then
∞

t [w(t)(α)]m
u(t) ≤ v(t) + Kψmα–1 (t, τ )v(τ )ψ (τ ) dτ , t ∈ [a, b]. (2.16)
a m=1
(mα)
Proof Define
t
Bφ(t) = w(t) Kψα–1 (t, τ )φ(τ )ψ (τ ) dτ . (2.17)
a
This yields that
u(t) ≤ v(t) + Bu(t), (2.18)

For n ∈ N, we have

m–1
u(t) ≤ Bk v(t) + Bm u(t). (2.19)
k=0
Next, we claim that
t
[w(t)(α)]m mα–1
Bm u(t) ≤ Kψ (t, τ )u(τ )ψ (τ ) dτ , (2.20)
a (mα)
and Bm u(t) → 0 as m → ∞ for t ∈ [a, b]. We know that the relation (2.20) is true for m = 1.
Suppose that the formula is true for some m = k ∈ N,
t
[w(t)(α)]k kα–1
Bk u(t) ≤ Kψ (t, τ )u(τ )ψ (τ ) dτ .
a (kα)
If m = k + 1, then the induction hypothesis implies that

Bk+1 u(t) = B Bk u(t)
t
[w(t)(α)]k kα–1
≤B Kψ (t, τ )u(τ )ψ (τ ) dτ
a (kα)
t
= w(t) Kψα–1 (t, τ )ψ (τ )
a
τ
[w(τ )(α)]k kα–1
× Kψ (τ , r)u(r)ψ (r) dr dτ . (2.21)
a (kα)
By assumption, w(t) is a nondecreasing function, w(τ ) ≤ w(t), for any τ ≤ t, thus, (2.21)
becomes
t τ
wk+1 (t) k (α)
Bk+1 u(t) ≤ Kψα–1 (t, τ )Kψkα–1 (τ , r)ψ (τ )ψ (r)u(r) dr dτ . (2.22)
(kα) a a
By Dirichlet’s formula, (2.22) can be written as
t t
wk+1 (t) k (α)
Bk+1 u(t) ≤ Kψα–1 (t, τ )Kψkα–1 (τ , r)ψ (τ ) dτ ψ (r)u(r) dr
(kα) a r
k+1 k t t
w (t) (α) ρ–1
ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(r))
≤ e
(kα) a r

α–1 kα–1
× ψ(t) – ψ(τ ) ψ(τ ) – ψ(r) ψ (τ ) dτ ψ (r)u(r) dr. (2.23)
Upon changing variables ψ(τ ) = ψ(r) + z(ψ(t) – ψ(r)) and using the property of the beta
function, we obtain
t ρ–1 α–1 kα–1

e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(r)) ψ(t) – ψ(τ ) ψ(τ ) – ψ(r) ψ (τ ) dτ
r
1
= Kψkα+α–1 (t, r) (1 – z)α–1 zkα–1 dz
0
(α)(kα) kα+α–1
= K (t, r). (2.24)
(α + kα) ψ
Substituting (2.24) into (2.23), we obtain
t
wk+1 (t) k+1 (α)
Bk+1 u(t) ≤ Kψ(k+1)α–1 (t, r)ψ (r)u(r) dr. (2.25)
((k + 1)α) a
Let us now show that Bm u(t) → 0 as m → ∞. As w(t) ∈ C ([a, b], R) then by Weierstrass’s
theorem [48, 49], there exists M > 0 so that w(t) ≤ M for any t ∈ [a, b], we obtain
t
[M(α)]m
Bm u(t) ≤ Kψmα–1 (t, r)ψ (r)u(r) dr. (2.26)
(mα) a
Since the series

∞
[M(α)]m
, (2.27)
m=1
(mα)
satisfies the relation
(mα)(mα)α
lim = 1, (2.28)
m→∞ (mα + α)
applying the ratio test to the series and the asymptotic approximation [50], it follows that
(mα)
lim = 0. (2.29)
m→∞ (mα + α)
Hence, the series converges and it is concluded that
∞
∞
t
[w(t)(α)]k (k+1)α–1
u(t) ≤ Bk v(t) ≤ Kψ (t, r)ψ (r)v(r) dr. (2.30)
a k=1 (kα)
k=0
The proof is completed.
If we set w(t) ≡ b in Theorem 2.18, then we obtain:
Corollary 2.19 Let α, ρ, and ψ ∈ C 1 ([a, b]) be an increasing function so that ψ (t) = 0 for
all t ∈ [a, b]. Suppose that b > 0, u(t), v(t) are nonnegative functions locally integrable on
[a, b] and w(t) ≡ b ≥ 0. If
α,ψ
u(t) ≤ v(t) + ρ α (α)b ρ Ia+ u(t) , t ∈ [a, b], (2.31)
then
∞

t [b(α)]m
u(t) ≤ v(t) + Kψmα–1 (t, τ )ψ (τ )v(τ ) dτ , ∀t ∈ [a, b]. (2.32)
a m=1
(mα)
The following instant result of Theorem 2.18 plays a crucial role in our subsequent con-
sideration.
Corollary 2.20 By the assumption of Theorem 2.18, suppose that v(t) is a nondecreasing
function on [a, b]. Hence, we obtain
α
u(t) ≤ v(t)Eα w(t)(α) ψ(t) – ψ(a) , ∀t ∈ [a, b], (2.33)
where Eα (·) is given as in Lemma 2.11 with Re(α) > 0.
Proof By using (2.16) and the fact that v(t) is a nondecreasing function for any t ∈ [a, b],
we obtain v(τ ) ≤ v(t) and
∞

t [w(t)(α)]m
u(t) ≤ v(t) + Kψmα–1 (t, τ )ψ (τ )v(τ ) dτ
a m=1
(mα)
∞

t [w(t)(α)]m
≤ v(t) 1 + Kψmα–1 (t, τ )ψ (τ ) dτ
a m=1
(mα)
∞

m 1 t
= v(t) 1 + α
ρ w(t)(α) mα
Kψmα–1 (t, τ )ψ (τ ) dτ .
m=1
ρ (mα) a
By using the fact that 0 < exp( ρ–1

ρ
(ψ(t) – ψ(τ ))) ≤ 1 for all a ≤ τ ≤ t ≤ b, we obtain
∞

m (ψ(t) – ψ(τ ))mα
u(t) ≤ v(t) 1 + α
ρ w(t)(α)
m=1
ρ mα (mα + 1)
∞

[w(t)(α)]m (ψ(t) – ψ(τ ))mα
= v(t) 1 +
m=1
(mα + 1)
∞
[w(t)(α)]m (ψ(t) – ψ(τ ))mα
= v(t)
m=0
(mα + 1)
α
= v(t)Eα w(t)(α) ψ(t) – ψ(τ ) .
The proof is completed.
Remark 2.21 Under Theorem 2.18, Corollary 2.19, Corollary 2.20, we obtain the following
results:
(i) If ρ = 1, w(t) = L sgn(t), ψ(t) = |t|, a = –t with t ∈ [–1, 1] then, Theorem 2.18,
Corollary 2.19, and Corollary 2.20 reduce to Theorem 2.1, Corollary 2.2, and
Corollary 2.4 as in [51], where L is a positive constant and sgn(t) is a sign function
or signum function.
(ii) If ρ = 1, ψ(t) = t, a = 0 then, Theorem 2.18, Corollary 2.19, and Corollary 2.20
reduce to Theorem 1, Corollary 1, and Corollary 2 as in [52].
(iii) If ρ = 1, ψ(t) = ln t, a = 1 then, Theorem 2.18, Corollary 2.19, and Corollary 2.20
reduce to Theorem 13, Corollary 1, and Corollary 2 as in [53].
(iv) If ψ(t) = t, a = 0 then, Theorem 2.18, Corollary 2.19, and Corollary 2.20 reduce to
Lemma 6, Corollary 2, and Corollary 3 as in [18].
(v) If ρ = 1 then, Theorem 2.18, Corollary 2.19, and Corollary 2.20 reduce to
Theorem 3, Corollary 1, and Corollary 2 as in [27].
3 The ψ -Hilfer–Cauchy-type problems and integral equations

3.1 The linear ψ -Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem with constant coefficient
Now, we apply Picard’s successive approximation technique to achieve a description form
for the solution of the linear ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem with constant coefficient as
follows:
⎧
⎨H Dα,β,ψ x(t) = λx(t) + h(t), α ∈ (n – 1, n), β ∈ [0, 1], ρ ∈ (0, 1], t ∈ (a, b],
ρ a+
(3.1)
⎩ρ I j–γ
+
,ψ
x(a) = cj , j = 1, 2, . . . , n, α ≤ γ = α + (n – α)β,
a
α,β,ψ j–γ ,ψ
where H
ρ Da+ denotes the ψ-Hilfer PFD of order α and type β, λ < 0, ρ Ia+ denotes the
ψ–RL–PFI of order j – γ > 0, cj ∈ R, j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
Next, we construct explicit solutions to the ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem (3.1) in the
form of a ML function.
Lemma 3.1 Take h ∈ C ([a, b], R), λ ∈ R, α ∈ (n – 1, n), β ∈ [0, 1], and ρ ∈ (0, 1]. Hence, the
explicit solution of the ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem (3.1) is provided by
n
cj γ –j α
x(t) = K (t, a)Eα,γ –j+1 λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a)
γ –j ψ
j=1
ρ
1 t α
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) h(s)ψ (s) ds. (3.2)
ρα a
Proof Let x be a solution of (3.1). By applying Lemma 2.9, we obtain

n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a) λ t
x(t) = + Kψα–1 (t, s)x(s)ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ γ –k (γ – j + 1) α
ρ (α) a
t
1
+ α
Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds,
ρ (α) a
j–γ ,ψ
where cj = ρ Ia+ x(a), j = 1, 2, . . . , n. The approach of successive approximation is used to
create an explicit form for the solution. Define

n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a)
x0 (t) = ,
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1)
t
λ
xk (t) = x0 (t) + Kψα–1 (t, s)xk–1 (s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a
t
1
+ α Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . .
ρ (α) a
For k = 1, thanks to Definition 2.1 and Proposition 2.12, we obtain
t t
λ 1
x1 (t) = x0 (t) + Kψα–1 (t, s)x0 (s)ψ (s) ds +
Kα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α)
a ρ α (α) a ψ
n
n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a) λ t cj Kψγ –j (s, a)
= γ –j (γ – j + 1)
+ α Kψ (t, s)
α–1
γ –j (γ – j + 1)
ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ ρ (α) a j=1
ρ
t
1
+ α
Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ (α) a
1 t
n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a)
= Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds +
ρ α (α) a j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1)

ρ–1 t
n
λcj e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(a))
1 α–1 γ –j
+ ψ(t) – ψ(s) ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1) ρ α (α) a
1 t
n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a)
= Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds +
α
ρ (α) a j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1)
α+γ –j
n
λcj Kψ (t, a) 1 1
(γ –j+1)–1 α–1
+ γ –j α
u (1 – u) du
j=1
ρ (γ – j + 1) ρ (α) 0
γ –j
n
cj Kψ (t, a) 1 λ(ψ(t) – ψ(a))α
= + α
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1) ρ (α + γ – j + 1)
t
1
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a
2

n
cj Kψ (t, a)
γ –j
λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(a))(i–1)α
=
j=1
ρ γ –j i=1
ρ (i–1)α ((i – 1)α + γ – j + 1)
t
1
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds.
ρ α (α) a
By the same process, for k = 2, it follows that
t
λ
x2 (t) = x0 (t) + Kψα–1 (t, s)x1 (s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a
t
1
ρ α (α) a
n

n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a) λ t cj γ –j
= + α Kψα–1 (t, s) K (s, a)
γ –j ψ
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1) ρ (α) a j=1
ρ

2
λi–1 (ψ(s) – ψ(a))(i–1)α
×
i=1
ρ (i–1)α ((i – 1)α + γ – j + 1)

s
1
+ Kψα–1 (s, r)h(r)ψ (r) dr ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a
t
1
ρ α (α) a
ρ–1

n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a)
n
cj
2
λi e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(a))
= +
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1) j=1 ρ γ –j i=1 ρ (i–1)α ((i – 1)α + γ – j + 1)
t α–1 (i–1)α+γ –j
1
× α
ψ(t) – ψ(s) ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s) ds
ρ (α) a
t t
λ 1
+ Kψ2α–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds + Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ 2α (2α) a ρ α (α) a

n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a)
n
cj λi Kψ
2 iα+γ –j
(t, a)
= +
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1) j=1 ρ γ –j i=1 ρ iα (iα + γ – j + 1)
t t
λ 1
+ Kψ2α–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds + Kψα–1 (t, s)h(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ 2α (2α) a ρ α (α) a

n γ –j
cj Kψ (t, a) 1 λi (ψ(t) – ψ(s))iα
2
= +
j=1
ρ γ –j (γ – j + 1) i=1 ρ iα (iα + γ – j + 1)
t
(ψ(t) – ψ(s))α–1 λ(ψ(t) – ψ(s))2α–1
ρ–1
+ e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(s)) + h(s)ψ (s) ds
a ρ α (α) ρ 2α (2α)
3
n
cj Kψ (t, a)
γ –j
λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(s))(i–1)α
=
j=1
ρ γ –j i=1
ρ (i–1)α ((i – 1)α + γ – j + 1)

t ρ–1
2
λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(s))iα–1
+ e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(s)) h(s)ψ (s) ds.
a i=1
ρ iα (iα)
In a similar way, repeating the same procedure, k = 1, 2, . . . , m, we obtain

m+1

n
cj Kψ (t, a)
γ –j
λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(s))(i–1)α
xk (t) =
j=1
ρ γ –j i=1
ρ (i–1)α ((i – 1)α + γ – j + 1)

t ρ–1
m
λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(s))iα–1
+ e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(s)) h(s)ψ (s) ds.
a i=1
ρ iα (iα)
If we proceed inductively and taking m → ∞, we achieve

∞

n
cj Kψ (t, a)
γ –j
λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(s))(i–1)α
x(t) =
j=1
ρ γ –j i=1
ρ (i–1)α ((i – 1)α + γ – j + 1)
∞

t ρ–1 λi–1 (ψ(t) – ψ(s))iα–1
+ e ρ (ψ(t)–ψ(s)) h(s)ψ (s) ds
a i=1
ρ iα (iα)
∞
n
cj Kψ (t, a)
γ –j
λi (ψ(t) – ψ(s))iα
=
j=1
ρ γ –j i=0
ρ iα (iα + γ – j + 1)
∞
t λi (ψ(t) – ψ(s))iα
+ Kψα–1 (t, s) (i+1)α ((i + 1)α)
h(s)ψ (s) ds.
a i=0
ρ
Thanks to Lemma 2.11, we obtain (3.2).
3.2 The ψ -Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs

Next, we investigate the equivalence between the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) and the
integral equation.
Lemma 3.2 Take γ = α +(2–α)β so that α ∈ (1, 2), β ∈ [0, 1], ρ ∈ (0, 1], f ∈ C ([a, b]×R, R).
Hence, x is a solution of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) if and only if

m
θi ηi α
x(t) = A – α
Kψα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ a

n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
– δj +α
Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ a

r
μk σk α
Kψ k (σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
α–φ –1
–
ρ α–φk a
k=1
γ –1
Kψ (t, a) α
× Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –1
1 t α
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds, (3.3)
ρα a
where

m γ –1
θi Kψ (ηi , a) α
= Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a)
i=1
ρ γ –1
δ +γ –1

n
ωj Kψ
j
(ξj , a) α
+ δj +γ –1
Eα,δj +γ λρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a)
j=1
ρ

r γ –φ –1
μk Kψ k (σk , a) α
+ Eα,γ –φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(a) . (3.4)
ρ γ –φk –1
k=1
Proof Assume that x ∈ C ([a, b]) is a solution of (1.1). Thanks to Lemma 3.1, the ψ-
Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is equivalent to
γ –1
c1 Kψ (t, a) α
x(t) = Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –1
γ –2
c2 Kψ (t, a) α
+ Eα,γ –1 λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –2
1 t α
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds, (3.5)
ρα a
1–γ ,ψ
where c1 = ρ Ia+ x(a) ∈ R. Inserting t = a into (3.5) with limt→a (ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ –2 = ∞,
δj ,ψ φ ,β,ψ
then we have c2 = 0. Next, taking the operators ρ Ia+ and H k
ρ Da+ into (3.5), it follows
that

m
m γ –1
θi Kψ (ηi , a) α
θi x(ηi ) = c1 Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a)
i=1 i=1
ρ γ –1

m
θi Kψα–1 (ηi , s) ηi α
+ Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds,
i=1
ρα a

n
δj ,ψ
ωjρ Ia+ x(ξj )
j=1
δ +γ –1

n
ωj Kψ
j
(ξj , a) α
= c1 δj +γ –1
j=1
ρ
δ +α–1

n
ωj Kψ
j
(ξj , s) ξj α
+ δj +α
Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds,
j=1
ρ a

r
φ ,β,ψ
μk H k
ρ Da+ x(σk )
k=1

r γ –φ –1
= c1 Eα,γ –φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –φk –1
k=1

r
μk σk α
(σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds.
α–φk –1
+ Kψ
ρ α–φk a
k=1
From the MBCs of the problem (1.1), we see that
m
θi Kψγ –1 (ηi , a) α
A = c1 Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a)
i=1
ρ γ –1
δj +γ –1

n
ωj Kψ (ξj , a) α
+ δj +γ –1
j=1
ρ

r γ –φ –1
+ Eα,γ –φk λρ –α
ψ(σk ) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –φk –1
k=1
m
θi ηi α
+ α
i=1
ρ a

n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
+ δj +α
Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ a

r
μk σk α
(σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds.
α–φk –1
+ Kψ
ρ α–φk a
k=1
Hence,
1 θi m ηi α
c1 = (A – Kψα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρα a
n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
– Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ δj +α a

r
μk σk α
(σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds),
α–φk –1
– Kψ
ρ α–φk a
k=1
where is given by (3.4). Inserting c1 and c2 into (3.5) gives (3.3).

On the other hand, it is easy to present, by a straightforward computation, that x pro-
vided by (3.3) verifies the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1).
4 Uniqueness property
Next, we will establish the uniqueness result to the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1). Thanks
to Lemma 3.2, an operator Q : X → X is given by

m
θi ηi α
(Qx)(t) = A – α
i=1
ρ a
n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
– Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ δj +α a

r
μk σk
α–φk –1
– Kψ (σk , s)
ρ α–φk a
k=1

α
× Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
γ –1
Kψ (t, a) α
× Eα,γ –α
λρ ψ(t) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –1
1 t α
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds. (4.1)
ρα a
It is obvious that the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) has solutions if and only if Q is has
fixed points. For brevity,
m
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))α (ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi |(ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a))α
1 = +
ρ α (α + 1) ||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α + 1)

n
|ωj |(ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a))δj +α |μk |(ψ(σk ) – ψ(a))α–φk
r
+ + . (4.2)
j=1
ρ δj +α (δj + α + 1) k=1
ρ α–φk (α – φk + 1)
The result investigates the uniqueness of solutions for the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs

(1.1) via the Banach fixed-point theorem.
Theorem 4.1 (Banach fixed-point theorem [54]) Let X be a Banach space, B ⊂ X be

closed, and Q : B → B be a strict contraction, i.e., Qx – Qy ≤ L x – y for some L ∈ (0, 1)
and for all x, y ∈ X . Hence, Q has a fixed point in B .
Theorem 4.2 Let f ∈ C ([a, b] × R, R) that satisfies the following assumptions:

(A1 ) there exists L > 0 so that

f (t, x) – f (t, y) ≤ L|x – y|, (4.3)
for any x, y ∈ R, t ∈ [a, b].

If
1 L < 1, (4.4)
then the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) has a unique solution on [a, b].

Proof First, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is converted into x = Qx (fixed-point prob-

lem), Q is provided in (4.1).
Take supt∈[a,b] |f (t, 0)| := f1∗ < ∞ and define Bτ := {x ∈ X : x ≤ τ } within
|A|(ψ(b)–ψ(a))γ –1
1 f1∗ + ||ρ γ –1 (γ )
τ≥ . (4.5)
1 – 1 L
Clearly, Bτ is a bounded, closed, and convex subset of X . The proof is separated into two
steps:
Step 1. QBτ ⊂ Bτ .
For any x ∈ Bτ , t ∈ [a, b], we obtain

(Qx)(t)

m
|θi | ηi
≤ |A| + Kα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) α f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
ψ
i=1
ρα a

n
|ωj | ξj
+ Kδj +α–1 (ξj , s)Eα,δ +α λρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) α f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
δj +α ψ j
j=1
ρ a

r
|μk |
+
ρ α–φk
k=1

σk
× Kα–φk –1 (σk , s)Eα,α–φ λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) α f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
ψ k
a
γ –1
|Kψ (t, a)|
× Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α
||ρ γ –1
t
1 Kα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) α f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
+ ψ
ρα a
γ –1
|Kψ (t, a)|
≤ Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α
||ρ γ –1

m
|θi | ηi
× |A| + Kα–1 (ηi , s)
ψ
i=1
ρα a
α
× Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f (s, 0) + f (s, 0) ψ (s) ds

n
|ωj | ξj
×+ Kδj +α–1 (ξj , s)Eα,δ +α λρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) α
δj +α ψ j
j=1
ρ a

r
|μk | σk
× f s, x(s) – f (s, 0) + f (s, 0) ψ (s) ds + Kα–φk –1 (σk , s)
ψ
ρ α–φk a
k=1

α
× Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f (s, 0) + f (s, 0) ψ (s) ds
t
1 Kα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) α
+ α ψ
ρ a

× f s, x(s) – f (s, 0) + f (s, 0) ψ (s) ds

(ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ –1
≤
||ρ γ –1 (γ )

m
|θi | ηi α–1
× |A| + L x + f1∗ ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ α (α) a

n
|ωj | ξj δj +α–1
+ L x + f1∗ δj +α
ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
|μk | σk α–φk –1
+ L x + f1∗ α–φ
ψ(σk ) – ψ(s)
ψ (s) ds
ρ k (α – φk ) a
k=1
1 t α–1
+ L x + f1∗ ψ(t) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a

(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 ∗
m
|θi |(ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a))α
≤ |A| + L τ + f
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) 1
i=1
ρ α (α + 1)
n
|ωj |(ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a))δj +α
+ Lτ + f1∗
j=1
ρ δj +α (δj + α + 1)

∗

r
|μk |(ψ(σk ) – ψ(a))α–φk
+ Lτ + f1
ρ α–φk (α – φk + 1)
k=1
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))α
+ Lτ + f1∗
ρ α (α + 1)

(ψ(b) – ψ(a))α (ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
≤ +
ρ α (α + 1) ||ρ γ –1 (γ )
m
|θi |(ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a))α n
|ωj |(ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a))δj +α
× +
i=1
ρ α (α + 1) j=1
ρ δj +α (δj + α + 1)

r
|μk |(ψ(σk ) – ψ(a))α–φk (ψ(b) – ψ(a))α
+ L τ +
ρ α–φk (α – φk + 1) ρ α (α + 1)
k=1
m
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi |(ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a))α |ωj |(ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a))δj +α
n
+ +
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α + 1) j=1
ρ δj +α (δj + α + 1)

r
|μk |(ψ(σk ) – ψ(a))α–φk |A|(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
+ f1∗ +
ρ α–φk (α – φk + 1) ||ρ γ –1 (γ )
k=1
|A|(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
= 1 Lτ + 1 f1∗ + ≤ τ,
||ρ γ –1 (γ )
which yields that QBτ ⊂ Bτ .

Step 2. Q : X → X is a contraction.
For any x, y ∈ X , t ∈ [a, b], we obtain

(Qx)(t) – (Qy)(t)
m
|θi | ηi
≤ Kα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) α
α ψ
i=1
ρ a

× f s, x(s) – f s, y(s) ψ (s) ds

n
|ωj | ξj
+ Kδj +α–1 (ξj , s)Eα,δ +α λρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) α
δj +α ψ j
j=1
ρ a

× f s, x(s) – f s, y(s) ψ (s) ds

r
|μk | σk
+ Kα–φk –1 (σk , s)Eα,α–φ λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) α
ψ k
ρ α–φk a
k=1

× f s, x(s) – f s, y(s) ψ (s) ds
γ –1
|Kψ (t, a)|
× Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α
||ρ γ –1
t
1 Kα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) α f s, x(s) – f s, y(s) ψ (s) ds
+ ψ
ρα a
m
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))α (ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ |θi |(ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a))α
≤+ +
ρ α (α + 1) ||ρ γ –1 (γ + 1) i=1 ρ α (α + 1)

n
|ωj |(ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a))δj +α–1 |μk |(ψ(σk ) – ψ(a))α–φk
r
+ + L x–y
j=1
ρ δj +α (δj + α + 1) ρ α–φk (α – φk + 1)
k=1
≤ 1 L x – y ,
which yields that Qx– Qy ≤ 1 L x–y . Since, 1 L < 1, then, Q is a contraction. Hence,
by Theorem 4.1, Q has a fixed point, therefore, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) has a
unique solution on [a, b].
5 Stability results
This section analyzes a variety of U–ML stabilities for the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1)
like UH–ML stable, GUH–ML stable, UHR–ML stable, and GUHR–ML stable.
First, we provide the definitions of U–ML stability for the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs
(1.1). Take λ < 0, f ∈ C ([a, b] × R2 , R), ϕ ∈ C ([a, b], R+ ).
Definition 5.1 The ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is said to be UH–ML stable, if there

is Cf > 0 so that for every > 0 and for any z ∈ X of
H α,β,ψ
D + x(t) – λx(t) – f t, x(t) ≤ , t ∈ [a, b], (5.1)
ρ a
there is x ∈ X of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) via

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Cf Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α , t ∈ [a, b], κf ≥ 0.
We call Cf the UH–ML stable constant for the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1).
Definition 5.2 The ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is said to be GUH–ML stable if there

is Gf ∈ C (R+ , R+ ), G (0) = 0, so that for every > 0 and for any z ∈ X of (5.1) there is x ∈ X
of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) via

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Gf ()Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α , t ∈ [a, b], κf ≥ 0.
Definition 5.3 The ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is said to be UHR–ML stable w.r.t.a.f

if there is Cf , > 0 so that for every > 0 and for any z ∈ X of
H α,β,ψ
D + x(t) – λx(t) – f t, x(t) ≤ (t), t ∈ [a, b], (5.2)
ρ a

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Cf , (t)Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α , t ∈ [a, b], κf ≥ 0.
Definition 5.4 The ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is said to be GUHR–ML stable

w.r.t.a.f if there exists Cf , > 0 so that for every > 0 and for any z ∈ X of
H α,β,ψ
D + x(t) – λx(t) – f t, x(t) ≤ (t), t ∈ [a, b], (5.3)
ρ a

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Cf , (t)Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α , t ∈ [a, b], κf ≥ 0.
Remark 5.5 z ∈ X is a solution of (5.1) if and only if there is w ∈ X (depends on z) so that

(i) |w(t)| ≤ Eα (ρ –α (ψ(t) – ψ(a))α ), t ∈ [a, b];
α,β,ψ
(ii) H
ρ Da+ z(t) = λz(t) + f (t, z(t)) + w(t), t ∈ (a, b].
Remark 5.6 z ∈ X is a solution of (5.2) if and only if there is v ∈ X (depends on z) so that

(i) |v(t)| ≤ (t)Eα (ρ –α (ψ(t) – ψ(a))α ), t ∈ [a, b];
α,β,ψ
(ii) H
ρ Da+ z(t) = λz(t) + f (t, z(t)) + v(t), t ∈ (a, b].
5.1 The UH–ML stability and its generalization

For ease of use, we provide the symbols
1 α α
2 = α
ψ(b) – ψ(a) Eα,α+1 ρ –α ψ(b) – ψ(a)
ρ
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | α α
m
+ ( ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a) Eα,α+1 ρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a)
||ρ (γ ) i=1 ρ
γ –1 α

n
|ωj | δj +α α
+ δj +α
ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a) Eα,δj +α+1 ρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a)
j=1
ρ
r
|μk | α–φk α
+α–φ
ψ(σk ) – ψ(a) Eα,α–φk +1 ρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(a) ), (5.4)
ρ k
k=1
m
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | n
1 |ωj |
3 = α + +
ρ (α) ||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α)
j=1
δj +α
ρ (δj + α)

r
|μk |
+ . (5.5)
ρ α–φk (α – φk )
k=1
Lemma 5.7 Take α ∈ (1, 2), β ∈ [0, 1], ρ ∈ (0, 1]. If z ∈ X verifies (5.1), then z verifies

t α
z(t) – Mz (t) – 1 Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds ≤ 2 ,
ρα a
where

m
θi ηi α
Mz (t) = A – α
Kψα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ a

n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
– δj +α
Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ a

r
μk
–
ρ α–φk
k=1

σk α
Kψ k (σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
α–φ –1
×
a

1 γ –1 –α α
× K (t, a)Eα,γ λρ ψ(t) – ψ(a) , (5.6)
ρ γ –1 ψ
where and 2 are given by (3.4) and (5.4), respectively.
Proof Assume that z is a solution of (5.1). Thanks to Remark 5.5(ii), we obtain
⎧
⎪
⎪
H α,β,ψ
t ∈ (a, b],
⎨ρ Da+ z(t) = λz(t) + f (t, z(t)) + w(t),
z(a) = 0, (5.7)
⎪
⎪
i=1 θi z(ηi ) + j=1 ωjρ Ia+ z(ξj ) + k=1 μk ρ Da+ z(σk ) = A.
From Lemma 3.2, the solution of (5.7) can be provided
1 t α
z(t) = Mz (t) + Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
ρα a
1 t α
+ α Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ a
m
θi ηi α
– α
Kψα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ a

n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
+ δj +α
Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ a

r
μk σk –α α
α–φk –1
+ Kψ (σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α–φk a
k=1

1 γ –1 –α α
× K (t, a)Eα,γ λρ ψ(t) – ψ(a) , (5.8)
ρ γ –1 ψ
where Mz (t) and are given by (3.4) as in Lemma 3.2 and (5.6), respectively.
By applying Remark 5.5(i) with Lemma 2.11, we obtain

t α
z(t) – Mz (t) – 1 Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
ρα a
1 t α–1
≤ ψ(t) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a
m
(ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | ηi α–1
w(s)ψ (s) ds
+ ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s)
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α) a

n
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) w(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α–φk (α – φk ) a
k=1

t α–1 α
1
≤ α
ψ(t) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s) ds
ρ (α) a
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
+
||ρ γ –1 (γ )
m
|θi | ηi α–1 –α α
× α (α)
ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) Eα ρ ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ a

n
|ωj | ξj δj +α–1 α
+ δj +α
ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
|μk |
+
k=1

σk α–φk –1 α
× ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α
ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s) ds .
a
Thanks to the definition of the ML function as in Lemma 2.11, we obtain

t –α α
z(t) – Mz (t) – 1 K α–1
(t, s)E λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
ρα a ψ α,α
∞
1 t α–1 (ψ(s) – ψ(a))nα
≤ α ψ(t) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
ρ (α) a n=0
ρ nα (nα + 1)
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
+
||ρ γ –1 (γ )
m ∞
|θi | ηi α–1 (ψ(s) – ψ(a))nα
× ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ α (α) a n=0
ρ nα (nα + 1)
∞
n
|ωj | ξj δj +α–1 (ψ(s) – ψ(a))nα
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ δj +α (δj + α) a n=0
ρ nα (nα + 1)

r
|μk |
+
k=1
∞

σk α–φk –1 (ψ(s) – ψ(a))nα
× ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) ψ (s) ds
a n=0
ρ nα (nα + 1)
∞
1 (ψ(b) – ψ(a))nα+α
=
ρ α n=0 ρ nα (nα + 1 + α)
m ∞
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | (ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a))nα+α
+
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α n=0 ρ nα (nα + 1 + α)
∞
|ωj | (ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a))nα+δj +α
n
+
j=1
ρ δj +α n=0 ρ nα (nα + 1 + δj + α)
∞

r
|μk | (ψ(σk ) – ψ(a))nα+α–φk
+
ρ α–φk n=0 ρ nα (nα + 1 + α – φk )
k=1

1 α α
= α
ψ(b) – ψ(a) Eα,α+1 ρ –α ψ(b) – ψ(a)
ρ
m
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | α α
+ ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a) Eα,α+1 ρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a)
||ρ (γ )
γ –1
i=1
ρ α
n
|ωj | δ +α α
+ δj +α
ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a) j Eα,δj +α+1 ρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a)
j=1
ρ

r
|μk | α–φk –α α
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(a) Eα,α–φk +1 ρ ψ(σk ) – ψ(a)
ρ α–φk
k=1
= 2 ,
which achieves (5.7).
Theorem 5.8 Take f ∈ C ([a, b] × R, R) and assume (A1 ) holds. Then, the ψ-Hilfer–
PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is UH–ML stable and consequently GUH–ML stable on [a, b].
Proof Assume that > 0, z ∈ X is a function verifying (5.1). Suppose that x ∈ X is the
unique solution of
⎧
⎪
⎪
H α,β,ψ
t ∈ (a, b],
⎨ρ Da+ x(t) = λx(t) + f (t, x(t)),
x(a) = 0, (5.9)
⎪
⎪
i=1 θi x(ηi ) + j=1 ωjρ Ia+ x(ξj ) + k=1 μk ρ Da+ x(σk ) = A.
From Lemma 3.2 this implies that
x(t) = Mx (t)
1 t α
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds, t ∈ (a, b],
ρα a
δj ,ψ
where Mx (t) is defined by (5.6). Conversely, x(a) = z(a), x(ηi ) = z(ηi ), ρ Ia+ x(ξj ) =
δj ,ψ H φk ,β,ψ φk ,β,ψ
ρ Ia+ z(ξj ), and ρ Da+ x(σk ) = H
ρ Da+ z(σk ), implies that Mx (t) = Mz (t). Actually, we
obtain

Mx (t) – Mz (t)
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
≤
||ρ γ –1 (γ )
m
|θi | ηi α–1
× ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ α (α) a

n
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
α–φ
k=1
m
L(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | ηi α–1
x(s) – z(s)ψ (s) ds
≤ ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s)
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α)
a

n
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) x(s) – z(s)ψ (s) ds
δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) x(s) – z(s)ψ (s) ds
k=1
= 0,
which yields that Mx (t) = Mz (t).

Thanks to Lemma 5.7 with |u – v| ≤ |u| + |v|, for any t ∈ [a, b], we estimate that

z(t) – x(t)

1 t –α α

≤ z(t) – Mx (t) – α Kψ (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
α–1
ρ a

1 t α
≤ z(t) – Mz (t) – α Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
ρ a

1 t –α α

+ α Kψ (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) – f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
α–1
ρ a

+ Mx (t) – Mz (t)
L t
≤ 2 + α
Kψα–1 (t, s)z(s) – x(s)ψ (s) ds.
ρ (α) a
By applying Theorem 2.18 and Corollary 2.20, we have

z(t) – x(t) ≤ 2 Eα Lρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α .
By taking Cf = 2 and κf = L, we obtain

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Cf Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α .
Hence, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is UH–ML stable. Moreover, by taking Gf () =

Cf with Gf (0) = 0, then

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Gf ()Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α .
Therefore, the solution of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is GUH–ML stable. The

proof is completed.
5.2 The UHR–ML stability and its generalization

Next, we provide the following assumption:
(P1 ): Let ∈ C ([a, b], R) be a nondecreasing function. There is χ ∈ R+ so that for every
t ∈ [a, b],
t α–1 α
ψ(t) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α ψ(s) – ψ(a) (s)ψ (s) ds ≤ χ (t). (5.10)
a
Lemma 5.9 Let α ∈ (1, 2), β ∈ [0, 1], ρ ∈ (0, 1]. If z ∈ C ([a, b], R) verifies (5.2), then z verifies

t α
ρα a
≤ 3 χ (t),
where 3 is given by (5.5).
Proof Assume that z is a solution of (5.2). Thanks to Remark 5.6 (ii), we obtain
⎧
⎪
⎪
H α,β,ψ
t ∈ (a, b],
⎨ρ Da+ z(t) = λz(t) + f (t, z(t)) + v(t),
z(a) = 0, (5.11)
⎪
⎪
i=1 θi z(ηi ) + j=1 ωjρ Ia+ z(ξj ) + k=1 μk ρ Da+ z(σk ) = A.
By applying Lemma 3.2, the solution of (5.11) can be given as
1 t α
z(t) = Mz (t) + Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
ρα a
1 t α
+ α
Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ a
m
θi ηi α
– α
Kψα–1 (ηi , s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ a
n
ωj ξj
δj +α–1 α
+ Kψ (ξj , s)Eα,δj +α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
j=1
ρ δj +α a

r
μk σk –α α
α–φk –1
+ Kψ (σk , s)Eα,α–φk λρ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α–φk a
k=1

1 γ –1 –α α
× K (t, a)E α,γ λρ ψ(t) – ψ(a) , (5.12)
ρ γ –1 ψ
where Mz (t) and are given by (3.4) as in Lemma 3.2 and (5.6), respectively.
By applying Remark 5.6(i) with Lemma 2.11, we obtain

t α
ρα a
1 t α–1
≤ ψ(t) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
ρ α (α) a
m
(ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | ηi α–1
v(s)ψ (s) ds
+ ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s)
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α) a

n
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) v(s)ψ (s) ds
k=1

t α–1 α
1
≤ α
ψ(t) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α ψ(s) – ψ(a) (s)ψ (s) ds
ρ (α) a
(ψ(t) – ψ(a))γ –1
+
||ρ γ –1 (γ )
m
|θi | ηi α–1 –α α
× α
ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) Eα ρ ψ(s) – ψ(a) ψ (s)(s) ds
i=1
ρ (α) a

n
|ωj |
+ δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α)
ξj δj +α–1 α
× ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α ψ(s) – ψ(a) (s)ψ (s) ds
a

r
|μk |
+ α–φ
ρ k (α – φ k)
k=1

σk α–φk –1 α
× ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α
ψ(s) – ψ(a) (s)ψ (s) ds .
a
Thanks to assumption (P1 ), we have

t –α α
z(t) – Mz (t) – 1 K (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
α–1
ρα a ψ
m
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi |
n
1 |ωj |
≤ + +
α
ρ (α) ||ρ (γ )
γ –1
i=1
α δ +α
ρ (α) j=1 ρ (δj + α)
j

r
|μk |
+ χ (t)
k=1
= 3 χ (t),
which gives (5.7).

Theorem 5.10 Let f ∈ C ([a, b] × R, R) and let (A1 ) hold. Then, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–
MBCs (1.1) is UHR–ML stable and consequently GUHR–ML stable on [a, b].
Proof Suppose that > 0 and z ∈ X is a function verifying (5.2). Assume that x ∈ X is the
unique solution of
⎧
⎪
⎪
H α,β,ψ
t ∈ (a, b],
⎨ρ Da+ x(t) = λx(t) + f (t, x(t)),
x(a) = 0, (5.13)
⎪
⎪
i=1 θi x(ηi ) + j=1 ωjρ Ia+ x(ξj ) + k=1 μk ρ Da+ x(σk ) = A.
From Lemma 3.2 this implies that
x(t) = Mx (t)
1 t α
+ Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds, t ∈ (a, b],
ρα a
δj ,ψ
where Mx (t) is defined by (5.6). On the other hand, x(a) = z(a), x(ηi ) = z(ηi ), ρ Ia+ x(ξj ) =
δj ,ψ H φk ,β,ψ φk ,β,ψ
ρ Ia+ z(ξj ), and ρ Da+ x(σk ) = H
ρ Da+ z(σk ), yields that Mx (t) = Mz (t). Then, we have

Mx (t) – Mz (t)
(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1
≤
||ρ γ –1 (γ )
m
|θi | ηi α–1
× ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
i=1
ρ α (α) a

n
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) – f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
α–φ
k=1
m
L(ψ(b) – ψ(a))γ –1 |θi | ηi α–1
x(s) – z(s)ψ (s) ds
≤ ψ(ηi ) – ψ(s)
||ρ γ –1 (γ ) i=1
ρ α (α)
a

n
+ ψ(ξj ) – ψ(s) x(s) – z(s)ψ (s) ds
δj +α
j=1
ρ (δj + α) a

r
+ ψ(σk ) – ψ(s) x(s) – z(s)ψ (s) ds
k=1
= 0,
which yields that Mx (t) = Mz (t).

Thanks to Lemma 5.7 with |u – v| ≤ |u| + |v|, for any t ∈ [a, b], we obtain

z(t) – x(t)

1 t α
≤ z(t) – Mx (t) – α Kψα–1 (t, s)Eα,α λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
ρ a

1 t –α α

≤ z(t) – Mz (t) – α Kψ (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) ψ (s) ds
α–1
ρ a

1 t –α α

+ α Kψ (t, s)Eα,α λρ ψ(t) – ψ(s) f s, z(s) – f s, x(s) ψ (s) ds
α–1
ρ a

+ Mx (t) – Mz (t)
L t
≤ 3 χ (t) + Kψα–1 (t, s)z(s) – x(s)ψ (s) ds.
ρ α (α) a
By applying Theorem 2.18 and Corollary 2.20, we obtain

z(t) – x(t) ≤ 3 χ (t)Eα Lρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α .
By taking Cf , = 3 χ and κf = L, we obtain

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Cf , (t)Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α .
Therefore, the problem (1.1) is UHR–ML stable. Moreover, we have

z(t) – x(t) ≤ Cf , (t)Eα κf ρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) α .
Hence, the solution of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is GUHR–ML stable. The proof
is completed.
6 Examples
This section provides two illustrative examples of the justness and applicability of the main
results.
Example 6.1 Given the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs:

⎧
⎪
9 , 4 ,ψ
⎪
⎪ 7 D0+ x(t) = –2x(t) + f (t, x(t)), t ∈ (0, 3],
H 5 5
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
10
⎨ x(0) = 0,
⎪3 ( 4–i )x( 2i–1 ) + 2 7 I 2+,ψ x( 9 )
5 (6.1)
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
i=1 5–i 5 9 10 0 10
⎪
⎪ 2 19–2k , 4 ,ψ
⎩ + k=1 ( 18–3k ) 7 D0+
k+2 H 10 5
x( 5k–3
10
) = 4.
10
From Example 6.1, we have α = 9/5, ρ = 7/10, ψ(t) = (log(t + 2))/3, β = 4/5, a = 0, b = 3,
λ = –2, θi = (4 – i)/(5 – i), ηi = (2i – 1)/(5), ωj = 2/9, δj = 5/2, ξj = 9/10, μk = (k + 2)/(18 – 3k),
φk = (19 – 2k)/10, σk = (5k – 3)/10, and A = 4, i = 1, 2, 3, j = 1, k = 1, 2, 3. Thanks to (3.4)
under the given data, this takes the value ≈ 1.194294655 = 0.
(i) Given the nonlinear function:
sin(3t 2 – 4) 9 cos(2tπ) |x(t)|

f t, x(t) = + · . (6.2)
t cos(3 – 2t) + 5 3 ln(2t + 1) + et 3 + |x(t)|
For each x, y ∈ R, t ∈ [0, 3], we obtain

f (t, x) – f (t, y) ≤ 2|x – y|.
The assumption (A1 ) in Theorem 4.2 is verified, we obtain L = 2. Thus, by (4.4), we

obtain L1 ≈ 0.5660652802 < 1, where 1 ≈ 0.283032640, since all conditions of
Theorem 4.2 are satisfied. Then, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (6.1) has a unique
solution on [0, 3]. Next, by using (5.4), we can compute the value
2 ≈ 0.2880040911 > 0. If we set Cf := 2 and κf = L, then, by Theorem 5.8, the
ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (6.1) is ML–UH on [0, 3]. Additionally, if we set
Gf () = Cf with Gf (0) = 0, then the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (6.1) is also
4
GML–UH on [0, 3]. Finally, by setting (t) = (ψ(t) – ψ(a)) 7 in (5.10), then
t α–1 α
ψ(t) – ψ(s) Eα ρ –α ψ(s) – ψ(a) (s)ψ (s) ds
a
≤ 0.03531092315(t) = χ (t).
The assumption (P1 ) is satisfied under χ = 0.03531092315 > 0. From (5.5), we

obtain the values 3 ≈ 3.642241135 and 3 χ ≈ 0.1286108968 > 0. If we set
Cf , := 3 χ and κf = L, therefore, by Theorem 5.10, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs
(6.1), is UHR stable on [0, 3]. In addition, if we set Cf , = Cf , , then the
ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (6.1) is also GML–UHR on [0, 3].
(ii) Given the function:
ρ–1 ϑ
f t, x(t) = e ρ ψ(t) ψ(t) – ψ(a) . (6.3)
By Lemma 3.2, the implicit solution of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (6.1) is

provided by
ρ–1
e ρ [ψ(a)] (ϑ + 1)
x(t) = A –
ρα

m
α
× Kψϑ+α (ηi , a)θi Eα,ϑ+α+1 λρ –α ψ(ηi ) – ψ(a)
i=1
ϑ+δj +α

n
Kψ (ξj , a)ωj α
+ δj
Eα,ϑ+δj +α+1 λρ –α ψ(ξj ) – ψ(a)
j=1
ρ

r
ϑ–φ +α α
+ ρ φk
Kψ k (σk , a)μk Eα,ϑ+α–φk +1 λρ –α ψ(σk ) – ψ(a)
k=1
γ –1
Kψ (t, a) α
× Eα,γ λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a)
ρ γ –1
ρ–1
e ρ [ψ(a)] (ϑ + 1)Kψϑ+α (t, a) α
+ Eα,ϑ+α+1 λρ –α ψ(t) – ψ(a) .
ρα
Graphs showing the solution of the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (6.1) with (6.3) and
ψ(t) = sinα (t/2) + sinβ (t/3), α t + β t , α 2 ln(βt + α), t α + t β on [0, 3] for
α ∈ {1.76, 1.80, 1.84, 1.88, 1.92, 1.94, 1.96, 2.00} and
β ∈ {0.66, 0.70, 0.74, 0.78, 0.82, 0.86, 0.90} are given in Figures 1–4.
Figure 1 Graph showing x(t) for (6.1) with ψ (t) = sinα ( 2t ) + sinβ ( 3t )
Figure 2 Graph showing x(t) for (6.1) via ψ (t) = α t + β t
7 Conclusion
This work examined a novel type of the ψ-Hilfer PFDEs–MBCs, which includes mul-
tipoint, fractional derivative multiorder, and fractional integral multiorder BCs. Some
properties of the ML function and fixed-point theory have been employed to effectively
obtain the main results. The uniqueness result is investigated by applying the fixed-point
theory of Banach type. Furthermore, we demonstrated U–ML stability in several forms,
including UH–ML, UH–GML, UHR–ML, and UHR–GML stability. Finally, we vali-
dated the theoretical conclusions using examples of polynomial, trigonometric, exponen-
tial, and logarithmic functions under a variety of functions ψ (see Figures 1–5). In addi-
tion, our main results are not only novel in the context of the problem at hand, but they
also present some novel particular situations by adjusting the parameters involved. In ad-
dition, it is of major significance to note that:
Figure 3 Graph showing x(t) for (6.1) via ψ (t) = α 2 ln(β t + α )
Figure 4 Graph showing x(t) for (6.1) via ψ (t) = tα + tβ
• If we set ωj = 0, μk = 0 (j = 1, 2, . . . , n, k = 1, 2, . . . , r), in the problem (1.1), our results

correspond to those for the nonlinear ψ-Hilfer PFDEs under multipoint BCs.
• If we set θi = 0, μk = 0 (i = 1, 2, . . . , m, k = 1, 2, . . . , r), in the problem (1.1), our results
correspond to those for the nonlinear ψ-Hilfer PFDEs under fractional integral
multiorder BCs.
• If we set θi = 0, ωj = 0 (i = 1, 2, . . . , m, j = 1, 2, . . . , n), in the problem (1.1), our results
correspond to those for the nonlinear ψ-Hilfer PFDEs under fractional derivative
multiorder BCs.
As future work subjects, we will work on the qualitative theory literature on nonlinear
fractional IVPs/BVPs involving a special function, like the linear Cauchy-type problem
with variable coefficient, stability, or the algorithms to solve the ψ-Hilfer PFDEs/PFDE
systems in mathematical software.
Figure 5 Graph showing the functions f (t, x(t))
Acknowledgements
W. Sudsutad was partially supported by Ramkhamhaeng University. C. Thaiprayoon and J. Kongson would like to thank
Burapha University for funding and support. J. Alzabut would like to thank Prince Sultan University and OSTİM Technical
University for supporting this research.
Funding
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials

The authors declare that all data and materials in this paper are available and veritable.
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Author contribution
WS: problem statement, conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing the original draft, writing, reviewing, and
editing, funding acquisition. CT, BK: methodology, investigation, writing, reviewing, and editing. JA: supervision. JK:
investigation, writing, reviewing, and editing, funding acquisition. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Author details
1
Theoretical and Applied Data Integration Innovations Group, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science,
Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand. 2 Research Group of Theoretical and Computational Applied
Science, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand. 3 Department of
Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural Science, National University of Laos, Vientiane 01080, Laos. 4 Department of
Mathematics and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia. 5 Department of Industrial Engineering,
OSTİM Technical University, 06374 Ankara, Türkiye.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Received: 15 February 2022 Accepted: 25 January 2023
References
1. Kilbas, A.A., Srivastava, H.M., Trujillo, J.J.: Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. USA:
North-Holland and Mathematics Studies. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-0208(06)x8001-5
2. Samko, S.G., Kilbas, A.A., Marichev, O.I.: Fractional Integrals and Derivatives: Theory and Applications. Gordon & Breach,
Yverdon (1987)
3. Hilfer, R.: Application of Fractional Calculus in Physics. World Scientific, Singapore (1999)
4. Magin, R.L.: Fractional Calculus in Bioengineering. Begell House Publishers, USA (2006)
5. Tarasov, V.E.: Fractional Dynamics: Application of Fractional Calculus to Dynamics of Particles. Fields and Media.
Springer, Berlin (2011)
6. Kilbas, A.A.: Hadamard-type fractional calculus. J. Korean Math. Soc. 38(6), 1191–1204 (2001)
7. Katugampola, U.N.: New approach to generalized fractional integral. Appl. Math. Comput. 218(3), 860–865 (2011)
8. Katugampola, U.N.: A new approach to generalized fractional derivatives. Bull. Math. Anal. Appl. 6(4), 1–15 (2014)
9. Jarad, F., Abdeljawad, T., Baleanu, D.: On the generalized fractional derivatives and their Caputo modification. J.
Nonlinear Sci. Appl. 10(5), 2607–2619 (2017)
10. Jarad, F., Abdeljawad, T., Baleanu, D.: Caputo-type modification of the Hadamard fractional derivative. Adv. Differ. Equ.
2012, 142 (2012)
11. Jarad, F., Uǵurlu, E., Abdeljawad, T., Baleanu, D.: On a new class of fractional operators. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2018(2018), 142
(2018)
12. Jarad, F., Abdeljawad, T.: Generalized fractional derivatives and Laplace transform. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 13(3),
709–722 (2020)
13. Khalil, R., AlHorani, M., Yousef, A., Sababheh, M.: A new definition of fractional derivative. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 264,
65–70 (2014)
14. Abdeljawad, T.: On conformable fractional calculus. J. Comput. Appl. Math. 279, 57–66 (2013)
15. Anderson, D.R., Ulness, D.J.: Newly defined conformable derivatives. Adv. Dyn. Syst. Appl. 10(2), 109–113 (2015)
16. Anderson, D.R.: Second-order self-adjoint differential equations using a proportionalderivative controller. Commun.
Appl. Nonlinear Anal. 24(1), 17–48 (2017)
17. Jarad, F., Abdeljawad, T., Alzabut, J.: Generalized fractional derivatives generated by a class of local proportional
derivatives. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 226, 3457–3471 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2018-00021-7
18. Alzabut, J., Abdeljawad, T., Jarad, F., Sudsutad, W.: A Gronwall inequality via the generalized proportional fractional
derivative with applications. J. Inequal. Appl. 2019, Article ID 101 (2019)
19. Jarad, F., Alqudah, M.A., Abdeljawad, T.: On more general forms of proportional fractional operators. Open Math. 18,
167–176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2020-0014
20. Jarad, F., Abdeljawad, T., Rashid, S., Hammouch, Z.: More properties of the proportional fractional integrals and
derivatives of a function with respect to another function. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2020, 303 (2020)
21. Ahmed, I., Kumam, P., Jarad, F., Borisut, P., Jirakitpuwapat, W.: On Hilfer generalized proportional fractional derivative.
Adv. Differ. Equ. 2020, 329 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02792-w
22. Mallah, I., Ahmed, I., Akgul, A., Jarad, F., Alha, S.: On ψ -Hilfer generalized proportional fractional operators. AIMS Math.
7(1), 82–103 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2022005
23. Ulam, S.M.: A Collection of Mathematical Problems. Interscience, New York (1968)
24. Hyers, D.H.: On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 27, 222–224 (1941)
25. Rassias, T.M.: On the stability of linear mappings in Banach spaces. Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 72, 297–300 (1978)
26. Wang, J., Li, X.: Eα -Ulam type stability of fractional order ordinary differential equations. J. Appl. Math. Comput. 45,
449–459 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12190-013-0731-8
27. Vanterler da C. Sousa, J., de Oliveira, E.C.: A Gronwall inequality and the Cauchy-type problem by means of ψ -Hilfer
operator. Differ. Equ. Appl. 11(1), 87–106 (2019)
28. Liu, K., Wang, J., O’Regan, D.: Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler stability for ψ -Hilfer fractional-order delay differential
equations. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 50 (2019)
29. Harikrishnan, S., Shak, K., Kanagarajan, K.: Study of a boundary value problem for fractional order ψ -Hilfer fractional
derivative. Arab. J. Math., 25 (2019)
30. Abdo, M.S., Panchal, S.K.: Fractional integro-differential equations involving ψ -Hilfer fractional derivative. Adv. Appl.
Math. Mech. 11, 338–359 (2019)
31. Kucche, K.D., Mali, A.D., Vanterler da C Sousa, J.: On the nonlinear ψ -Hilfer fractional differential equations. Comput.
Appl. Math. 38, 73 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-019-0833-5
32. Almalahi, M.A., Panchal, S.K.: On the theoty of ψ -Hilfer nonlocal Cauchy problem. J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Math. Phys. 14(2),
161–177 (2021). https://doi.org/10.17516/1997-1397-2021-14-2-161-177
33. Kucche, K.D., Kharade, J.P.: Global existence and Ulam-Hyers stability of ψ -Hilfer fractional differential equations.
Kyungpook Math. J. 60(3), 647–671 (2020)
34. Vanterler da C. Sousa, J., Kucche, K.D., de Oliveira, E.C.: On the Ulam–Hyers stabilities of the solutions of ψ -Hilfer
fractional differential equation with abstract Volterra operator. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 42(9), 3021–3032 (2019)
35. Vanterler da C Sousa, J., de Oliveira, E.C.: On the Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability for nonlinear fractional differential
equations using the ψ -Hilfer operator. J. Fixed Point Theory Appl. 20(3), 96 (2018)
36. de Oliveira, E.C., Vanterler da C Sousa, J.: Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability for a class of fractional integro-differential
equations. Results Math. 73, 111 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00025-018-0872-z
37. Almalahi, M.A., Panchal, S.K.: Some existence and stability results for ψ -Hilfer fractional implicit diferential equation
with periodic conditions. J. Math. Anal. Model. 1(1), 1–19 (2020)
38. Sudsutad, W., Thaiprayoon, C., Ntouyas, S.K.: Existence and stability results for ψ -Hilfer fractional integro-differential
equation with mixed nonlocal boundary conditions. AIMS Math. 6(4), 4119–4141 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2021244
39. Abdo, M.S., Panchal, S.K., Wahash, H.A.: Ulam–Hyers-Mittag-Leffler stability for a ψ -Hilfer problem with fractional
order and infinite delay. Results Appl. Math. 7, 100115 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinam.2020.100115
40. Almalahi, M.A., Abdo, M.S., Panchal, S.K.: Existence and Ulam–Hyers–Mittag–Leffler stability results of Ψ -Hilfer
nonlocal Cauchy problem. Rend. Circ. Mat. Palermo 70(1), 57–77 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12215-020-00484-8
41. Boucenna, D., Baleanu, D., Makhlouf, A.B., Nagy, A.M.: Analysis and numerical solution of the generalized proportional
fractional Cauchy problem. Appl. Numer. Math. 167, 173–186 (2021)
42. Khaminsou, B., Sudsutad, W., Thaiprayoon, C., Alzabut, J., Pleumpreedaporn, S.: Analysis of impulsive boundary value
pantograph problems via Caputo proportional fractional derivative under Mittag–Leffler functions. Fractal Fract. 5,
251 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract5040251
43. Alzabut, J., Adjabi, Y., Sudsutad, W., Rehman, M.-U.: New generalizations for Gronwall type inequalities involving a
ψ -fractional operator and their applications. AIMS Math. 6(5), 5053–5077 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.3934/math.2021299
44. Younus, A., Asif, M., Alzabut, J., Ghaffar, A., Sooppy Nisar, K.: Improved interval-valued Gronwall type inequalities. Adv.
Differ. Equ. 2020, 319 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-020-02781-z
45. Alzabut, J., Sudsutad, W., Kayar, Z., Baghani, H.: A new Gronwall-Bellman inequality in frame of generalized
proportional fractional derivative. Mathematics 7(8), 747 (2019)
46. Alzabut, J., Abdeljawad, T.: A generalized discrete fractional Gronwall’s inequality and its application on the
uniqueness of solutions for nonlinear delay fractional difference system. Appl. Anal. Discrete Math. 12, 036 (2018)
47. Wang, J.R., Feckan, M., Zhou, Y.: Presentation of solutions of impulsive fractional Langevin equations and existence
results. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 222(8), 1857–1874 (2013)
48. Courant, R.: Differential and Integral Calculus, vol. 2. Wiley, New York (2011)
49. Lima, E.L.: Real Analysis. Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, CNPq, Rio de Janeiro (2004). (in portuguese)
50. Wong, R.: Asymptotic Approximations of Integrals. SIAM, Philadelphia (2001)
51. Ashyraliyev, M.: On Gronwall’s type integral inequalities with singular kernels. Filomat 31(4), 1041–1049 (2017)
52. Ye, H., Gao, J., Ding, Y.: A generalized Gronwall inequality and its application to a fractional differential equation. J.
Math. Anal. Appl. 328(2), 1075–1081 (2007)
53. Gong, Z., Qian, D., Li, C., Guo, P.: On the Hadamard type fractional differential system. In: Frac. Dyn. Control, pp.
159–171. Springer, New York (2012)
54. Deimling, K.: Nonlinear Functional Analysis. Springer, New York (1985)

A Gronwall Inequality and Its Applications To

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

A Gronwall Inequality and Its Applications To

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Gronwall Inequality and Its Applications To

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sudsutad et al.

Journal of Inequalities and Applications (2023) 2023:20

RESEARCH Open Access

A Gronwall inequality and its applications to

properties of solutions for the nonlinear ψ-Hilfer–Cauchy-type problem under FDEs. In

2.1 The ψ -Hilfer proportional fractional calculus

In particular, if κ1 (ρ, t) = 1 – ρ and κ0 (ρ, t) = ρ, then (2.2) can be written as

where n = [Re(α)] + 1, [Re(α)] is the integer part of α and ρ Dn,ψ = ρ Dψ · ρ Dψ · · · ρ Dψ .

H α,β,ψ β(n–α),ψ   (1–β)(n–α),ψ β(n–α),ψ γ ,ψ

Remark 2.8 By Deﬁnition 2.7, we have the following relations:

H α,β,ψ δ,ψ δ–α,ψ

H α,β,ψ δ,ψ β(n–α),ψ γ ,ψ  δ,ψ  β(n–α),ψ δ–γ ,ψ δ–α,ψ

This completes the proof.

Moreover, for any λ < 0 and τ1 , τ2 ∈ [a, b], we obtain

where Ez (0) = 1 and Ez,c (0) = 1/(c).

α,ψ  c–1  (c)

Lemma 2.14 Take α, c, γ ∈ R+ , λ ∈ R. Then,

where Eu,v (·) is deﬁned in Lemma 2.11.

Proof By Deﬁnition 2.7, Lemma 2.11, and Proposition 2.13, we obtain

which allows the required (2.11).

Lemma 2.15 Take α, c, γ ∈ R+ , λ ∈ R. Hence,

where Eu,v (·) is deﬁned in Lemma 2.11.

Proof By Deﬁnition 2.1, Lemma 2.11, and Proposition 2.12, we obtain

1 t ρ–1  α–1  c–1

which gives the desired (2.12).

Proof By Deﬁnition 2.1 and Lemma 2.15, we have

which yields the required (2.13).

This completes the proof.

2.2 The Gronwall inequality via ψ -Hilfer PFOs

This yields that

u(t) ≤ v(t) + Bu(t), (2.18)

Next, we claim that

If m = k + 1, then the induction hypothesis implies that

By Dirichlet’s formula, (2.22) can be written as

t ρ–1  α–1  kα–1 

Substituting (2.24) into (2.23), we obtain

Since the series

satisﬁes the relation

Hence, the series converges and it is concluded that

The proof is completed.

If we set w(t) ≡ b in Theorem 2.18, then we obtain:

where Eα (·) is given as in Lemma 2.11 with Re(α) > 0.

By using the fact that 0 < exp( ρ–1

The proof is completed.

3 The ψ -Hilfer–Cauchy-type problems and integral equations

Proof Let x be a solution of (3.1). By applying Lemma 2.9, we obtain

For k = 1, thanks to Deﬁnition 2.1 and Proposition 2.12, we obtain

By the same process, for k = 2, it follows that

In a similar way, repeating the same procedure, k = 1, 2, . . . , m, we obtain

If we proceed inductively and taking m → ∞, we achieve

Thanks to Lemma 2.11, we obtain (3.2).

3.2 The ψ -Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs

From the MBCs of the problem (1.1), we see that

where  is given by (3.4). Inserting c1 and c2 into (3.5) gives (3.3).

The result investigates the uniqueness of solutions for the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs

Theorem 4.1 (Banach ﬁxed-point theorem [54]) Let X be a Banach space, B ⊂ X be

Theorem 4.2 Let f ∈ C ([a, b] × R, R) that satisﬁes the following assumptions:

for any x, y ∈ R, t ∈ [a, b].

H α,β,ψ β(n–α),ψ (1–β)(n–α),ψ β(n–α),ψ γ ,ψ

H α,β,ψ δ,ψ β(n–α),ψ γ ,ψ δ,ψ β(n–α),ψ δ–γ ,ψ δ–α,ψ

where Ez (0) = 1 and Ez,c (0) = 1/(c).

α,ψ c–1 (c)

1 t ρ–1 α–1 c–1

t ρ–1 α–1 kα–1

where is given by (3.4). Inserting c1 and c2 into (3.5) gives (3.3).

where and 2 are given by (3.4) and (5.4), respectively.

By taking Cf = 2 and κf = L, we obtain

Hence, the ψ-Hilfer–PFDEs–MBCs (1.1) is UH–ML stable. Moreover, by taking Gf () =

where 3 is given by (5.5).

By taking Cf , = 3 χ and κf = L, we obtain

sin(3t 2 – 4) 9 cos(2tπ) |x(t)|

The assumption (P1 ) is satisﬁed under χ = 0.03531092315 > 0. From (5.5), we