Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Test Bank For Nutrition For Life 3rd Edition Janice Thompson
Test Bank For Nutrition For Life 3rd Edition Janice Thompson
Beyond the functional approach, Nutrition for Life About the Author
Surface.
Section.
general surface. They present straight scarped sides, on which are exposed
cream-coloured calcareous strata capped with a flat tabular layer of
chalcedony, which seems, in arresting denudation, to have determined their
peculiar and symmetrical form. In these we found no fossils; and I am
doubtful whether they are an inland extension of the Miocene beds
observed by Dr. Hooker at the ‘Jew’s Cliff,’ near Saffi, or are some
members of the Cretaceous series, of which there are sections on the coast
north of Saffi and on the flanks of the Atlas.
At this point the main boundaries of the plain come into full view,—on
the north a rugged range of mountains trending east and west, which we
estimated at from 2,000 to 3,000 feet in height; and on our right the great
chain of the Atlas, rising 11,000 feet above us and between 12,000 and
13,000 feet above the sea, bounds the view to the south, framing-in the
great plain, here some 50 miles broad, which is lost as a level horizon in the
eastern distance.
The Atlas Range.—Commencing at Cape Guer, on the Atlantic sea-
board, the range, which at a little distance has the aspect of a single ridge,
averages at its western extremity from 4,000 to 5,000 feet in height, from
which it slightly falls off in height for a few miles, and then gradually
increases in height as it recedes from the coast. In the eastern part of the
province of Haha the summits probably attain to a height of about 10,000
feet. At a point about 60 miles from the sea there is a comparatively deep
breach in the range, through which runs the main road to Tarudant.
Eastward of that pass the projecting summits appear to lie between 11,000
and 11,500 feet above the sea to a distance from the coast of about 100
miles, and about SW. of the city of Marocco, where a second depression
occurs, affording a pass to the south, at an altitude of about 7,000 feet.
Immediately east of this, and due south of the city of Marocco, the range for
30 miles in length presents a long unbroken ridge, 12,000 feet in height, on
which are deposited a few isolated crags and peaks rising from 500 to 800
feet above the general level; and it is doubtful whether this part of the chain
attains an extreme height of 13,000 feet. Still farther east the ridge-like
character is lost, the range becoming broken up into a series of less
continuous peaks (including Miltsin, estimated by Lieut. Washington to be
11,400 feet in altitude, and supposed by him to be the highest point in the
chain) of diminished height: beyond this, eastward, little or nothing is
known either of the altitude or character of the range, excepting that it
trends NE. by E. towards the southern borders of Algeria on the Sahara.
Rohlfs, in his journal of his overland journey from Marocco to Tripoli,
speaks of mountains to the east of Marocco being covered with perpetual
snow; but this is a character which has been erroneously attributed to the
Maroccan section of the Atlas range. When we arrived at Marocco in the
first week of May, the snow was limited to steep gullies and drifts—all the
exposed parts, including the very summit, being entirely bare. There were,
however, frequent storms, which intermittently covered the range down to
7,000 or 8,000 feet; but it is certain that these occasional falls would be
rapidly cleared off by the summer heat; and we came to the conclusion that
there was nothing like perpetual snow on any portion of the chain we
visited, included in the section (apparently the highest part) lying due south
of the city of Marocco.
As seen from the city, the great ridge appears to rise abruptly from the
plain some 25 miles off; and so deceptive is the distance, that it looks as
though it were a direct ascent from the plain to the snow-capped summit,
even too steep to scale; but in reality this wall-like ridge represents a
horizontal distance of 15 miles or more from the foot to the summit. As we
approached it, an irregular plateau four or five miles wide was seen to form
a sort of foreground to the great mass of the chain, from 2,000 to 3,000 feet
above the plain, and 4,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea-level. This is
intersected by occasional narrow ravines, which wind up to the crest of the
ridge; and its face, fronting the plain, is for the most part exposed as an
escarpment of red sandstone and limestone beds dipping away from the
plain, and again rising from a synclinal against the crystalline porphyrites of
the centre of the ridge, and unconformably overlying nearly vertical grey
shaly beds with a strike ranging with the general trend of the Atlas range.
Against the plateau escarpment rest enormous mounds of boulders
spreading down to the level plain.
These, then, are the general features of the chain of the Atlas and plain
of Marocco, the further details of which it will be convenient to consider
under the following heads:—
mouth of a second valley, two miles from the village, suddenly came upon a
huge development of these Red Sandstone boulder-beds as great ridge-like
and very symmetrical masses with terminal faces three or four hundred feet
high, and, like the more scattered blocks NW. of Tasseremout, intermixed
with but a very small proportion of fine matter. From this valley we turned
out northwards, skirting the escarpment facing the plain; and for more than
ten miles no lateral valley breaks into the cliff-like face; but below it the
great boulder-beds (figs. 5, 6) still occur in huge masses not resting directly
against the escarpment, but as isolated mounds two or three hundred feet in
advance, sloping down towards the escarpment in one direction, and in the
other rolling away in great wave-like ridges and undulating sheets, which
terminate at a well-marked line of demarcation, just where the level portion
of the plain commences. I measured by aneroid the height of these mounds;
and at one point their summit was 3,950 feet above the sea-level, from
which they spread down uninterruptedly to the edge of the plain nearly
2,000 feet below. They bear a striking resemblance to the glacial ridges or
escars between Edinburgh and Perth; their mound-like structure is distinctly
visible from the city of Marocco, twenty-five miles off, appearing like a
row of pyramidal tali resting against the face of the escarpment as though
they had been cast down from its edge on to the plain. The internal structure
of the mounds also suggests such a deviation from the
F . 6.
APPENDIX I.
On one occasion this Kaïd was sent to Sous by the Sultan to reduce some
provinces to submission. When arrived there, a grand entertainment was
given to him by the refractory Sheiks, and immense quantities of provisions
sent in to supply the guests, among which was a large quantity of a
particular dish of which the Kaïd was known to be very fond, and this was
all poisoned. The Kaïd, suspecting from the Sheiks’ importunity for him to
eat of it that it was poisoned, ordered his soldiers to guard the doors and let
no one escape, and then called upon the Sheiks one by one to partake of the
dish. Most of the Sheiks refused to eat, and some few came cheerfully
forward at the Kaïd’s call; those who refused were compelled to eat, and
those who came cheerfully forward were not allowed to eat; and so the Kaïd
in one day not only got rid of his enemies, but saved his friends, whom he
rewarded by putting them in the place of those who fell by their own
treachery.
Some short time after the news of the foregoing had spread over the
country, a revolt took place at Shedma, and many of the Sheiks made
themselves conspicuous by their opposition to the Kaïd, who determined to
get rid of all his enemies at one blow; he therefore made peace with them,
and all seemed well and tranquil for some time. At last came the holiday
l’ashora, or the day of the Sultan’s tenthing, when an invitation was issued
by the Kaïd to all his Sheiks to appear at his entertainment; none dare
refuse, and so all went. The Kaïd had, in the meantime, prepared a large
room, into which he sent the Sheiks known to be his enemies, and another
into which he sent those known to be his friends. When all had feasted until
they could eat no more, the Kaïd quietly ordered the windows and doors to
be closed, the men to be bound, burning charcoal to be placed in the room,
and the doors then to be built up, and all left to their fate. Nine days
afterwards, when the room was opened, nothing remained of all those men,
some twenty-two or twenty-three, but bones, attesting the fatal effects of
burning charcoal and the daring ferocity of the rats; except one man whom
the Kaïd pardoned, believing him to be innocent, as his life seemed to be so
miraculously preserved.
Abd el Saddock, Kaïd of Mogador, Duquallah, Abda, and Sous, and his
False Friend.
Some years since, the Kaïd of Mogador[2] (father of the Kaïd Hadj
Amara who entertained you when there) ruled over the provinces of
Duquallah, Sous, and Abda, and made a great deal of money during his
administration, and secured the love of all good Moors by his making the
Jews acknowledge their inferiority to the Moors. But suspecting that his
time to be squeezed by the Sultan had nearly arrived, he determined to
prepare for it, and so outwit a false friend, who was an enemy of his, and
the Sultan at the same time; in order to which, he called upon his false
friend, and invited him to dine with him that evening in private as he had
something to tell him. After dinner the Kaïd told his guest that he was
getting afraid of the Sultan seizing him in order to get his money. ‘Now,’
said he, ‘I have a favour to ask of you, which is that you will carefully
preserve the treasure which I will show you, and when I am seized upon
take the keys of my house, but do not live in it, and when my son Hamara
knows how to use my money, then tell him of the box and give him the
keys; and further, I want you to swear that you will never tell where I have
hid my treasure, and that you will not tell any one of what has passed this
night.’ The false friend took the oath with mental reservations, as would
appear from the sequel. The Kaïd then ordered four slaves to attend upon
him, and all descended to the cellar, where the money was concealed in a
large strong wooden box, buried in the ground. The box was then opened
and was seen to be full of silver and gold, &c. The Kaïd then had the box
covered up, and the false friend took his departure. After he went away, the
Kaïd returned with his slaves and had the money, but not the box, removed
to a really secure place, and had the box filled with bits of stones and
broken pottery and recovered over in the same manner as it was before,
when seen by the Kaïd’s false confidant; he then had his slaves carried off
to prison and put to death on some pretext or other. The next day when the
Kaïd’s confidant heard of the slaves being dead, he knew it was to prevent
their telling, and concluded that it was the secret which he possessed which
the Kaïd wanted to guard, and that he alone knew of the secret of the Kaïd’s
wealth and its hiding place. In some short time afterwards, an order came
from the Sultan ordering Abd el Saddock up to Marocco; upon which the
Kaïd told his confidant of his trouble and begged him to be true to his oath,
blessed him, kissed him, and then went to wait upon the Sultan. The Sultan
upon seeing him ordered his arrest and torture, accusing him of robbing him
and his people, &c.; upon which the Kaïd was carried off to the torture,
when he kept denying having any money, and being guilty of the charges
brought against him. At last the Sultan, losing all patience, sent him word
that he had received information, so the Kaïd had better speak the truth at
once, for such a one (the false friend) had declared that he had a large box
full of treasure, but was sworn not to tell of its whereabouts. The Kaïd,
therefore, must either tell or suffer death by torture. At this the Kaïd
pretended to be much alarmed, and declared that nothing could be
concealed from Seedna, so he would confess the whole truth, and that what
such a one said was true and that it was concealed in such a place, and put
there in presence of such a one (the informer, the Kaïd’s confidant), and that
if the Sultan sent for it he would have it all. The Kaïd was then put in
prison, and notaries and soldiers sent for the money under the guidance of
the informer who was in great glee, thinking that now his fortune was made
and his favour with the Sultan secure; but upon arriving at the cellar and the
box being opened, nothing but stones and broken pottery was found where