Objectives

To understand the basics of Computer

networks
To understand the Internet and
common terms related to Internet and
E-mail
To define the different browsers
Create and use email accounts

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 1. COMPUTER NETWORK BASICS
A network is a group of two or more personal
computers or devices linked together.
A network is simply a collection of computers
or other hardware devices that are
connected together, either physically or
logically, using special hardware and
software, to allow them to exchange
information and cooperate.

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 What is a Computer network?
192.168.1.2

The connection may be 192.168.1.1

in a wired or wireless
environment
Each computer on a
network is identified by
a unique number called
192.168.1.3
an IP address.
192.168.1.5
192.168.1.4

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 Connecting Computers
Can be connected in two ways:
Wired connection:
UTP Cables, UTP stands
for Unshielded Twisted Pair cable
coaxial cables,
fiber optic cables
Wireless connection
Access points

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 Connecting Computers

UTP Cable Coaxial Cable

Optic Fiber Cable Wireless Router

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 What is Topology?

- Topology the structure of the network on how all the

components are interconnected to each other.
- There are two types of topology: physical and logical
topology.
- Physical topology is the geometric representation of
all the nodes in a network.
- A logical topology is a concept in networking that
defines the architecture of the communication
mechanism for all nodes in a network

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 Types of topology
1. Bus Topology- is the topology in which all the
computers are connected through a single cable
known as a backbone cable.
- Each node is either connected to the backbone
cable by drop cable or directly connected to the
backbone cable.

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 2. Ring Topology

-Is topology in which all components are connected ends to

ends .
-The node that receives the message from the previous
computer will retransmit to the next node.
- The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an
endless loop.

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 3. Star Topology
 Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which
every node is connected to the central hub, switch or a
central computer.
 The central computer is known as a server, and the
peripheral devices attached to the server are known
as clients.

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 4. Mesh topology

 Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which

computers are interconnected with each other through
various redundant connections.
 There are multiple paths from one computer to another
computer.

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 5. Hybrid Topology
Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in
which computers are interconnected with each other through
various redundant connections.
 There are multiple paths from one computer to another
computer.
.

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 Computer Network Components
Computer network components are the major
parts which are needed to install the software.
Some important network components
are NIC, switch, cable, hub, router, and modem.
Depending on the type of network that we need to
install, some network components can also be
removed. For example, the wireless network does not
require a cable.
1.NIC stands for network interface card.
NIC is a hardware component used to connect a
computer with another computer onto a network
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.
2. Hub is a hardware device that divides the network
connection among multiple devices. When computer requests
for some information from a network, it first sends the request
to the Hub through cable. Hub will broadcast this request to
the entire network.
3. Switch is a hardware device that connects multiple devices
on a computer network. A Switch contains more advanced
features than Hub. The Switch contains the updated table that
decides where the data is transmitted or not. Switch delivers
the message to the correct destination based on the physical
address present in the incoming message.

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.
4. Router is a hardware device which is used to connect a
LAN with an internet connection. It is used to receive,
analyze and forward the incoming packets to another
network.

5. A modem is a hardware device that allows the computer to

connect to the internet over the existing telephone line.
- A modem is not integrated with the motherboard rather than
it is installed on the PCI slot found on the motherboard.

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 Computer Network Types
A computer network can be categorized by their size.
A computer network is mainly of four types:-
 LAN -(Local Area Network)
 PAN-(Personal Area Network)
 MAN-(Metropolitan Area Network)
 WAN-(Wide Area Network)
1. Local Area Network is a group of computers
connected to each other in a small area such as
building, office.

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 2. Personal Area Network is a network arranged within
an individual person, typically within a range of 10
meters.
- Personal Area Network is used for connecting the
computer devices of personal use is known as
Personal Area Network.
3. Metropolitan Area Network is a network that covers
a larger geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger network.
4. Wide Area Network is a network that extends over
a large geographical area such as states or
countries.

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 Internetwork
 . An internetwork is defined as two or more
computer network LANs or WAN or computer
network segments are connected using devices,
and they are configured by a local addressing
scheme. This process is known
as internetworking.
 An interconnection between public, private,
commercial, industrial, or government computer
networks can also be defined as internetworking.
 An internetworking uses the internet protocol.

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 Types Of Internetwork:
1. An extranet is a private network that uses Internet
technology and the public telecommunication
system to securely share part of a business's
information or operations
2. An intranet is a computer network for sharing
information, collaboration tools, operational
systems, and other computing services within an
organization, usually to the exclusion of access by
outsiders

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 Advantages of Computer Networks
1. Connectivity and Communication
2. Data Sharing
3. Hardware Sharing
4. Internet Access.
5. Internet Access Sharing
6. Data Security and Management:
7. Performance Enhancement and Balancing
8. Entertainment

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 What is a protocol?
A protocol is a set of rules that governs
communications between computers on a
network.
In order for two computers to talk to each
other, they must be speaking the same
language.
Many different types of network protocols
and standards are required to ensure that
your computer can communicate with
another computer located on the next desk
or half-way around the world.
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 INTERNET AND ITS TERMS
The Internet is a global network of computer
networks. Sometimes called the Net
It is a collection of thousands of computers
connected together worldwide, that connect
the governments, people and companies all
over the world
Each of these networks contains anywhere
from two to thousands of computers that are
linked together using special rules called
protocols.
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 Internet- A brief History

 1971:15 nodes (23 hosts) on ARPANET.

E-mail invented -- a program to send
messages across a distributed network.
1973: First international connections to
the ARPANET: University College of
London (England) and Royal Radar
Establishment (Norway)

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 Uses of Internet
1. Email: communication in a fraction of
seconds with a person who is sitting in the
other part of the world.
2. Information: the internet is flooded with
information.
3. Business: World trade has seen a big
boom with the help of the internet,
4. Social Networking: Today social
networking sites have become an
important part of the online community.
5. Shopping: . Nowadays almost anything
can be bought with the use of the internet.
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 Uses of Internet
6. Entertainment: all forms of entertainment from
watching films to playing games online.
7. E-Commerce: business deals that involve the
transfer of information across the globe via
internet.
8. Services: Many services are now provided on the
internet such as online banking, job seeking,
purchasing tickets for your favorite movies,
9. Job Search: there are plenty of job sites which
connect employers and job seekers.
10. Dating/Personals: Internet not only helps to find
the right person but also to continue the
relationship.
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 Common Internet Terms
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is
a language used to create web pages
A markup language is a modern
system for annotating a document in a
way that is syntactically
distinguishable from the text.

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 Common Internet Terms
World wide web (www) is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet
The documents are formatted in a
markup language
called HTML (HyperText Markup
Language) that supports links to other
documents, as well as graphics, audio,
and video files.
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 Common Internet Terms
Web page: A web page or webpage is
a document or information resource that is
suitable for the World Wide Web and can be
accessed through a web browser and
displayed on a monitor or mobile device.
It is written in a markup language called
HTML
Typically, it contains text, pictures, sound,
video and hyperlinks

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 Common Internet Terms
Website: Is a collection of web pages
that follow the same theme and are
connected together with hyperlinks.
Hyperlink: Is a link between documents
that when clicked takes you into the
related document wherever it may be
When the mouse pointer is passed
over a hyperlink it changes from an
arrow to a pointing hand
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 Common Internet Terms
 Protocol: is a set of rules that governs
communications between computers on a network.
 Universal Resource Locator: the address of a Web
page.
 URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the
Web browser:
 What transfer protocol to use for transporting the
file
 The domain name of the computer on which the
file resides
 The pathname of the folder or directory on the
computer on which the file resides
 The name of the file
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 Structure of a Uniform Resource Locator
pathname
protocol
http://www.mwananchi.go.tz/michezo/index.html

filename
Domain name

http => Hypertext Transfer Protocol

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 Domain Names
Standard top-level domain names that
form the basis of both a geographical and
non-geographical naming system are:
www.aaa.com >>commercial organizations
www.bbb.edu >>educational organizations
www.ccc.gov >>government institutions
www.ddd.mil >>military groups
www.eee.net >>major network support
centres
www.fff.org >>organizations other than the
above
www.ggg.int >>international organizations
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 Common Communication Protocols
Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is a
method of transmitting the information on the
web.
HTTP basically publishes and retrieves the
HTTP pages on the World Wide Web.
HTML is a language that is used to
communicate between the browser and web
server. The information that is transferred
using HTTP can be plain text, audio, video,
images, and hypertext.
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 Common Communication Protocols
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) or file transfer protocol
is used to transfer (upload/download) data from one
computer to another over the internet or through or
computer network.
 FTP is a most commonly communication protocol
for transferring the files over the internet.

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 Common Communication Protocols
 Internet Protocol (IP): is a protocol by which data is
sent from one computer to another on the Internet.
 Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet
has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it
from all other computers on the Internet.
 When you send or receive data (for example, an e-
mail note or a Web page), the message gets divided
into little chunks called packets.
 Each of these packets contains both the sender's
Internet address and the receiver's address.

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 Common Communication Protocols
Transmission and Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP):
Is the set of communications
protocols used for the Internet and
other similar networks.
TCP/IP defines the rule computers
must follow to communicate with each
other over the internet.

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 Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Is a company that offers its
customers access to the Internet
Internet access is provided via
modems
Examples:
Vodacom,
Airtel,
Tigo,
Zantel,
TTCL and
Sasatel
halotel
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 Internet Architecture
NAP

Regional
ISP

NAP=Network Access Point

Local
ISP

User User User

User
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