5.1 Homeostasis QP-combined

AQA Biology GCSE - Homeostasis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.
com
Q1.
Human body temperature is controlled within very narrow limits.
Scientists investigated the effect of drinking ice-cold water on:
• internal body temperature

• the rate of sweating.
This is the method used.

1. Sit a person inside a room kept at a constant temperature of 25 °C.
2. Measure the person’s internal body temperature near the brain.
3. Measure the person’s rate of sweating.
4. After 20 minutes, give the person 500 cm3 of ice-cold water to drink.
5. Continue to measure the person’s internal body temperature and sweating
rate for a further 50 minutes.
(a) Give the reason why the person should not move during the investigation.
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(1)
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the scientists’ results.
Figure 1
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AQA Biology GCSE - Homeostasis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Figure 2
(b) What is this person’s normal internal body temperature?
Tick (✓) one box.
36.8 °C 37.0 °C 37.4 °C
(1)
The results show that when the ice-cold water was drunk, the temperature near
the brain decreased.
(c) Explain why the temperature near the brain decreased.
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(2)
(d) The thermoregulatory centre in the brain responds to the decrease in

temperature.
How does the thermoregulatory centre send information to sweat glands in

the skin?
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(1)
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(e) The rate of sweating changes between 24 minutes and 36 minutes.
Explain how this change helps to maintain the person’s normal body
temperature.
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(2)
(f) During exercise, the skin appears red.
What causes the skin to appear red?
Tick (✓) one box.
Blood vessels moving closer to the skin

surface
Constriction of blood vessels in the skin
Decrease in heart rate
Dilation of blood vessels in the skin
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q2.
The pie chart below shows the water loss from a person on one day.
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(a) The total water loss was 2600 cm3.
Calculate the percentage of the total water loss that was lost as urine.
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Percentage lost as urine = _______________ %

(2)
A marathon race is 42 km long.
(b) What happens to the volume of water lost as sweat when a person runs a
marathon?
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(1)
(c) What must marathon runners do to prevent themselves becoming

dehydrated?
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(1)
(d) Complete the sentences.
Choose answers from the box.
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digestion excretion fertilisation filtration reabsorption
Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of

___________________.
Glucose is not found in urine because of ___________________.
Urine is removed from the body in the process of ___________________.

(3)
(e) People with kidney failure can have dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Dialysis is often needed 3 times each week and can take over 4 hours
each time.
Dialysis usually happens in a hospital.
Kidney transplants require a donor and major surgery.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant

instead of having dialysis.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q3.
Humans control their internal environment in many ways.
Look at the diagram below.
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(a) Name organ A.
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(1)
(b) Organ A stores glucose.
People with Type 1 diabetes cannot effectively control the levels of glucose
in their blood.
Name the hormone people with Type 1 diabetes have to inject to

decrease their blood glucose level.
___________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) Which organ produces urine?
Tick one box.
Brain
Lungs
Kidney
Thyroid
(1)
(d) Marathon runners often drink sports drinks during a race.
Explain why.
Page 6 of 11
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q4.
The diagram below shows the water balance for a person on a cold day.
The numbers show the volume of water, in cm3, the person’s body gained and
lost.
(a) (i) How much water was lost from the body on the cold day?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
(1)
(ii) The volume of water gained by the body should balance the volume
of water lost from the body.
How much water should the person have drunk to keep the balance?
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Volume of water = ________________ cm3

(2)
(b) (i) Name the process by which water is lost from the skin.
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(1)
(ii) Why does the body need to lose water from the skin?
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(1)
(c) The next day was a hot day. The person gained the same volume of water
and did the same activities.
(i) What effect did the increase in temperature have on the volume of
water the person lost?
Tick (✔) one box.
Less water was lost through the skin.
More water was lost through the skin.
More water was lost in faeces.
(1)
(ii) What effect would the increase in temperature have on the volume of
urine the person lost?
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q5.
A scientist measured the volume of sweat lost between 9.00 am and 2.59 pm in
one day by one person. The graph below shows the results.
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(a) (i) Suggest what happened at 11.00 am.
Tick (✔) one box.
The person moved into a cold

room.
The person removed their

coat.
The person started running a

race.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the total volume of sweat lost between 11.00 am and 1.59
pm.
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Total volume of sweat lost = _________ cm3

(1)
(iii) Suggest one way the person could replace the water that was lost as
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sweat.
_______________________________________________________
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(1)
(b) (i) Sweating helps keep our internal body temperature within a narrow
range.
Which organ monitors body temperature?
Tick (✔) one box.
brain
kidney
pancreas
(1)
(ii) The organ that monitors internal body temperature receives

information about temperature from the skin.
Which structures in the skin send impulses with this information?
Tick (✔) one box.
capillaries
glands
receptors
(1)
(c) How does sweating help to control body temperature?
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.
Humans keep their internal conditions almost constant.
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Body temperature is kept within a narrow range.
When the core body temperature is too low, this is detected by the
thermoregulatory centre in the brain.
Describe how the body responds when a decrease in core body temperature is
detected.
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(Total 6 marks)
Page 11 of 11
AQA Biology GCSE - Human Nervous System PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
Q1.
The human eye can form images of objects that are at different distances away
from the eye.
Figure 1 is a diagram of the eye.
Figure 1
(a) Label structures A, B and C on Figure 1.
cornea eyelid iris lens optic nerve

(3)
The eye in Figure 1 is focused on a distant object.
If the eye then focuses on the words in a book, changes would occur in the eye.
The light rays would be refracted more by the lens.
(b) How does the lens refract the light more?
Tick (✓) one box.
By becoming longer
By becoming thicker
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By becoming transparent
(1)
(c) Which two structures control the shape of the lens?
Tick (✓) two boxes.
Ciliary muscles
Cornea
Iris
Sclera
Suspensory ligaments
(2)
(d) To form a clear image, the light rays entering the eye must focus on one
structure in the eye.
Name the structure.
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(1)
(e) An insect flies near a person’s eye. The person blinks. This is a reflex
action.
Figure 2 shows the coordination system for this reflex action.
Figure 2
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Complete Figure 2.
Choose answers from the box below.
Write one word in each of boxes 2, 3 and 4 of Figure 2.
brain cornea iris muscles retina

(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q2.
Reflex actions are coordinated by the nervous system.
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(a) What is meant by the term ‘reflex action’?
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(2)
(b) A woman’s hand accidentally touches a hot object.
The woman moves her hand away rapidly.
Describe how the woman’s nervous system coordinates the reflex action.
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(6)
(c) The endocrine system coordinates many internal functions of the body.
Give three ways coordination by the endocrine system is different from

coordination by the nervous system.
1 _________________________________________________________
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2 _________________________________________________________
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3 _________________________________________________________
Page 4 of 33
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(3)
(d) Describe how hormones control the menstrual cycle.
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(5)
(Total 16 marks)
Q3.
The diagram below shows the brain.
Page 5 of 33
(a) Label A, B and C on the diagram above.
cerebral pituitary
cerebellum medulla
cortex gland
(3)
(b) Which part of the brain controls balance when riding a bicycle?
Tick (✓) one box.
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pituitary gland
(1)
(c) The ears send information about sound to the brain.
Which word describes the brain?
Tick (✓) one box.
Coordinator
Effector
Receptor
Stimulus
(1)
(d) What type of cell carries impulses from the ears to the brain?
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(1)
(e) Human eyes detect light.
Which part of the eye has cells that detect light?
Tick (✓) one box.
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Iris
Lens
Retina
(1)
(f) The eyes of some birds have specialised cells to detect ultraviolet (UV)
light.
Some fruits reflect UV light.
Explain why it is an advantage for birds to be able to detect UV light.
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(2)
The image below shows a student reading a book.
There are trees on the far side of the field.
The student looks at the trees instead of looking at the book.
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(g) What process occurs in the eye when the student looks at the trees instead
of looking at the book?
Tick (✓) one box.
Accommodation
Magnification
Reflection
(1)
(h) What change happens in the student’s eyes when they look up at the
trees?
Tick (✓) one box.
Light rays are refracted less
More light is reflected
The optic nerves move
(1)
(i) The student cannot see the trees in focus.
Name the common defect of the eye which causes distant objects to
appear out of focus.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Q4.
The diagram below shows the brain.
Page 8 of 33
(a) Which part of the brain becomes more active if a person balances on one
leg instead of standing on two legs?
Tick (✓) one box.
A B C D
(1)
(b) Name the part of the brain that is responsible for making a decision.
___________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) In most MRI scanners the person being scanned needs to stay completely
still.
A functional MRI (fMRI) scanner allows a person to move while the

scanner makes images of the person’s brain activity.
Suggest how the fMRI scanner could help to find out more about the brain
damage a person has.
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(3)
(d) Describe how the brain receives information about light entering the eye.
Page 9 of 33
You should include the names of structures in your answer.
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(3)
(e) The eyes of some birds contain cells that detect ultraviolet (UV) light.
UV light is reflected by some fruits and the urine of small mammals.
Explain how birds that detect UV light have evolved from birds that could
not detect UV light.
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(6)
(Total 14 marks)
Q5.
The nervous system allows a person to detect stimuli.
(a) Draw one line from each stimulus to the sense organ that detects the
stimulus.
Page 10 of 33
(2)
Moving a hand away from a hot object is an example of a reflex action.
(b) What is a reflex action?
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(2)
(c) A muscle in the arm moves the hand away from the hot object.
How does the arm muscle do this?
Tick (✓) one box.
The muscle contracts.
The muscle expands.
The muscle relaxes.
The muscle shrinks.
(1)
Two students investigated the effect of drinking coffee on reaction time.
1. Student A holds a metre rule just above student B’s hand, as shown in Figure
1.
2. Student A lets go of the metre rule.
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3. Student B catches the metre rule as quickly as possible.
4. Student A writes down the reading from the scale on the metre rule.
5. Students A and B repeat steps 1-4 another four times.
6. Student B then drinks a cup of coffee.
7. After 15 minutes, students A and B repeat steps 1-5.
Figure 1
The table below shows some of the results.
Reading from scale on metre rule in cm

Test
Before drinking coffee After drinking coffee
1 18 10
2 21 14
3 15
4 12
5 19
Figure 2 shows the results after drinking the coffee for tests 3, 4 and 5
Figure 2
(d) Complete the table.
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Use results from Figure 2.

(2)
The students made the following conclusion:
‘Drinking coffee speeds up reactions.’
(e) Give evidence from the table above to support the students’ conclusion.
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(1)
(f) The students’ conclusion may not be valid.
Suggest two improvements the students could make to their method.
1 _________________________________________________________
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2 _________________________________________________________
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q6.
The human eye can focus on objects at different distances.
Figure 1 shows how a clear image of a distant object is formed in a person’s

eye.
Figure 1
(a) Explain how the person’s eye could adjust to form a clear image of a
nearer object.
Page 13 of 33
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(6)
(b) Explain why a long-sighted person has difficulty seeing near objects
clearly.
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(2)
(c) Long-sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles.
Describe how spectacle lenses can correct long-sightedness.
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Page 14 of 33
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q7.
Many human actions are reflexes.
(a) Which two of the following are examples of reflex actions?
Tick two boxes.
Jumping in the air to catch a ball
Raising a hand to protect the eyes in bright light
Releasing saliva when food enters the mouth
Running away from danger
Withdrawing the hand from a sharp object
(2)
Figure 1 shows how the size of the pupil of the human eye can change by reflex
action.
Figure 1
(b) Name one stimulus that would cause the pupil to change in size from A to
B, as shown in Figure 1.
____________________________________
(1)
(c) Structure Q causes the change in size of the pupil.
Page 15 of 33
Name structure Q.
____________________________________
(1)
(d) Describe how structure Q causes the change in the size of the pupil from A
to B.
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(1)
(e) Figure 2 shows some structures involved in the coordination of a reflex

action.
Figure 2
Describe how the structures shown in Figure 2 help to coordinate a reflex

action.
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Page 16 of 33
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Q8.
Three students measured their reaction times.
The students used a computer program.
The image below shows the image displayed on the computer screen.
This is the method used:

1. Sit facing the computer screen.
2. Click the mouse button as quickly as possible when the computer screen
turns green.
3. Record the time taken as shown on the computer screen.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 a further 9 times.
The table shows the students’ results.
Attempt Time in milliseconds

number Student A Student B Student C
1 275 260 272
2 259 268 268
3 251 251 275
4 261 256 266
5 260 244 270
6 263 280 283
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7 259 468 274
8 256 258 278
9 255 255 286
10 248 277 275
Mean 259 282 275
(1 second = 1000 milliseconds)
(a) Suggest why measuring reaction time with a computer is more accurate
than measuring reaction time with a stopwatch.
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(1)
(b) The students measured 10 reaction times for each person rather than 3
reaction times.
Explain why.
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(2)
(c) Explain why the mean for student B has been calculated incorrectly.
Use information from the table.
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(2)
(d) Calculate the ratio of student C’s mean reaction time to student A’s mean
reaction time.
Give your answer to 3 significant figures.
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Page 18 of 33
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Ratio student C : student A = ____________________ : 1

(2)
(e) Student A wanted to present his mean result in seconds, in standard form.
What is the correct way of doing this?
Tick one box.
259 × 10−3 seconds
0.259 × 10−3 seconds
2.59 × 10−1 seconds
0.259 × 10−4 seconds
(1)
(f) Student C said the results from this investigation showed that he had the
fastest reactions.
Give two reasons why student C’s statement is not correct.
1.
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2.
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(2)
(g) The reaction the students investigated is not a reflex action.
Give the reason why.
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(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 19 of 33
Q9.
Two students investigated reflex action times.
1. Student A sits with his elbow resting on the edge of a table.
2. Student B holds a ruler with the bottom of the ruler level with the thumb of
Student A.
3. Student B drops the ruler.
4. Student A catches the ruler and records the distance.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are then repeated.
The same method was also used with Student A dropping the ruler and Student
B catching the ruler.
(a) Give two variables the students controlled in their investigation.
1.
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2.
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(2)
(b) Figure 1 shows one of the results for the Student A.
Figure 1
Page 20 of 33
What is the reading shown in Figure 1?
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Reading on ruler = ___________________________ cm

(1)
(c) Table 1 shows the students’ results.
Table 1
Distance ruler dropped in

Test cm
number
Student A Student B
1 9 12
2 2 13
3 6 13
4 7 9
5 7 8
Page 21 of 33
Mean 7 X
Circle the anomalous result in Table 1 for Student A.

(1)
(d) What is the median result for Student B?
Tick one box.
11
12
13
(1)
(e) Calculate the value of X in Table 1.
___________________________________________________________
Mean distance ruler dropped = __________________ cm

(1)
(f) Figure 2 shows the scale used to convert distance of the ruler drop to
reaction time.
Figure 2
Page 22 of 33
Calculate how much faster the reaction time of Student A was compared to
Student B.
Use Figure 2 and Table 1.
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Answer = _____________ s
(2)
(g) What improvement could the students make to the method so the results
are more valid?
Tick one box.
Use alternate hands when catching the

ruler
Carry out more repeats
Use a longer ruler for catching
Page 23 of 33
Use more than two students to collect

results
(1)
(h) Student A carried out a second investigation to see the effect of caffeine
on the reflex action.
Table 2 shows his results.
Table 2
Distance ruler dropped in

Test cm
number Without
With caffeine
caffeine
1 9 5
2 6 5
3 9 4
4 6 7
5 10 4
Mean 8 5
Give one conclusion about the effect of caffeine on reflex actions.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q10.
Figure 1 shows a reflex in the iris of the human eye in response to changes in
light levels.
Figure 1
Page 24 of 33
@ Gandee Vasan/Stone/Getty Images
(a) Describe the changes in the pupil and iris going from A to B in Figure 1.
Explain how these changes occur.
Refer to the changes in light level in your answer.
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(4)
(b) Some people wear glasses to improve their vision.
Figure 2 shows light entering the eye in a person with blurred vision.
Figure 3 shows how this condition is corrected with glasses.
Figure 2 Figure 3
Compare Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Page 25 of 33
Explain how the blurred vision is corrected.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q11.
Two students investigated reflex action times.
1. Student A sits with her elbow resting on the edge of a table.
2. Student B holds a ruler with the bottom of the ruler level with the thumb of
Student A.
3. Student B drops the ruler.
4. Student A catches the ruler and records the distance, as shown in the
diagram below.
5. Steps 1 to 4 were then repeated.
Page 26 of 33
(a) Suggest two ways the students could improve the method to make sure
the test would give valid results.
1.
__________________________________________________________
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2.
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(2)
(b) The table below shows Student A’s results.
Distance ruler
Test Number
dropped in mm
1 117
2 120
3 115
Page 27 of 33
4 106
5 123
6 125
7 106
What is the median result?
Tick one box.
106
115
116
117
123
(1)
(c) The mean distance the ruler was dropped is 116 mm.
Calculate the mean reaction time.
Use the equation:
reaction time in s =
Give your answer to 3 significant figures
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Mean reaction time = ______________________ s

(3)
(d) The students then measured Student A’s reaction time using a computer
program.
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1. The computer shows a red box at the start.
2. As soon as the box turns green the student has to press a key on
the keyboard as fast as possible.
3. The test is repeated five times and a mean reaction time is

displayed.
Student A’s mean reaction time was 110 ms.
Using a computer program to measure reaction times is likely to be more

valid than the method using a dropped ruler.
Give two reasons why.
1.
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2.
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(2)
(e) A woman has a head injury.
Her symptoms include:
• finding it difficult to name familiar objects
• not being able to remember recent events.
Suggest which part of her brain has been damaged.
___________________________________________________________
(1)
(f) A man has a head injury.
He staggers and sways as he walks.
Suggest which part of his brain has been damaged.
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
Q12.
Car drivers need quick reactions to avoid accidents.
A student uses a computer program to measure reaction time.
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The computer screen shows a traffic light on red. The traffic light then changes to
green.
The diagram below shows the change the person sees on the computer screen.
When the traffic light changes to green the person has to click the computer
mouse as quickly as possible.
The computer program works out the time taken to react to the light changing
colour.
(a) Special cells detect the change in colour.
(i) What word is used to describe special cells that detect a change in
the environment?
(1)
(ii) Where in the body are the special cells that detect the change in
colour of the traffic lights?
_______________________________________________________
(1)
(b) The student used the computer program on one computer to measure the
reaction times of people of different ages.
(i) Give one variable the student should control so that a fair comparison
can be made between the people of different ages.
_______________________________________________________
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(1)
(ii) The student did each measurement three times to calculate a mean
value.
Page 30 of 33
The table shows the results.
Mean reaction
Age in
time in
years
milliseconds
15 242
30
45 221
60 258
75 364
90 526
The reaction times for the 30-year-old person were 192, 174 and 180
milliseconds.
Calculate the mean reaction time of the 30-year-old person.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Mean reaction time = ___________________ milliseconds

(1)
(iii) Which one of the following is an advantage of repeating each test

three times and not doing the test just once?
Tick (✔) one box.
Any anomalies can be identified.
The results will be more precise.
There will be no errors.
(1)
(iv) Some people think that old people should not be allowed to drive a
car.
Why is it more dangerous for old people to drive cars?
Use information from the table above to support your answer.
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Page 31 of 33
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q13.
This question is about the nervous system.
(a) Describe the difference between the function of a receptor and the function
of an effector.
In your answer you should give one example of a receptor and one
example of an effector.
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(4)
(b) Synapses are important in the nervous system.
(i) What is a synapse?
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(2)
(ii) Describe how information passes across a synapse.
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(2)
Page 32 of 33
(c) Reflexes may be co-ordinated by the brain or by the spinal cord.
(i) The reflexes from sense organs in the head are co-ordinated by the
brain.
Name a sense organ involved in a reflex co-ordinated by the spinal

cord.
_______________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) The table shows information about reflexes co-ordinated by the brain
and reflexes co-ordinated by the spinal cord.
Organ Mean length Mean time Mean speed

co-ordinating of neurones taken for of impulse in
the reflex involved in reflex in cm per
cm milliseconds millisecond
Brain 12 4 3
Spinal cord 80 50
Calculate the mean speed of the impulse for the reflex co-ordinated
by the spinal cord.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Mean speed = ________ cm per millisecond

(1)
(iii) In reflexes co-ordinated by the brain there are no relay neurones.
Suggest why there is a difference in the mean speed of the impulse

for the two reflexes.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Page 33 of 33

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AQA Biology GCSE - Homeostasis PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

Scientists investigated the effect of drinking ice-cold water on:

• internal body temperature

This is the method used.

Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the scientists’ results.

(b) What is this person’s normal internal body temperature?

Tick (✓) one box.

36.8 °C 37.0 °C 37.4 °C

(c) Explain why the temperature near the brain decreased.

(d) The thermoregulatory centre in the brain responds to the decrease in

How does the thermoregulatory centre send information to sweat glands in

(e) The rate of sweating changes between 24 minutes and 36 minutes.

(f) During exercise, the skin appears red.

What causes the skin to appear red?

Tick (✓) one box.

Blood vessels moving closer to the skin

Constriction of blood vessels in the skin

Decrease in heart rate

Dilation of blood vessels in the skin

(a) The total water loss was 2600 cm3.

Percentage lost as urine = _______________ %

A marathon race is 42 km long.

(c) What must marathon runners do to prevent themselves becoming

(d) Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

digestion excretion fertilisation filtration reabsorption

Blood entering the kidneys goes through the process of

Glucose is not found in urine because of ___________________.

Urine is removed from the body in the process of ___________________.

Dialysis usually happens in a hospital.

Kidney transplants require a donor and major surgery.

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of having a kidney transplant

Look at the diagram below.

(a) Name organ A.

(b) Organ A stores glucose.

Name the hormone people with Type 1 diabetes have to inject to

(c) Which organ produces urine?

Tick one box.

(d) Marathon runners often drink sports drinks during a race.

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

Volume of water = ________________ cm3

Tick (✔) one box.

Less water was lost through the skin.

More water was lost through the skin.

More water was lost in faeces.

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

(a) (i) Suggest what happened at 11.00 am.

Tick (✔) one box.

The person moved into a cold

The person removed their

The person started running a

Total volume of sweat lost = _________ cm3

Which organ monitors body temperature?

Tick (✔) one box.

(ii) The organ that monitors internal body temperature receives

Which structures in the skin send impulses with this information?

Tick (✔) one box.

(c) How does sweating help to control body temperature?

Body temperature is kept within a narrow range.

Figure 1 is a diagram of the eye.

(a) Label structures A, B and C on Figure 1.

Choose answers from the box.

cornea eyelid iris lens optic nerve