REVI

EW OFTHERELATEDLI
TERATUREANDSTUDI
ES

COVI
D19

Whennewsofanepi
demi
cbegant
ospr
eadi
naChi
neseci
tyi
near
ly2020,
no
oneant
ici
pat
edt
hescopeoft
heepi
demi
cfort
heent
ir
ewor
ldi
nav
eryshor
tper
iod.
Fr
om Wuhan(
Chi
na)t
oNewYor
k(USA)t
hroughAf
ri
ca,
Sout
hAmer
ica,
Asi
a,and
Eur
ope,
thenewcor
onav
irus,
cor
onav
irusdi
sease2019(
COVI
D-19)orsev
ereacut
e
r
espi
rat
orysy
ndr
omecor
onav
irus2(
SARS-
CoV-
2),
haspar
aly
zed,
toagr
eat
eror
l
esserext
ent
,thel
i
fei
nmanycount
ri
es,
causi
ngt
housandsofdeat
hsandabout6
mi
l
li
oni
nfect
ions.

Cor
onav
irusesar
eal
argef
ami
l
yofv
irusest
hatar
eact
ual
l
ycommont
hroughout
t
hewor
ldandcancauser
espi
rat
oryi
l
lnessi
npeopl
eandani
mal
s.Ther
ear
esev
eral
knowncor
onav
irusest
hati
nfectpeopl
eandusual
l
yonl
ycausemi
l
drespi
rat
ory
di
sease,
suchast
hecommoncol
d.Howev
er,
atl
eastt
wopr
evi
ousl
yident
if
ied
cor
onav
iruseshav
ecausedsev
erei
l
lness—Sev
ereAcut
eRespi
rat
orySy
ndr
ome
(
SARS)cor
onav
irusandMi
ddl
eEastRespi
rat
orySy
ndr
ome(
MERS)cor
onav
irus.

Whi
l
ecor
onav
irusesar
ecommon,
cor
onav
irus(
COVI
D-19)i
sanewst
rai
nof
cor
onav
irust
hathadpr
evi
ousl
ynotbeeni
dent
if
iedi
nhumans.Thekeyf
eat
uresof
COVI
D-19ar
erespi
rat
orysy
mpt
omswi
thaf
everandcough.Li
keal
lnewi
nfect
ions,
under
standi
ngCOVI
D-19i
simpor
tantandchangesr
api
dly
.TheCDCi
spr
oact
ivel
y
moni
tor
ingt
hev
irusandt
aki
ngmeasur
esl
i
kepr
ovi
dinggui
dancef
orheal
thcar
e
wor
ker
sandi
ssui
ngt
rav
elr
ecommendat
ions.

Ani
nvest
igat
ionoft
heCOVI
D-19i
sst
il
longoi
ngbutot
herhumancor
onav
iruses
ar
espr
eadt
hroughper
son-
to-
per
soncont
act
.Si
mil
art
ocol
dandf
lu,
aper
son
becomessi
ckt
hroughcl
osecont
actwi
thani
nfect
edper
son.Thev
irusi
sspr
ead
t
hroughr
espi
rat
orydr
opl
etspr
oducedbyani
nfect
edper
sont
hroughcoughi
ngand
sneez
ingorbyt
ouchi
ngsur
faceswi
tht
hev
irusont
hem.

I
nconf
ir
medcasesofCOVI
D-19i
nfect
ions,
sympt
omsi
ncl
udef
ever
,cough,
and
shor
tnessofbr
eat
handt
hesev
eri
tyhasr
angedf
rom mi
l
dtopeopl
ebei
ngsev
erel
yil
l
.
Thev
irust
hatcausesCOVI
D-19seemst
obespr
eadi
ngeasi
l
yandsust
ainabl
yint
he
communi
ty(
“communi
tyspr
ead”
)insomeaf
fect
edgeogr
aphi
car
eas.Communi
ty
spr
eadmeanspeopl
ehav
ebeeni
nfect
edwi
tht
hev
irusi
nanar
ea,
incl
udi
ngsome
whoar
enotsur
ehoworwher
etheybecamei
nfect
ed.

I
not
hercor
onav
iruses,
commonsi
gnsofi
nfect
ioni
ncl
ude:
runnynose,
headache,
cough,
sor
ethr
oat
,fev
er,
agener
alf
eel
i
ngofbei
ngunwel
l
.

REFERENCES:
Cachón-
Zagal
az,
J.,
Sánchez
-Zaf
ra,
M.,
Sanabr
ias-
Mor
eno,
D.,
Gonzál
ez-
Val
ero,
G.,
Lar
a-Sánchez,
A.J.
,Zagal
az-
Sánchez,
M.L.(
2020)
.Sy
stemat
icRev
iewoft
he
Li
ter
atur
eAboutt
heEf
fect
soft
heCOVI
D-19Pandemi
cont
heLi
vesofSchool
Chi
l
dren.Fr
ont
ier
sinPsy
chol
ogy
.11.2457.Ret
ri
evedApr
il12,
2021,
from
ht
tps:
//www.
fr
ont
ier
sin.
org/
art
icl
e/10.
3389/
fpsy
g.2020.
569348

Dascomb,
K.K.MD,
PhD.(
2020,
Mar
ch5)
.Whati
scor
onav
irus(
COVI
D-19)andhow
canIpr
epar
e.I
nter
mount
ainHeal
thcar
e.Ret
ri
evedApr
il12,
2021,
from
ht
tps:
//i
nter
mount
ainheal
thcar
e.or
g/bl
ogs/
topi
cs/
li
ve-
wel
l
/2020/
01/
what
-i
s-cor
ona
v
irus-
(cov
id-
19)
-and-
how-
can-
i-
prepar
e,-
q-,
/

Publ
icTr
anspor
t
 Publ
i
ctr
anspor
tmaybedef
inedasanyf
orm ofpassengerorf
rei
ghtt
ranspor
t
t
hati
sav
ail
abl
eforhi
reandr
ewar
d.I
npr
act
ice,
itusual
l
yref
erst
oland-
based
passengert
ranspor
tandi
npar
ti
cul
arbusandt
rai
nser
vicesandv
ari
ant
sther
eof
.
I
ftr
anspor
tisunder
stoodt
obeaf
aci
l
itat
oroft
heeconomy
,publ
i
ctr
anspor
tis
cr
it
ical
inmaxi
mizi
ngpr
oduct
ivi
tyandcompet
it
iveness.Theeconomi
cbenef
it
sof
publ
i
ctr
anspor
tfl
owf
rom t
hreekeyar
eas:
(1)t
heef
fi
cientconnect
ionofweal
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abourt
othemar
ket
place;
(2)t
her
emov
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oduct
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enecks;
and(
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maxi
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dual
s,busi
nessandgov
ernmentt
oincr
ease
i
ncomeandassetv
alue.Publ
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anspor
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par
ti
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Thesoci
albenef
it
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anspor
tfl
owf
rom t
heaccessi
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ovi
dest
o
empl
oymentoppor
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ti
es,
educat
ionandheal
thser
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lasr
ecr
eat
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f
aci
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iti
es.Bypr
ovi
dingacommunal
accesspoi
ntt
ovi
tal
goodsandser
vices,
publ
i
c
t
ranspor
tisav
ehi
clef
orsoci
alcohesi
onbet
weendi
ver
sedemogr
aphi
csi
nsoci
ety
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Publ
i
ctr
anspor
tal
sopr
ovi
desanal
ter
nat
emeansoft
rav
elt
othepr
ivat
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cl
e
whi
chwi
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mpor
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oreduci
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ngsi
gni
fi
cant
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ve,
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easi
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hemar
ketshar
eofpubl
i
ctr
anspor
t
ser
vices–par
ti
cul
arl
yinmaj
orur
bancent
res–wi
l
lreducet
henegat
ivei
mpact
sof
congest
ionandcutcar
bonemi
ssi
ons.
Har
nessi
ngt
hef
ull
pot
ent
ial
oft
hesebenef
it
sdemandsi
nvest
menti
nnew
t
ranspor
tser
vicesandi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,
aswel
lasi
mpr
ovi
ngt
hequal
i
tyandef
fi
ciency
ofexi
sti
ngser
vices.Encour
agi
ngcommut
ersoutoft
hei
rpr
ivat
evehi
clesandont
o
at
tract
ive,
user
-f
ri
endl
y,i
ntegr
atedandexpansi
vepubl
i
ctr
anspor
tnet
wor
ksneedst
o
bet
hepr
ior
it
yoft
ranspor
tpol
i
cy.
Duet
onewr
est
ri
cti
ons,
publ
i
ctr
anspor
twi
l
l,agai
n,notbeal
l
owedi
nMet
ro
Mani
l
a.I
not
herci
ti
es,
ont
heot
herhand,
theywi
l
lst
il
lbeal
l
owedbutwi
thl
i
mit
ed
capaci
ty.Becauseoft
hesel
i
mit
ati
onsi
ncapaci
ty,
theusual
one-
hourt
rav
el
pr
e-pandemi
c,nowt
akesal
ongert
imeduet
oli
mit
edsuppl
y.Mor
eov
er,
iti
smor
e
expensi
vet
otr
avel
duet
oli
mit
edchoi
ces.
Al
thoughsomePUV’
swer
eal
l
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her
oad,
PUJ’
sst
il
lar
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tbacki
n
oper
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on.Si
ncet
hegov
ernmenti
sal
sopushi
ngf
ort
hemoder
nizat
ionofj
eepney
s,
manyPUJdr
iver
sar
esuf
fer
ing,
wit
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eftwi
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cebutt
oaskf
oral
ms
f
rom mot
ori
stspassi
ngal
ongt
hehi
ghway
.
Mor
eandmor
epeopl
ear
etur
ningi
ntocy
cli
ngandwal
ki
ngasal
ter
nat
ivemodes
oft
ranspor
t.Howev
er,
about70per
centoft
her
oadspacei
soccupi
edbycar
s.Ther
e
i
snotenoughspacepr
ovi
dedf
orbi
kel
anes,
soi
t’
snotsaf
eyetf
orcy
cli
stst
otr
avel
onhi
ghway
s.Goodt
hing,
ini
ti
ati
vesbycy
cli
nggr
oupshav
est
art
edor
gani
zi
ngpop-
up
bi
kel
anesi
nEDSA.

REFERENCES:
Cr
uz,
H.(
2020,
Sept
ember21)
.Whatt
hepandemi
cist
eachi
ngusaboutur
ban
t
ranspor
tpl
anni
ng.MakeSense,
Phi
l
ippi
nes.Ret
ri
evedApr
il12,
2021,
from
ht
tps:
//phi
l
ippi
nes.
makesense.
org/
2020/
09/
21/
what
-t
he-
pandemi
c-i
s-t
eachi
ng-
us-
about
-ur
ban-
tr
anspor
t-
planni
ng/

Pr
est
on,
J.(
2009)
.Tr
anspor
t,Publ
i
c.I
nter
nat
ional
Ency
clopedi
aofHuman
Geogr
aphy
,El
sev
ier
.452-
459.Ret
ri
evedApr
il12,
2021,
from
ht
tps:
//www.
sci
encedi
rect
.com/
sci
ence/
art
icl
e/pi
i
/B9780080449104010270

Tour
ism &Tr
anspor
tFor
um (
TTF)
.(2010,
May
).Thebenef
it
sof
publ
i
ctr
anspor
t.Ret
ri
evedApr
il12,
2021,
from
ht
tps:
//www.
tt
f.
org.
au/
wp-
cont
ent
/upl
oads/
2016/
06/
TTF-
The-
Benef
it
s-Of
-Publ
i
c-T
r
anspor
t-
2010.
pdf