Reinforced Concrete Design

N inth E dition

Abi Aghayere
Professor
Department of Civil, Architectural,
and Environmental Engineering
Drexel University

330 Hudson Street, NY NY 10013

A01_AGHA5353_09_SE_FM.indd 1 1/4/18 11:52 AM

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Aghayere, Abi O., author.

Title: Reinforced concrete design / Abi Aghayere, Professor, Department of
Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University.
Description: Ninth edition. | Upper Saddle River, New Jersey : Pearson
Education, Inc., 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017056582| ISBN 9780134715353 | ISBN 0134715357
Subjects: LCSH: Reinforced concrete.
Classification: LCC TA444 .L44 2018 | DDC 624.1/8341--dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017056582

1 17

ISBN 10: 0-13-471535-7

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-471535-3

A01_AGHA5353_09_SE_FM.indd 2 1/4/18 11:52 AM

 NOTICE TO THE READER
T he information contained in this book has
been prepared in accordance with recognized
engineering principles and is for general in-
formation only. Although it is believed to be accurate,
this information should not be used for any specific
application without competent professional examina-
tion and verification of its accuracy, suitability, and
A01_AGHA5353_09_SE_FM.indd 3
applicability by a licensed professional engineer, ar­
chitect, or designer. The authors and publisher of this
book make no warranty of any kind, expressed or im-
plied, with regard to the material contained in this book
nor shall they be liable for any special, consequential,
or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part,
from the reader’s use of or reliance on this material.
iii
1/4/18 11:52 AM
 To the cherished memory of my mother, Regina Ekeneza-Obasogie, and
my great-grand mother, Aghayubini Osawe

A01_AGHA5353_09_SE_FM.indd 4 1/4/18 11:52 AM

 PREF AC E
T he primary objective of Reinforced Concrete
Design, ninth edition, remains the same as that
of the previous editions that were co-authored
with George F. Limbrunner, who is now retired: to
provide a basic and thorough understanding of the
strength and behavior of reinforced concrete members
and reinforced concrete structural systems.
With the recent changes in the ACI 318 Code,
and relevant reinforced concrete research and litera-
ture continuing to become available at a rapid rate, it
is the intent of this book to translate this vast amount
of information and data into an integrated source that
reflects the latest information available. This book is
intended to help the reader understand the funda-
mentals of reinforced concrete design and behavior,
and good practices in the industry. It will be useful to
students in undergraduate civil and architectural engi-
neering programs, and engineering technology and ar-
chitecture programs. In addition, practicing structural
engineers and engineers preparing for the licensure
exams will find this text to be a helpful and practical
resource.
This ninth edition has been prepared with the
primary objective of updating its contents to conform
to the latest Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-14) of the American Concrete
Institute. The ACI 318-14 is a complete reorganiza-
tion of the Code compared to previous editions of
the Code, in addition to incorporating a number
of technical changes. Throughout the text, frequent
references are made to the pertinent sections of the
ACI Code. Because the ACI Code serves as the de-
sign standard in the United States, it is strongly rec-
ommended that the Code be used as a companion
­publication to this book.
In addition to the necessary changes to conform to
the new code, some sections have been edited, new sec-
tions have been added, and the student design project
problems have been enhanced and several drawings
A01_AGHA5353_09_SE_FM.indd 5
updated. Working on the design project helps the
student appreciate how and where the individual re-
inforced concrete elements covered in the different
chapters fit within the context of a real life building
project. Thus, they can see how what they have learned
is readily applicable to, and usable in, the real world
of engineering and construction. Answers to selected
problems are furnished at the back of the text.
This text is suitable for any undergraduate con-
crete design course which would typically include
topics from Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and parts of
Chapters 9 and 10. The remaining topics and chapters
could make up a significant portion of a second under-
graduate concrete design course. This text covers more
topics than those required in the Concrete I course,
and many of the topics required in the Foundation
Design course, of the Basic Education for Structural
Engineers Curriculum published by the Structural
Engineering Institute (SEI) of the American Society
of Civil Engineers (ASCE), the National Council of
Structural Engineering Associations (NCSEA), and the
Council of American Structural Engineers (CASE).
Throughout the nine editions, the text content has
maintained primarily a fundamental and practice-
oriented approach to the design and analysis of rein-
forced concrete structural members using numerous
examples and a step-by-step solution format. In ad-
dition, there are chapters that provide a conceptual
approach on such topics as prestressed concrete and
detailing of reinforced concrete structures. The metric
system (SI) is introduced in Appendix C with several
example problems.
Form design is an important consideration in
most structural design problems involving concrete
members, and Chapter 12 illustrates procedures for
the design of job-built forms for slabs, beams, and
columns. Appropriate tables are included that will
expedite the design process. In Chapter 14, we intro-
duce the reader to several practical considerations
v
1/4/18 11:52 AM
 vi Preface
and rules of thumb for the design of reinforced con-
crete beams, girders, columns and one-way slabs, and
methods for strengthening existing reinforced con-
crete structures.
NEW TO THIS EDITION
• The entire text has been revised to conform to the
latest ACI Code: ACI 318-14.
• The design of concrete mixes and admixtures is
discussed in Chapter 1 and an introduction to grav-
ity load distribution (tributary areas and tributary
width) and concrete slab systems is presented.
• The design of slab-on-grade is included in Chapter 2.
• The design of corbels and brackets is included in
Chapter 4.
• Structural integrity reinforcement is presented in
Chapter 5 and more examples on the development
of reinforcement have been added to the chapter.
• Two-way slab design using the direct design meth-
od is covered in Chapter 6 together with an intro-
duction to the equivalent frame method.
• In Chapter 7, the procedures for calculating the
long-term deflections of continuous beams and
girders are included, in addition to a new example
on the long-term ­deflection of a continuous T-beam.
Deflection control measures are discussed and the
design of concrete floor systems for vibrations is
also included in Chapter 7.
• The design of columns subject to axial load plus
bi-axial bending, the moment magnification factor,
and the design of slender columns in non-sway or
braced frames are introduced in Chapter 9.
• A discussion of the types of information contained
in a geotechnical report and the design of eccentri-
cally loaded spread footings with a new example
to illustrate the design procedure are presented in
Chapter 10.
• The design of pile caps and deep beams using the
strut-and-tie method is covered in Chapter 10.
• A new section on diaphragms, chords, and drag
struts is included in Chapter 14. Additional sections
added to this chapter include one-way slabs subject-
ed to concentrated loads, fire resistance of structural
concrete, concrete pour strips to mitigate shrinkage
cracks, concrete specifications, and load testing of
existing structures.
• A second student design project problem has been
added in Chapter 14.
This book has been thoroughly tested over the
years in engineering, architecture, and engineering
technology programs, and should serve as a valu-
able design guide and resource for engineering and
architectural students, technologists, and design
­ Philadelphia, PA
A01_AGHA5353_09_SE_FM.indd 6
e­ ngineers. In addition, it will aid engineers and ar-
chitects preparing for state licensing examinations
for professional registration.
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to George Limbrunner—the founding co-­
author of this text since 1977, and with whom I was co-
author for the sixth through the eighth editions—for the
rich legacy and practical imprint he left on this text.
I would also like to thank the peer reviewers for
the previous editions and particularly those who
did the review for this edition for their many valued
contributions. We are excited about continuing the
­practice-oriented and easy-to-understand emphasis of
this textbook while introducing some new topics of in-
terest based on the feedback we have received on the
previous editions.
As in the past, appreciation is extended to our stu-
dents, past and present, and our colleagues, whose
constructive feedback and enthusiasm have provided
encouragement for this edition. Special thanks to Jason
Vigil, S.E., P.E., for his invaluable input and his immense
help in preparing the figures for this edition. Thanks
are due as well to Ben Okorosobo, P.Eng., consulting
­structural engineer, for his helpful insights during the
preparation of this text. I am also indebted to the late
University Professor James G. MacGregor for his men-
torship during and after my doctoral studies at the
­University of Alberta.
I’m grateful to my forever-bride, Josephine,
for her enduring support and patience, and to my
­children—Osa, Ito, Odosa, and Eghosa—for their con-
tinuous e­ncouragement. Finally, I am most grateful
to ­Almighty God for His amazing grace and strength
that made this project possible.
Download Instructor Resources from
the Instructor Resource Center
To access supplementary materials online, instruc-
tors need to request an instructor access code. Go to
www.pearsonhighered.com/irc to register for an in-
structor access code. Within 48 hours of registering,
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you have any difficulties accessing the site or down-
loading a supplement, please contact Customer Ser-
vice at http://support.pearson.com/getsupport
Abi Aghayere
1/4/18 11:52 AM
 C ON T EN T S

Chapter
1 2-5 Flexural Strength of Rectangular
Beams 24
MATERIALS AND MECHANICS
OF BENDING, AND CONCRETE SLAB 2-6 Equivalent Stress Distribution 25
SYSTEMS 1
2-7 Balanced, Brittle, and Ductile Failure
1-1 Concrete 1 Modes 27

1-2 The ACI Building Code 1 2-8 Ductility Requirements 28

1-3 Cement and Water 1 2-9 Strength Requirements 30

1-4 Aggregates 1 2-10 Rectangular Beam Analysis for Moment

(Tension Reinforcement Only) 31
1-5 Concrete Mixes 2
2-11 Summary of Procedure for
1-6 Concrete in Compression 3
Rectangular Beam Analysis for FMn
1-7 Concrete in Tension 5 (Tension ­Reinforcement Only) 34

1-8 Reinforcing Steel 5 2-12 Slabs: Introduction 34

1-9 Concrete Cover 8 2-13 One-Way Slabs: Analysis for

­Moment 34
1-10 Beams: Mechanics of Bending R
­ eview 8
2-14 Rectangular Beam Design for
1-11 Concrete Slab Systems 13
Moment (Tension Reinforcement
1-12 Gravity Load Distribution in Concrete Only) 37
Slab Systems 14
2-15 Summary Of Procedure for Rectangu-
References 16 lar Reinforced Concrete Beam Design
for Moment (Tension Reinforcement
Problems 17 Only) 41

2-16 Design of One-Way Slabs for Moment

Chapter
2 (Tension Reinforcement Only) 41
RECTANGULAR REINFORCED
2-17 Summary of Procedure for Design of
CONCRETE BEAMS AND SLABS:
One-Way Slabs for Moment (To Satisfy
TENSION STEEL ONLY 21
ACI Minimum Thickness, h) 43
2-1 Introduction 21
2-18 Slabs-On-Grade 43
2-2 Analysis and Design Method 21
References 46
2-3 Behavior Under Load 22
Problems 46
2-4 Strength Design Method
­Assumptions 23

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 viii Contents

Chapter
3 Chapter
5
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS: DEVELOPMENT, SPLICES, AND
T-BEAMS, L-BEAMS, AND DOUBLY SIMPLE-SPAN BAR CUTOFFS 104
REINFORCED BEAMS 51
5-1 Bond Stress and Development Length:
3-1 T-Beams and L-Beams: Introduction 51 Introduction 104

3-2 T-Beam and L-Beam Analysis 53 5-2 Development Length: Tension Bars 106

3-3 Analysis of Beams Having 5-3 Development Length: Compression

Irregular Cross Sections 56 Bars 111

3-4 T-Beam and L-Beam Design (for 5-4 Development Length: Standard
­Moment) 57 Hooks in Tension 112

3-5 Summary of Procedure for Analysis of 5-5 Development of Web

T-Beams and L-Beams (for Moment) 60 ­Reinforcement 115

3-6 Summary of Procedure for Design of 5-6 Splices 117

T-Beams and L-Beams (for M
­ oment) 61
5-7 Tension Splices 117
3-7 Doubly Reinforced Beams:
5-8 Compression Splices 117
­Introduction 62
5-9 Simple-Span Bar Cutoffs and Bends 118
3-8 Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis for
Moment (Condition I) 62 5-10 Code Requirements for Development
of Positive Moment Steel at Simple
3-9 Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis for
­Supports 122
Moment (Condition II) 65
5-11 Structural Integrity Reinforcement–
3-10 Summary of Procedure for ­Analysis
Beams 125
of Doubly Reinforced Beams (for
­Moment) 67 References 126

3-11 Doubly Reinforced Beam Design for Problems 126

­Moment 68

3-12 Summary of Procedure for Design

of Doubly Reinforced Beams
Chapter
6
CONTINUOUS ONE-WAY AND TWO-WAY
(for Moment) 69 FLOOR SYSTEMS 130

3-13 Additional Code Requirements for 6-1 Introduction 130

­Doubly Reinforced Beams 70
6-2 Continuous-Span Bar Cutoffs 132
Problems 71
6-3 Design of Continuous One-Way Floor
­Systems 133

Chapter
4 6-4 Analysis and Design of Continuous
Two-Way Slabs 145
SHEAR AND TORSION 75
References 180
4-1 Introduction 75
Problems 180
4-2 Shear Reinforcement Design
­Requirements 76

4-3 Shear Analysis Procedure 78

Chapter
7
SERVICEABILITY 183
4-4 Stirrup Design Procedure 79
7-1 Introduction 183
4-5 Torsion of Reinforced Concrete
­Members 86 7-2 Deflections 183

4-6 Corbels and Brackets 94 7-3 Calculation of Icr 184

References 99 7-4 Immediate Deflection 186

Problems 99 7-5 Long-Term Deflection 186

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 Contents ix

7-6 Procedure for Calculating the 9-6 Summary of Procedure for Analysis
Deflection of Simply Supported and Design of Short Columns with
and Continuous Beams and Slabs 189 Small ­Eccentricities 241

7-7 Procedure for Calculating the 9-7 The Load-Moment Relationship 241
Deflection of Continuous Girders 190
9-8 Columns Subjected to Axial Load at
7-8 Deflection Control Measures in Large Eccentricity 242
­Reinforced Concrete Structures 193
9-9 F Factor Considerations 242
7-9 Crack Control 194
9-10 Analysis of Short Columns: Large
7-10 Floor Vibrations 195 ­Eccentricity 243

7-11 Gross and Cracked Section Properties 9-11 Biaxial Bending 250
of Concrete Sections 197
9-12 The Slender Column 252
References 198
9-13 Concrete Column Schedule 256
Problems 198
References 257

Problems 257
Chapter
8
WALLS 200
Chapter
10
FOUNDATIONS 260
8-1 Introduction 200
10-1 Introduction 260
8-2 Lateral Forces on Retaining
Walls 201 10-2 The Geotechnical Report 261

8-3 Design of Reinforced Concrete 10-3 Wall Footings 262

­Cantilever Retaining Walls 204
10-4 Wall Footings Under Light Loads 267
8-4 Design Considerations for Bearing
10-5 Individual Reinforced Concrete
Walls 219
­Footings for Columns 267
8-5 Design Considerations for Basement
10-6 Square Reinforced Concrete Footings 270
Walls 221
10-7 Rectangular Reinforced Concrete
8-6 Lateral Load Resisting Systems
­Footings 273
in Concrete Buildings 221
10-8 Eccentrically Loaded Footings 277
8-7 Concrete Moment Frames 222
10-9 Combined Footings 282
8-8 Shear Walls 223

References 231 10-10 Cantilever or Strap Footings 284

10-11 Analysis and Design of Mat

Problems 231
Foundations 286

10-12 Deep Foundations–Piles, Drilled Shaft

Chapter
9 (Caissons), and Pile Caps 287

10-13 Strut-and-Tie Models for Pile Caps

COLUMNS 234
and Deep Beams 292
9-1 Introduction 234
References 300
9-2 Strength of Reinforced Concrete
­Columns: Small Eccentricity 235 Problems 301

9-3 Code Requirements Concerning

Chapter
11
Column Details 236 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
FUNDAMENTALS 303
9-4 Analysis of Short Columns: Small
­Eccentricity 238 11-1 Introduction 303

9-5 Design of Short Columns: Small 11-2 Design Approach and Basic
­Eccentricity 239 Concepts 303

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 x Contents

11-3 Stress Patterns in Prestressed

­Concrete Beams 305
Chapter
14
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN
11-4 Prestressed Concrete Materials 306 THE DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
BUILDINGS 360
11-5 Analysis of Rectangular Prestressed
Concrete Beams 307 14-1 Introduction 360

11-6 Alternative Methods of Elastic 14-2 Rules of Thumb and Practical

­Analysis: Load Balancing Method 310 ­Considerations for Reinforced
­Concrete Design 360
11-7 Flexural Strength Analysis 313
14-3 Approximate Moments and Shears
11-8 Notes on Prestressed Concrete
in Continuous Girders 362
­Design 315

References 315 14-4 Strengthening and Rehabilitation

of Existing Reinforced Concrete
Problems 315 ­Structures 364

14-5 Diaphragms, Drag Struts,

Chapter
12 and Chords 369

CONCRETE FORMWORK 317 14-6 One-Way Slabs Subjected to

­Concentrated Loads 371
12-1 Introduction 317
14-7 Load Testing of Structures 373
12-2 Formwork Requirements 317
14-8 Closure or Pour Strips in Reinforced
12-3 Formwork Materials and
Concrete Floors 375
Accessories 318
14-9 Fire Resistance of Concrete Structural
12-4 Loads and Pressures on Forms 319
Elements 376
12-5 The Design Approach 321
14-10 Analysis and Design of Edge-Supported
12-6 Design of Formwork for Slabs 326 Two-Way Slabs on Stiff Supports 377

12-7 Design of Formwork for Beams 331 14-11 Cast-In Place Concrete
Specifications 379
12-8 Wall Form Design 335
14-12 Student Design Projects 381
12-9 Forms for Columns 339

References 342 References 385

Problems 342
APPENDIX A TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 386

APPENDIX B SUPPLEMENTARY AIDS

Chapter
13 AND GUIDELINES 403
DETAILING REINFORCED CONCRETE B-1 ACCURACY FOR
STRUCTURES 344 COMPUTATIONS FOR
13-1 Introduction 344 REINFORCED CONCRETE 403

B-2 FLOW DIAGRAMS 403

13-2 Placing or Shop Drawings 345

13-3 Marking Systems and Bar Marks 345 APPENDIX C METRICATION 408

13-4 Schedules 352 C-1 THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM

OF UNITS (SI) 408
13-5 Fabricating Standards 352
C-2 SI STYLE AND USAGE 410
13-6 Bar Lists 353
C-3 
CONVERSION FACTORS 411
13-7 Extras 354
REFERENCES 416
13-8 Bar Supports and Bar Placement 355
APPENDIX D ANSWERS TO SELECTED
13-9 Computer Detailing 356 PROBLEMS 417

References 359 INDEX 419

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