DATA MANAGEMENT

Monday, 3 July 2023 4:40 pm

Terms
• Descriptive statistics
• Inferential statistics
• Population
• Sample
• Discrete data
• Continuous data

Data collection
 is the process of gathering and measuring information about variables on study in an
established
systematic procedure, which then enable to answer relevant questions at hand and evaluate
outcomes.

Type of Data
• NOMINAL
• ORDINAL
• INTERVAL
• RATIO

NOMINAL
→ This scale is used for classifying and labeling variables without quantitative value

ORDINAL
→ Ordinal scale can easily be remembered because it sounds like order which matters in ordinal
scale. in this scale, the values between intervals don't have meaning.

INTERVAL
→ One problem with the interval scale is it doesn't have a "true zero.

RATIO
→ Possesses the characteristics of nominal, ordinal, and interval scale

Two Types of Data Collection Methods

Qualitative Data Collection Method.
 In this method, data is non-numerical in nature. It is often time in an open-ended question. It
can
generate longer narratives. To gather the data is more expensive and to analyze the data
gathered
is challenging. However, because of its nature, one can have a thorough, richer, and in-depth
analysis of the data. This uses individual interviews, focus groups, and observations.
Individual interviews
• Focus groups
• Observations

Quantitative Data Collection method.

 In this method, data are in numerical form and can be precisely measured. It is harder to
develop
but easier to analyze. The results are often processed into a useful information with the help

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 but easier to analyze. The results are often processed into a useful information with the help
of a
statistical tool

Organizing Data
1. Textual presentation
2. Tabular presentation
• General Reference
• FDT
3. Graphical presentation
• Histogram
• Frequency Polygon
• Ogive
• Box-&-Whisker

Frequency Distribution Table

Guidelines for frequency tables:
1. Class intervals should not overlap. Classes are mutually exclusive.
2. Classes should continue throughout the distribution with NO gaps. Include all classes.
3. All classes should have the same width.
4. Class widths should be "convenient" numbers.
5. Use 5-20 classes.
6. Make lower or upper limits multiples of the width

Example Data Set:

As. Cathy's Exam Scores
 (Ungroup)

Solution
 Arrange

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