Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Element 4
Element 4
Element 4
ELEMENT 4
Learning Outcomes:
4.1. iscuss common methods and indicators used to monitor the effectiveness of
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management systems
4.2. Explain why and how incidents should be investigated, recorded and reported
4.3. xplain what an audit is and why and how it is used to evaluate a management
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system
4.4. xplain why and how regular reviews of health and safety performance are
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needed
In some cases the countries laws may determine the Chemicals- correct storage and usage, compliance to
frequency. PPE.
Inspection and audit findings may suggest a higher Electrical- proper usage of portable tools, use of
frequency. protective devices.
Previous accident history and results of investigations. Environment- adequate lighting, noise and dust
controls and space.
Complaints from workers.
Vehicles- segregation of pedestrians, pedestrian
Risk assessments may suggest Inspections
crossing zones, vehicle parking areas.
Tools Required for Inspection - The
Action Plan for the Issues Identified:
Checklist:
Post inspection there should be arrangements to rectify
Checklists are good tools to ensure the systematic and
the problems that may have been identified during the
correct inspection of the workplace. The following are the
inspection. The problems identified should be prioritized
merits of using the checklist:
and the same should be followed up until the controls are
implemented.
are compliant. But safety sampling cannot replace 100% Lessons learnt from a single incident or
inspection. It goes without saying that somebody had Lessons learnt from incidents as a whole that has
to do the 100% inspection and only to ensure that this happened, say in the last three years.
Data can be converted into trends which can tell the
organization whether the numbers of incidents are
showing an upward or a downward trend or
This is done to learn from past incidences and prevent it Evaluation of Performance by Looking at
from happening in the future. The reports generated from the Enforcement Action:
reactive monitoring denotes the failures of the systems
The number of enforcement actions over the last several
and ineffectiveness of the control measures
years can also be converted into trends so as to analyze
Reactive monitoring examines the following to measure whether it is rising and if yes to find out the reasons for the
health and safety performance same. The fines issued by courts are also worth analyzing.
Accident data Evaluation of the Performance by Looking
Ill health data at the Civil Claims:
Absenteeism data Workers or others affected by the organizations activities
Claims records can approach the civil court against the employer to
Number of complaints reported claim for compensation. Organizations may also track the
Prosecutions number of civil claims year on year and the total amounts
paid to compare their performance reactively.
Enforcement notices
Evaluation of Performance by using
Incident Data Statistics:
The data on above reactive methods can be analyzed from:
Why lessons need to be learnt from The Difference between Leading and
beneficial and adverse events. Lagging Indicators
What are Beneficial and Adverse Events?
Sr.
Organizations with positive culture are always striving Leading indicator Lagging indicator
No.
to improve their health and safety performance. The
steps thus taken may result in the safety performance to 1 A leading indicator is Lagging indicators are
improve, like for e.g. a reduction in reportable accidents, proactive in nature. measurements that
or a decrease in compensation payments as a result of They include safety include data from the
reduced incidents and claims etc. These events which lead initiatives or reported past. They include
to improved performance are known as beneficial events. activities, with the goal of incidents and accidents
preventing unfavourable statistics.
While adverse events are those that lead to deterioration
events before they
of the health and safety performance. For e.g. an increase
happen.
in ill health or a large number of fire incidents.
2 Leading indicators are Lagging indicators
The Lessons learned from both beneficial and adverse
generated as a result are generated as a
events is the learning gained from the process that is
of active monitoring result of reactive
applied.
activities like safety monitoring activities
Each failure or success needs to be analysed, so that inspections, preventive like measuring hours
what has been done correctly and what has been not maintenance etc. lost due to reportable
is known to the organization. injuries.
Beneficial events will give the confidence to the
management to replicate the processes that lead to 3 Leading Indicators can Examples of Lagging
such benefits all throughout the organization. For e.g. include: Indicators:
if the organization finds that the implementation of Number and type Injury Frequency
a new fire checklist has drastically brought down the of Safety Trainings and Severity
number of fire incidents, then the same may be taken completed vs planned Lost Workdays
up by all the departments.
Results of Reportable
Similarly, adverse events are something which needs Behavioural Audits incidents
to be investigated and the root causes needs to be
Results of Safety Employees
evaluated. The learning’s from such events and the
Audits compensation cost
ways to prevent it should be communicated across
the organization so that it does not repeat again. Number of Toolbox Chemical releases
Talks done vs planned
Organizations understand that they will benefit
from better knowledge of accidents if they, in turn, Participation in Safety
commit to improve their approaches to investigation, Committee
including the way these generate recommendations Equipment/Machinery
and reports. The consequence should be lessons Maintenance vs
being learned, improvements made, fewer accidents planned
and so reduction in losses. Hazard Identification
Lessons learnt need not be only from events within & Risk Assessments
the organization but also from adverse and beneficial
incidents outside the organization. 4 Leading indicators will The results of the
help to improve safety lagging indicators
Organizations, thus take advantage of the key learning
through awareness will prove to the
opportunities given by both adverse and beneficial events.
and prevention and will management that the
In fact, it is a key feature of the P-D-C-A cycle which leads
show stakeholders that steps taken to improve
to continual improvement.
the company is taking occupational health
proactive steps to achieve and safety is actually
excellence in safety. working.
Observation:
The scene of the incident needs to be approached and
physical evidence needs to be gathered, investigators may
observe for ex; a patch of oil or a broken tool or a tripped
off circuit breaker etc. These will be vital clues and aid
finding out the root cause of the incident.
A high-level investigation will involve a team- The interviewer should then introduce himself, and
based investigation, involving supervisors or line clear the purpose of the interview as something of
managers, health and safety advisers and employee a fact finding mission, rather than a fault finding
representatives. It will be carried out under the mission. Emphasis should be laid out on the fact that
supervision of senior management or directors and will the interview is important so as to find out the cause
look for the immediate, underlying, and root causes. of the incident and avoid it from happening again.
The interview is to be recorded and signed at the end
Basic Incident Investigation Steps:
of the session as a record.
Before an incident investigation can start, the following The interview should be carried out using open ended
things needs to be considered: questions like ‘What’, ‘where’, ‘why’ etc. This is to
1. Gathering the information prevent putting words into the witnesses’ mouth and
allow him to openly express his opinion.
2. Analysing the information
The interviewer should keep an open mind and not
3. Identifying risk control measures
jump into conclusions.
4. The action plan and its implementation End the interview by thanking the witness.
Step 1: Gathering the Information Documentation:
Information can be gathered by looking at the following Records and documentation will have to be referred so
three things: as to substantiate the physical and verbal evidence with
Observation. written records. The records could be varied and exhaustive
Interviews. (depends upon the type of accident and the depth of
investigation). In general the following documents may be
Documentation.
checked and examined:
The relevant policies of an unauthorized access aisle, not looking where he’s
Employee training records going, and heads towards a fire exit – a short cut to the
Maintenance records car park.
Sickness and absenteeism records The forklift truck driver sees the man at the last minute
Risk assessments and brakes hard, but skids on a patch of oil left by a leaking
Safe system of work forklift. He comes to an abrupt stop and the load falls onto the
warehouse operative, breaking his arm and bruising his leg.
Site plans and layout
Active monitoring records In this example the immediate causes are:
This as the name suggests is the immediate reason for the Rushing to get the job done
cause of the accident. Let’s take that an operator hurt his Speed limiter removed
finger while operating machinery. This would have been Lack of maintenance or inspection
caused by a guard not present or the guard removed.
Taking a short cut
The immediate causes are the result of ‘unsafe acts’ and
‘unsafe conditions’. In this case the unsafe act is removal Leaving work early
of the guard, and the unsafe condition would be guard not The root causes are:
provided in the first place itself.
Lack of supervision
Underlying Causes: Work pressures
These are the causes which are behind the immediate Poor customs and practices
causes. These could be like time pressures to complete the
task, not enough training or lack of maintenance. Step 3: Identifying Risk Control Measures
Control measures now need to be identified to remedy
Root Causes:
the situation. These measures should take care of both
These would normally point towards management the immediate and root causes. These control measures
deficiencies like no policy for training, no preventive should be well thought of for
maintenance of the machines, poor work practices.
No control measures in place or if so not used
Let’s now take an example of an accident and try to find
Prevent any wrong measures been implemented and
out the root causes:
thereby loss of time, cost and effort
You’re the manager of a distribution depot. It’s Friday
Combinations of the above.
afternoon, close to the end of the working day.
Each possible risk control measure should be evaluated for:
One of your warehouse operatives has had enough for
the day and decides to pack up early. Meanwhile, in the Their ability to prevent recurrences
warehouse one of your forklift truck drivers, who’s equally Whether they are practical
keen to finish his work, is driving his truck loaded with
Whether they will be used
boxes of paint. The forklift truck turns a corner and heads
Whether they will remain effective
at speed along the aisle towards the loading bay.
It will be important to consider whether similar risks exist
At that very moment, the warehouse operative comes out
elsewhere in the premises or on another site.
Information from the event, etc. should be circulated Internal Incident Reporting:
to other areas. Organisations are particularly open to An organization through its incident reporting policy
criticism if a series of similar accidents occur. should put systems in place for incidents to be recorded
Example: and reported internally. It should specify the different
types of incidents that need to recorded, the means
Immediate actions could be: cleaning up an oil spill, or
of reporting and the responsibilities of reporting and
replacing a guard.
recording the incident.
Long term measures could be like: Creating a
A typical internal incident report would contain the following:
housekeeping policy and daily cleaning regime, or
preventive maintenance of the machines at regular Name and address of the casualty
intervals. Date and time of the incident
Location of the accident
Step 4: The Action Plan and its
Implementation Details of the injury
Details of the treatment given
Remedial actions should be both corrective and preventive
and they need to be recorded in a systematic way so as Description of the event causing injury
to make the plan actionable. The best way to do this is to Details of any equipment or substances involved
create an action plan. Action plan in simple words can be Witnesses’ names and contact details
described as “who will do what and by when”. Details of the person completing the record
This action needs to be reviewed periodically so as to close Signatures
out the action points within the stipulated period. The An organization having created a means of reporting the
action needs to be prioritized depending upon the severity incidents should then go about encouraging the workers
of the incident. Those actions, if not taken can lead to legal for reporting the incidents. But, unfortunately there are a
action, would obviously call for a higher priority. large number of barriers that may prevent a worker from
Following are the contents of a typical incident reporting incidents.
investigation form: Some of the barriers of incident reporting could include:
Date and time of the incident. No reporting policy in place.
Location of the incident. A work culture of not reporting.
Details of the injured person/ persons involved. Workers not aware that reporting of incidents is part
Details of injury sustained. of their roles and responsibilities.
Description of the activity carried out the time. There is blame culture in the organization, workers
are afraid of disciplinary measures or of reprimand.
Drawings or photographs used to convey information
on the scene. Filling of the forms are too hard or takes too long.
Immediate and underlying/ root causes of the There is peer pressure that prevents reporting.
incident. Once reported there is poor management response.
Assessments of any breaches of legislation. Some may not report so as to prevent the
Details of witnesses and witness statements. departmental statistics from been affected which
may then further impact the earnings in the form of
Recommended corrective action, with suggested
incentives.
costs, responsibilities and time scales.
Internally an incident may have to be notified to a range
Estimation of the cost implications for the organization.
of personnel, the more dangerous the incident the
How occupational accidents and diseases are more higher up it will be have to be reported. Generally
recorded and notified by the organisation following are the personnel who would be notified about
(as per ILO Code of Practice – chapters 4–7) the incident:
b) Positive: Also, there could be ‘Observations’ Some common causes of product design liability are:
or ‘Opportunities for Improvements’. These concealed or non-obvious hazards, lack of appropriate
are not so serious issues and infact represent safety devices, inadequate structural design, failure to
‘conformity’ but can be complied with for a more consider foreseeable misuses, inadequate warnings/
robust management system. Observations also
instructions and failure to comply with relevant safety
highlight the positive aspects of the management
standards. Strategies for minimizing these defects
system, which needs to be celebrated and
shared widely across the organization for parallel include: incorporating guarding and interlocks, structural
deployment. Such observations provide for analysis and testing and comparison with safety standards
‘organizational learning’ and also gives assurance and applicable regulatory guidelines. An effective product
to the stakeholders that things are in control and safety audit can identify many potential hazards, increasing
that the organization is proactively managing customer satisfaction and reducing the likelihood of
health and safety. injuries and safety recalls.
Whether the findings are negative or positive, the audit as
2. Process audit
a process helps the organization to continually improve.
This type of audit verifies that processes are working
Difference between Audits and within established limits. It evaluates an operation or
Inspections: method against predetermined instructions or standards
to measure conformance to these standards and the
effectiveness of the instructions. A process audit may:
Audit Inspection
Check conformance to defined requirements such as
Examines documents Checks the workplace time, accuracy, temperature, pressure, composition,
Examines procedures Checks records responsiveness, amperage, and component mixture.
Interviews workers Usually quick Examine the resources (equipment, materials, people)
Verifies standards Lower cost applied to transform the inputs into outputs, the
Checks the workplace May only require basic environment, the methods (procedures, instructions)
Can be a long process competence followed, and the measures collected to determine
Usually expensive May be Part of an audit process performance.
Requires a high level of Done by a team Check the adequacy and effectiveness of the process
competence (Manager, Safety Adv. controls established by procedures, work instructions,
Worker Rep) flowcharts, and training and process specifications.
Done by Trained Auditor
3. System audit
Types of audit: Product/Services, An audit conducted on a management system. It can be
Process, System described as a documented activity performed to verify,
1. Product/ Service Safety Audit: by examination and evaluation of objective evidence,
that applicable elements of the system are appropriate
This type of audit is an examination of a particular product
and effective and have been developed, documented,
or service, such as hardware, processed material or
and implemented in accordance and in conjunction with
software, to evaluate whether it conforms to requirements
specified requirements.
(i.e., specifications, performance standards, and customer
requirements). A safety management system audit evaluates an
existing safety management program to determine its
The goal of a product safety audit is to identify design
conformance to company policies, contract commitments,
defects, which comprise a high percentage of product
and regulatory requirements.
liability claims. Compliance with government or industry
voluntary standards constitutes design minimums and may Similarly, an environmental system audit examines an
not be sufficient to ensure a “reasonably safe” product. environmental management system, a food safety system
Furthermore, in addition to ascertaining the potential audit examines a food safety management system, and a
hazards of a product when used as intended, auditing quality system audits examine the quality management system.
should attempt to identify foreseeable misuses of a
product as well. In addition, auditing applies not only to
the product itself, but also to accompanying instructions
and warnings, though these should only be used when a
hazard cannot be eliminated or guarded against.
Advantages Disadvantages
Depending upon the schedule the auditor would then visit selecting the people to carry out the audit employers
each department and conduct the audit. The auditor would should be sure that the auditor is sufficiently strong of
gather factual information by looking at the following mind to deal with these situations. It is important when
evidences: carrying out internal audits that the auditor is impartial; this
will usually mean that the auditor does not audit a function
Paperwork or
of the organisation that they have responsibility for.
documentation – the records
would indicate how well Time and Resources
the HSMS is working in the
Audits are an in-depth analysis of compliance with
organization. It would also
standards and must not be treated lightly. The planning
indicate to potential gaps.
of the audit alone can be very time consuming. Evidence
Typically, an auditor may look gathering and verification can also take a long time,
at the following documents depending on the scope of the audit. Employers should
to gain evidence of conformity. not apply pressure on the auditor to get the job done in
– Health and safety policy. less time than is appropriate and must be prepared to
– Risk assessments and safe systems of work. allocate sufficient time to the task.
– Training records. Similarly, the auditor might need other resources than time,
such as access to documentation, measuring equipment,
– Minutes of safety committee meetings.
electronic storage facilities, and research facilities (internet,
– Maintenance records and details of failures. library, etc.) in order to do a thorough job.
– Active monitoring records.
– Reactive monitoring records. End of the Audit:
– Emergency arrangements and mock drill records. The audit would come to an end with a closing meeting
and the participants would generally be the same as that
– Inspection reports by insurance agencies.
of the opening meeting.
– Outputs of regulator visits.
The auditors will give a verbal feedback as to what their
– Records of any worker complaints.
main observations were and give a list of the improvements
Interviews: An auditor would interview the workers required. The auditors would then follow up their verbal
and managers of each department audited to report with a written audit report which will in detail
understand how well the policies of the organization are speak about the recommendations for improvements and
understood at each level and whether they know their the timescales with priorities. An audit report may list a
roles and responsibilities towards health and safety. number of findings as follows.
Observation: An auditor would take a round of the Major non-conformance: These are significant issues
department audited and observe the behaviour of the which needs immediate attention. It would generally
workers and also to verify the correct implementation point out to legal issues or major failures in the HSMS
of the SSOWs. in avoiding accidents. In ISO terms, these would
mean denial of certification or even withdrawal of an
Selection of Staff already awarded certificate.
Minor non- conformance: These are issues which are
less serious and would generally do not point to any
major weaknesses in the HSMS. These would require
corrective action to be taken in a set period of time.
They would not cause a failure in the system.
Observations: Auditors may put forward their
opinions on certain issues pertaining to the HSMS.
These may or may not be implemented by the
organization.
Summary
Positive health and safety culture of the organization can be achieved by proper monitoring of the health and safety
management system
In general, health and safety performance of the organisation is monitored by two methods. They are
– Active (Proactive monitoring)
– Reactive monitoring
Active (Proactive) monitoring – Evaluating health and safety standards before the occurrence of unwanted event. It
includes
– Safety inspections
– Safety tour
– Safety sampling
Active monitoring gathers information in the following ways
– Documentation – Examine records, reports and documents
– Interview – Communicate with people to get views and opinions
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– Observation – Watching people’s behaviour
The following are some of the examples to derive standard of performance in an organisation
– Check health and safety training imparted to the workers as per the training calendar
– Monitor housekeeping activities in different zones again a set checklist
– Ensure safety inspections are happening as per the schedule
– Make sure workers are undergoing medical surveillance regularly
Methods of active monitoring
– Safety Inspection
It is a regular and scheduled activity that is carried out in comparison with accepted performance standards
It involves straightforward observation of a workplace, activities, and equipment to identify hazards
It is usually carried out by a manager, employee representative and Safety Advisor
Types of safety inspections
Routine inspection Determines if general standards of health and safety are acceptable or if corrective
action is necessary
Statutory inspection Performed by a competent person to fulfill a legal requirement
Periodic Inspection This is to ensure that the plant and machinery are maintained properly
Pre-use-checks To ensure the equipment or system is in good condition and safe to operate before
operation
Systematic inspections focus on four Ps for active monitoring of health and safety performance.
Types of P’s Areas to be inspected
Plant Work equipment, machinery and vehicles
Premises Workplace and its environment
People People’s working method and behaviour
Procedures Safe system of work, permit to work
Allocating specific responsibility is essential for each type of inspection. This should be based on the relevancy and
competency of the individuals E.g: Pre-use inspection is done by the operators themselves, while monitoring the
behaviour of the workers is done by supervisors
The person carrying out an inspection should have the necessary
– Relevant training, knowledge and experience
– Certification to a specific standard
Analysing the database of reported accidents and incidents helps to identify trends in WSH and identify hotspot areas
(particularly those with high accident records) for enhancing the overall safety of the organisation
Accident incidence rate (AIR) is used to compare organisation’s safety performance against a pre-defined standard.
Following is the formula
AIR = (Number of accidents in the given period / the average number of people in the given period) x 1000.
Generally accepted near misses greatly outnumber accidents and can therefore produce more data from which a
greater understanding of the deficiencies in management systems can be identified and rectified
Total number of enforcement actions and civil claims are also constitutes for measuring the safety performance of the
organisation.
The investigation and analysis of work-related accidents and incidents forms an essential part of managing health and
safety
When an incident happens, it is important on the part of the organization to record it correctly and investigate it to
avoid a recurrence
Lessons need to be learnt from beneficial and adverse events because of the following reasons
– The Lessons learned from both beneficial and adverse events is the learning gained from the process that is
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applied.
– Each failure or success needs to be analysed, so that what has been done correctly and what has been not is known
to the organization.
– Beneficial events will give the confidence to the management to replicate the processes that lead to such benefits
all throughout the organization.
– Similarly, adverse events are something which needs to be investigated and the root causes needs to be evaluated.
The learning’s from such events and the ways to prevent it should be communicated across the organization so
that it does not repeat again.
The following are the basic steps that can be followed for carrying out an effective accident investigation:
– Gathering the information - Information can be gathered by the following three things
Observation
Interviews
Documentation
– Analyzing the information. – Gathered information needs to be analyzed to find out the causes of the incident.
Each incident report as well as a set of incident reports will present to the management of an organization with
invaluable data which will help them in its analysis and help them in managing the prevention of incidents even better
Finally all these reporting, recording and analysis of the incidents should culminate into lesson learnt, which can then
translate into awareness amongst the workers and overall health and safety improvement.
ISO 45001 defines audit as “a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating
it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled.”
The scope and purpose of the audit is to verify that
− Organization has an appropriate health and safety management system
− Whether the implementation is done correctly with appropriate risk controls in place.
− Results obtained through implementation of the system matches with the goals set by the organization
Health and Safety Management Systems should be audited because of the following reasons
Negative: Identifies the failings of management system. This would be non-conformities (NC), non- compliance to
legal requirements and not following the requirements of certain clauses of the standards.
Positive: Highlights the positive aspects of the management system and provides assurance to the stakeholders
that things are in control and that the organization is proactively managing health and safety.
– Process audit
This type of audit verifies that processes are working within established limits. It evaluates an operation or method
against predetermined instructions or standards to measure conformance to these standards and the effectiveness
of the instructions.
– System audit
An audit conducted on a management system. It can be described as a documented activity performed to verify,
by examination and evaluation of objective evidence, that applicable elements of the system are appropriate
and effective and have been developed, documented, and implemented in accordance and in conjunction with
specified requirements
Before commencement of the audit process, the following things should be ensured.
The scope of audit It should specify what needs to be audited. It may be company policy, health and safety
policy and so on
The area of the audit Information about the departments or sites needs to be audited
The extent of the Whether a comprehensive audit, companywide or selective audit, covering a few
audit departments
Who will be required Auditors will require a wide variety of personnel with whom they would require to conduct
interviews
Information Normally an auditor would ask for a wide variety of documents which they would study
gathering upfront so they can prepare for the audit
Paperwork or documentation Records would indicate how well the HSMS is working in the organization.
Typical record includes
– Health and safety policy
– Risk assessments and safe systems of work
– Training records
– Minutes of safety committee meetings
– Maintenance records and details of failures
– Active monitoring records
– Reactive monitoring records
Interviews Interact with workers and managers to ensure how the policies of the
organization are understood and implemented
Observation Observe behavior of workers and system of work to identify and analyse
problematic safety and other issues
An audit report may list a number of findings as follows.
Major non-conformance These are significant issues which needs immediate attention
Minor non- conformance These are issues which are less serious
Observations Auditors may put forward their opinions on certain issues pertaining to the
HSMS
It is the responsibility of the organisation to implement all the recommendations and corrective actions recommended
in the health and safety audits
Depending upon the audit report, the management team needs to come out with an action plan by assigning
responsibilities and approving resources to achieve them in the desired time.
Monitor and analyse of activities related to organization’s operations like business structure, employee behavior is
called internal audit. It is normally carried out by competent person of the organization.
Advantages and disadvantages of internal audits
Advantages Disadvantages
Less expensive. Auditors are not independent so may be subject to internal influence
Auditors already familiar with the Auditors may not notice certain issues
workplace and its processes and
operations
Organization’s performance standards and health and safety policy is audited by third party is called external audit
Advantages and disadvantages of external audits
Advantages Disadvantages
No internal influence Expensive
Have wider experience auditing different Time-consuming
types of workplace