NUMBERS Example: An eraser, An Iguana, An Iphone, An English

tea, An Arabic coffee

1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one
Note: A, and AN are only used for singular nouns.
2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two
❖ THE- If the word starts with a vowel or a consonant. (Meaning
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three both)
Examples: The glasses, The champagne, The Kingdom
4 four 14 fourteen 24 twenty-four of Saudi Arabia

5 five 15 fifteen 25 twenty-five Note: THE can be used for plural and singular nouns.

6 six 16 sixteen 26 twenty-six

SINGULAR TO PLURAL NOUNS
7 seven 17 seventeen 27 twenty-seven
Singular nouns: nouns that are less than two (2).
8 eight 18 eighteen 28 twenty-eight
Plural nouns: nouns that are more than one (1).
9 nine 19 nineteen 29 twenty-nine
Rules:
10 ten 20 twenty 30 thirty
❖ To pluralize MOST singular nouns, add -s.
➢ book to books
ARTICLES: A, AN, THE
➢ salad to salads
➢ Curtain to curtains
USE:
➢ sweatshirt to sweatshirts
➢ blanket to blankets
❖ A- If the word starts with a consonant ( B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,L,M etc.)
➢ Cucumber to Cucumbers
Example: A window, A phone, A cup, A bird, A burpee, A
push-up, A Bench Press, A Pull-up, A gym equipment
❖ To pluralize singular nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, and -o,
add, -es.
Exception: Nouns that start with a consonant but sound like
➢ bus to buses
vowels.
➢ gas to gases
Example: An hour
➢ business to businesses
➢ cross to crosses
❖ AN- If the word starts with a vowel. (A, E, I, O, U)
➢ dish to dishes
➢ bush to bushes
 ➢ beach to beaches ➢ Calf to calves
➢ bitch to bitches ➢ Leaf to leaves

➢ tax to taxes ❖ Pluralizing singular nouns that change vowels,

➢ hex to hexes ➢ Foot to feet
➢ Goose to geese
➢ hero to heroes ➢ Tooth to teeth
➢ Mosquito to mosquitoes
➢ Man to men
➢ Woman to women
Note: Some singular nouns don’t follow the -o rule. With these cases,
just add -s at the end. ❖ Pluralizing singular nouns that change dramatically
➢ Mouse to mice
❖ Photo to Photos ➢ Louse to lice
❖ Canto to Cantos ➢ Die to dice
❖ Piano to pianos ➢ Ox to oxen
❖ Zero to zeros ➢ Child to children
➢ Person to people
❖ To pluralize singular nouns ending in consonants (B, C, D, F, G,
H,J,K, L, M, N, P etc.) and -y (consonant end + y) change -y to -i ❖ Nouns that don't change, regardless of plural or singular.
and add -es. ➢ sheep
➢ Lady to ladies ➢ fish
➢ Delivery to deliveries ➢ moose
➢ Party to parties ➢ swine
➢ Panty to Panties ➢ buffalo
➢ shrimp
❖ To pluralize singular nouns ending in vowels (A,E,I,O,U) and -y ➢ deer
(vowel end + y) just add -s ➢ Trout
➢ Toy to toys
➢ Essay to essays PRONOUNS
➢ Way to ways
➢ Hay to hays Pronouns are words used in the same way as nouns. They replace the
noun that has already been said before in a sentence.
❖ To pluralize singular nouns ending in -f and -fe, change -f and -fe
to -v and add -es.
➢ Wife to wives SINGULAR PRONOUNS
➢ Life to lives (Use IS, WAS, HAS, AM FOR VERBS)
❖ I (First person, for men and women.) CONTRACTIONS
➢ I am Maria Joy. (WE +ARE= WE’RE, THEY+ ARE= THEY’RE etc.)
➢ I have a headache. (‘have’ because you’re talking about
yourself.) SINGULAR
➢ I was a professional hiker before.
❖ I + am = I’m
❖ He (For men, third person. Use singular verbs) ❖ I + am + not = I ain’t
➢ David has a skill. He can mix alcoholic drinks. ❖ I + have = I’ve
➢ Jelo was a good cook when he was younger. ❖ She + is = She’s
➢ The policeman is lazy during his patrols. ❖ He + is = He’s
❖ It + is = It’s
❖ She (For women, third person. Use singular verbs)
➢ Jo has a talent. She can drink a lot of coffee in one day.
➢ Maria was a brown-haired woman. Now, her hair is
❌ Note: Contractions in these cases only work in present tense. It is
wrong to say:
blonde.
❖ I + was = I’s.
❖ It (For non-persons, for female and male) ❖ She + was = She’s
➢ Today, I exercised at the gym. It was tiring. ❖ He + was = He’s
➢ Baguio is a wet city. It always rains. ❖ It + was= It’s.
➢ The dog is fat, that's why it goes to the gym.
PLURAL
PLURAL PRONOUNS
(Use ARE, WERE, HAVE FOR VERBS) ❖ We + are = We’re
❖ We + have = We’ve
❖ We (No gender, yourself is not included) ❖ They + are = They’re
➢ Maria, David and I are dancing. We are having a good ❖ They + have = They’ve
time. ❖ You + are = You’re
➢ 50 Cent, Akon and I have a secret. We write songs ❖ You + have = You’ve
together.

❖ They (No gender, yourself is not included)

❌ Note: Contractions in these cases only work in present tense. It is
wrong to say:
➢ My neighbors are happy people. They are friendly too.
➢ My friends were noisy. They were full of energy. ❖ We + were = We’re
❖ They + were = They’re
❖ You (not plural, but used like a plural. You are saying this to ❖ You + were = You’re
someone else close to you.) POSSESSIVES
➢ You are doing amazingly (‫)مدهش‬. Keep up the good work!
 Possessives show ownership of a thing.
I MY
RULES: SHE HERS

❖ For nouns that do not end with -s, add -’s. HE HIS
➢ Maria’s makeup
➢ Daesung’s teachers IT ITS
➢ Musaab’s jumping rope
➢ China’s land THEY THEIRS
➢ Cat’s hairball
➢ Book’s scent WE OURS
➢ Pen’s ink
YOU YOURS
❖ For nouns that end with -s, (Carlos, students, Nicholas’ etc.) just
add apostrophe. (‘)
➢ Carlos’ guns CONSISTENCY
➢ Students’ grades
➢ Nicholas’ scarf RULE:
➢
❖ Plural Subject, Plural Verb
❖ Note: Difference between CONTRACTION AND POSSESSIVES. ➢ They have no idea what they are talking about.
➢ Nicholai’s job is a chef. (POSSESSIVES)
➢ Nicholai’s a good chef. (CONTRACTION) ❖ Singular Subject, Singular Verb
➢ She is sleeping in the vacant guest room.
‼️
➢ Whose job is baking the cake? (POSSESSIVES) ➢ Musaab cooks the perfect Shawarma every
➢ Who’s baking the cake? (CONTRACTION) weekend.

The difference: Whose—object—verb… (POSSESSIVENESS) ❖ Keep the same tense in a sentence.

Who’s— verb—object (CONTRACTION) ➢ I’m eating the cake I made this morning.

❖ Pronouns (he, it, we, they, she etc.) have their own possessive ➢ She grieved (‫ )حزن‬when her father passed away.
adjective.

PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

TENSES
 (PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT CONTINUOUS, PAST SIMPLE,
ETC.)
Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Continuous
❖ Past: Future Perfect Continuous
➢ Something that happened before.
➢ Verbs that are in past tense: Was, were, verb+ed/d.
➢ I helped my neighbor yesterday.

❖ Present:
➢ Something that’s happening right now, or when you are
stating a fact. (‫)حقيقة‬ ➢
➢ Verbs that are in present tense: Is, am, are, base verb
(verbs without -ed/ d; help, suck, eat, read, take etc. )
Past Present Future

➢ I help my neighbor every day. Simple I helped my I help my I will help my

neighbor yesterday. neighbor every neighbor tomorrow.
❖ Future: day.
➢ Something that will happen tomorrow or next week or in Perfect I had helped my I have helped I will have helped my
the next few years. neighbor clean his my neighbor too neighbor a hundred
➢ Verbs that are in future tense. Will, will+base verb. (help, attic before I fixed much this week. times by the end of
suck, eat, read, take etc.) his car. the month.

Continu I was helping my I am helping my I will be helping my

➢ I will help my neighbor tomorrow. ous neighbor when he neighbor while neighbor next month
brought me iced tea. he fixes up his when he moves.
house.

Perfect I had been helping I have been I will have been

Past Continuous
Continu my neighbor for a helping my helping my neighbor
❖ Present Continuous
ous year before he finally neighbor since I for a year next
➢
thanked me. moved in. month.
Future Continuous

Past Perfect
Present Perfect
Future Perfect