St. Agnes Academy, Inc.

Senior High School

Legazpi City

Physical Science

REVIEWER Grade & Section: 12 (ABM and

HUMSS)
Teachers: Mr. Aureus Ken Pupa 4TH Quarterly Assessment

4th QUARTERLY ASSESSMENT TEST COVERAGE

TOPICS NUMBER OF ITEMS

Early Views of the Universe 18

Universal Laws of Physics 18

Nature of Light 7

Relativity 7

Part I. Multiple Choice 30 items

TYPE OF Part II. Modified True or False 10 items

TEST Part III. Short Answer Questions 10 items

Total: 50 items

REMINDERS:

• Submit Enrichment Part of SLM 6,7,8, and 9.

• Update of Students with incomplete submissions will be posted after
the Film Showing.
• Final submission of backlogs will be on May 8, 2023.

This document shall serve as your reviewer ONLY for the upcoming 4th Quarterly Assessment for
the subject Physical Science, using this document while taking the exam is a major offense.

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 EARLY VIEWS OF THE UNIVERSE

2 TYPES OF MOTION ACCORDING TO GREEK ASTRONOMERS

1. CELESTIAL – involves movement of planets, stars, and other objects

found in space or in the universe.
2. TERRESTRIAL – pertains to motion of bodies found on the surface of the
Earth.

EXAMPLES OF CELESTIAL MOTION

• Solar Eclipse (S.M.E) – sun-moon-earth

• Lunar Eclipse (S.E.M) – sun-earth-moon
• Movement of Stars – stars move in a circumpolar path.
➢ Moving stars are called planets/wanderers.
➢ Stationary stars are called planets.
➢ Diurnal Motion – daily movement of stars.
➢ Annual Motion – change in the stars’ position yearly

TERRESTRIAL MOTION

• Natural Motion – natural tendency of movement of bodies on Earth.

• Violent Motion – motion that occurs only when applied by a force.

EARLY VIEWS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

• Geocentric – earth is the center of the solar system.

• Heliocentric – sun is the center of the solar system.

ASTRONOMERS AND THE MODELS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

1. PTOLEMY – geocentric view

2. COPERNICUS – heliocentric view
3. BRAHE – combined the geocentric and the heliocentric views
➢ Believes that all planets revolve around the sun except the earth,
while the sun revolves around the earth.
4. KEPPLER – utilized the findings of Brahe to develop his Laws of
Planetary Motion.

3 LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

1. Law of Ellipses – the shape of the orbits of planets are not circular but
elliptical

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 2. Law of Equal Areas – the total area covered by a planet while orbiting
the sun is the same with the area of the opposite triangle formed.

3. Law of Harmony – all planets revolve around the sun simultaneously.

UNIVERSAL LAWS OF PHYSICS

Motion on Earth can be described through vertical, horizontal, and

projectile.

There are three prominent People who published their understanding on the
laws of motion, these are Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton.

1. ARISTOTLE
➢ Horizontal – all objects require force to start and sustain motion.
➢ Vertical – all objects move toward another object of its similar
composition.
- Heavy objects fall faster than lighter objects.
➢ Projectile – objects use up the violent motion and then fall through
their natural motion.
2. GALILEO
➢ Horizontal – force is not required to sustain the motion of a moving
object but it is needed to change the motion of an object.
➢ Vertical – motion in a vertical direction is influenced by gravity.
- in a vacuum, regardless the weight of two falling objects both will
reach the ground at the same time.

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 ➢ Projectile – objects in projectile motion are influenced by the gravity and
its uniform motion thus creating an arc-shaped path for the motion of
the object.

INERTIA

It is the tendency of an object to remain at rest and in motion unless acted by

an unbalanced force.

• Newton improved the explanation of Galileo on how objects move he

considered 2 states of objects or bodies according to inertia.

2 STATES OF BODY ACCORDING TO NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

1. RESTING STATE – bodies at rest will remain at rest unless influenced

by an external force.
2. MOVING STATE – moving objects will remain moving in a straight line
unless acted by an unbalanced force.
• He used these explanations to elaborate the findings of Galileo, a rolling
ball will forever roll in a surface with no inclination but in normal
circumstances since friction is nonnegligible, it will act as the force that
will stop the course of movement of the ball.

NATURE OF LIGHT

- Light is both a wave and a particle.

1. Wave Theory (Huygens) – light behaves as waves as it is able to spread
in any direction.

PROPERTIES OF LIGHT AS A WAVE

a. Reflection – bouncing of light in smooth or shiny surfaces.

b. Refraction – bending of light when travels into two different media.
c. Scattering – light deviates into different directions from its original
path when hits an object.
d. Dispersion – white light splits into the colors of rainbow when hits a
prism.
e. Diffraction – bending of light into corners thus allowing it illuminate
areas where a shadow is expected.
f. Interference – multiple light waves interact with one another which
results into overlapping of amplitudes and wavelengths.

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 2. Particle/Corpuscle Theory (Newton) – a light ray is composed of tiny
particles called Photons (these are small packets of energy).

Study the table below:

RELATIVITY

2 Contradicting Concepts on Speed:

1. Maxwell EM Wave Theory – light is a wave thus its speed is constant at

all places.
2. Newtonian Motion – states that speed is relative.

Einstein Published his Theory of Relativity to resolve the conflict:

1. Consistent Law Principle – states that all laws of motion are relative.
2. Constant Speed – states that the speed of light is constant.

2 Components of Relativity

1. General Relativity – explains that gravity is not a connecting force but a

resulting force of the mass of heavenly bodies.
➢ it was caused by the warping of space-time.
2. Special Relativity – utilizes an inertial reference frame (Point of View
where bodies in motion are not accelerating) to explain the movement of
objects.

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 CONSEQUENCES OF SPECIAL RELATIVITY
1. RELATIVITY OF SIMULTANEITY
2. TIME-DILATION
3. LENGTH CONTRACTION
4. ENERGY EQUIVALENCE
5. COSMIC SPEED LIMIT

EXPANDING UNIVERSE
Hubble’s Law – states that the universe expands as exhibited by the increase in
distance of stars or neighboring galaxies from the Earth.
Red shift – as stars and galaxies drift away the intensity of light emitted by these
stars shift from violet to red, thus the wavelength detected by astronomers
become longer.

All of the Topics Mentioned Above are Included in the Periodical Exam.
Please exert time and effort in reading this reviewer.

GOOD LUCK!

Prepared by:
MR. AUREUS KEN S. PUPA
Subject Teacher

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