Webinar Jom Skor A+ Chemistry SPM 2021

Chapter 3 : Thermochemistry

Thermochemistry : The study of changes in heat energy when a chemical reaction occurs.
3.1 Heat Change in Reactions
3.2 Heat of Reaction
3.3 Application of endothermic and exothermic reactions in daily life

3.1 HEAT CHANGE IN REACTIONS

EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC

TYPE OF REACTION

Chemical reactions that release DEFINITION Chemical reactions that absorb heat
heat to the surroundings from the surroundings
Increase TEMPERATURE OF Decrease
SURROUNDINGS
- Thermometer reading OBSERVATION - Thermometer reading decrease
increase - Container becomes cold
- Container becomes hot
Negative HEAT OF REACTION Positive
∆H = Hproducts - Hreactants
(kJ mol-1)
Total energy content of the TOTAL ENERGY Total energy content of the products
products is lower than total CONTENT is higher than total energy content of
energy content of reactants reactants
Hproducts < Hreactants Hproducts > Hreactants
∆H = Hproducts - Hreactants = Negative ∆H = Hproducts - Hreactants = Positive
ENERGY LEVEL
DIAGRAM

- Formation of new bond EXAMPLES - Breaking of bond

- Oxidation of metals - Decomposition of metal
- Neutralisation reaction carbonate when heated
- Combustion of fuel - Decomposition of metal nitrates
- Production of ammonia when heated
- Dissolving NaOH in water - Dissolving ammonium salts in
- Respiration water
- Photosynthesis
Steps to draw the energy level diagram:

Based on the thermochemical equation, draw the energy level diagram.

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2 ∆H = - 456 kJ mol-1 N2 + O2 → 2NO ∆H = + 180 kJ mol-1

Energy Change During Bond Breaking and Bond Formation

During a chemical reaction,
- Chemical bonds in reactants are broken (Bond breaking ABSORB ENERGY)
- New Bonds in products are formed (Bond formation RELEASE ENERGY)
Energy Profile Diagram Energy Profile Diagram
EXOTHERMIC REACTION ENDOTHERMIC REACTION

Heat energy released during bond formation Heat energy absorbed during bond breaking
is higher than is higher than
heat energy absorbed during bond breaking heat energy released during bond formation
 3.2 HEAT OF REACTION

HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
The heat change when one mole of a
precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous
solution.
Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2KNO3
∆H= -50 kJ mol-1

HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT

The heat change when
The heat change when one mole of a metal
one mole of water is formed displaced from its salt
HEAT OF
from the reaction between an solution by a more
acid and an alkali. REACTION
electropositive metal.
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H20 Q = mcθ Zn + CuSO4 → ZnSO4 + Cu
∆H= -57.3 kJ mol-1 ∆H= -105 kJ mol-1

HEAT OF COMBUSTION
As the number of carbon atoms
The heat change when per molecule of alcohol increases, the
one mole of a substance is completely
heat of combustion will increase as it will
burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + H2O
produce more carbon dioxide and water.

∆H= -890 kJ mol-1

FUEL VALUE

Is the amount of heat energy given out

when one gram of the fuel is completely
burnt on excess of oxygen.
 Assumptions made during heat of reaction, ∆H calculation:
1. No heat is lost to the surroundings
2. No heat is absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment
3 STEPS to calculate heat of reaction, ∆H
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3
Number of mol, n Heat change / heat released, Q Heat of reaction, ∆H

n = MV ( unit = mol) Q = mcθ (unit = J) ∆H = +/- Q ( unit = kJ mol-1)

1000 Q = mcθ (unit = kJ) n
1000 Q = heat change (kJ)
n = number of mol (mol) n = number of mol (mol)
M = Concentration of solution (mol dm-3) m = mass of the reactant (g) (ENERGY RATIO)
V = Volume of solution (dm-3) c = specific heat of capacity (4.2 J g-1°C-1)
……………………………………………. θ = temperature change (°C) 1J = 1000 kJ
n= mass ( unit = mol)
∆H must have + or – signs
molar mass
(The density of the aqueous solution is 1 gcm-3.
So the mass of 1 cm3 aqueous solution is 1 g.) ∆H = +/- x kJ mol-1

TIPS 1

If ∆H is NOT given : If ∆H is given :

1. n = MV 1. n = MV
1000 1000

2. H = mcθ/1000 2. ∆H = Q
n
3. ∆H = Q (ENERGY RATIO)
n
(ENERGY RATIO) 3. H = mcθ/1000

TIPS 2
1. When changing concentration of reactant, 2. When changing volume of reactant,
temperature change, θ will be different temperature change, θ is the same
Example: Example:

When 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 HCl When 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 HCl
+ 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 NaOH + 50 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 NaOH
→ temperature change, θ= 10 0C → temperature change, θ= 10 0C

When 50 cm3 of 3 mol dm-3 HCl When 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 HCl
+ 50 cm3 of 3 mol dm-3 NaOH +100 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 NaOH
→ temperature change, θ = 10 x 3 = 30 0C → temperature change, θ = 10 0C
 HEAT OF PRECIPITATION
………….…………………………………………………….
50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
Hydrochloric acid, HCl Solution sodium hydroxide, NaOH Solution
1. Measure and pour 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
silver nitrate solution into a polystyrene
cup.
2. Measure and record the initial temperature
of silver nitrate solution.
3. Measure and pour 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
sodium chloride solution into another
polystyrene cup.
4. Measure and record the initial temperature
of sodium chloride solution.
5. Quickly and carefully, add the sodium
chloride solution into the silver nitrate
solution.
6. Cover the polystyrene cup and stir the
mixture using the thermometer.
7. Measure and record the highest
temperature of the mixture.
8. Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing AgNO3
solution with Mg(NO3)2 solution and NaCl
solution with Na2CO3 solution.
HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT
1. Measure and pour 25cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution into a
polystyrene cup.
2. Measure and record the initial temperature
of copper(II) sulphate solution.
3. Weigh and add 0.5 g of zinc powder into
the copper(II) sulphate solution quickly.
4. Cover the polystyrene cup and stir the
mixture using the thermometer.
5. Measure and record the highest
temperature of the mixture.
6. Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing zinc
powder with magnesium powder.
HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION
1. Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid, HCl solution into a polystyrene
cup.
2. Measure and record the initial temperature of
hydrochloric acid solution.
3. Measure and pour 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium
hydroxide, NaOH solution into another
polystyrene cup.
4. Measure and record the initial temperature of
sodium hydroxide solution.
5. Quickly and carefully, add the hydrochloric acid
solution into the sodium hydroxide solution.
6. Cover the polystyrene cup and stir the mixture
using the thermometer.
7. Measure and record the highest temperature of
the mixture.
8. Repeat step 1 to 5 by replacing hydrochloric acid,
HCl with ethanoic acid, CH3COOH solution.
HEAT OF COMBUSTION
1. Measure and pour 200cm3 of water into a copper tin.
2. Measure and record the initial temperature of the
water.
3. Place the copper can on a tripod stand.
4. Fill a spirit lamp with methanol, weigh and record
mass of the lamp with its lid and content.
5. Light up the wick and put the spirit lamp under the
copper can.
6. Stir the water continuously with a thermometer.
7. Put off the flame when the temperature of water
increased by 30oC.
8. Weigh and record the mass of the lamp with its lid and
content.
9. Measure and record the highest temperature of the
mixture.
10. Repeat step 1 to 9 by replacing methanol with ethanol,
propanol and butanol.
HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT
1. Displacement of metal is carried out by adding a metal
into a salt solution of another metal.
2. A more electropositive metal is able to displace
a less electropositive metal from its salt solution.

More electropositive metal Less electropositive metal

E0 value more negative WILL DISPLACE E0 value more positive
Stronger reducing agent Stronger oxidising agent
Easier to lose electron Easier to gain electron
HEAT OF NEUTRALISATION
During neutralisation, H+ ions from acid reacts with OH- ions from alkali to form water, H2O molecules.

Heat of neutralisation will vary when using different strengths of acids and alkalis:

The value of heat of neutralisation is lower when weak acids or weak alkalis are used :
CALCULATION FOR HEAT OF PRECIPITATION

EXAMPLE 1

Calculate the heat of precipitation when 50.0 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution is added to
the 50.0 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm -3 sodium chloride solution. The temperature increased 6°C during the
reaction.

Chemical equation AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + Na NO3

Ionic equation Ag+ + Cl- → AgCl
Mole of AgNO3 = MV
1000
= (0.25)(50.0)
1000
= 0.0125 mol

Mole of NaCl = MV
1000
STEP 1: Number of mole of = (0.25)(50.0)
precipitate formed 1000
= 0.0125 mol

Based on the chemical equation,

1 mol AgNO3 reacts with 1 mol NaCl to form 1 mol AgCl.

Therefore,
0.0125 mol AgNO3 reacts with 0.0125 mol NaCl to form 0.0125 mol AgCl.

Q = mcθ J

m = 50cm3+ 50 cm3
= 100 cm3 = 100 g
c = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1
θ = 6°C
STEP 2: Heat change
Q = mcθ J
= 100(4.2)(6) J
= 2520 J
= 2.52 kJ
Therefore,
0.125 mol of AgNO3 released 2.52 kJ of heat.

0.0125 mol of AgNO3 → 2.52 kJ

1.0 mol of AgNO3 → x kJ

x = 1.0(2.52) kJ
STEP 3: Heat of precipitation
0.0125
= 201.6 kJ
Therefore,
heat of precipitate of AgNO3 is - 201.6 kJ mol-1
EXERCISE 1

1. To determine the heat of precipitation for calcium carbonate, 50.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 calcium
nitrate solution is added to the 50.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solutions. The
temperature decreased 3°C. How much is the heat of precipitation for calcium carbonate?

2. In the experiment, 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium sulphate solution is added to the
100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution. If the heat of precipitation in the experiment
is -40 kJ mol-1. Calculate the temperature change.
CALCULATION FOR HEAT OF DISPLACEMENT

EXAMPLE 1

In the experiment, 25.0 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution reacted with 0.5 g of zinc. The
result of the experiment is shown below :

Initial temperature copper(II) sulphate : 29°C

Final temperature for the mixture : 38°C

Calculate the heat of displacement.

Chemical equation CuSO4 + Zn → Cu + Zn SO4

Ionic equation Cu2+ + Zn → Cu + Zn2+
Mol of Cu2+ = MV
1000
STEP 1: Number of mole of metal = (0.2)(25.0)
displaced from solution 1000
= 0.005 mol

Q = mcθ J

m = 25.0 cm3= 25 g
c = 4.2 J g-1°C-1
θ = 38°C - 29°C = 9°C
STEP 2: Heat change
Q = mcθ J
= 25(4.2)(9) J
= 945 J

Therefore,
0.005 mol of Cu2+ released 945 J of heat.

0.005 mol of Cu2+ → 945 J

1.0 mol of Cu2+ → x J

x = 1.0(945) J
0.005
STEP 3: Heat of displacement
= 189000 J
= 189 kJ

Therefore,
heat of displacement of Cu2+ is -189 kJ mol-1
EXERCISE 2

1. Excess zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution. Temperature of
the mixture changes from 25°C to 29°C. Calculate the heat of displacement for silver.

2. Zn + Cu2+ → Cu + Zn2+ ∆H = 220 kJ mol-1

a) If excess zinc powder is added to 50 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, how
much is the heat released?

b) Calculate the temperature change in copper(II) sulphate solution.

CALCULATION FOR HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION

EXAMPLE 1

In an experiment to determine the heat of neutralization, 100.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrocloric acid,
HCl at 29.5°C is added to 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution which is also at
29.5°C in a plastic cup. The mixture is then stirred and the highest temperature reached is 41.5°C .
Calculate the heat of neutralization for the experiment.

Chemical equation HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

Ionic equation H+ + OH- → H2O

Mole of HCl = MV
1000
= (2.0)(100)
1000
= 0.2 mol

Mole of NaOH = MV
1000
STEP 1: Number of mole of water = (2.0)(100)
1000
= 0.2 mol

Based on the chemical equation,

1 mol HCl reacts with 1 mol NaOH to form 1 mol H 2O.

Therefore,
0.2 mol HNO3 reacts with 0.2 mol KOH to form 0.2 mol H2O.

Q = mcθ J

m = 100.0 cm3 + 100.0 cm3

= 200cm 3= 200 g
c = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1
θ = 41.5°C – 29.5 °C
= 12.0 °C
❖ STEP 2: Heat change
Q = mcθ J
= 200(4.2)(12.0) J
= 10080 J
= 10.08 kJ

Therefore,
0.2 mole of H2O released 10.08 kJ of heat.

0.2 mol of H2O → 10.08 kJ

1.0 mol of H2O → x kJ

x = 1.0(10.08) kJ
❖ STEP 3: Heat of neutralisation 0.2
= 50.4 kJ

Therefore,
heat of neutralization of H2O is - 50.4 kJ mol-1
EXAMPLE 2

The thermochemical equation for the reaction between nitric acid, HNO3 and potassium hydroxide,
KOH solution is as follows :
HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O ∆H = - 56.7 kJ mol-1
When 150 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid, HNO3 is added to 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium
hydroxide, KOH solution, what is the change in temperature?

Chemical equation HNO3 + KOH → KNO3 + H2O

Ionic equation H+ + OH- → H2O
Mole of HNO3 = MV
1000
= (2.0)(150)
1000
= 0.3 mole

Mole of KOH = MV
1000
= (1.0)(250)
1000
STEP 1: Number of mole of water = 0.25 mole

Based on the chemical equation,

1 mole HNO3 reacts with 1 mol KOH to form 1 mol H2O.

Calculation is based on number

of moles of OH- ions because H+
ions are in excess
Therefore,
0.25 mol HNO3 reacts with 0.25 mol KOH to form 0.25 mol H2O.

1.0 mol of H2O → 56.7 kJ

0.25 mol of H2O → x kJ

x = 0.25(56.7) kJ
1.0
STEP 2: Heat change = 14.175 kJ
= 14175 J

Therefore,
0.25 mol of H2O released 14175 J of heat

Q = mcθ J

Q = 14175 J
m = 150.0 cm3 + 250.0 cm3
= 400cm 3= 400 g
c = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1
θ = ? °C

STEP 3: Temperature change Q = mcθ J

14175 = 400(4.2) θ J
θ = 14175 J
400(4.2)
= 8.4 °C

Therefore,
The change in temperature for 0.25 mole of H2O
that released 14.175 kJ of heat is 8.4 °C.
EXERCISE 3

1. 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrocloric acid, HCl is poured into the bottle containing 50 cm3 of 2 mol
dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution. The temperature rises from 30°C to 43.5°C.
Calculate the heat of neutralization of hydrocloric acid,HCl and sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

2. 20 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrocloric acid, HCl is poured inti a polystrene cup and the initial
temperature is recorded. 40 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH solution is poured
into the same cup. The solution mixture is stirred slowly and the highest temperature is
recorded. The results are shown below.

Initial temperature of the hydrocloric acid = 30 °C

Initial temperature of the sodium hydroxide solution = 30 °C
Highest temperature of the solution mixture = 34 °C

a) Calculate the heat change in the experiment.

b) Calculate the heat of neutralization of the reaction.

CALCULATION FOR HEAT OF COMBUSTION

EXAMPLE 1

An experiment is carried out to determine the heat of combustion of methanol, CH3OH.

The results of the experiment are shown below.

Volume of water used = 100 cm3

Initial temperature of water = 29.0 °C
Highest temperature of water reached = 51.0 °C
Mass of spirit lamp and methanol, CH3OH before combustion = 156.55 g
Mass of spirit lamp and methanol, CH3OH after combustion = 156.05 g

Based on the result, calculate the heat of combustion for methanol, CH3OH
and hence construct the energy level diagram for the combustion of methanol, CH3OH.

Chemical equation 2CH3OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 4H2O

Mass of CH3OH = 156.55 g – 156.05 g

= 0.50 g

Molar mass, CH3OH = 12 + 1(3) + 16 + 1

= 32 g mol-1
STEP 1: Number of mole of alcohol
Number of mol of CH3OH = mass___
molar mass

= 0.50 _
32
= 0.0156 mol

Q = mcθ J

m = 100 cm3 = 100 g

c = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1
θ = 51.0°C – 29.0°C
= 22.0 °C
STEP 2: Heat change
Q = mcθ J
= 100(4.2)(22) J
= 9240 J
= 9.24 kJ

Therefore,
0.0156 mol of CH3OH released 9.24 kJ of heat

0.0156 mol of CH3OH → 9.24 kJ

1.0 mol of CH3OH → x kJ

x = 1.0(9.24) kJ
STEP 3: Heat of combustion 0.0156
= 592.3 kJ

Therefore,
heat of combustion of CH3OH is - 592.3 kJ mol-1
EXAMPLE 2

Complete combustion of 1 mol of propanol, C3H7OH produces 2016 kJ of heat.

Calculate the mass of propanol, C3H7OH needed to burn completely in oxygen in order to raise the
temperature of 250 cm3 of water by 25°C.

Chemical equation 2 C3H7OH + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2O

Q = mcθ J

m = 250 cm3 = 250 g

c = 4.2 Jg-1°C-1
θ = 25.0°C

Q = mcθ J
STEP 1: Heat change
= 250(4.2)(25) J
= 26250 J
= 26.25 kJ

Therefore,
? g of C3H7OH released 26.25 kJ of heat.

Molar mass, C3H7OH = 12(3) + 1(7) + 16 + 1

= 60 g mol-1

60 g of C3H7OH → 2016 kJ
x g of C3H7OH → 26.25kJ

STEP 2: Mass of propanol x = 60(26.25)

2016
= 0.78 g

Therefore,
Combustion of 0.78 g of C3H7OH
release 26.25 kJ of heat.
EXERCISE 4

1. The following result are obtained by a student in an experiment to determine the heat of
combustion of ethanol.

Volume of water used = 200 cm3

Initial temperature of water = 28.5 °C
Highest temperature of water reached = 53.5 °C
Mass of spirit lamp and ethanolbefore combustion = 189.55 g
Mass of spirit lamp and ethanol after combustion = 156.05 g

Based on the result, calculate the heat of combustion for ethanol.

2. When 1 mole of butanol is burnt in excess of oxygen, 2600 kJ of heat is produced. Calculate
the mass of butanol needed to burn completely in oxygen in order to raise the temperature of
250 cm3 of water by 30°C.

3. The thermochemical equation for the combustion of ethanol is as follows:

C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O ∆H = -1376 kJ mol-1
If the heat given out by 2.3 g of ethanol is used to heat 500 cm3 of water, calculate the rise in
temperature of water.
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is an endothermic process?

A The combustion of ethanol

B Reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid
C Displacement reaction between magnesium and copper(II) sulphate
solution
D Dissolving solid ammonium sulphate in water

2. Which of the following reaction causes the beaker to become hot?

A Adding water to solid ammonium nitrate

B Adding water to solid sodium hydroxide
C Adding water to solid potassium nitrate
D Adding water to solid ammonium sulphate

3. Diagram 6 shows the setup of apparatus for the determination of heat of reaction.

Diagram 6

Based on diagram 6, which of the following statement is true?

I Process of bond formation occurs.

II The temperature increases during the reaction.
III The value of ∆H for the reaction is positive.
IV The energy content of the products is lower than the energy content
of the reactants.

A I and II only
B III and IV only
C I,II and IV only
D I,II,III dan IV
4.
Mg + FeCl2 → Fe + MgCl2 ∆H = -200 kJ mol-1

Which of the following statement is correct about the above equation?

[Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24 ; Fe = 56 ; Cl = 35.5]

A. 200 kJ of heat is released when 56 g of iron is deposited in the reaction

B 12.5 kJ of heat is released when 7 g of iron is deposited in the reaction
C 20 kJ of heat is released when 0.1 g of iron is displaced by magnesium
D 2 kJ of heat is released when 0.01 g of magnesium dissolves in the solution

5. The following equation shows a combustion reaction of methanol.

3
CH 3 O H( l) + O 2 ( g) → C0 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) AH = -726 kJ mol -1
2

Which of the energy level diagrams represents the reaction?

D
6. Diagram 6 shows the energy level for a chemical reaction.

Energy
Reactants

Products

Diagram 6

Which of the following reaction is represented by the energy level diagram?

A Adding water to solid ammonium nitrate

B Adding water to solid sodium hydroxide
C Dissolving solid potassium hydrogen carbonate in water
D Strongly heating solid copper(II) carbonate

7. 25cm3 of hydrochloric acid 2.0 mol dm-3 is poured into 25cm3 of sodium hydroxide
2.0 mol dm-3, the temperature increases from 28.0oC to 41.6oC. What is the heat of
neutralization for this reaction.

[Specific heat capacity of sotution =4.2 Jg-1 oC-1]

A 28.56 kJ mol-1
B 50.12 kJ mol-1
C 57.12 kJ mol-1
D 61.42 kJ mol-1

8. When 25 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution is added into 25 cm3 of 0.25 mol
dm-3 sodium chloride solution, the temperature of the mixture rises by 3oC.
What is the quantity of heat released in this experiment?

(Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1)

A 25 x 4.2 x 3.0 J
B 25 x 4.2 x 0.25 x 3.0 J
C 50 x 4.2 x 3.0 J
D 50 x 4.2 x 0.25 x 3.0 J
 9. Diagram 21 shows the apparatus set-up for the reaction between 50 cm3
of 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution with excess magnesium powder.

Magnesium powder

50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3

copper(II) sulphate solution
Diagram 21

105 kJ of heat is released when 1 mol of the metal is displaced.

What is the temperature change of the mixture?
[Specific heat capacity of a solution = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1, density of solution = 1g cm-3]
A 2.5 oC
B 5.0 oC
C 12.5 oC
D 25.0 oC

10. The equation below shows the heat of reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulphate
solution.

Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) ∆H= -210kJ mol-1

The initial temperature of the copper(II) sulphate solution is 30.0 o C, what is the final
temperature of the solution if excess powdered zinc is added into 50.0cm3 of copper(II)
sulphate solution 0.5 mol dm-3?

[ specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg-1 oC-1]

A 12.5 0 C
B 25.0 0 C
C 55.0 0 C
D 80.0 0 C

11. Temperature of water rises by 30.0°C when 0.92g propanol is used to heat 200 cm3 of
water.
What is the heat released in the reaction?

[Specific heat capacity = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, density of solution = 1.0 g cm-3 ]

A 115.92 J
B 5796 J
C 25200 J
D 1260000 J
12. Diagram 24 shows the set-up of the apparatus to determine the heat of precipitation
of barium sulphate.

Thermometer

28.0oC 28.0oC
+
Polystyrene cup

25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of

barium nitrate solution sodium sulphate solution

Thermometer

31.0 oC Stir

Mixture of the solution

White precipitate

Diagram 24

What is the heat of precipitation of barium sulphate?

[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, density of solution = 1 g cm-3]

A 18.9 kJ mol-1
B 37.8 kJ mol-1
C 18900 kJ mol-1
D 37800 kJ mol-1
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1 Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of precipitation for
magnesium carbonate.

Table 5 shows the results obtained.

Description Temperature (°C)

Initial temperature of magnesium nitrate solution 27.0

Initial temperature of sodium carbonate 28.0

Lowest temperature of the mixture 25.0
Table 5

(a) Why polystyrene cup is used in this experiment?

[1 mark]

(b) The chemical equation for the precipitation of magnesium carbonate is as follows:

Na2CO3 + Mg(N03)2 → MgCO3 + 2NaNO3

Calculate,
(i) the heat change in the reaction.
[Specific heat capacity of solution, c = 4.2 J g-1 °C-1 ;
Density of solution = 1 g cm-3]

[1 mark]
 (ii) the heat of precipitation of magnesium carbonate.

[3 marks]

(c) Based on the temperature change in Table 5, state the type of reaction.

[1 mark]

(d) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

[2 marks]

(e) The experiment is repeated by using 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm -3 potassium carbonate solution
to replace the sodium carbonate solution.

(i) Predict the value of heat of precipitation for this experiment.

[1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in 5(e)(i).

[2 marks]
2 A student carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralisation as
shown in Diagram 5.

Thermometer

50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

+
Polystyrene cup 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium
hydroxide solution

Diagram 5
Table 5 shows the results of the experiment.

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid 28.0 oC

Initial temperature of potassium hydroxide solution 29.0 oC

Highest temperature of the mixture 41.5 oC

Table 5
Jadual 5
(a) What is the meaning of heat of neutralisation?

………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) Calculate:

(i) heat released during the experiment.

[Specific heat capacity of solution is 4.2 J g-1 0C-1 , density of solution
is 1.0 g cm-3]

[2 marks]

(ii) the number of moles of hydrochloric acid.

[1 mark]
 (ii) the heat of neutralisation.

[2 marks]

(c) Draw an energy level diagram for this reaction.

[2 marks]

(d) The experiment is repeated using 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of ammonia solution
to replace potassium hydroxide.
The heat of neutralisation using ammonia solution is less than heat of
neutralisation using potassium hydroxide solution.
Explain the difference in the heat of neutralisation.

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(e) Suggest another material that can replace a polystyrene cup in the experiment.

………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
3 Diagram 1.1 shows the energy level diagram for the precipitation of lead(II) sulphate.
Energy

Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4

ΔH = - 50.4 kJ mol-
1

PbSO4 + 2 NaNO3

Diagram 1.1

(a) State the meaning for heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate.

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………............
[1 mark]

(b) State one information that can be obtained from the energy level diagram in
Diagram 1.1.

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………............
[1 mark]

(c) Diagram 1.2 shows an experiment to determine the heat of displacement of

copper from its salt solution by zinc. The temperature increased by 14oC.
[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1; density of solution=1.0 g cm-3]

Zinc powder

Polystyrene cup

50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3

copper(II) nitrate solution

Diagram 1.2

(i) Calculate the heat change in this experiment.

[1 mark]
 (ii) The chemical equation for the displacement reaction is shown
below.
Zn + Cu(NO3)2 → Cu + Zn(NO3)2
Calculate the heat of displacement of copper from copper(II) nitrate
solution by zinc.

[3 marks]

(d) Table 1.3 shows the values of heat released for a reaction between excess
potassium hydroxide solution with two different acids.

Heat released for

Experiment Reactants
1 mol of acid /kJ
Potassium hydroxide solution +
I hydrochloric acid - 57

Potassium hydroxide solution +

II sulphuric acid - 114

Table 1.3
Based on Table 5.3, explain why there is a difference in the values of heat
released.

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………............

………………………………………………………………………............
[3 marks]
(e) Table 1.4 shows a list of apparatus and materials.

Apparatus and Materials

• Ethanol • Copper can

• Water • Thermometer

• Spirit lamp • Tripod stand

• Wooden block • Wind shield

Table 1.4

Using the apparatus and materials listed, draw a labelled diagram to show the
apparatus set-up to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol.

[2 marks]
ESSAY QUESTIONS

1. (a) Diagram 10.1 shows how stock solution of sodium hydroxide is

prepared by a lab assistant.

Explain why the lab assistant uses ice to aid her preparation of sodium hydroxide
solution. When 1 mol of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in water, it produces
44.51 kJ of heat.

Calculate the temperature change if 0.5 mol of solid sodium hydroxide is dissolved in
800 cm3 of distilled water.
[4 marks]

(b) Table 10 shows the heat of reaction for the reaction between hydrochloric acid, HC1
with sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 and sodium hydrogen carbonate, NaHCO3
Reaction II
I

Reactant

Heat of
reaction -X kJ mol - 1 +Y kJ mol - 1

Table 10
Based on Table 10, compare Reaction I and Reaction II in terms of :

• Type of reaction
• Temperature change
• Change in the total energy content of reactants and the total energy content of
products
• Formation and breaking of bond
Give another example for Reaction I and Reaction II.
[6 marks]

(c) Diagram 10.2. shows two different fuel that can be easily obtained in petrol station.

The following chemical equation shows the complete combustion of gasoline C8H18
and diesel, C12H23 .

Gasoline: 2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16CO2 + 18H2O

Diesel : 2C12H23 + 71 O2 → 24CO2 + 23H2O

The heat of combustion for diesel is greater than gasoline due to the higher number of
carbon atom per molecule in diesel.
Describe an experiment to compare the combustion heat between gasoline and diesel.
Your description should include procedure and steps of calculation.

[ Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12]

[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg-1 °C-1]
[10 marks]
SECTION C ESSAY : DESCRIBE AN EXPERIMENT

1. A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of zinc

carbonate.
Describe an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of zinc carbonate.
Your answer should include the following:

• Suggest the suitable reactants required

• Procedure
• Chemical equation
[10 marks]

Metal V powder
Serbuk logam V

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

Diagram 2.2

2. Danish wants to determine the heat of displacement of metal V in his chemistry class
using the apparatus set up as in Diagram 2.2.

By using a named metal V, describe how Danish carry out the experiment.
Your description should include the following aspects:

• Procedure of experiment
• Calculation to determine the heat of displacement
[10 marks]